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Wikipedia

Overseas Vietnamese

April 19, 2023

Overseas Vietnamese (Vietnamese: người Việt hải ngoại, Việt kiều or kiều bào) refers to Vietnamese people who live outside Vietnam. There are approximately 5 million overseas Vietnamese, the largest community of whom live in the United States. The oldest wave of overseas Vietnamese left Vietnam as economic and political refugees after the 1975 fall of Saigon and the North Vietnamese annexation of South Vietnam.

Vietnamese diaspora
Việt kiều
Người Việt hải ngoại
Total population
5,150,000 (official estimates)[1][2]
 United States2,183,000 (2019)[3]
 Cambodia400,000–1,000,000[4]
 Japan432,934 (2021)[5]
 Australia334,781 (2021)[6]
 Canada240,514 (2016)[7]
 Taiwan215,491 (2022)[a]
 South Korea208,000 (2021)[16]
 Germany188,000 (2019)[17]
 Russia150,000[18][19]
 Thailand100,000[20][21]–500,000[22]
 Laos100,000[23]
 United Kingdom90,000[24]–100,000[25][26]
 France100,000 (2021) [27][28]
 Malaysia80,000[29]
 Czech Republic60,000–80,000[30]
 Poland40,000–50,000[30]
 Angola40,000[31][32]
 Mainland China36,205 (2010)[b][33]–303,000 (2020)[34]/33,112 (2020)[35][c]
 Norway28,114 (2022)[36]
 Netherlands24,594 (2021)[37]
 Sweden21,528 (2021)[38]
 Macau20,000 (2018)[39]
 United Arab Emirates20,000[40]
 Saudi Arabia20,000[41][42][43]
 Slovakia7,235[44]–20,000[45]
 Denmark16,141 (2022)[46]
 Singapore15,000[47]
 Belgium12,000–15,000[48]
 Finland13,291 (2021)[49]
 Cyprus12,000[50][51]
 New Zealand10,086 (2018)[52]
 Switzerland8,000[53]
 Hungary7,304 (2016)[54]
 Ukraine7,000[55][56]
 Ireland5,000[57]
 Italy1,575[58]
 Austria5,000[59][60]
 Romania3,000[61]
 Bulgaria2,500[62]
Languages
Vietnamese
Overseas Vietnamese population by country. Vietnam is marked red. Darker blue represent a larger number of overseas Vietnamese people by percent.

Overseas Vietnamese make up the fifth largest Asian diaspora, after the Indian diaspora, Overseas Chinese, Overseas Filipinos and the Lebanese diaspora.

The term Việt Kiều 越僑 ("Vietnamese sojourner") is used by people in Vietnam to refer to Vietnamese living outside the country and is not a term of self-identification.[63] However, many overseas Vietnamese prefer the terms Người Việt hải ngoại 𠊛越海外 ("Overseas Vietnamese") or Người Việt tự do 𠊛越自由 ("free Vietnamese").[64]

History

Overseas Vietnamese can be divided into distinct categories:[citation needed]

According to a 2014 report by the Associated Press, "women make up at least two-thirds of workers who leave the country", and sometimes leave fathers behind to care for children. The report also said that "the total amount of remittances sent back from all Vietnamese workers overseas now exceeds $2 billion a year."[75]

In addition, as of 2020, 190,000 Vietnamese were studying abroad.[76] Most were studying in Australia (30,000), the United States (29,000), Canada (21,000), the UK (12,000) and Asian countries (70,000);[77] as well as an unknown number of illegal Vietnamese immigrants, as unveiled by the Essex lorry deaths throughout massive networks of illegal human trades spanned from Asia to Europe.[78]

Around the World

United States

Main article: Vietnamese Americans
See also: List of U.S. cities with large Vietnamese American populations, List of Vietnamese Americans, and Little Saigon

Vietnamese immigrants in the United States are one of the largest immigrant communities in the world. The community grew from 231,000 in 1980 to perhaps as many as 1.3 million in 2012.[79] Most immigrants fled to the United States as refugees in the wake of the Vietnam War, arriving in three distinct waves from the 1960s to the 1990s. The first wave consisted mainly of South Vietnamese military personnel and citizens targeted by communist forces because of their associations with both the South Vietnamese government and the United States.[79]

The second wave, which occurred in the 1970s, brought rural Vietnamese to the United States in what became known as the "boat people crisis". This wave was characterized by people who lacked the education or wealth of the first wave, as well as a large number of ethnic Chinese who were fleeing persecution by the Vietnamese government.

The final wave took place in the 1980s into the 1990s. A majority of these immigrants were the children of Vietnamese mothers and American soldiers, and they greatly increased the population of Vietnamese in America. By 2012, this population constituted 31% of the 4 million foreign-born population from South East Asia, 11% of the 11.9 million foreign-born from Asia, and 3% of the 40.8 million overall foreign-born population.[79]

Mass migration from Vietnam began in response to the Vietnamese government in the 1970s. During the North Vietnamese military offensive of mid-March 1975, many South Vietnamese citizens were pushed farther and farther south into Saigon. On April 30, the final U.S. troops and diplomats left Saigon and the country came under the control of the Provisional Revolutionary Government. As a result, the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) took control of the country and many Vietnamese became refugees and immigrated to the United States.[80]

By 1979, the United Nations recognized that the Vietnamese refugee crisis was a "world problem", which led to the First Geneva Conference on Indochinese Refugees in July, 1979. The United States, United Kingdom, Australia, France, and Canada each agreed to accept refugees for resettlement, and Vietnamese refugee entries to the U.S. to peaked from 1979 to 1982.[81] That year, President Jimmy Carter doubled the number of Southeast Asian refugees accepted into the United States, from 7,000 to 14,000. However, 62% of Americans said they disapproved of the measure.[82]

The South Vietnamese coming to the U.S. in the second wave did not come willingly. They were forced out of their homes by the N.V.A. and sought refuge in the United States. Many of these people felt betrayed by the U.S.'s handling of the situation in Vietnam and felt conflicted about making the journey there.[83] Nearly all the Vietnamese migrants to the United States during this time were listed as refugees, not as immigrants, because of the forced manner in which they had been exiled to the United States; 99% of Vietnamese newcomers to the United States who received a Green Card in 1982 fell into this category.

 
Congregation of the Mother Coredemptrix in Carthage, Missouri

In 2016 the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the Vietnamese American population to be 2,067,527. The majority live in metropolitan areas in the western half of the country, especially in California and Texas. There are particularly large communities in Orange County, California, San Jose, California, Houston, Texas and Seattle, Washington. Those who fled to escape the North Vietnamese takeover are generally antagonistic toward the communist government of Vietnam.[84]

In the United States, Vietnamese immigrants have achieved high levels of education. In 2015, 30% of Vietnamese Americans had attained a bachelor's degree or higher (compared to 19% for the general population). Specifically, 21% of Vietnamese Americans had attained a bachelor's degree (37% for U.S. born Vietnamese and 18% for foreign-born Vietnamese), and 8.9% had attained a postgraduate degree (14% for U.S. born Vietnamese and 7% for foreign-born Vietnamese), compared to 11% postgraduate degree attainment among the general American population.[85][86][87]

Cambodia

Main article: Vietnamese Cambodians

Vietnamese constitute about 5% of the population of Cambodia,[4] making them the largest ethnic minority. Vietnamese people began migrating to Cambodia as early as the 17th century. In 1863, when Cambodia became a French colony, many Vietnamese were brought to Cambodia by the French to work on plantations and occupy civil servant positions. During the Lon Nol regime (1970–1975) and Pol Pot regime (1975–1979), many Vietnamese living in Cambodia were killed. Others were either repatriated or escaped to Vietnam or Thailand. During the ten-year Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia from 1979 to 1989 many Vietnamese who had previously lived in Cambodia returned and along with them came friends and relatives. Many former South Vietnamese soldiers also came to Cambodia, fleeing persecution from the communist government.

