fbpx
Wikipedia

Cengage

March 18, 2023

Cengage Group is an American educational content, technology, and services company for the higher education, K-12, professional, and library markets. It operates in more than 20 countries around the world.[1][2][3]

Cengage
Founded2007; 16 years ago (2007)
Headquarters locationBoston, Massachusetts, United States
Key peopleMichael Hansen (CEO)
Publication typesEducational content, technology, and services
Imprints
  • 4LTR Press
  • Aplia
  • Cengage Learning PTR
  • Chilton
  • ed2go
  • Gale
  • Heinle
  • Milady
  • MindTap
  • National Geographic Learning
Revenue US$1.5 billion (2017)
No. of employees5,000 (2017)
Official websitecengagegroup.com

Company information

The company is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, and has approximately 5,000 employees worldwide across nearly 38 countries.[2][4] It was headquartered at its Stamford, Connecticut, office until April 2014.[5]

Gale is Cengage's library reference arm and specializes in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses. The company creates and maintains databases that are published online, in print, as e-books and in microform.[6]

Cengage Unlimited

On December 5, 2017, Cengage announced Cengage Unlimited, a subscription service that allows students to pay for access to the company's entire digital higher education catalog by the semester or year, rather than buying individual textbooks.[7] This service became available during summer 2018, and was reported to be "in line with expectations" with its initial sales goal.[8] The University of Missouri is the first university to offer this plan to all students, effective January 2019.[9]

History

International Thomson Publishing entered the publishing business by buying Wadsworth Publishing in 1979. In 1981, International Thomson purchased the publishing operations of Litton Industries, including Van Nostrand Reinhold and Delmar.[10] International Thomson acquired reference publisher Gale Research in 1985.[11] International Thomson acquired South-Western Publishing from SFN in 1986.[12] In 1992, Thomson acquired Course Technology.[13] In 1995, Thomson acquired educational reference publisher Peterson's.[14] In 1997, Van Nostrand Reinhold was sold to John Wiley & Son.[15]

In 2000, Thomson Learning was created out of a restructuring of International Thomson Publishing.[16] Later that year Thomson acquired the higher education title of Harcourt from Reed Elsevier,[17] and the test prep publisher Arco from IDG Books.[18] In 2002, Wadsworth acquired F.E. Peacock Publishers.[19] It was announced on October 25, 2006 that Thomson Learning would be offered for sale by the Thomson Corporation, with an estimated value of up to US$5 billion.[20][21] The company was bought by a private equity consortium consisting of Apax Partners and OMERS Capital Partners for US$7.75 billion, and the name was changed to Cengage Learning on 24 July 2007.[22] In 2007, Cengage Learning sold Peterson's to Nelnet.[23] In 2011, Cengage Learning acquired the National Geographic Society's school publishing unit, and combined this school business with the Global ELT business to create and launch the National Geographic Learning brand. The global brand combined the former Cengage Learning ELT and National Geographic School Publishing imprints and sub-brands under one unified identity.[24]

In September 2013, David Shaffer retired as chairman of the company.[25] He had previously been executive vice president of The Thomson Corporation from 2005 to 2006, and then President and CEO of both Thomson Publishing International and Thomson Learning.[26]

The company had acquired a large amount of debt through the course of its initial buyout and subsequent acquisitions, and had seen declining revenue through a shrinking market for paper textbooks. Cengage Learning filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 on July 2, 2013.[22][27] Cengage Learning emerged from bankruptcy on April 1, 2014, eliminating approximately $4 billion of its funded debt and securing $1.75 billion in exit financing. Post-bankruptcy, the company decided to focus on developing digital study guides and other educational supplements, as well as hard-copy textbooks. The company moved its headquarters from Stamford, Connecticut, to Boston.[28]

In January 2015, they announced expansion of their LearnLaunch Accelerator program, which provides seed funding and intensive coaching to promising startups, to the University of Chihuahua in Mexico.[29][30]

In November 2016, Cengage Learning rebranded as simply Cengage.[citation needed]

