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Tonkin (French protectorate)

Tonkin (chữ Nôm: 東京), or Bắc Kỳ (北圻), was a French protectorate encompassing modern Northern Vietnam. Like the French protectorate of Annam, Tonkin was still nominally ruled by the Nguyễn dynasty, but in 1886, the French separated Tonkin from the Nguyễn imperial court in Huế by establishing the office of "Viceroy" (經略衙, Kinh lược nha).[4] However, on 26 July 1897, the position of Viceroy was abolished, officially making the French resident-superior of Tonkin both the representative of the French colonial administration and the Nguyễn dynasty court in Huế, giving him the power to appoint local mandarins.[4] In 1887, Tonkin became a part of the Union of Indochina.

Protectorate of Tonkin
Protectorat du Tonkin (French)
Xứ bảo hộ Bắc Kỳ (Vietnamese)
處保護北圻 (chữ Nôm)
1883–1945
1946–1948 (1950)
Motto: Liberté, égalité, fraternité"
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Anthem: "La Marseillaise"
Royal anthem: Đăng đàn cung
(English: "The Emperor Mounts His Throne")
Great Seal of the Viceroy of Tonkin[1]
Khâm sai đại thần quan phòng
欽差大臣關防

(Until 1897)
Administrative divisions of Tonkin 1920
StatusProtectorate of France (1883–1945)
Constituent territory of French Indochina (1887–1948)
CapitalHanoi
Common languagesFrench, Vietnamese, Central Tai languages, Southwestern Tai languages, Hmongic languages, Mienic languages
Religion
Mahayana Buddhism
Confucianism
Taoism
Catholicism
Folk religion
Demonym(s)Tonkinese
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy under colonial administration
Resident-Superior 
• 1886
Paulin François Alexandre Vial
• 1947–1948
Yves Jean Digo
Kinh lược sứ 
• 1883–1885
Nguyễn Hữu Độ (first)
• 1890–1897
Hoàng Cao Khải (last)
LegislatureNone (rule by decree)
Historical eraNew Imperialism
25 August 1883
6 June 1884
September 1940
25 August 1945
1948
• Ratification of the Élysée Accords by the French, formally recognising the end of the protectorate over Vietnam[2]
1950
Population
• 1885
7,487,000[3]
• 1939
11,509,000[3]
CurrencyVietnamese cash,
French Indochinese piastre
Today part ofVietnam
China
 Zhanjiang

In 1945, the emperor Bảo Đại rescinded the Patenôtre Treaty, ending the French protectorates over Annam and Tonkin, creating the Empire of Vietnam, a Japanese puppet state.[5] Following the surrender of Japan, ending World War II, the Việt Minh launched the August Revolution which led to the abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty and the Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

Tonkin was briefly occupied by the Chinese National Army before being returned to France. After eliminating virtually all nationalist oppositions,[6][7] the communist-led Việt Minh clashed with the French over control of the territory. In 1948, Tonkin and Annam were officially merged under the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam. The French legally maintained the protectorate until they formally signed over sovereignty to the Bảo Đại and the State of Vietnam in 1950 after signing the Élysée Accords in 1949.[2]

History

Establishment

After helping to unify Vietnam under the Nguyen dynasty, the French Navy began its heavy presence in the Mekong Delta and later colonised the southern third of Vietnam including Saigon in 1867. Central Vietnam later became the French protectorate of Annam and French influence in the Indochina Peninsula strengthened. During the Sino-French War (1884–85), the northernmost part of Vietnam, Tonkin (then considered a crucial foothold in Southeast Asia and a key to the Chinese market), was invaded by the French. After the Treaty of Tientsin, all of Vietnam was governed by the French.