Many living in Cambodia usually speak Vietnamese as their first language and have introduced the Cao Dai religion, with 2 temples built in Cambodia. Many Cambodians learned Vietnamese as a result. They are concentrated in the Kratie and Takeo provinces of Cambodia, where villages predominately consist of ethnic Vietnamese.

Vietnamese people are also the top tourist group in Cambodia, with 130,831, up 19% as of 2011.[88]

China

Main article: Gin people

The Vietnamese in China are known as the Gin ethnic group, arriving in Southeastern China beginning in the 16th century. They largely reside in the province of Guangxi and speak Vietnamese and a local variety of Cantonese.[89]

As of 2020, 79 000 Vietnamese nationals were living in China. They formed the second largest group of expatriates in China, while Burmese nationals were the largest.[90]

France

Main article: Vietnamese people in France
See also: Vietnamese community in Paris, French Indochina, and France–Vietnam relations
 
The Temple du Souvenir Indochinois in the Bois de Vincennes, erected in 1907, is a monument built by the earliest waves of Vietnamese migrants to France.

The number of ethnic Vietnamese living in France is estimated to be about 350,000 as of 2014.[91] France was the first Western country where Vietnamese migrants settled due to the colonization of Vietnam by France that began in the late 1850s.[92] The colonial period saw a significant representation of Vietnamese students in France, as well as professional and blue-collar workers, with many settling permanently.[93] The country would continue to be home to by far the largest overseas Vietnamese population outside Asia until the 1980s, when a higher number of Vietnam War refugees resettled in the United States.[94]

A number of Vietnamese loyal to the colonial government and Vietnamese married to French colonists emigrated to France following Vietnam's independence through the Geneva Accords in 1954. During the Vietnam War, a significant number of students and those involved in commerce from South Vietnam continued to arrive in France. The largest influx of Vietnamese people, however, arrived in France as refugees after the Fall of Saigon and end of the Vietnam War in 1975. Vietnamese refugees who settled in France usually had higher levels of education and affluence than Vietnamese refugees who settled in North America, Australia, and the rest of Europe, likely due to cultural familiarity with French culture and that many affluent Vietnamese families had already settled in France.[93]

Most Vietnamese in France live in Paris and the surrounding Île-de-France area, but a significant number also reside in major urban centers in the south-east of the country, primarily Marseille, Lyon, and Toulouse. Earlier Vietnamese migrants also settled in the cities of Lille and Bordeaux.[93] In contrast to their counterparts in the English-speaking world, the Vietnamese in France have a higher degree of assimilation, due to cultural, historical, and linguistic knowledge of the host country.

The community is still strongly attached to its homeland while being well integrated in French society. The generation of Vietnamese refugees continues to hold on to traditional values. The later generations of French-born Vietnamese strongly identify with French culture rather than Vietnamese, as most were raised and brought up in the French system rather than the Vietnamese one.[95] French media and politicians generally view the Vietnamese community as a "model minority", in part because they are represented as having a high degree of integration within the French society as well as having high economic and academic success. Furthermore, Vietnamese in France on average have a high level of educational attainment and success, a legacy dating back to the colonial era when affluent families and those with connections to the French colonial government sent their children to France to study.[96]

The Vietnamese community in France is divided between those who oppose the communist Hanoi government and those who are supportive of it.[97][98] The pro-communist camp is the more established of the two and was the larger group until the 1970s, consisting mainly of students, workers, and long-established immigrants who arrived before 1975 and their descendants. Meanwhile, the anti-communist camp consists of students, refugees and middle-class immigrants, who began to arrive after 1954, but most of whom fled Vietnam from the South Vietnam after 1975.

This division in the community has been present since the 1950s when some Vietnamese students and workers in France supported and praised the communist Viet Minh's policies back home, while Vietnamese loyal to the colonial or non-communist governments and immigrated to France were largely anti-communist.[96] This political rift remained minor until the Fall of Saigon in 1975 when staunchly anti-communist refugees from South Vietnam arrived and established community networks and institutions. The two camps have contradictory political goals and ideologies, and members of one group rarely interact with those of the other group. Such political divisions have prevented the Vietnamese in France from forming a strong, unified community in their host nation, as their counterparts have in North America and Australia (1980).[98]

Australia

Main article: Vietnamese Australian

Vietnamese people in Australia constitute one of the largest ethnic groups in Australia, with 294,798 people claiming Vietnamese ancestry at the 2016 census.[99] First generation Vietnamese Australians who came as refugees varied widely in income and social class. Of those from the Vietnam War era, many Vietnamese Australians are white collar professionals, while others work primarily in blue-collar jobs. Australian-born Vietnamese tend to earn high levels of educational attainment and success. In 2001, the labour participation rate for Vietnamese refugees was 61%, about the same as that of Australian born residents (63%).[100] Around three quarters of ethnic Vietnamese live in New South Wales (40.7%) and Victoria (36.8%).

The surname, Nguyễn, is the seventh most common family name in Australia[101] (second to Smith in the Melbourne phone book).[102]

New Zealand

Main article: Vietnamese New Zealanders

According to the 2018 census, 10,086 New Zealanders identify themselves with the Vietnamese ethnic group.[103] Many of them came to New Zealand to escape religious persecution or war.[104]

Canada

Main article: Vietnamese Canadian

According to the 2016 census, Canada has 240,615 people who identify as ethnic Vietnamese.[105] The majority of Vietnamese people in Canada reside in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, with some having lived in Quebec before 1975. Vancouver is also another major destination for newly arrived Vietnamese immigrants since 1980, including Vietnamese of Chinese descent, with the city having a large Chinese population.

Germany

Main article: Vietnamese people in Germany

Vietnamese are the largest Asian ethnic group in Germany.[106] As of 2019, there are about 188,000 people of Vietnamese descent in Germany.[107] In Western Germany, most Vietnamese arrived in the 1970s or 1980s as refugees from the Vietnam War. The comparatively larger Vietnamese community in Eastern Germany traces its origins to assistance agreements between the East German and the North Vietnamese government. Under these agreements, guest workers from Vietnam were brought to East Germany, where they soon made up the largest immigrant group[108] and were provided with technical training. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, many stayed in Germany, although they often faced discrimination, especially in the early years after reunification.

As in France, the Vietnamese community is divided between anticommunists in the former West (including the former West Berlin) and pro-communists in the former East, although the difference runs along former borderlines rather than being diffused as in France.

