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Wikipedia

Ultranationalism

January 01, 1970

"Ultranationalist" redirects here. For the fictional "Ultranationalists" faction from the Call of Duty video game series, see Call of Duty § Modern Warfare series.

Ultranationalism or extreme nationalism is an extreme form of nationalism in which a country asserts or maintains detrimental hegemony, supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations (usually through violent coercion) to pursue its specific interests.[1][2][3] Ultranationalist entities have been associated with the engagement of political violence even during peacetime.[4] The belief system has also been cited as the inspiration for acts of organized mass murder in the context of international conflicts, with the Cambodian genocide being cited as an example.[5]

In ideological terms, scholars such as the British political theorist Roger Griffin have found that ultranationalism arises from seeing modern nation-states as living organisms which are directly akin to physical people because they can decay, grow, and die, and additionally, they can experience rebirth. In stark mythological ways, political campaigners have divided societies into those societies which are perceived as being degenerately inferior and those societies which are perceived as having great cultural destinies. Ultranationalism has been an aspect of fascism, with historic governments such as the regimes of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany building on ultranationalist foundations by using specific plans for supposed widespread national renewal.[3]

Ultranationalist characters have served as villains in multiple works of fictional media with popular acclaim as well. Examples include the dramatic productions Air Force One and Incitement, both being action films.[6][7]

Background concepts and broader context edit

 
Monarchist ultranationalists within the Black Hundreds movement marched in Odesa, then inside of Russia, after the October Manifesto came out in 1905.
 
Italian far-right figure Benito Mussolini (left) greatly influenced Oswald Mosley (right) and contributed to the evolution of his ultranationalist faction called the British Union of Fascists, with them appearing together on this occasion in Italy itself.

British political theorist Roger Griffin has stated that ultranationalism is essentially founded on xenophobia in a way that finds supposed legitimacy "through deeply mythicized narratives of past cultural or political periods of historical greatness or of old scores to settle against alleged enemies". It can also draw on "vulgarized forms" of different aspects of the natural sciences such as anthropology and genetics, eugenics specifically playing a role, in order "to rationalize ideas of national superiority and destiny, of degeneracy and subhumanness" in Griffin's opinion. Ultranationalists view the modern nation-state as, according to Griffin, a living organism directly akin to a physical person such that it can decay, grow, die, and additionally experience rebirth. He has highlighted Nazi Germany as a regime which was founded on ultranationalism.[3]

Ultranationalist activism can adopt varying attitudes towards historical traditions within the populace. For instance, the British Union of Fascists inside the United Kingdom adopted a secularist-minded platform centered on perceived technological progress. In contrast, the Iron Guard inside Romania utilized a hardline form of mysticism-driven religion to encourage determination among the nation's ultranationalists. Nonetheless, obsessive views on ethnicity and other divisions as well as connecting politics to motifs of sacrifice generally constitute the psychological framework behind these movements.[3]

According to American scholar Janusz Bugajski, summing up the doctrine in practical terms, "in its most extreme or developed forms, ultra-nationalism resembles fascism, marked by a xenophobic disdain of other nations, support for authoritarian political arrangements verging on totalitarianism, and a mythical emphasis on the 'organic unity' between a charismatic leader, an organizationally amorphous movement-type party, and the nation". Bugajski believes that civic nationalism and the related concept of patriotism both can contain significantly positive elements, contributing to the common social good at times such as during national calamities. These doctrines stand in contrast, in his opinion, to the extreme approach of certain ideologies with more irrational actions.[8]

Historical movements and analysis edit

 
In 1930s and 1940s era ultranationalist Japan, the state routinely distributed political propaganda preaching the virtues of domination and expansion, with this photograph showing efforts in Manchukuo.

American historian Walter Skya has written in Japan's Holy War: The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism that ultranationalism in Japan drew upon traditional Shinto spiritual beliefs and militaristic attitudes regarding the nation's racial identity. By the early twentieth century, fanaticism arising from this combination of ethnic nationalism and religious nationalism caused opposition to democratic governance and support for Japanese territorial expansion. Skya particularly noted in his work the connection between ultranationalism and political violence by citing how, between 1921 and 1936, three serving and two former Prime Ministers of Japan were assassinated. The totalitarian Japanese government of the 1930s and 1940s did not just rely on encouragement by the country's military; it also received widespread popular support.[4]