During the French colonial administration, Vietnam was administratively divided into three different territories: Tonkin (in the north), Annam (in the centre), and the colony of Cochinchina (in the south). These territories were fairly arbitrary in their geographic extent as the vast majority of the Vietnamese regarded their country as a single land and minor resistance to French rule continued over the next 70 years to achieve an independent state. Annam and Tonkin were originally a single entity, the Résidence supérieure of Annam-Tonkin. On June 3, 1886, the Nguyễn emperor Đồng Khánh delegated all of his powers in Tonkin to a Kinh lược sứ (经略使, equivalent of Viceroy), who acted under French supervision. On May 9, 1889, the Résidence supérieure of Annam-Tonkin was abolished, with Annam and Tonkin being separated in two Résidences supérieures, each subordinated to the governor-general of French Indochina. On July 26, 1897, Governor-General Paul Doumer had Emperor Thành Thái abolish the post of Kinh lược sứ. Also, the Nguyễn dynasty still nominally reigned over Tonkin; it was now de facto under direct French rule.[8]

During French rule, Hanoi was made capital of Tonkin and, in 1901, of the whole French Indochina. Cities in Tonkin saw significant infrastructure and economic development under the French, such as the development of the port of Haiphong and construction of the Trans-Indochinois Railway linking Hanoi to Saigon. Under French economic plans, mines yielding gold, silver, and tin as well as the farming of rice, corn, and tea powered Tonkin's economy. The imports included rice, iron goods, flour, wine, opium and cotton goods. Industrialization later led to the opening of factories producing textiles and ceramics for export throughout the French Empire. French cultural influence on Tonkin was also significant as French became the primary language of education, government, trade and media and heavy Catholic missionary activity resulted in almost 10% of the population identifying as Catholic by the 1940s. Prominent buildings in Hanoi were also constructed during the period of French rule, such as the Hanoi Opera House and the Hanoi University of Technology.

World War II

French colonial administration lasted until March 9, 1945, during Japanese occupation (1941–1945). Although French administration was allowed during Japanese occupation as a puppet government, Japan briefly took full control of Vietnam in March 1945 under the Empire of Vietnam and Tonkin became the site of the Vietnamese Famine of 1945 during this period.[9] At the end of the war, the north of Vietnam (including Tonkin) saw a sphere of influence by China while the south was briefly occupied by the British for French forces to regroup and regain control. Harry Truman at the Potsdam Conference, stated an intention to hand the region back to French rule, a sharp contrast to Franklin D. Roosevelt's strong opposition to colonialism and commitment to support the Viet Minh. However, after the Japanese withdrew from Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Ba Đình Square. Hanoi was later reoccupied by the French and conflict between the Viet Minh and France broke out into the First Indochina War.

End

As the French sought to establish a coherent government in Vietnam as an alternative to Ho Chi Minh, Tonkin was merged in 1948 into the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam, which was replaced the next year by the State of Vietnam, following the reunification with Cochinchina. After the French defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in Western Tonkin in 1954, the Communist state of North Vietnam was formed, consisting of Tonkin and northern Annam.

Administration

 
The 1939 Vietnamese language edition of Tonkin's official government bulletin shows the overlapping authority of the French colonial administration and the government of the Nguyễn dynasty, with French public laws and official decisions as well statements by the emperor Bảo Đại.

Tonkin was a component of French Indochina. It was a de facto French colony despite being a protectorate on paper. The British Naval Intelligence Division wrote during World War II that "at first the native political organization was maintained, but in 1897 the office of the viceroy, representing the king of Annam in Tonkin, was abolished, and since then other changes have further weakened the influence of the native government."[10] Formally the four protectorates of French Indochina were ruled by their respective monarchs, but in fact the protectorates were all under the close control of the French senior residents.[11] As the governor-general of French Indochina Pierre Pasquier stated: "The King reigns but the Resident superior rules."[12][11] The effective power in the protectorate was in the hands of the resident-superior with both the monarch and the local high officials playing a subordinate role to his office.[11]

Tonkin was administered by a French resident similar to those in Annam, Laos, and Cambodia, but he had much greater authority because of the absence of any indigenous administration.[10][13] A conseil du protectorat composed of important officials and representatives from the chambers of agriculture and commerce, assisted the resident in performing his duties. There was also an advisory council made up of Vietnamese.[10]