Czech Republic

Main article: Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic

The number of Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic was estimated at 61,012 at the 2009 census,[109] although more recent figures have placed the number as high as 80,000.[110]

Most Vietnamese immigrants in the Czech Republic reside in Prague, where there is an enclave called "Sapa". Unlike Vietnamese immigrants in Western Europe and North America, these immigrants were usually communist cadres studying or working abroad who decided to stay after the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe. The Vietnamese surname Nguyen is even listed as the most common of foreign surnames in the Czech Republic and is the 9th most common surname in the country overall. (It is worth noting that female and male forms of the same Czech surnames were counted separately, while the total number of Nguyens refers to both male and female bearers of the surname.)[111]

United Kingdom

Main article: Vietnamese people in the United Kingdom

Vietnamese residing in the United Kingdom number around 55,000 people, in contrast to the trend of the U.K. tending to have the largest East and South East Asian diasporas in Europe. In the 1980s, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher agreed to take quotas of refugees and 12,000 boat people came to Britain.[112] The most established Vietnamese communities in Britain are in Hackney and other parts of London. There are also communities in Birmingham, Manchester and other major U.K. cities. In addition to the official 4.5 million Vietnamese recognized abroad, an underreported number of illegal Vietnamese immigrants abroad reside in the United Kingdom, a part of worldwide criminal activities resembling modern slavery.[113][114] Many Vietnamese, lacking official papers and denied official assistances, unfortunately, may become involved in criminal activities, such as unknowingly being hired in cannabis factories.[115][116] The Essex lorry deaths highlighted the issue of illegal Vietnamese immigrants being smuggled from poverty-stricken regions of Vietnam to other parts of the world.[117]

Poland

Main article: Vietnamese people in Poland

Around 50,000 Vietnamese live in Poland, mostly in big cities.[118] They publish a number of newspapers, both pro- and anti-Communist. The first immigrants were Vietnamese students at Polish universities in the post-World War II era. These numbers increased slightly during the Vietnam War, when agreements between the communist Vietnamese and Polish governments allowed Vietnamese guest workers to obtain industrial training in Poland. A large number of Vietnamese immigrants also arrived after 1989.[119]

Belgium

Main article: Vietnamese people in Belgium

An estimated 14,000 ethnic Vietnamese reside in Belgium as of 2012. Similar to the Vietnamese community in France, the Vietnamese Belgian community traces its roots to before the end of the Vietnam War. Beginning in the mid-1960s, Belgium became a popular alternative destination to France for South Vietnamese seeking higher education and career opportunities abroad. A much larger influx of Vietnamese arrived as refugees after the Fall of Saigon. After the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, a small number of Vietnamese workers in former Soviet Bloc countries who were sponsored by the communist Vietnamese government also sought asylum in Belgium.[120]

The Vietnamese Belgian population largely resides in and around the capital of Brussels or in the southern French-speaking Wallonia region, especially around the city of Liège. As in France, South Vietnamese refugees to Belgium were largely of higher social standing and integrated much easier into their host country's society than their peers who settled in North America, Australia and the rest of Europe due to better linguistic and cultural knowledge. The Vietnamese Belgian community is strongly attached to its counterpart community in France, with both communities largely achieving higher socioeconomic success in their host countries than other overseas Vietnamese populations.[120]

Russia

Main article: Vietnamese people in Russia

Vietnamese people in Russia form the 72nd-largest ethnic minority community in Russia according to the 2002 census. The census estimated their population at only 26,205 individuals, making them among the smaller groups of Việt Kiều.[121] Unofficial estimates, however, put their population as high as 100,000 to 150,000.[122][123]

Norway

Main article: Vietnamese people in Norway

An estimated 21,700 ethnic Vietnamese live in Norway as of 2014, and the country has hosted a Vietnamese community since refugee arrivals after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. The Vietnamese are considered among the best integrated non-Western immigrant groups in Norway, with high rates of Norwegian citizenship among immigrants and success rates in education on par with those of ethnic Norwegians.[124]

Netherlands

Main article: Vietnamese people in the Netherlands

About 19,000 ethnic Vietnamese reside in the Netherlands according to a 2010 estimate. The community largely consists of South Vietnamese refugees who first arrived in 1978. A much smaller number of North Vietnamese workers also arrived from eastern Europe after the fall of the Berlin Wall.[125]

Bulgaria

Main article: Vietnamese people in Bulgaria

An estimated 2,600 ethnic Vietnamese live in Bulgaria according to a 2015 estimate.[126]

Under international agreements in 1980, Bulgaria and other Warsaw Pact members accepted Vietnamese guest workers who were sponsored by the communist government into the country as a relatively inexpensive manual labour workforce. At one point, over 35,000 Vietnamese people worked in Bulgaria between 1980 and 1991 and many Vietnamese students completed their higher education at various Bulgarian universities.[127]

South Korea

Main article: Vietnamese people in South Korea

As of 2011, there were over 110,000 ethnic Vietnamese people in South Korea, making them the second largest minority group in the country. Vietnamese in South Korea consist mainly of migrant workers and women introduced to South Korean husbands through marriage agencies.[128][129] In the 13th century, several thousand Vietnamese fled to Korea after the overthrow of the Vietnamese Lý dynasty, where they were received by King Gojong of Goryeo.[130]

Malaysia

Main article: Vietnamese people in Malaysia

The Fall of Saigon in 1975 at the end of the Vietnam War saw many Vietnamese refugees escaping by boats to Malaysia. The first refugee boat arrived in Malaysia in May 1975, carrying 47 people.[131] A refugee camp was established later at Pulau Bidong in August 1978 with assistance of the United Nations and became a major refugee processing center for Vietnamese seeking residency in other countries. While a very small number of Vietnamese refugees settled in Malaysia, the majority of Vietnamese in Malaysia consist of skilled and semi-skilled workers who arrived during the 1990s as economic cooperation between Vietnam and Malaysia increased.[132]

Taiwan

Main article: Vietnamese people in Taiwan

Vietnamese form one of the largest foreign ethnic groups in Taiwan, with a resident population of around 200,000, including students and migrant workers.[133] Vietnamese in Taiwan largely arrived as workers in the manufacturing industry or as domestic helpers. There are also a large number of Vietnamese women married to Taiwanese men through international matchmaking services in Vietnam, despite the illegality of such services in the country.[134]

Japan

Main article: Vietnamese people in Japan

Over 135,000 Vietnamese people resided in Japan at the end of 2014.[135] In 2019, around 371,755 Vietnamese people lived in Japan, making it the third largest foreign community in the country. At least 190,000 are "skilled trainees" and this particular number is growing sharply.[136] Vietnamese people first came to Japan as students beginning in the 20th century.[137] Most of the community, however, is composed of refugees admitted in the late 1970s and early 1980s, as well as a smaller proportion of migrant laborers who began arriving in 1994.[138][139]

Laos

Main article: Vietnamese people in Laos

As Vietnam and Laos are neighbors, there has been a long history of population migrations between the territories making up the two respective countries. When Laos was a French protectorate in the first half of the 20th century, the French colonial administration brought many Vietnamese people to Laos to work as civil servants. This policy was the object of strenuous opposition by Laotian nationals, who in the 1930s made an unsuccessful attempt to replace the local government with Laotian civil servants.[140]

Hong Kong

Main article: Vietnamese people in Hong Kong

Vietnamese migration to Hong Kong began after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, when boat people took to the sea and began fleeing Vietnam in all directions. Those who landed in Hong Kong were placed in refugee camps until they could be resettled in a third country. Under the Hong Kong government's Comprehensive Plan of Action, newly arriving Vietnamese were classified as either political refugees or economic migrants. Those deemed to be economic migrants would be denied the opportunity for resettlement overseas.[citation needed]

Singapore

Main article: Vietnamese in Singapore

There are about 15,000 Vietnamese people in Singapore, primarily composed of restaurant/hawker centre service workers and overseas students. Early waves of Vietnamese refugees and immigrants to Singapore in the 1970s mainly include boat people who escaped Vietnam during the aftermath of the Vietnam War, who were initially housed in an ex-military barracks turned refugee camp. 32,457 Vietnamese refugees were hosted in Singapore from 1976 to the early 1990s, with around 5,000 settling throughout the 1970s.[47]