In May 2019, Cengage announced its potential merger with another major publisher, McGraw-Hill Education, thereby creating a duopoly with Pearson in the market and would have used McGraw-Hill as the merged corporate name with Michael Hansen as CEO.[31][32] It is estimated Cengage has 24% of the market while McGraw-Hill has 21%, Pearson, the current market leader, has about 40 percent of the market and Wiley has about 7 percent.[33]

The merger was called off on 1 May 2020.[34]

In August 2021, Cengage rebranded as Cengage Group.[citation needed]

Acquisitions

In addition to organic growth, Cengage has expanded through acquisitions within the publishing industry. Notable acquisitions include:

Date of acquisition announced Asset acquired Industry
1 March 2004 Education to Go[35] Online continuing education courses
16 May 2008 PAL Publications[36] Professional reference series
2 June 2008 Houghton Mifflin College Division[36] Publishing for 2- and 4-year colleges
17 July 2008 Gatlin Education Services[37] Web-based training for education providers
16 December 2008 HighBeam Research[38] Paid search engine of newspapers and magazines
1 August 2011 National Geographic School Publishing[24] Publishing for K-12 schools
September 2015 Learning Objects, Inc Learning management systems and adaptive education tools
October 2015 Pathbrite, Inc ePortfolio services for learning, reflection, and career advancement
September 2016 WebAssign[39] Online instructional application for faculty and students.
March 2022 InfoSec Institute[40] Cybersecurity training

Brands/imprints

The company's product lines include 4LTR Press, Aplia, Cengage Learning PTR, Chilton, Education To Go, Gale, Milady, MindTap, and National Geographic Learning.

Since 2015, South-Western products have been branded as Cengage Learning.[41]

Cengage Unlimited, a SaaS solution, launched on August 1, 2018. [42]

Rankings

In 2016, based on its 2015 revenues, Publishers Weekly ranked the company 14 out of 57 publishers worldwide, a decline of three slots from the previous year. The list includes both trade and educational publishers.[43]