On 31 July 1898 the president of France, Félix Faure, issued a decree that established a central bank for the entirety of French Indochina and that this bank would set the federal French Indochinese budget, on the same day the French president issued a decree that established a budget for the government of Tonkin.[14] Furthermore, the French president also decreed that the budget of Tonkin would be financed through direct tax revenue collected in the territory as opposed to only indirect taxes.[14] This decree also meant that the treasury of the Nguyễn dynasty was abolished and all finances to be directly managed by the French.[14] The resident-superior was assisted by various agencies such as the Tokin Protectorate Council, the Tokin Chamber of Commerce, the Tonkin Chamber of Agriculture, and the House of People's Representatives.[15] Despite its name the House of People's Representatives was not democratically elected but was composed of appointed Vietnamese elites and it only discussed issues related to taxation rather than legislation.[15]

Tonkin was made up of 23 provinces, subdivided into phu or huyen, cantons, and communes.[10] Local administration was in the hands of Vietnamese mandarins, although they were appointed by the resident rather than the emperor as in Annam.[10] The smallest unit of administration, the commune, was overseen by two councils: the toc bieu, and the mandarin-dominated ky muc with the authority to veto decisions of the toc bieu.[10] Hanoi and Haiphong had municipal councils appointed by the governor-general of Indochina.[10] Each province was headed by "Công sứ" (公使), a French resident-minister, who was also assisted by a number of different agencies such as the Resident-Minister's Office, the Provincial Council, etc.[15]

Gallery

Maps

See also

Notes

  1. ^ ThS. Hà Văn Huề, ThS. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hường, ThS. Đoàn Thị Thu Thuỷ, PGS.TS Nguyễn Công Việt – Ấn chương trên Châu bản triều Nguyễn. – Năm xuất bản : 2013 Nhà xuất bản : (NXB Hà Nội Cuốn sách). Page 112. (in Vietnamese).
  2. ^ a b Le Monde illustré - Le Vietnam à cessé d'être protectorat français cérémonie à l'hôtel de ville de Saïgon avec l'empereur Bao Daï et le commissaire de la République M. Pignon (Vietnam ceased to be a French protectorate, ceremony at Saigon City Hall with Emperor Bao Dai and the Commissioner of the Republic, Mr Pignon.) Published: 1950. Quote: "Au cours d'une cérémonie qui s'est déroulée à l'hôtel de ville de Saigon, S.M. l'empereur Bao Daï et le haut commisaire de la République M. Pignon, ont signé la coxcation pour l'application des accords du 8 mars 1949, qui transfère au Vietnam, indépendant au sein de l'Union française, les pouvoies drenus par la France et remet au souverain le contrôle de l'administracion.". (in French).
  3. ^ a b GDP of North and South Vietnam from 1800 to 1970, Davis, University of California, January 2000
  4. ^ a b Dommen, Arthur. The Indochinese Experience of the French, and the Americans, Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2001. Page 23.
  5. ^ Việt Nam, Hội Khuyến học (November 17, 2011). "Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam: Chặng đường 80 năm vẻ vang". Dân trí.
  6. ^ Marr, David G. (2013). Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946). University of California Press. pp. 405–406. ISBN 9780520274150.
  7. ^ Kort, Michael G. (2017). The Vietnam War Reexamined. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–63, 81–85. ISBN 9781107110199.
  8. ^ Pierre Brocheux and Daniel Hémery, Indochine : la colonisation ambiguë 1858–1954, La Découverte, 2004, p. 78-81
  9. ^ L'Indochine française pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale February 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Jean-Philippe Liardet
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Naval Intelligence Division, 203–204.
  11. ^ a b c Claire Thi Liên Trân (January 11, 2022). "Indochina (Version 1.0)". 1914-1918-online – International Encyclopedie of the First World War (Free University of Berlin, Bavarian State Library, and Deutsch-Französische Gymnasium, among others). Retrieved August 17, 2022.
  12. ^ Edwards, Penny: Cambodia. The Cultivation of a Nation 1860–1945, Honolulu (2007), p. 86.
  13. ^ Handler, Joseph (March 1943). "Indo-China: Eighty Years of French Rule". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 226: 131. doi:10.1177/000271624322600113. S2CID 144158566 – via SAGE.
  14. ^ a b c Thu Nhuần (tổng hợp) (July 28, 2016). "Nhà Nguyễn và những tháng 7 biến động. – Phải chăng tháng 7 với triều Nguyễn là một sự trùng hợp, khi Pháp mở đầu cuộc tấn công 1/9/1885 (nhằm vào 24/7/1858 âm lịch) và trận chiến đấu cuối cùng dưới sự lãnh đạo của triều đình nhà Nguyễn cũng diễn ra vào 5/7/1885" (in Vietnamese). Bảo tàng Lịch sử Quốc gia. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  15. ^ a b c Pham Diem (State and Law Research Institute) (February 24, 2011). "The state structure in French-ruled Vietnam (1858–1945)". Vietnam Law and Legal Forum magazine, Vietnam News Agency – Your gateway to the law of Vietnam. Retrieved August 10, 2021.