Philippines

See also: Philippine Refugee Processing Center

During the Indochina refugee crisis, around 400,000 Vietnamese refugees landed on the shores of Palawan in the western Philippines after the fall of South Vietnam in 1975. They were housed in a temporary refugee camp known as the Philippine First Asylum Center (PFAC) in the city of Puerto Princesa. The center was built in 1979 by the Philippine government in partnership with the United Nations High Commission for Refugees through the initiative of the Philippine Catholic Church. Most of the refugees were moved to the Philippine Refugee Processing Center in Bataan before being resettled to other countries. However, by the time the refugee campes were closed in 1996, around 2,710 Vietnamese refugees remained in the country. Unlike other neighboring countries which implemented forced repatriation, the Philippines was the only country that allowed the refugees to stay indefinitely. The refugees established a community called Viet-Ville (French for "Viet-Town"), also in Puerto Princesa. At the time, it became the centre of Vietnamese commerce and culture, complete with Vietnamese restaurants, shops, Catholic churches and Buddhist temples. In the decades that followed however, the Vietnamese population dwindled greatly as they finally got approval for resettlement in the United States, Canada, Australia or Western Europe. By 2005, only two of the former refugees remained, both of whom are married to locals. Viet-Ville today remains a popular destination for local tourists and Vietnamese cuisine still remains popular in the city of Puerto Princesa.[141][142][143][144][145]

Israel

Main articles: Vietnamese refugees in Israel and Vietnamese boat people
 
Vietnamese refugees arriving at Ben-Gurion International Airport, In Israel

The number of Vietnamese people in Israel is estimated at 150 to 200. Most of them came between 1976 and 1979 when about 360 Vietnamese refugees were granted political asylum by Prime Minister Menachem Begin. Most later left Israel, mainly for Europe or North America, to reunite with their extended families. Many of the second generation descendants have assimilated into Israeli culture, marrying Israelis, speaking Hebrew and serving in the Israel Defense Forces. A minority choose to keep their culture alive by shunning intermarriage and speaking Vietnamese at home.[146][147] Today, the majority of the community lives in the Gush Dan area in the center of Israel but also a few dozen Vietnamese-Israelis or Israelis of Vietnamese origin live in Haifa, Jerusalem and Ofakim.

Relations with Vietnam

Relations between overseas Vietnamese populations and the current government of Vietnam traditionally range between polarities of geniality and overt contempt. Generally, overseas Vietnamese residing in North America, Western Europe, and Australia (which represent the vast majority of overseas Vietnamese populations) are virulently opposed to the existing government of Vietnam.[148][149] The smaller population of overseas Vietnamese residing in Europe, however, (mainly in Central and East Europe), the Middle East, Africa and Asia, most of whom have been sent for training in formerly communist countries, generally maintain positive or more neutral, if not very friendly relations with the government.[149] Many of these East European Vietnamese are from Northern Vietnam and usually have personal or familial affiliations with the communist regime[150] Those who left before the political exodus of 1975, largely residing in France, generally identify their sentiments as somewhere in between the two polarities.[148] This division is also strongly reflected in their religious adherence. Most of the Vietnamese diaspora living in Western Europe, North America, and Oceania have been religious (Christian, Buddhist, Caodaist) and anti-communist, while the Vietnamese living in Eastern Europe and Asia are more aligned to irreligion, and, to a lesser extent, folk religions and Buddhism.[151][152][153]

The former South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ returned to Vietnam in 2004 and was generally positive about his experience. However, Kỳ's reconciliation was met with anger by most overseas Vietnamese, who called him a traitor and a communist collaborator for reconciling and working with the current communist regime.[154] Notable expatriate artists have returned to Vietnam to perform (many of whom are met with scorn and boycott by the expatriate community itself after they do so). Notably, the composer Pham Duy had returned to Ho Chi Minh City (referred to as Saigon by overseas Vietnamese and those living in Vietnam) to live the rest of his life there after living in Midway City, California since 1975. The government in Vietnam used less antagonistic rhetoric to describe those who left the country after 1975. According to the Vietnamese government, while in 1987 only 8,000 overseas Vietnamese returned to Vietnam for the purpose of visiting, that number jumped to 430,000 in 2004.

The government enacted laws to make it easier for overseas Vietnamese to do business in Vietnam, including laws allowing them to own land. Overseas Vietnamese, however, still face discrimination while trying to do business there. The first company in Vietnam to be registered to an Overseas Vietnamese was Highlands Coffee, a successful chain of specialty coffee shops, in 1998.[155]

In June 2007, Vietnamese President Nguyen Minh Triet visited the United States, and one of his scheduled stops was in the vicinity Orange County, home of Little Saigon, the largest Vietnamese community outside of Vietnam. Details of his plans were not announced beforehand due to concerns about massive protests. Despite these efforts, a large crowd of anti-communist protest still occurred.[156] Several thousand people protested in Washington, D.C. and Orange County during his visit.[157][158]

Relations among the Vietnamese diaspora

There is a significant level of tension amongst the Vietnamese diaspora.[159] Widespread regionalism exists between Vietnamese from North America and Western Europe against Vietnamese from other parts of the world. Former Soviet-aligned nations and other Asian countries have influenced the existing regionalism through frequent negative portrayals; most Vietnamese from Western Europe and North America have long viewed themselves as more civilized and developed.[160] Those from Vietnam, other Asian countries, and occasionally Eastern Europe complain about racism perpetuated by Vietnamese from Western Europe and North America.[161] This treatment was further exacerbated by the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States, with some of Vietnamese in the United States having pro-Trump attitudes while the remaining Vietnamese people being skeptical of him.[162][163][164][165] Flag allegiances were further soured and the generational divide was further exacerbated when the former South Vietnamese flag appeared during the 2021 United States Capitol attack.[166]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The number of Vietnamese citizens currently in Taiwan with a valid residence permit was 215,491 as of 30 April 2022 (127,033 males, 88,458 females).[8] The number of Vietnamese citizens with a valid residence permit in Taiwan (including those currently not in Taiwan) was 240,986 as of 30 April 2022 (140,372 males, 100,614 females).[9] The number of foreign spouses of Vietnamese origin in Taiwan was 111,529 as of April 2022 (2,383 males, 109,146 females).[10] It was also estimated that 70% of Vietnamese brides in Taiwan had obtained Taiwanese nationality as of 2014,[11] with many renouncing Vietnamese citizenship in the process of naturalization.[12]
    An estimated 200,000 children were born to Vietnamese mothers and Taiwanese fathers, according to a report by Voice of Vietnam in 2014.[13] According to Taiwanese Ministry of Education, in 2020, 108,037 children of foreign spouses of Vietnamese origin were attending an educational institution in Taiwan (5,168 in kindergartens, 25,752 in primary schools, 22,462 in secondary schools, 33,430 in high schools, and 21,225 in universities/colleges),[14] a decrease of more than 2,000 students from the previous year, which was 110,176 students (6,348 in kindergartens, 29,074 in primary schools, 27,363 in secondary schools, 32,982 in high schools, and 14,409 in universities/colleges).[15]
  2. ^ This data is only Vietnamese Nationals in Mainland China, Excluding Gin people and data in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.
  3. ^ this data is only Gin people in Mainland China.

References

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  2. ^ Lương, Thanh Nghị (2022-02-04). "Nguồn lực người Việt Nam ở nước ngoài". Trang thông tin điện tử Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam. Archived from the original on 2022-08-23. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
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  4. ^ a b Mauk, Ben (2018-03-28). "A People in Limbo, Many Living Entirely on the Water". The New York Times. from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
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  6. ^ . Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 2022-06-29. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  7. ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. 7 February 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  8. ^ "2022.4 Foreign Residents by Nationality". National Immigration Agency, Ministry of the Interior, Republic of China (Taiwan). 2022-04-30. from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
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Further reading

  • Vu, Anna; Satzewich, Vic, eds. (2022). The Vietnamese Diaspora in a Transnational Context: Contested Spaces, Contested Narratives. Brill.