The Cambodian historian Sambo Manara has found that the belief system sets forth a vision of supremacism in terms of international relations whereby xenophobia or hatred of foreigners to the point of extremism leads to policies of social separation and segregation. He has argued that the Cambodian genocide is a specific example of this ideology when it is applied in practice. "Obviously, it was ultranationalism, combined with the notion of class struggle in communism and a group of politicians, which lead to the establishment of Democratic Kampuchea, a ruthless regime which claimed approximately three million lives", he has remarked, with militant leaders finally deciding to "cut all diplomatic and economic ties with almost all countries" due to a "narrow-minded doctrine without taking into account all the losses they would face". In Manara's opinion, "this effectively destroyed the nation."[5]

The absolute dictatorship of the Romanian leader Nicolae Ceausescu has also been described as an example of communism taking an ultranationalist approach by Haaretz. The Israeli publication cited the antisemitism of the dictator in terms of actions such as his historical denialism of the Holocaust. Ceausescu also made efforts to purge Romanians who had Jewish backgrounds from positions of political authority.[9]

Haaretz has also labeled the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban an ultranationalist, due to his views on autocratic rule and racial identity, particularly, Orban's public condemnation of "race-mixing".[9] He has also been called an ultranationalist by NPR, an American news agency, citing his opposition to democratic liberalism.[10]

In late 2015, the Israeli political journalist Gideon Levy wrote that the Israeli–Palestinian conflict has led to the decay of the civil society within Israel, with an ultranationalist movement that "bases its power on incitement to hatred" using "folkloric religion" gaining ground over decades so that:

"They were the only ones willing to fight for a collective goal. They did not rule out any means. They extorted and exploited the weaknesses of government, the guilt feelings and confusion of the secular camp, and they won. They did so systematically and smartly: First they established the foundation of their existence, the settlement enterprise. After they achieved their goal– the killing off of any diplomatic agreement and destruction of the two-state solution– they were free to turn to their next target: taking control of the public debate in Israel on the road to changing its power structure, character and substance."[11]

 
The Iron Guard, a Romanian ultranationalist movement, centered its mass appeal on communal religious mysticism, with its militant leader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu being photographed amidst his followers in Bucharest during a 1937 event.

Russian irredentism, in which a militant imperial state that stretches across both Asia and Europe without regard for current international borders is proposed, has been described as ultranationalism by the U.S. publication the Los Angeles Times, with the aggressive actions of Russian President Vladimir Putin being credited as an evolution of political arguments which were made by multiple figures in the past. Examples include Nikolai Berdyaev, Aleksandr Dugin (the author of 1997's The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia), Lev Gumilyov, and Ivan Ilyin. The newspaper highlighted the justifications which were given in support of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, quoting Putin's declaration that he must militarily combat an "empire of lies" which was created by the U.S. in order to justify its desire to suffocate Russia.[12]

In a 2021 story, the business-centered publication Bloomberg News stated that the rise of ultranationalist viewpoints in China, particularly in terms of those who advocate extremism on social media, presents a direct challenge to the current government of the nation, with General Secretary Xi Jinping facing opposition to his attempts to set forth climate change based economic reforms in relation to greenhouse gases. Chinese political activists have asserted, according to the publication, a conspiracy theory that said that the reforms represent some kind of capitulation to foreign interests at the expense of individual Chinese people. Environmentalist policies have come into being in a complex fashion inside China, facing complicated opinions among many.[13]

Under the rule of Mohammed bin Salman, who formally serves as a Crown Prince, Saudi Arabia has been described by multiple analysts as embracing ultranationalism in a shift away from the government's previous reliance on Islamist political arguments.[14][15][16] For instance, the news agency France 24 stated in a 2019 report that while "promoting ultra-nationalism" the Crown Prince "has introduced glitzy concerts, magic shows and sporting extravaganzas with thumping after parties."[16] A 2019 article by the Financial Times likewise described the ideological shift as "a wave" that the leader had "swept across the kingdom".[15]

Ultranationalist political parties edit

Currently represented in national governments or legislatures edit

The following political parties have been characterised as ultranationalist.

The following political parties have been described as having ultranationalist factions.

Represented parties with former ultranationalist tendencies or factions edit

The following political parties historically had ultranationalist tendencies or factions.