See also

References

  1. ^ (Jun 27, 2014) Global Publishing Leaders 2014: Cengage 2015-06-12 at the Wayback Machine publishersweekly.com
  2. ^ a b Company Info - Wall Street Journal. Cengage Learning 2015-06-18 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Company Overview of Cengage Learning, Inc. 2017-08-09 at the Wayback Machine BloombergBusiness
  4. ^ "Global Publishing Leaders 2017: Cengage Learning Holdings II LP". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
  5. ^ "Ed publishing firm Cengage will move into new Pier 4 building - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
  6. ^ Gale : A Cengage Learning Company 2013-10-17 at the Wayback Machine CAUL (Council of Australian University Librarians)
  7. ^ "Boston publisher launches a Netflix for textbooks - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com.
  8. ^ McKenzie, Lindsay (November 8, 2018). "Promising Early Sales for Cengage Unlimited". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  9. ^ "University of Missouri System Chooses Cengage Unlimited Subscriptions to Save Students Money on Course Materials". Business Insider. November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  10. ^ Mehegan, David (January 26, 2002). "LITTLE, BROWN SHRINKING AGAIN: [THIRD Edition]". Boston Globe; Boston, Mass. Boston, Mass., United States, Boston, Mass. pp. –1. ISSN 0743-1791. ProQuest 405447754.
  11. ^ "Sale to International Thomson of Publisher Is Set for $66 Million". Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition; New York, N.Y. New York, N.Y., United States, New York, N.Y. May 8, 1985. p. 1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 397970242.
  12. ^ Landro, Laura (October 15, 1986). "SFN to Sell Unit to Time For $520 Million --- Sale of Another Subsidiary To a Canadian Concern Is Set for $270 Million". Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition; New York, N.Y. New York, N.Y., United States, New York, N.Y. p. 1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 397963634.
  13. ^ Diamond, Howard (November 24, 1992). "Thomson Acquires Course Technology, Inc". Business Wire; New York. New York, United States, New York. p. 1. ProQuest 447043731.
  14. ^ "Thomson acquires Peterson's Guides". Publishers Weekly. October 30, 1995. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
  15. ^ Chen, David W. (October 10, 1997). "Metro Business; John Wiley Acquires A Trade Book Unit". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  16. ^ "PW: Thomson Learning Adapts to Market". PublishersWeekly.com.
  17. ^ Editors, Business (October 27, 2000). "The Thomson Corporation to Acquire Select Harcourt Business Units From Reed Elsevier". Business Wire; New York. New York, United States, New York. p. 1. ProQuest 445856898. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  18. ^ Writers, Business Editors/Education (June 12, 2000). "Thomson Learning Acquires ARCO Imprint from IDGB; Peterson's to Provide Consumers a Singular Resource for a Wide Range of Test-Prep Materials and Information". Business Wire; New York. New York, United States, New York. p. 1. ProQuest 445835057. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  19. ^ "Wadsworth buys F.E. Peacock Publishers Inc". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
  20. ^ Thomas, Helen (25 October 2006) FT Alphaville. Financial Times.
  21. ^ (October 25, 2006) Thomson to sell education units 2015-06-05 at the Wayback Machine Boston.com
  22. ^ a b "Cengage Learning Files for Bankruptcy". New York Times. July 2, 2013. from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
  23. ^ (Press release). Nelnet. July 27, 2006. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved September 5, 2007.
  24. ^ a b Jinks, Beth (June 24, 2011) Apax's Cengage Buying National Geographic's School Publisher 2016-07-31 at the Wayback Machine Bloomberg.com
  25. ^ Edgecliffe-Johnson, Andrew (July 6, 2013) Debt-laden Cengage in hunt for new chief 2012-07-14 at the Wayback Machine The Financial Times
  26. ^ Executive Profile - David H. Shaffer bloomberg.com
  27. ^ Howard, Jennifer (July 3, 2013) Publisher's Bankruptcy Filing Comes as Market for Print Textbooks Shrinks 2015-05-12 at the Wayback Machine The Chronicle of Higher Education
  28. ^ "Textbook publisher quits Stamford for Boston". Associated Press. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
  29. ^ Borchers, Callum (April 01, 2014) Cengage exits bankruptcy, focuses on e-books in Boston 2014-09-15 at the Wayback Machine bostonglobe.com
  30. ^ Shulman, Eden (12 Feb, 2015) "Boston ed-tech firm Cengage Learning announces the expansion of LearnLaunch to Latin America". from the original on May 2, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015. BetaBoston - Boston Globe
  31. ^ McKenzie, Lindsay (May 2, 2019). "Rival Publishers Join Forces". insidehighered.com. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
  32. ^ "McGraw-Hill, Cengage Agree to Merge". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  33. ^ "College textbook merger raises 'serious concern' among U.S. lawmakers". Reuters. March 11, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  34. ^ "Deals | McGraw-Hill, Cengage Jointly Agree to Terminate Planned Merger". Bloomberg. May 4, 2020.
  35. ^ MacFadyen, Ken (June 9, 2008) Thomson Course Technology Acquires Education To Go To Expand Continuing Education Offerings 2016-01-29 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^ a b MacFadyen, Ken (June 9, 2008) Cengage Buys Houghton Mifflin's College Unit 2015-06-05 at the Wayback Machine themiddlemarket.com
  37. ^ Cengage Learning Acquired Gatlin Education Services. Was this a good decision? owler.com[permanent dead link]
  38. ^ Polanka, Sue (Dec 16, 2008) June 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine No Shelf Required - Wright State University Libraries
  39. ^ "Cengage Acquires WebAssign, Strengthening Market Position in Science, Technology and Math". Cengage. September 27, 2016. from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  40. ^ "Cengage Group Completes Acquisition of Infosec". Infosec. March 2, 2022. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
  41. ^ "There’s a new way to find South-Western titles" 2017-04-08 at the Wayback Machine, Cengage Learning. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
  42. ^ (Aug 04, 2018) eLearning Inside News: Cengage
  43. ^ "The World's 57 Largest Book Publishers, 2015" 2015-11-15 at the Wayback Machine publishersweekly.com. Jun 26, 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-07.