External links

 
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April 19, 2023
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Overseas Vietnamese Vietnamese người Việt hải ngoại Việt kiều or kiều bao refers to Vietnamese people who live outside Vietnam There are approximately 5 million overseas Vietnamese the largest community of whom live in the United States The oldest wave of overseas Vietnamese left Vietnam as economic and political refugees after the 1975 fall of Saigon and the North Vietnamese annexation of South Vietnam Vietnamese diasporaViệt kiều Người Việt hải ngoạiTotal population5 150 000 official estimates 1 2 United States2 183 000 2019 3 Cambodia400 000 1 000 000 4 Japan432 934 2021 5 Australia334 781 2021 6 Canada240 514 2016 7 Taiwan215 491 2022 a South Korea208 000 2021 16 Germany188 000 2019 17 Russia150 000 18 19 Thailand100 000 20 21 500 000 22 Laos100 000 23 United Kingdom90 000 24 100 000 25 26 France100 000 2021 27 28 Malaysia80 000 29 Czech Republic60 000 80 000 30 Poland40 000 50 000 30 Angola40 000 31 32 Mainland China36 205 2010 b 33 303 000 2020 34 33 112 2020 35 c Norway28 114 2022 36 Netherlands24 594 2021 37 Sweden21 528 2021 38 Macau20 000 2018 39 United Arab Emirates20 000 40 Saudi Arabia20 000 41 42 43 Slovakia7 235 44 20 000 45 Denmark16 141 2022 46 Singapore15 000 47 Belgium12 000 15 000 48 Finland13 291 2021 49 Cyprus12 000 50 51 New Zealand10 086 2018 52 Switzerland8 000 53 Hungary7 304 2016 54 Ukraine7 000 55 56 Ireland5 000 57 Italy1 575 58 Austria5 000 59 60 Romania3 000 61 Bulgaria2 500 62 LanguagesVietnameseOverseas Vietnamese population by country Vietnam is marked red Darker blue represent a larger number of overseas Vietnamese people by percent Overseas Vietnamese make up the fifth largest Asian diaspora after the Indian diaspora Overseas Chinese Overseas Filipinos and the Lebanese diaspora The term Việt Kiều 越僑 Vietnamese sojourner is used by people in Vietnam to refer to Vietnamese living outside the country and is not a term of self identification 63 However many overseas Vietnamese prefer the terms Người Việt hải ngoại 𠊛越海外 Overseas Vietnamese or Người Việt tự do 𠊛越自由 free Vietnamese 64 Contents 1 History 2 Around the World 2 1 United States 2 2 Cambodia 2 3 China 2 4 France 2 5 Australia 2 6 New Zealand 2 7 Canada 2 8 Germany 2 9 Czech Republic 2 10 United Kingdom 2 11 Poland 2 12 Belgium 2 13 Russia 2 14 Norway 2 15 Netherlands 2 16 Bulgaria 2 17 South Korea 2 18 Malaysia 2 19 Taiwan 2 20 Japan 2 21 Laos 2 22 Hong Kong 2 23 Singapore 2 24 Philippines 2 25 Israel 3 Relations with Vietnam 3 1 Relations among the Vietnamese diaspora 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistoryThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2020 Overseas Vietnamese can be divided into distinct categories citation needed People who left Vietnam before 1975 This population usually resides in neighboring countries such as Cambodia Laos Thailand and China as well as those who settled in Korea and Japan before French colonization During the French colonial era many Vietnamese also migrated to France as students or workers These people are not often considered Việt Kiều by people residing in Vietnam 65 People who fled Vietnam in the immediate aftermath of the Vietnam War many of them via Operation New Life and Operation Babylift and their descendants This is the largest Vietnamese diaspora group found mainly in North America Western Europe Hong Kong and Australasia 66 People who migrated legitimately from Vietnam to other parts of the Soviet bloc during the Cold War era and chose to remain outside Vietnam after the Soviet collapse and their descendants This is the second largest Vietnamese diaspora group found mainly in the former Soviet Union and the ex Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe 67 Economic migrants who work in other Asian countries such Taiwan Japan and South Korea This includes Vietnamese women who married men from these countries through illegal marriage agencies These agencies are the source of social tension controversy and have been criticized for resembling human trafficking Many women in this category suffer violence by their foreign husbands 68 69 70 Vietnamese living in the Middle East and North Africa in particular the United Arab Emirates Egypt Morocco Qatar and Kuwait Many members of this population studied overseas and sought work in other countries 71 72 73 74 According to a 2014 report by the Associated Press women make up at least two thirds of workers who leave the country and sometimes leave fathers behind to care for children The report also said that the total amount of remittances sent back from all Vietnamese workers overseas now exceeds 2 billion a year 75 In addition as of 2020 190 000 Vietnamese were studying abroad 76 Most were studying in Australia 30 000 the United States 29 000 Canada 21 000 the UK 12 000 and Asian countries 70 000 77 as well as an unknown number of illegal Vietnamese immigrants as unveiled by the Essex lorry deaths throughout massive networks of illegal human trades spanned from Asia to Europe 78 Around the WorldUnited States Main article Vietnamese Americans See also List of U S cities with large Vietnamese American populations List of Vietnamese Americans and Little SaigonVietnamese immigrants in the United States are one of the largest immigrant communities in the world The community grew from 231 000 in 1980 to perhaps as many as 1 3 million in 2012 79 Most immigrants fled to the United States as refugees in the wake of the Vietnam War arriving in three distinct waves from the 1960s to the 1990s The first wave consisted mainly of South Vietnamese military personnel and citizens targeted by communist forces because of their associations with both the South Vietnamese government and the United States 79 The second wave which occurred in the 1970s brought rural Vietnamese to the United States in what became known as the boat people crisis This wave was characterized by people who lacked the education or wealth of the first wave as well as a large number of ethnic Chinese who were fleeing persecution by the Vietnamese government The final wave took place in the 1980s into the 1990s A majority of these immigrants were the children of Vietnamese mothers and American soldiers and they greatly increased the population of Vietnamese in America By 2012 this population constituted 31 of the 4 million foreign born population from South East Asia 11 of the 11 9 million foreign born from Asia and 3 of the 40 8 million overall foreign born population 79 Mass migration from Vietnam began in response to the Vietnamese government in the 1970s During the North Vietnamese military offensive of mid March 1975 many South Vietnamese citizens were pushed farther and farther south into Saigon On April 30 the final U S troops and diplomats left Saigon and the country came under the control of the Provisional Revolutionary Government As a result the North Vietnamese Army NVA took control of the country and many Vietnamese became refugees and immigrated to the United States 80 By 1979 the United Nations recognized that the Vietnamese refugee crisis was a world problem which led to the First Geneva Conference on Indochinese Refugees in July 1979 The United States United Kingdom Australia France and Canada each agreed to accept refugees for resettlement and Vietnamese refugee entries to the U S to peaked from 1979 to 1982 81 That year President Jimmy Carter doubled the number of Southeast Asian refugees accepted into the United States from 7 000 to 14 000 However 62 of Americans said they disapproved of the measure 82 The South Vietnamese coming to the U S in the second wave did not come willingly They were forced out of their homes by the N V A and sought refuge in the United States Many of these people felt betrayed by the U S s handling of the situation in Vietnam and felt conflicted about making the journey there 83 Nearly all the Vietnamese migrants to the United States during this time were listed as refugees not as immigrants because of the forced manner in which they had been exiled to the United States 99 of Vietnamese newcomers to the United States who received a Green Card in 1982 fell into this category Congregation of the Mother Coredemptrix in Carthage MissouriIn 2016 the U S Census Bureau estimated the Vietnamese American population to be 2 067 527 The majority live in metropolitan areas in the western half of the country especially in California and Texas There are particularly large communities in Orange County California San Jose California Houston Texas and Seattle Washington Those who fled to escape the North Vietnamese takeover are generally antagonistic toward the communist government of Vietnam 84 In the United States Vietnamese immigrants have achieved high levels of education In 2015 30 of Vietnamese Americans had attained a bachelor s degree or higher compared to 19 for the general population Specifically 21 of Vietnamese Americans had attained a bachelor s degree 37 for U S born Vietnamese and 18 for foreign born Vietnamese and 8 9 had attained a postgraduate degree 14 for U S born Vietnamese and 7 for foreign born Vietnamese compared to 11 postgraduate degree attainment among the general American population 85 86 87 Cambodia Main article Vietnamese Cambodians Vietnamese constitute about 5 of