Formerly represented in national governments or legislatures edit

Ultranationalist organizations edit

Hamas Palestinian Islamic Jihad[209][210]

Ultranationalist terrorism edit

Main article: Nationalist terrorism
 
A group of bicycle infantry militants that fought in the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) travel just north of Kilinochchi inside of Sri Lanka in June 2004.

Arising out of strident Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism, with differing ethnic and religious groups placed at odds, the militant faction known as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) orchestrated a decades long campaign of terrorism in the country of Sri Lanka, which is inside of the Indian Ocean and has been influenced by broader socio-political trends. Both ultranationalism as well as revolutionary ideologies aligned against capitalist policies influencing Sri Lankan life motivated the organization as it undertook a series of violent actions against both the national government and the supporters of the state. These attacks have collectively caused a large number of civilian deaths. For example, the Anuradhapura massacre committed by the LTTE on May 14, 1985 resulted in the killing of over one-hundred individuals inside of a holy city associated with local Buddhist worshippers. The militants deliberately targeted civilians socializing outdoors, such as by executing an elderly florist serving religious travelers.[230][231][232]

In the context of the LTTE's militant campaign, the academic publication Journal of Hate Studies found in a 2006 analysis that "ultranationalism subordinates all other claims for loyalty and allegiance" given that "[l]oyalty to the nation transcends loyalty to the family." Thus, "this notion explains the commitment of Tamil Tiger nationalists to [even] engage in suicide missions", since the journal stated that "[u]ltranationalist loyalty demands the willingness to sacrifice the self." In conclusion, the publication reported that an "extremist nationalist claim not only is understood as supreme, but [it] also is presented as urgent" and then demands political activists "must engage in preventive measures, such as ethnic cleansing or deportation".[232]

 
Golden Dawn activists rally in Athens during a March 2015 event.

The assassination of Pavlos Fyssas in September 2013, a hip-hop musician with left-wing views, from stabbing wounds to the heart and ribs that occurred after his surrounding by multiple dozen Golden Dawn militants triggered widespread outrage at the Greek political organization. The ultranationalist attack occurred in an Athens suburb and resulted in a police crackdown with several arrests. The then Ministry of Public Order and Citizen Protection, Nikos Dendias, remarked that the "abominable murder" done "by an attacker sympathizing with Golden Dawn" publicly "illustrates, in the clearest way, the intentions of neo-Nazism".[233][234][235]

The organization held, at the time, 18 of the 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament. Characterized as an extremist political party directly adapting the beliefs of Adolf Hitler, support for its ultranationalism increased in the context of the debate over spiking immigration to Greece. However, the Greek legal system ultimately investigated the assassination and other acts of violence with the outcome of an October 2020 verdict by the Athens Court of Appeals wiping out the party's leadership through prison sentences. Looking back, the British publication The Guardian reported in 2021, "Golden Dawn hit squads sowed terror on the streets, targeting immigrants, left[-]wing trade unionists[,] and other perceived opponents before a party operative ultimately confessed to the killing of Fyssas."[233][234][235]

Portrayals of ultranationalism in fiction edit

The action film Air Force One features a terrorist mastermind named Egor Korshunov, played by actor Gary Oldman, who kidnaps a set of hostages including the U.S. President by hijacking the leader's plane. Korshunov seeks revenge due to the arrest of Kazakh dictator Ivan Radek, played by actor Jürgen Prochnow, and the militant became an ultranationalist radical after having formerly served as a Soviet soldier. In February 2022, the U.S. armed forces related website Military.com published a story labeling the character as one of the best "Russian Movie Villains" in American cinematic history.[6] As well, writer Todd McCarthy of Variety lauded the nature of Oldman's "fanatical" character, McCarthy stating that "in his second malevolent lead of the summer, after The Fifth Element, [he] registers strongly as a veteran of the Afghan campaign pushed to desperate lengths to newly ennoble his country."[236]

The Israeli movie Incitement portrayals a fictionalized account of ultranationalist activist and murderer Yigal Amir. The production details his personal life prior to his assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. Film critic Nell Minow stated that the killer, played by actor Yehuda Nahari, projects a superficial charm and skill at persuasion while at the same time failing to generate audience sympathy due to his true nature still coming out. Amir seeing himself in a callous, "instrumentalist" way as a living weapon up to and including Rabin's assassination feeds into, in Minow's opinion, the movie's "chillingly" thriller-type quality.[7] Writer Carla Hay of CultureMixOnline.com also found Nahari's performance to be a compelling portrayal of a sociopath in film, with much left to audience interpretations.[237]