External links

  • Official website
  • National Geographic Learning, part of Cengage Learning
  • ed2go, part of Cengage Learning

March 18, 2023
cengage, group, american, educational, content, technology, services, company, higher, education, professional, library, markets, operates, more, than, countries, around, world, founded2007, years, 2007, headquarters, locationboston, massachusetts, united, sta. Cengage Group is an American educational content technology and services company for the higher education K 12 professional and library markets It operates in more than 20 countries around the world 1 2 3 CengageFounded2007 16 years ago 2007 Headquarters locationBoston Massachusetts United StatesKey peopleMichael Hansen CEO Publication typesEducational content technology and servicesImprints4LTR PressApliaCengage Learning PTRChiltoned2goGaleHeinleMiladyMindTapNational Geographic LearningRevenueUS 1 5 billion 2017 No of employees5 000 2017 Official websitecengagegroup wbr com Contents 1 Company information 2 Cengage Unlimited 3 History 3 1 Acquisitions 4 Brands imprints 5 Rankings 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksCompany information EditThe company is headquartered in Boston Massachusetts and has approximately 5 000 employees worldwide across nearly 38 countries 2 4 It was headquartered at its Stamford Connecticut office until April 2014 5 Gale is Cengage s library reference arm and specializes in e research and educational publishing for libraries schools and businesses The company creates and maintains databases that are published online in print as e books and in microform 6 Cengage Unlimited EditOn December 5 2017 Cengage announced Cengage Unlimited a subscription service that allows students to pay for access to the company s entire digital higher education catalog by the semester or year rather than buying individual textbooks 7 This service became available during summer 2018 and was reported to be in line with expectations with its initial sales goal 8 The University of Missouri is the first university to offer this plan to all students effective January 2019 9 History EditInternational Thomson Publishing entered the publishing business by buying Wadsworth Publishing in 1979 In 1981 International Thomson purchased the publishing operations of Litton Industries including Van Nostrand Reinhold and Delmar 10 International Thomson acquired reference publisher Gale Research in 1985 11 International Thomson acquired South Western Publishing from SFN in 1986 12 In 1992 Thomson acquired Course Technology 13 In 1995 Thomson acquired educational reference publisher Peterson s 14 In 1997 Van Nostrand Reinhold was sold to John Wiley amp Son 15 In 2000 Thomson Learning was created out of a restructuring of International Thomson Publishing 16 Later that year Thomson acquired the higher education title of Harcourt from Reed Elsevier 17 and the test prep publisher Arco from IDG Books 18 In 2002 Wadsworth acquired F E Peacock Publishers 19 It was announced on October 25 2006 that Thomson Learning would be offered for sale by the Thomson Corporation with an estimated value of up to US 5 billion 20 21 The company was bought by a private equity consortium consisting of Apax Partners and OMERS Capital Partners for US 7 75 billion and the name was changed to Cengage Learning on 24 July 2007 22 In 2007 Cengage Learning sold Peterson s to Nelnet 23 In 2011 Cengage Learning acquired the National Geographic Society s school publishing unit and combined this school business with the Global ELT business to create and launch the National Geographic Learning brand The global brand combined the former Cengage Learning ELT and National Geographic School Publishing imprints and sub brands under one unified identity 24 In September 2013 David Shaffer retired as chairman of the company 25 He had previously been executive vice president of The Thomson Corporation from 2005 to 2006 and then President and CEO of both Thomson Publishing International and Thomson Learning 26 The company had acquired a large amount of debt through the course of its initial buyout and subsequent acquisitions and had seen declining revenue through a shrinking market for paper textbooks Cengage Learning filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 on July 2 2013 22 27 Cengage Learning emerged from bankruptcy on April 1 2014 