the population of Cambodia 4 making them the largest ethnic minority Vietnamese people began migrating to Cambodia as early as the 17th century In 1863 when Cambodia became a French colony many Vietnamese were brought to Cambodia by the French to work on plantations and occupy civil servant positions During the Lon Nol regime 1970 1975 and Pol Pot regime 1975 1979 many Vietnamese living in Cambodia were killed Others were either repatriated or escaped to Vietnam or Thailand During the ten year Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia from 1979 to 1989 many Vietnamese who had previously lived in Cambodia returned and along with them came friends and relatives Many former South Vietnamese soldiers also came to Cambodia fleeing persecution from the communist government Many living in Cambodia usually speak Vietnamese as their first language and have introduced the Cao Dai religion with 2 temples built in Cambodia Many Cambodians learned Vietnamese as a result They are concentrated in the Kratie and Takeo provinces of Cambodia where villages predominately consist of ethnic Vietnamese Vietnamese people are also the top tourist group in Cambodia with 130 831 up 19 as of 2011 88 China Main article Gin people The Vietnamese in China are known as the Gin ethnic group arriving in Southeastern China beginning in the 16th century They largely reside in the province of Guangxi and speak Vietnamese and a local variety of Cantonese 89 As of 2020 79 000 Vietnamese nationals were living in China They formed the second largest group of expatriates in China while Burmese nationals were the largest 90 France Main article Vietnamese people in France See also Vietnamese community in Paris French Indochina and France Vietnam relations The Temple du Souvenir Indochinois in the Bois de Vincennes erected in 1907 is a monument built by the earliest waves of Vietnamese migrants to France The number of ethnic Vietnamese living in France is estimated to be about 350 000 as of 2014 91 France was the first Western country where Vietnamese migrants settled due to the colonization of Vietnam by France that began in the late 1850s 92 The colonial period saw a significant representation of Vietnamese students in France as well as professional and blue collar workers with many settling permanently 93 The country would continue to be home to by far the largest overseas Vietnamese population outside Asia until the 1980s when a higher number of Vietnam War refugees resettled in the United States 94 A number of Vietnamese loyal to the colonial government and Vietnamese married to French colonists emigrated to France following Vietnam s independence through the Geneva Accords in 1954 During the Vietnam War a significant number of students and those involved in commerce from South Vietnam continued to arrive in France The largest influx of Vietnamese people however arrived in France as refugees after the Fall of Saigon and end of the Vietnam War in 1975 Vietnamese refugees who settled in France usually had higher levels of education and affluence than Vietnamese refugees who settled in North America Australia and the rest of Europe likely due to cultural familiarity with French culture and that many affluent Vietnamese families had already settled in France 93 Most Vietnamese in France live in Paris and the surrounding Ile de France area but a significant number also reside in major urban centers in the south east of the country primarily Marseille Lyon and Toulouse Earlier Vietnamese migrants also settled in the cities of Lille and Bordeaux 93 In contrast to their counterparts in the English speaking world the Vietnamese in France have a higher degree of assimilation due to cultural historical and linguistic knowledge of the host country The community is still strongly attached to its homeland while being well integrated in French society The generation of Vietnamese refugees continues to hold on to traditional values The later generations of French born Vietnamese strongly identify with French culture rather than Vietnamese as most were raised and brought up in the French system rather than the Vietnamese one 95 French media and politicians generally view the Vietnamese community as a model minority in part because they are represented as having a high degree of integration within the French society as well as having high economic and academic success Furthermore Vietnamese in France on average have a high level of educational attainment and success a legacy dating back to the colonial era when affluent families and those with connections to the French colonial government sent their children to France to study 96 The Vietnamese community in France is divided between those who oppose the communist Hanoi government and those who are supportive of it 97 98 The pro communist camp is the more established of the two and was the larger group until the 1970s consisting mainly of students workers and long established immigrants who arrived before 1975 and their descendants Meanwhile the anti communist camp consists of students refugees and middle class immigrants who began to arrive after 1954 but most of whom fled Vietnam from the South Vietnam after 1975 This division in the community has been present since the 1950s when some Vietnamese students and workers in France supported and praised the communist Viet Minh s policies back home while Vietnamese loyal to the colonial or non communist governments and immigrated to France were largely anti communist 96 This political rift remained minor until the Fall of Saigon in 1975 when staunchly anti communist refugees from South Vietnam arrived and established community networks and institutions The two camps have contradictory political goals and ideologies and members of one group rarely interact with those of the other group Such political divisions have prevented the Vietnamese in France from forming a strong unified community in their host nation as their counterparts have in North America and Australia 1980 98 Australia Main article Vietnamese Australian Vietnamese people in Australia constitute one of the largest ethnic groups in Australia with 294 798 people claiming Vietnamese ancestry at the 2016 census 99 First generation Vietnamese Australians who came as refugees varied widely in income and social class Of those from the Vietnam War era many Vietnamese Australians are white collar professionals while others work primarily in blue collar jobs Australian born Vietnamese tend to earn high levels of educational attainment and success In 2001 the labour participation rate for Vietnamese refugees was 61 about the same as that of Australian born residents 63 100 Around three quarters of ethnic Vietnamese live in New South Wales 40 7 and Victoria 36 8 The surname Nguyễn is the seventh most common family name in Australia 101 second to Smith in the Melbourne phone book 102 New Zealand Main article Vietnamese New Zealanders According to the 2018 census 10 086 New Zealanders identify themselves with the Vietnamese ethnic group 103 Many of them came to New Zealand to escape religious persecution or war 104 Canada Main article Vietnamese Canadian According to the 2016 census Canada has 240 615 people who identify as ethnic Vietnamese 105 The majority of Vietnamese people in Canada reside in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec with some having lived in Quebec before 1975 Vancouver is also another major destination for newly arrived Vietnamese immigrants since 1980 including Vietnamese of Chinese descent with the city having a large Chinese population Germany Main article Vietnamese people in Germany Vietnamese are the largest Asian ethnic group in Germany 106 As of 2019 there are about 188 000 people of Vietnamese descent in Germany 107 In Western Germany most Vietnamese arrived in the 1970s or 1980s as refugees from the Vietnam War The comparatively larger Vietnamese community in Eastern Germany traces its origins to assistance agreements between the East German and the North Vietnamese government Under these agreements guest workers from Vietnam were brought to East Germany where they soon made up the largest immigrant group 108 and were provided with technical training After the fall of the Berlin Wall many stayed in Germany although they often faced discrimination especially in the early years after reunification As in France the Vietnamese community is divided between anticommunists in the former West including the former West Berlin and pro communists in the former East although the difference runs along former borderlines rather than being diffused as in France Czech Republic Main article Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic The number of Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic was estimated at 61 012 at the 2009 census 109 although more recent figures have placed the number as high as 80 000 110 Most Vietnamese immigrants in the Czech Republic reside in Prague where there is an enclave called Sapa Unlike Vietnamese immigrants in Western Europe and North America these immigrants were usually communist cadres studying or working abroad who decided to stay after the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe The Vietnamese surname Nguyen is even listed as the most common of foreign surnames in the Czech Republic and is the 9th most common surname in the