The video game Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare has gained notice for its depiction of a civil war in Russia between the country's government and an ultranationalist faction, with the entertainment production being released in 2007. Its sequels, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 (2009) and Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 (2011), were set in the aftermath of an ultranationalist coup d'état in Russia and a subsequent war involving the American military. Militant leader Vladimir Makarov, a character in multiple games, notably declares at one point, "Russia will take all of Europe, even if it must stand upon a pile of ashes."[238][239]

See also edit

References edit

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  95. ^ Maki Kimura, ed. (2016). Unfolding the 'Comfort Women' Debates: Modernity, Violence, Women's Voices. Springer. ISBN 9781137392510. ... a gradual drift towards more nationalistic attitudes to education and politics in general in contemporary Japanese society may party be explained by the effect of ultranationalist politicians in the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).
  96. ^ Masanori Nakamura, ed. (2016). The Japanese Monarchy: Ambassador Joseph Grew and the Making of the "Symbol Emperor System," 1931-1991. M.E. Sharpe. p. 1992. ISBN 9781563241093. On July 31, a group of ultranationalist LDP Diet men, alarmed by Nakasone's diplomacy of "submission to foreign pressure" on issues like textbook revision and the Yasukuni Shrine problem, formed the "Association of Those Concerned ...
  97. ^ Minkenberg, Michael (2023). Depleting Democracies. Manchester University Press. PiS adopted LPR's identity politics both regarding minorities and the ultranationalist interpretation of Polish history and continued its ideological trajectory
  98. ^ Baybars Hawks, Banu (2018). Non-state actors in conflicts. p. 43. In Poland, the ultranationalist Law and Justice Party (PiS) has significantly increased its vote share
  99. ^ a b Sabri Kiçmari, ed. (2022). History Continues: Three Models of the Continuation of History. Springer Nature. p. 59. ISBN 9789811984020. Putinism is not consistent as an ideology and political system. Public political attitudes have changed according to the circumstances. From a kind of cautious system to an open society, Putinism has moved significantly in the direction of the authoritarian system. His political party United Russia started as the conservative party of the former communists has moved towards ultranationalist and neo-imperialist ideology (Van Herpen 2013: 7). Van Harpen even qualifies Putinism as an unstable system of a slight variant of fascism-fascism lite. According to him, this system combines elements of proto-fascism, fascism and post-fascism, with a nucleus of ultra-nationalism, militarism and neo-imperialism (Van Herpen 2013: 8).
  100. ^ Chuck Stewart, ed. (2010). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide. Greenwood Press. p. 360. ISBN 9780313342356. In particular, Putin's efforts are attributed to the burgeoning growth of Russian ultranationalist sociopolitical organizations, such as United Russia (Yedinaya Rossiya) and Ours (Nashi, or Youth Movement - Ours!).
  101. ^ "Bosnia Serbs Oust Leader From Her Party". The New York Times. Reuters. 21 July 1997. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  102. ^ "Holbooke to seek removal of Bosnian Serb leader". The Irish Times. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  103. ^ Kyriazi, Anna (April 2016). "Ultranationalist discourses of exclusion: a comparison between the Hungarian Jobbik and the Greek Golden Dawn". University of Milan.
  104. ^ "Migrants finding little sympathy in Hungary for their plight". AP News. 9 September 2015.
  105. ^ "Ultra-Nationalist Party Surges In Hungary". NPR.org. National Public Radio. 24 May 2014.
  106. ^ Gleis, Joshua (2012). Hezbollah and Hamas. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 19. It emphasized internal discipline, paramilitary organization and ultranationalist ideals
  107. ^ Mietzner, Marcus (2008). "Comparing Indonesia's Party Systems of the 1950s and the Post-Suharto Era: From Centrifugal to Centripetal Inter-Party Competition". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 39 (3): 431–453. doi:10.1017/S0022463408000337. JSTOR 27751535. S2CID 143374343.
  108. ^ "Avigdor Lieberman: Moldova's Mr. Nice Guy". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 11 February 2009.