External links

  Media related to French protectorate of Tonkin at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 21°00′00″N 106°00′00″E / 21.0000°N 106.0000°E / 21.0000; 106.0000

tonkin, french, protectorate, tonkin, chữ, nôm, 東京, bắc, kỳ, 北圻, french, protectorate, encompassing, modern, northern, vietnam, like, french, protectorate, annam, tonkin, still, nominally, ruled, nguyễn, dynasty, 1886, french, separated, tonkin, from, nguyễn, . Tonkin chữ Nom 東京 or Bắc Kỳ 北圻 was a French protectorate encompassing modern Northern Vietnam Like the French protectorate of Annam Tonkin was still nominally ruled by the Nguyễn dynasty but in 1886 the French separated Tonkin from the Nguyễn imperial court in Huế by establishing the office of Viceroy 經略衙 Kinh lược nha 4 However on 26 July 1897 the position of Viceroy was abolished officially making the French resident superior of Tonkin both the representative of the French colonial administration and the Nguyễn dynasty court in Huế giving him the power to appoint local mandarins 4 In 1887 Tonkin became a part of the Union of Indochina Protectorate of TonkinProtectorat du Tonkin French Xứ bảo hộ Bắc Kỳ Vietnamese 處保護北圻 chữ Nom 1883 19451946 1948 1950 Protectorate flag Seal of the Resident SuperiorMotto Liberte egalite fraternite Liberty Equality Fraternity Anthem La Marseillaise source source track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track Royal anthem Đăng đan cung English The Emperor Mounts His Throne source source Great Seal of the Viceroy of Tonkin 1 Kham sai đại thần quan phong 欽差大臣關防 Until 1897 Administrative divisions of Tonkin 1920StatusProtectorate of France 1883 1945 Constituent territory of French Indochina 1887 1948 CapitalHanoiCommon languagesFrench Vietnamese Central Tai languages Southwestern Tai languages Hmongic languages Mienic languagesReligionMahayana BuddhismConfucianismTaoismCatholicismFolk religionDemonym s TonkineseGovernmentAbsolute monarchy under colonial administrationResident Superior 1886Paulin Francois Alexandre Vial 1947 1948Yves Jean DigoKinh lược sứ 1883 1885Nguyễn Hữu Độ first 1890 1897Hoang Cao Khải last LegislatureNone rule by decree Historical eraNew Imperialism Harmand Treaty25 August 1883 Patenotre Treaty6 June 1884 Japanese occupationSeptember 1940 Abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty25 August 1945 Creation of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam1948 Ratification of the Elysee Accords by the French formally recognising the end of the protectorate over Vietnam 2 1950Population 18857 487 000 3 193911 509 000 3 CurrencyVietnamese cash French Indochinese piastrePreceded by Succeeded by1883 Empire of Đại NamGreat Qing1889 Sip Song Chau Tai1898 Zhanjiang1946 Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1945 Empire of VietnamZhanjiang1948 Provisional Central Government of VietnamToday part ofVietnamChina ZhanjiangIn 1945 the emperor Bảo Đại rescinded the Patenotre Treaty ending the French protectorates over Annam and Tonkin creating the Empire of Vietnam a Japanese puppet state 5 Following the surrender of Japan ending World War II the Việt Minh launched the August Revolution which led to the abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty and the Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam Tonkin was briefly occupied by the Chinese National Army before being returned to France After eliminating virtually all nationalist oppositions 6 7 the communist led Việt Minh clashed with the French over control of the territory In 1948 Tonkin and Annam were officially merged under the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam The French legally maintained the protectorate until they formally signed over sovereignty to the Bảo Đại and the State of Vietnam in 1950 after signing the Elysee Accords in 1949 2 Contents 1 History 1 1 Establishment 1 2 World War II 1 3 End 2 Administration 3 Gallery 3 1 Maps 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External linksHistory EditEstablishment Edit See also Tonkin campaign Sino