country overall It is worth noting that female and male forms of the same Czech surnames were counted separately while the total number of Nguyens refers to both male and female bearers of the surname 111 United Kingdom Main article Vietnamese people in the United Kingdom Vietnamese residing in the United Kingdom number around 55 000 people in contrast to the trend of the U K tending to have the largest East and South East Asian diasporas in Europe In the 1980s Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher agreed to take quotas of refugees and 12 000 boat people came to Britain 112 The most established Vietnamese communities in Britain are in Hackney and other parts of London There are also communities in Birmingham Manchester and other major U K cities In addition to the official 4 5 million Vietnamese recognized abroad an underreported number of illegal Vietnamese immigrants abroad reside in the United Kingdom a part of worldwide criminal activities resembling modern slavery 113 114 Many Vietnamese lacking official papers and denied official assistances unfortunately may become involved in criminal activities such as unknowingly being hired in cannabis factories 115 116 The Essex lorry deaths highlighted the issue of illegal Vietnamese immigrants being smuggled from poverty stricken regions of Vietnam to other parts of the world 117 Poland Main article Vietnamese people in Poland Around 50 000 Vietnamese live in Poland mostly in big cities 118 They publish a number of newspapers both pro and anti Communist The first immigrants were Vietnamese students at Polish universities in the post World War II era These numbers increased slightly during the Vietnam War when agreements between the communist Vietnamese and Polish governments allowed Vietnamese guest workers to obtain industrial training in Poland A large number of Vietnamese immigrants also arrived after 1989 119 Belgium Main article Vietnamese people in Belgium An estimated 14 000 ethnic Vietnamese reside in Belgium as of 2012 Similar to the Vietnamese community in France the Vietnamese Belgian community traces its roots to before the end of the Vietnam War Beginning in the mid 1960s Belgium became a popular alternative destination to France for South Vietnamese seeking higher education and career opportunities abroad A much larger influx of Vietnamese arrived as refugees after the Fall of Saigon After the Berlin Wall fell in 1989 a small number of Vietnamese workers in former Soviet Bloc countries who were sponsored by the communist Vietnamese government also sought asylum in Belgium 120 The Vietnamese Belgian population largely resides in and around the capital of Brussels or in the southern French speaking Wallonia region especially around the city of Liege As in France South Vietnamese refugees to Belgium were largely of higher social standing and integrated much easier into their host country s society than their peers who settled in North America Australia and the rest of Europe due to better linguistic and cultural knowledge The Vietnamese Belgian community is strongly attached to its counterpart community in France with both communities largely achieving higher socioeconomic success in their host countries than other overseas Vietnamese populations 120 Russia Main article Vietnamese people in Russia Vietnamese people in Russia form the 72nd largest ethnic minority community in Russia according to the 2002 census The census estimated their population at only 26 205 individuals making them among the smaller groups of Việt Kiều 121 Unofficial estimates however put their population as high as 100 000 to 150 000 122 123 Norway Main article Vietnamese people in Norway An estimated 21 700 ethnic Vietnamese live in Norway as of 2014 and the country has hosted a Vietnamese community since refugee arrivals after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975 The Vietnamese are considered among the best integrated non Western immigrant groups in Norway with high rates of Norwegian citizenship among immigrants and success rates in education on par with those of ethnic Norwegians 124 Netherlands Main article Vietnamese people in the Netherlands About 19 000 ethnic Vietnamese reside in the Netherlands according to a 2010 estimate The community largely consists of South Vietnamese refugees who first arrived in 1978 A much smaller number of North Vietnamese workers also arrived from eastern Europe after the fall of the Berlin Wall 125 Bulgaria Main article Vietnamese people in Bulgaria An estimated 2 600 ethnic Vietnamese live in Bulgaria according to a 2015 estimate 126 Under international agreements in 1980 Bulgaria and other Warsaw Pact members accepted Vietnamese guest workers who were sponsored by the communist government into the country as a relatively inexpensive manual labour workforce At one point over 35 000 Vietnamese people worked in Bulgaria between 1980 and 1991 and many Vietnamese students completed their higher education at various Bulgarian universities 127 South Korea Main article Vietnamese people in South Korea As of 2011 there were over 110 000 ethnic Vietnamese people in South Korea making them the second largest minority group in the country Vietnamese in South Korea consist mainly of migrant workers and women introduced to South Korean husbands through marriage agencies 128 129 In the 13th century several thousand Vietnamese fled to Korea after the overthrow of the Vietnamese Ly dynasty where they were received by King Gojong of Goryeo 130 Malaysia Main article Vietnamese people in Malaysia The Fall of Saigon in 1975 at the end of the Vietnam War saw many Vietnamese refugees escaping by boats to Malaysia The first refugee boat arrived in Malaysia in May 1975 carrying 47 people 131 A refugee camp was established later at Pulau Bidong in August 1978 with assistance of the United Nations and became a major refugee processing center for Vietnamese seeking residency in other countries While a very small number of Vietnamese refugees settled in Malaysia the majority of Vietnamese in Malaysia consist of skilled and semi skilled workers who arrived during the 1990s as economic cooperation between Vietnam and Malaysia increased 132 Taiwan Main article Vietnamese people in Taiwan Vietnamese form one of the largest foreign ethnic groups in Taiwan with a resident population of around 200 000 including students and migrant workers 133 Vietnamese in Taiwan largely arrived as workers in the manufacturing industry or as domestic helpers There are also a large number of Vietnamese women married to Taiwanese men through international matchmaking services in Vietnam despite the illegality of such services in the country 134 Japan Main article Vietnamese people in Japan Over 135 000 Vietnamese people resided in Japan at the end of 2014 135 In 2019 around 371 755 Vietnamese people lived in Japan making it the third largest foreign community in the country At least 190 000 are skilled trainees and this particular number is growing sharply 136 Vietnamese people first came to Japan as students beginning in the 20th century 137 Most of the community however is composed of refugees admitted in the late 1970s and early 1980s as well as a smaller proportion of migrant laborers who began arriving in 1994 138 139 Laos Main article Vietnamese people in Laos As Vietnam and Laos are neighbors there has been a long history of population migrations between the territories making up the two respective countries When Laos was a French protectorate in the first half of the 20th century the French colonial administration brought many Vietnamese people to Laos to work as civil servants This policy was the object of strenuous opposition by Laotian nationals who in the 1930s made an unsuccessful attempt to replace the local government with Laotian civil servants 140 Hong Kong This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message Main article Vietnamese people in Hong Kong Vietnamese migration to Hong Kong began after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975 when boat people took to the sea and began fleeing Vietnam in all directions Those who landed in Hong Kong were placed in refugee camps until they could be resettled in a third country Under the Hong Kong government s Comprehensive Plan of Action newly arriving Vietnamese were classified as either political refugees or economic migrants Those deemed to be economic migrants would be denied the opportunity for resettlement overseas citation needed Singapore Main article Vietnamese in Singapore There are about 15 000 Vietnamese people in Singapore primarily composed of restaurant hawker centre service workers and overseas students Early waves of Vietnamese refugees and immigrants to Singapore in the 1970s mainly include boat people who escaped Vietnam during the aftermath of the Vietnam War who were initially housed in an ex military barracks turned refugee camp 32 457 Vietnamese refugees were hosted in Singapore from 1976 to the early 1990s with around 5 000 settling throughout the 1970s 47 Philippines See also Philippine Refugee Processing Center Vietnamese refugee in 1990 in Boy Scouts Palawan Philippines During the Indochina refugee crisis around 400 000 Vietnamese refugees landed on the shores of Palawan in the western Philippines after the fall of South Vietnam in 1975 They were housed in a temporary