  109. ^ De Riencourt, Amauary (1950). Roof of the World, Tibet. Rinehart. p. 176. Chiang Kai - Shek shook off the Soviet supervision and transmuted the Kuomintang into an ultranationalist movement
  110. ^ Sakai, Robert (1966). Studies on Asia. University of Nebraska Press. p. 102. the ultranationalist faction within UMNO
  111. ^ Piacentini A., Make Macedonia Great Again! The New Face of Skopje and the Macedonians’ identity dilemma edited by Evinç Doğan in Reinventing Eastern Europe: Imaginaries, Identities and Transformations; Place and space series; Transnational Press London, 2019; ISBN 1910781878, p. 87.
  112. ^ . New Europe. 13 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  113. ^ "The Radical Right in Macedonia" (PDF). Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. December 2012. VMRO-DPMNE succeeded in bringing many ultranationalist views into the mainstream
  114. ^ Stojarová, Věra; Emerson, Peter. "Political parties in Serbia" (PDF). bochsler.eu. Bochsler, Center for Comparative and International Studies, University of Zurich.
  115. ^ . Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right. 6 April 2018. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023. Moreover, the rise of fascism in interwar Europe was an inspirational source for variety of ultranationalist movements and parties that emerged in the Middle East and Africa. Take the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), founded in 1932 by Antun Sa'adih, who had a specific mission: to lead the Lebanese people to their destiny.
  116. ^ "'Our bodies are Turkish, our souls Islamic!' The rise of Turkey's ultra-nationalists". Middle East Eye. 21 July 2018.
  117. ^ "Turkish nationalists form new party challenging Erdogan". Deutsche Welle. 25 October 2017.
  118. ^ Arblaster, Paul (2018). A History of the Low Countries. p. 229. The ultranationalist Vlaams Blok
  119. ^ Katsikas, Stefanos (2011). Negotiating Diplomacy in the New Europe: Foreign Policy in Post-Communist Bulgaria. I.B. Tauris. p. 64.
  120. ^ a b "Ultra-nationalists, populists form 'Bulgarian Patriots' alliance for July elections". The Sofia Globe. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021. Ultra-nationalist parties VMRO and the National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria, along with populists Volya, have agreed to stand together in Bulgaria's July 11, 2021 parliamentary elections under the name "Bulgarian Patriots", the parties announced on May 20.
  121. ^ "Vacuum at the top threatens to hinder Bulgaria's progress". Financial Times (FT). Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  122. ^ "Khmer Rouge leaders convicted of genocide in landmark court ruling". South China Morning Post. 16 November 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  123. ^ Ruzicic-Kessler, Karlo (2011). From the Industrial Revolution to World War II in East Central Europe. Lit. p. 194. the ultra-nationalist Ustase of Ante Pavelic
  124. ^ a b Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13460-952-9.
  125. ^ Cengiz, Firat (2013). Turkey and the European Union. Taylor & Francis. p. 105. the ultranationalist Coalition for Republic-Republican Party of Czechoslovakia
  126. ^ Political Parties of Europe: Albania-Norway. Greenwood Press. 1983. p. 149.
  127. ^ Nissen, Henrik (1983). Scandinavia during the Second World War. Universitetsforlaget. p. 25. The fascist-inspired, ultranationalist IKL (the Patriotic People's Movement)
  128. ^ Zander, Patrick (2020). Fascism Through History: Culture, Ideology, and Daily Life. ABC-CLIO. p. 314. In Germany, the pressures of the depression helped the ultranationalist Nazi Party come to power by 1933
  129. ^ Payne, Stanley (1996). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 163. The chief political party of the ultranationalist right was the DNVP
  130. ^ Germany's New Nazis. Philosophical Library. 1952. p. 17. The German Reich Party (conservative ultra-nationalist), which sent five members to the Federal Parliament in 1949
  131. ^ Nunez, Xose (2021). Sites of the Dictators. Taylor & Francis.
  132. ^ Tsatsanis, Emmanouil (2011), "Hellenism under siege: the national-populist logic of antiglobalization rhetoric in Greece", Journal of Political Ideologies, 16 (1): 11–31, doi:10.1080/13569317.2011.540939, S2CID 143633586, ...and far right-wing newspapers such as Alpha Ena, Eleytheros Kosmos, Eleytheri Ora and Stohos (the mouthpiece of ultra-nationalist group Chrysi Avgi).