French war Treaty of Huế 1883 Treaty of Huế 1884 Treaty of Tientsin 1885 and Pacification of Tonkin After helping to unify Vietnam under the Nguyen dynasty the French Navy began its heavy presence in the Mekong Delta and later colonised the southern third of Vietnam including Saigon in 1867 Central Vietnam later became the French protectorate of Annam and French influence in the Indochina Peninsula strengthened During the Sino French War 1884 85 the northernmost part of Vietnam Tonkin then considered a crucial foothold in Southeast Asia and a key to the Chinese market was invaded by the French After the Treaty of Tientsin all of Vietnam was governed by the French During the French colonial administration Vietnam was administratively divided into three different territories Tonkin in the north Annam in the centre and the colony of Cochinchina in the south These territories were fairly arbitrary in their geographic extent as the vast majority of the Vietnamese regarded their country as a single land and minor resistance to French rule continued over the next 70 years to achieve an independent state Annam and Tonkin were originally a single entity the Residence superieure of Annam Tonkin On June 3 1886 the Nguyễn emperor Đồng Khanh delegated all of his powers in Tonkin to a Kinh lược sứ 经略使 equivalent of Viceroy who acted under French supervision On May 9 1889 the Residence superieure of Annam Tonkin was abolished with Annam and Tonkin being separated in two Residences superieures each subordinated to the governor general of French Indochina On July 26 1897 Governor General Paul Doumer had Emperor Thanh Thai abolish the post of Kinh lược sứ Also the Nguyễn dynasty still nominally reigned over Tonkin it was now de facto under direct French rule 8 During French rule Hanoi was made capital of Tonkin and in 1901 of the whole French Indochina Cities in Tonkin saw significant infrastructure and economic development under the French such as the development of the port of Haiphong and construction of the Trans Indochinois Railway linking Hanoi to Saigon Under French economic plans mines yielding gold silver and tin as well as the farming of rice corn and tea powered Tonkin s economy The imports included rice iron goods flour wine opium and cotton goods Industrialization later led to the opening of factories producing textiles and ceramics for export throughout the French Empire French cultural influence on Tonkin was also significant as French became the primary language of education government trade and media and heavy Catholic missionary activity resulted in almost 10 of the population identifying as Catholic by the 1940s Prominent buildings in Hanoi were also constructed during the period of French rule such as the Hanoi Opera House and the Hanoi University of Technology World War II Edit Main articles French Indochina in World War II and Japanese coup d etat in French Indochina French colonial administration lasted until March 9 1945 during Japanese occupation 1941 1945 Although French administration was allowed during Japanese occupation as a puppet government Japan briefly took full control of Vietnam in March 1945 under the Empire of Vietnam and Tonkin became the site of the Vietnamese Famine of 1945 during this period 9 At the end of the war the north of Vietnam including Tonkin saw a sphere of influence by China while the south was briefly occupied by the British for French forces to regroup and regain control Harry Truman at the Potsdam Conference stated an intention to hand the region back to French rule a sharp contrast to Franklin D Roosevelt s strong opposition to colonialism and commitment to support the Viet Minh However after the Japanese withdrew from Vietnam Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Ba Đinh Square Hanoi was later reoccupied by the French and conflict between the Viet Minh and France broke out into the First Indochina War End Edit Main article First Indochina War As the French sought to establish a coherent government in Vietnam as an alternative to