refugee camp known as the Philippine First Asylum Center PFAC in the city of Puerto Princesa The center was built in 1979 by the Philippine government in partnership with the United Nations High Commission for Refugees through the initiative of the Philippine Catholic Church Most of the refugees were moved to the Philippine Refugee Processing Center in Bataan before being resettled to other countries However by the time the refugee campes were closed in 1996 around 2 710 Vietnamese refugees remained in the country Unlike other neighboring countries which implemented forced repatriation the Philippines was the only country that allowed the refugees to stay indefinitely The refugees established a community called Viet Ville French for Viet Town also in Puerto Princesa At the time it became the centre of Vietnamese commerce and culture complete with Vietnamese restaurants shops Catholic churches and Buddhist temples In the decades that followed however the Vietnamese population dwindled greatly as they finally got approval for resettlement in the United States Canada Australia or Western Europe By 2005 only two of the former refugees remained both of whom are married to locals Viet Ville today remains a popular destination for local tourists and Vietnamese cuisine still remains popular in the city of Puerto Princesa 141 142 143 144 145 Israel Main articles Vietnamese refugees in Israel and Vietnamese boat people Vietnamese refugees arriving at Ben Gurion International Airport In Israel The number of Vietnamese people in Israel is estimated at 150 to 200 Most of them came between 1976 and 1979 when about 360 Vietnamese refugees were granted political asylum by Prime Minister Menachem Begin Most later left Israel mainly for Europe or North America to reunite with their extended families Many of the second generation descendants have assimilated into Israeli culture marrying Israelis speaking Hebrew and serving in the Israel Defense Forces A minority choose to keep their culture alive by shunning intermarriage and speaking Vietnamese at home 146 147 Today the majority of the community lives in the Gush Dan area in the center of Israel but also a few dozen Vietnamese Israelis or Israelis of Vietnamese origin live in Haifa Jerusalem and Ofakim Relations with VietnamRelations between overseas Vietnamese populations and the current government of Vietnam traditionally range between polarities of geniality and overt contempt Generally overseas Vietnamese residing in North America Western Europe and Australia which represent the vast majority of overseas Vietnamese populations are virulently opposed to the existing government of Vietnam 148 149 The smaller population of overseas Vietnamese residing in Europe however mainly in Central and East Europe the Middle East Africa and Asia most of whom have been sent for training in formerly communist countries generally maintain positive or more neutral if not very friendly relations with the government 149 Many of these East European Vietnamese are from Northern Vietnam and usually have personal or familial affiliations with the communist regime 150 Those who left before the political exodus of 1975 largely residing in France generally identify their sentiments as somewhere in between the two polarities 148 This division is also strongly reflected in their religious adherence Most of the Vietnamese diaspora living in Western Europe North America and Oceania have been religious Christian Buddhist Caodaist and anti communist while the Vietnamese living in Eastern Europe and Asia are more aligned to irreligion and to a lesser extent folk religions and Buddhism 151 152 153 The former South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ returned to Vietnam in 2004 and was generally positive about his experience However Kỳ s reconciliation was met with anger by most overseas Vietnamese who called him a traitor and a communist collaborator for reconciling and working with the current communist regime 154 Notable expatriate artists have returned to Vietnam to perform many of whom are met with scorn and boycott by the expatriate community itself after they do so Notably the composer Pham Duy had returned to Ho Chi Minh City referred to as Saigon by overseas Vietnamese and those living in Vietnam to live the rest of his life there after living in Midway City California since 1975 The government in Vietnam used less antagonistic rhetoric to describe those who left the country after 1975 According to the Vietnamese government while in 1987 only 8 000 overseas Vietnamese returned to Vietnam for the purpose of visiting that number jumped to 430 000 in 2004 The government enacted laws to make it easier for overseas Vietnamese to do business in Vietnam including laws allowing them to own land Overseas Vietnamese however still face discrimination while trying to do business there The first company in Vietnam to be registered to an Overseas Vietnamese was Highlands Coffee a successful chain of specialty coffee shops in 1998 155 In June 2007 Vietnamese President Nguyen Minh Triet visited the United States and one of his scheduled stops was in the vicinity Orange County home of Little Saigon the largest Vietnamese community outside of Vietnam Details of his plans were not announced beforehand due to concerns about massive protests Despite these efforts a large crowd of anti communist protest still occurred 156 Several thousand people protested in Washington D C and Orange County during his visit 157 158 Relations among the Vietnamese diaspora There is a significant level of tension amongst the Vietnamese diaspora 159 Widespread regionalism exists between Vietnamese from North America and Western Europe against Vietnamese from other parts of the world Former Soviet aligned nations and other Asian countries have influenced the existing regionalism through frequent negative portrayals most Vietnamese from Western Europe and North America have long viewed themselves as more civilized and developed 160 Those from Vietnam other Asian countries and occasionally Eastern Europe complain about racism perpetuated by Vietnamese from Western Europe and North America 161 This treatment was further exacerbated by the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States with some of Vietnamese in the United States having pro Trump attitudes while the remaining Vietnamese people being skeptical of him 162 163 164 165 Flag allegiances were further soured and the generational divide was further exacerbated when the former South Vietnamese flag appeared during the 2021 United States Capitol attack 166 See alsoDiasporic Vietnamese narratives Vietnamese Diasporic Music Overseas Vietnamese Buddhist temples List of Vietnamese People Vietnamese Boat People Growing Up AmericanNotes The number of Vietnamese citizens currently in Taiwan with a valid residence permit was 215 491 as of 30 April 2022 127 033 males 88 458 females 8 The number of Vietnamese citizens with a valid residence permit in Taiwan including those currently not in Taiwan was 240 986 as of 30 April 2022 140 372 males 100 614 females 9 The number of foreign spouses of Vietnamese origin in Taiwan was 111 529 as of April 2022 2 383 males 109 146 females 10 It was also estimated that 70 of Vietnamese brides in Taiwan had obtained Taiwanese nationality as of 2014 11 with many renouncing Vietnamese citizenship in the process of naturalization 12 An estimated 200 000 children were born to Vietnamese mothers and Taiwanese fathers according to a report by Voice of Vietnam in 2014 13 According to Taiwanese Ministry of Education in 2020 108 037 children of foreign spouses of Vietnamese origin were attending an educational institution in Taiwan 5 168 in kindergartens 25 752 in primary schools 22 462 in secondary schools 33 430 in high schools and 21 225 in universities colleges 14 a decrease of more than 2 000 students from the previous year which was 110 176 students 6 348 in kindergartens 29 074 in primary schools 27 363 in secondary schools 32 982 in high schools and 14 409 in universities colleges 15 This data is only Vietnamese Nationals in Mainland China Excluding Gin people and data in Hong Kong Macau and Taiwan this data is only Gin people in Mainland China References Minh Thu 2022 06 29 Đẩy mạnh cong tac người Việt Nam ở nước ngoai trong tinh hinh mới VietnamPlus Archived from the original on 2022 08 23 Retrieved 2022 08 23 Lương Thanh Nghị 2022 02 04 Nguồn lực người Việt Nam ở nước ngoai Trang thong tin điện tử Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam Archived from the original on 2022 08 23 Retrieved 2022 08 23 Vietnamese in the U S Fact Sheet Pew Research Center Archived from the original on 2022 05 25 Retrieved 2022 05 25 a b Mauk Ben 2018 03 28 A People in Limbo Many Living Entirely on the Water The New 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ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved 2021 03 11 Further readingVu Anna Satzewich Vic eds 2022 The Vietnamese Diaspora in a Transnational Context Contested Spaces Contested Narratives Brill External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to People of Vietnamese descent Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Overseas Vietnamese amp oldid 1150465723, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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