  133. ^ Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth (2006), Reputational Shields: Why Most Anti-Immigrant Parties Failed in Western Europe, 1980–2005 (PDF), Nuffield College, University of Oxford, p. 15
  134. ^ On the Road with Golden Dawn, Greece's Ultra-Nationalist Party. Time. Published 31 October 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  135. ^ "LAOS chief accuses PASOK, ND of betraying the country". Ekathimerini. 9 April 2012.
  136. ^ Ramet, Sabrina (1992). Protestantism and Politics in Eastern Europe and Russia. Duke University Press. p. 113. the ultranationalist Arrow Cross Party
  137. ^ Nair, MB (2019). Journey through the Ages. Notion Press.
  138. ^ Esbenshade, Richard (2005). Hungary. Benchmark Books. p. 37. A new ultranationalist, extremist party, the Hungarian Justice and Life Party
  139. ^ Moses, A. Dirk (2021). The Problems of Genocide. Cambridge University Press. p. 367. the ultranationalist Hindu Mahasabha revivalist movement
  140. ^ Boroujerdi, Mehrzad; Rahimkhani, Kourosh (2018). Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook. Syracuse University Press. p. 344.
  141. ^ Faath, Sigrid (2006). Anti-Americanism in the Islamic World. Hurst. p. 156. Considering the ultra-nationalist, anti-American rhetoric of the ruling Baath Party
  142. ^ Weinblum, Sharon (2015). Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-317-58450-6.
  143. ^ Religious Zionism, Otzma Yehudit parties to run together, Arutz7
  144. ^ Reich, Bernard (2008). Historical Dictionary of Israel. Scarecrow Press. p. 447. the ultranationalist Tehiya Party
  145. ^ Aronoff, Myron (2015). Power and Ritual in the Israel Labor Party. Taylor & Francis. Rehavim Zeevi, leader of the Ultranationalist Moledet (Homeland) Party
  146. ^ Vossen, Koen (2016). The Power of Populism. Taylor & Francis. p. 81. the ultranationalist Aryeh Eldad's Hatikva party
  147. ^ a b Khalfa, David (2009). Civil Organizations and Protest Movements in Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 50. The ultranationalist Right is represented by little political parties that compose the "orange camp," dedicated to retaining all parts of the "remained Land of Israel" at any cost: Benny Elon's HaIchud Haleumi, Baruch Marzel's Jewish National Front, and Mikael Kleiner's Herut party.
  148. ^ Todd, Allan (2015). European States in the Interwar Years (1918-1939). Cambridge University Press. p. 19. Mussolini later formed the far-right ultra-nationalist Fascist Party
  149. ^ Moss, Bernhard (2004). Monetary Union in Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan UK. the ultranationalist traditions of the old MSI
  150. ^ Brandon, James R., ed. (2009). Kabuki's Forgotten War: 1931-1945. University of Hawaii Press. p. 113. ISBN 9780824832001. .2 All existing political parties "voluntarily" dissolved themselves, replaced by a single authorized political body, the ultranationalist Imperial Rule Assistance Association.
  151. ^ Djassi Amado, Abel. "The União Nacional in Cabo Verde, 1937-1945: Local Politics in an Imperial Political Party". Portuguese Literary & Cultural Studies: 132. The União Nacional was initially founded as a "patriotic league," tasked with buttressing support for the military regime. Upon assuming power in 1932, Salazar reengineered the party to his ideological and political image to stand on the twin pillars of ultranationalism and corporativism
  152. ^ Villegas, Bernardo M. (1 February 1958). "The Philippines in 1986: Democratic Reconstruction in the Post-Marcos Era". Asian Survey. 27 (2): 194–205. doi:10.2307/2644614. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2644614. Finally, at the extreme right is the reorganized Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) under Nicanor Yniguez, which remains loyal to Marcos.
  153. ^ Zelinska, Elisabeta (2013). Racism Postcolonialism Europe. Liverpool University Press. p. 42. The Iron Guard was the ultra-nationalist, anti-Semitic, fascist movement and political party in Romania
  154. ^ Cercel, Cosmin (2015). Fascism and Criminal Law. Bloomsbury. p. 112. King Carol II appointed a government from one of the wings of the ultranationalist movement, namely the National Christian Party led by Octavian Goga
  155. ^ Clark, Roland (2019). "From Elite Pamphleteers to Social Movement Protagonists: Antisemitic Activism in 1920s Romania". Studies on National Movements. 4 (4). doi:10.21825/snm.85386. S2CID 197814926.