Ho Chi Minh Tonkin was merged in 1948 into the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam which was replaced the next year by the State of Vietnam following the reunification with Cochinchina After the French defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in Western Tonkin in 1954 the Communist state of North Vietnam was formed consisting of Tonkin and northern Annam Administration EditMain article French Indochina See also List of administrators of the French protectorate of Tonkin The 1939 Vietnamese language edition of Tonkin s official government bulletin shows the overlapping authority of the French colonial administration and the government of the Nguyễn dynasty with French public laws and official decisions as well statements by the emperor Bảo Đại Tonkin was a component of French Indochina It was a de facto French colony despite being a protectorate on paper The British Naval Intelligence Division wrote during World War II that at first the native political organization was maintained but in 1897 the office of the viceroy representing the king of Annam in Tonkin was abolished and since then other changes have further weakened the influence of the native government 10 Formally the four protectorates of French Indochina were ruled by their respective monarchs but in fact the protectorates were all under the close control of the French senior residents 11 As the governor general of French Indochina Pierre Pasquier stated The King reigns but the Resident superior rules 12 11 The effective power in the protectorate was in the hands of the resident superior with both the monarch and the local high officials playing a subordinate role to his office 11 Tonkin was administered by a French resident similar to those in Annam Laos and Cambodia but he had much greater authority because of the absence of any indigenous administration 10 13 A conseil du protectorat composed of important officials and representatives from the chambers of agriculture and commerce assisted the resident in performing his duties There was also an advisory council made up of Vietnamese 10 On 31 July 1898 the president of France Felix Faure issued a decree that established a central bank for the entirety of French Indochina and that this bank would set the federal French Indochinese budget on the same day the French president issued a decree that established a budget for the government of Tonkin 14 Furthermore the French president also decreed that the budget of Tonkin would be financed through direct tax revenue collected in the territory as opposed to only indirect taxes 14 This decree also meant that the treasury of the Nguyễn dynasty was abolished and all finances to be directly managed by the French 14 The resident superior was assisted by various agencies such as the Tokin Protectorate Council the Tokin Chamber of Commerce the Tonkin Chamber of Agriculture and the House of People s Representatives 15 Despite its name the House of People s Representatives was not democratically elected but was composed of appointed Vietnamese elites and it only discussed issues related to taxation rather than legislation 15 Tonkin was made up of 23 provinces subdivided into phu or huyen cantons and communes 10 Local administration was in the hands of Vietnamese mandarins although they were appointed by the resident rather than the emperor as in Annam 10 The smallest unit of administration the commune was overseen by two councils the toc bieu and the mandarin dominated ky muc with the authority to veto decisions of the toc bieu 10 Hanoi and Haiphong had municipal councils appointed by the governor general of Indochina 10 Each province was headed by Cong sứ 公使 a French resident minister who was also assisted by a number of different agencies such as the Resident Minister s Office the Provincial Council etc 15 Gallery Edit Girls study chemistry in colonial school Ecole Normale d Institutrices Girls study tailoring in colonial school Ecole Normale d Institutrices Girls study maths in colonial school Ecole Normale