eliminating approximately 4 billion of its funded debt and securing 1 75 billion in exit financing Post bankruptcy the company decided to focus on developing digital study guides and other educational supplements as well as hard copy textbooks The company moved its headquarters from Stamford Connecticut to Boston 28 In January 2015 they announced expansion of their LearnLaunch Accelerator program which provides seed funding and intensive coaching to promising startups to the University of Chihuahua in Mexico 29 30 In November 2016 Cengage Learning rebranded as simply Cengage citation needed In May 2019 Cengage announced its potential merger with another major publisher McGraw Hill Education thereby creating a duopoly with Pearson in the market and would have used McGraw Hill as the merged corporate name with Michael Hansen as CEO 31 32 It is estimated Cengage has 24 of the market while McGraw Hill has 21 Pearson the current market leader has about 40 percent of the market and Wiley has about 7 percent 33 The merger was called off on 1 May 2020 34 In August 2021 Cengage rebranded as Cengage Group citation needed Acquisitions Edit In addition to organic growth Cengage has expanded through acquisitions within the publishing industry Notable acquisitions include Date of acquisition announced Asset acquired Industry1 March 2004 Education to Go 35 Online continuing education courses16 May 2008 PAL Publications 36 Professional reference series2 June 2008 Houghton Mifflin College Division 36 Publishing for 2 and 4 year colleges17 July 2008 Gatlin Education Services 37 Web based training for education providers16 December 2008 HighBeam Research 38 Paid search engine of newspapers and magazines1 August 2011 National Geographic School Publishing 24 Publishing for K 12 schoolsSeptember 2015 Learning Objects Inc Learning management systems and adaptive education toolsOctober 2015 Pathbrite Inc ePortfolio services for learning reflection and career advancementSeptember 2016 WebAssign 39 Online instructional application for faculty and students March 2022 InfoSec Institute 40 Cybersecurity trainingBrands imprints EditThe company s product lines include 4LTR Press Aplia Cengage Learning PTR Chilton Education To Go Gale Milady MindTap and National Geographic Learning Since 2015 South Western products have been branded as Cengage Learning 41 Cengage Unlimited a SaaS solution launched on August 1 2018 42 Rankings EditIn 2016 based on its 2015 revenues Publishers Weekly ranked the company 14 out of 57 publishers worldwide a decline of three slots from the previous year The list includes both trade and educational publishers 43 See also EditBooks in the United StatesReferences Edit Jun 27 2014 Global Publishing Leaders 2014 Cengage Archived 2015 06 12 at the Wayback Machine publishersweekly com a b Company Info Wall Street Journal Cengage Learning Archived 2015 06 18 at the Wayback Machine Company Overview of Cengage Learning Inc Archived 2017 08 09 at the Wayback Machine BloombergBusiness Global Publishing Leaders 2017 Cengage Learning Holdings II LP PublishersWeekly com Retrieved September 6 2018 Ed publishing firm Cengage will move into new Pier 4 building The Boston Globe BostonGlobe com Retrieved September 6 2018 Gale A Cengage Learning Company Archived 2013 10 17 at the Wayback Machine CAUL Council of Australian University Librarians Boston publisher launches a Netflix for textbooks The Boston Globe BostonGlobe com McKenzie Lindsay November 8 2018 Promising Early Sales for Cengage Unlimited Inside Higher Ed Retrieved November 20 2018 University of Missouri System Chooses Cengage Unlimited Subscriptions to Save Students Money on Course Materials Business Insider November 16 2018 Retrieved November 20 2018 Mehegan David January 26 2002 LITTLE BROWN SHRINKING AGAIN THIRD Edition Boston Globe Boston Mass Boston Mass United States Boston Mass pp 1 ISSN 0743 1791 ProQuest 405447754 Sale to International Thomson of Publisher Is Set for 66 Million Wall Street Journal Eastern edition New York N Y New York N Y United States New York N Y May 8 1985 p 1 ISSN 0099 9660 ProQuest 397970242 Landro Laura October 15 1986 SFN to Sell Unit to Time For 520 Million Sale of Another Subsidiary To a Canadian Concern Is Set for 270 Million Wall Street Journal Eastern edition New York N Y New York N Y United States New York N Y p 1 ISSN 0099 9660 ProQuest 397963634 Diamond Howard November 24 1992 Thomson Acquires Course Technology Inc Business Wire New York New York United States New York p 1 ProQuest 447043731 Thomson acquires Peterson s Guides Publishers Weekly October 30 1995 Retrieved December 5 2019 Chen David W October 10 1997 Metro Business John Wiley Acquires A Trade Book Unit The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 20 2019 PW Thomson Learning Adapts to Market PublishersWeekly com Editors Business October 27 2000 The Thomson Corporation to Acquire Select Harcourt Business Units From Reed Elsevier Business Wire New York New York United States New York p 1 ProQuest 445856898 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a last has generic name help Writers Business Editors Education June 12 2000 Thomson Learning Acquires ARCO Imprint from IDGB Peterson s to Provide Consumers a Singular Resource for a Wide Range of Test Prep Materials and Information Business Wire New York New York United States New York p 1 ProQuest 445835057 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a first has generic name help Wadsworth buys F E Peacock Publishers Inc San Francisco Business Times Retrieved November 21 2020 Thomas Helen 25 October 2006 Thomson to put learning unit on the block FT Alphaville Financial Times October 25 2006 Thomson to sell education units Archived 2015 06 05 at the Wayback Machine Boston com a b Cengage Learning Files for Bankruptcy New York Times July 2 2013 Archived from the original on November 8 2014 Retrieved November 7 2014 Nelnet Acquires Peterson s Press release Nelnet July 27 2006 Archived from the original on July 14 2011 Retrieved September 5 2007 a b Jinks Beth June 24 2011 Apax s Cengage Buying National Geographic s School Publisher Archived 2016 07 31 at the Wayback Machine Bloomberg com Edgecliffe Johnson Andrew July 6 2013 Debt laden Cengage in hunt for new chief Archived 2012 07 14 at the Wayback Machine The Financial Times Executive Profile David H Shaffer bloomberg com Howard Jennifer July 3 2013 Publisher s Bankruptcy Filing Comes as Market for Print Textbooks Shrinks Archived 2015 05 12 at the Wayback Machine The Chronicle of Higher Education Textbook publisher quits Stamford for Boston Associated Press Retrieved November 11 2019 Borchers Callum April 01 2014 Cengage exits bankruptcy focuses on e books in Boston Archived 2014 09 15 at the Wayback Machine bostonglobe com Shulman Eden 12 Feb 2015 Boston ed tech firm Cengage Learning announces the expansion of LearnLaunch to Latin America Archived from the original on May 2 2015 Retrieved June 4 2015 BetaBoston Boston Globe McKenzie Lindsay May 2 2019 Rival Publishers Join Forces insidehighered com Retrieved June 6 2019 McGraw Hill Cengage Agree to Merge Publishers Weekly Retrieved July 8 2019 College textbook merger raises serious concern among U S lawmakers Reuters March 11 2020 Retrieved March 11 2020 Deals McGraw Hill Cengage Jointly Agree to Terminate Planned Merger Bloomberg May 4 2020 MacFadyen Ken June 9 2008 Thomson Course Technology Acquires Education To Go To Expand Continuing Education Offerings Archived 2016 01 29 at the Wayback Machine a b MacFadyen Ken June 9 2008 Cengage Buys Houghton Mifflin s College Unit Archived 2015 06 05 at the Wayback Machine themiddlemarket com Cengage Learning Acquired Gatlin Education Services Was this a good decision owler com permanent dead link Polanka Sue Dec 16 2008 Archived June 5 2015 at the Wayback Machine No Shelf Required Wright State University Libraries Cengage Acquires WebAssign Strengthening Market Position in Science Technology and Math Cengage September 27 2016 Archived from the original on November 16 2016 Retrieved November 15 2016 Cengage Group Completes Acquisition of Infosec Infosec March 2 2022 Retrieved August 22 2022 There s a new way to find South Western titles Archived 2017 04 08 at the Wayback Machine Cengage Learning Retrieved April 8 2017 Aug 04 2018 eLearning Inside News Cengage The World s 57 Largest Book Publishers 2015 Archived 2015 11 15 at the Wayback Machine publishersweekly com Jun 26 2015 Retrieved 2015 09 07 External links EditOfficial website National Geographic Learning part of Cengage Learning ed2go part of Cengage Learning Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cengage amp oldid 1129492404, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.