d Institutrices Girls study drawing in colonial school Ecole Normale d Institutrices Bedrooms at school Play time Capture of Nam Định 1883 French zouave officer in Tonkin spring 1885 Hanoi around 1910 The French Governor General s Palace in Hanoi Tonkin woman with black painted teeth ca 1908Maps Edit Administrative divisions of Tonkin in 1929 Tonkin in 1930 1899 map of Tonkin Tonkin 1889 1895 Tonkin 1889 1895 Tonkin in the early 1900s Tonkin in the 1880s Tonkin 1894 Tonkin 1890 Tonkin 1889 Tonkin 1883 Tonkin 1883 Tonkin 1902 Tonkin 1891See also EditTonkin List of administrators of the French protectorate of Tonkin List of French possessions and colonies Petelotiella tonkinensis plant named after the place where it was found Notes Edit ThS Ha Văn Huề ThS Nguyễn Thị Thu Hường ThS Đoan Thị Thu Thuỷ PGS TS Nguyễn Cong Việt Ấn chương tren Chau bản triều Nguyễn Năm xuất bản 2013 Nha xuất bản NXB Ha Nội Cuốn sach Page 112 in Vietnamese a b Le Monde illustre Le Vietnam a cesse d etre protectorat francais ceremonie a l hotel de ville de Saigon avec l empereur Bao Dai et le commissaire de la Republique M Pignon Vietnam ceased to be a French protectorate ceremony at Saigon City Hall with Emperor Bao Dai and the Commissioner of the Republic Mr Pignon Published 1950 Quote Au cours d une ceremonie qui s est deroulee a l hotel de ville de Saigon S M l empereur Bao Dai et le haut commisaire de la Republique M Pignon ont signe la coxcation pour l application des accords du 8 mars 1949 qui transfere au Vietnam independant au sein de l Union francaise les pouvoies drenus par la France et remet au souverain le controle de l administracion in French a b GDP of North and South Vietnam from 1800 to 1970 Davis University of California January 2000 a b Dommen Arthur The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia Laos and Vietnam Bloomington Indiana Indiana University Press 2001 Page 23 Việt Nam Hội Khuyến học November 17 2011 Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam Chặng đường 80 năm vẻ vang Dan tri Marr David G 2013 Vietnam State War and Revolution 1945 1946 University of California Press pp 405 406 ISBN 9780520274150 Kort Michael G 2017 The Vietnam War Reexamined Cambridge University Press pp 62 63 81 85 ISBN 9781107110199 Pierre Brocheux and Daniel Hemery Indochine la colonisation ambigue 1858 1954 La Decouverte 2004 p 78 81 L Indochine francaise pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale Archived February 5 2012 at the Wayback Machine Jean Philippe Liardet a b c d e f g Naval Intelligence Division 203 204 a b c Claire Thi Lien Tran January 11 2022 Indochina Version 1 0 1914 1918 online International Encyclopedie of the First World War Free University of Berlin Bavarian State Library and Deutsch Franzosische Gymnasium among others Retrieved August 17 2022 Edwards Penny Cambodia The Cultivation of a Nation 1860 1945 Honolulu 2007 p 86 Handler Joseph March 1943 Indo China Eighty Years of French Rule The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 226 131 doi 10 1177 000271624322600113 S2CID 144158566 via SAGE a b c Thu Nhuần tổng hợp July 28 2016 Nha Nguyễn va những thang 7 biến động Phải chăng thang 7 với triều Nguyễn la một sự trung hợp khi Phap mở đầu cuộc tấn cong 1 9 1885 nhằm vao 24 7 1858 am lịch va trận chiến đấu cuối cung dưới sự lanh đạo của triều đinh nha Nguyễn cũng diễn ra vao 5 7 1885 in Vietnamese Bảo tang Lịch sử Quốc gia Retrieved August 7 2021 a b c Pham Diem State and Law Research Institute February 24 2011 The state structure in French ruled Vietnam 1858 1945 Vietnam Law and Legal Forum magazine Vietnam News Agency Your gateway to the law of Vietnam Retrieved August 10 2021 External links Edit Media related to French protectorate of Tonkin at Wikimedia Commons Coordinates 21 00 00 N 106 00 00 E 21 0000 N 106 0000 E 21 0000 106 0000 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tonkin French protectorate amp oldid 1149274286, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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