  156. ^ Party Development and Democratic Change in Post-Communist Europe. 2001. p. 169. Romania also witnessed cooperation between the ex-Communist PDSR and the ultra-nationalist National Unity Party
  157. ^ Coleman, Edmond (2014). Sexuality and Gender in Postcommunist Eastern Europe and Russia. Taylor & Francis. p. 63. the ultranationalist Greater Romania Party
  158. ^ "Rwanda". CovertAction Quarterly (51–54): 12. 1994. The CDR is an ultranationalist Hutu party
  159. ^ Ford, Peter (2018). "Serbian Radical Party surge may complicate reform". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  160. ^ "Warlord's party hopeful of winning seats". edition.cnn.com. CNN. 24 December 2020.
  161. ^ "Željko Ražnatović". britannica.com. Britannica. 12 January 2024.
  162. ^ Wiesinger, Barbara (December 2008). "The Continuing Presence of the Extreme Right in Post-Milošević Serbia". Balkanologie. 11 (1–2). doi:10.4000/balkanologie.1363.
  163. ^ "The Far-Right Parties Keeping The Serbian President In Check Over Ukraine". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 5 June 2022.
  164. ^ "Mladic on his way to UN war crimes tribunal". France 24. 31 May 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  165. ^ "Serbia's pro-EU populists win vote, initial projections show". AP NEWS. 24 April 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  166. ^ Armakolas, Ioannis; Maksimović, Maja (May 2013). "The Beginning of the End for the Kosovo Problem? The Agreement on Normalisation of Relations between Belgrade and Pristina and its Aftermath" (PDF). ETH Zürich. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  167. ^ "Serbian Ultranationalists Making Mark Despite Failure At The Ballot Box". RFE/RL. 12 March 2018.
  168. ^ "Digitalni šovinizam na Fejsbuku: Dani srpskih nacionalističkih mrmota". voice.org.rs (in Serbian). VOICE. 15 March 2020.
  169. ^ Genocide and Fascism. Taylor & Francis. 2008. p. 244. The SLS was an ultranationalist, socially conservative, strongly anticommunist and anti-Semitic (albeit in the rather conventional 'anti-Jewish/Bolshevik' form) Catholic political movement
  170. ^ "Not Even a Prosperous Slovakia Is Immune to Doubts About the E.U." New York Times. 17 December 2016.
  171. ^ "Slovakia risks becoming another Hungary-style EU spoiler. How should the West respond?". Atlantic Council. 23 December 2022.
  172. ^ Krabill, Ron (2010). Starring Mandela and Cosby: Media and the End(s) of Apartheid. University of Chicago Press. p. 51.
  173. ^ "이범석" [Lee Bum Suk]. Naver Knowledge Encyclopedia (in Korean). Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  174. ^ "The Extreme Right in Spain - Surviving in the Shadow of Franco" (PDF). core.ac.uk. Hedda Samdahl Weltz. 2014.
  175. ^ Burris, Gregory (2007). Taming the Gray Wolf. Indiana University. p. 10. Türkeş reorganized the CKMP with an ultranationalist agenda
  176. ^ "Four candidates officially running in Turkey's 2023 presidential elections". Balkan Insights (in Turkish). 28 March 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  177. ^ "Four candidates officially running in Turkey's 2023 presidential elections". Duvar English (in Turkish). 28 March 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  178. ^ Göçek, Fatma Müge (2015). Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence Against the Armenians, 1789-2009. Oxford University Press. p. 402. ISBN 978-0-19-933420-9.
  179. ^ "Profile: Ukraine's ultra-nationalist Right Sector". BBC. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  180. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2014). . Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  181. ^ "Far-Right Leader To Advise Ukraine Army". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 6 April 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  182. ^ Kuromiya, Hiroaki (2022). Stalin, Japan, and the Struggle for Supremacy Over China, 1894–1945. Taylor & Francis. Blue-Shirt society, an ultranationalist secret society
  183. ^ Campani, Giovanna (2016). Understanding the Populist Shift. Taylor & Francis. p. 10.
  184. ^ Neiberg, Michael (2004). Warfare & Society in Europe. Routledge. p. 96. Several ultra - nationalist groups such as Action française and the veterans' group Croix de Feu
  185. ^ Nilsson, Per-Erik (2017). Unveiling the French Republic: National Identity, Secularism, and Islam in Contemporary France. Brill. p. 70. Ultra-nationalist groups and parties like the Bloc identitaire
  186. ^ Kumar, M. (2020). Historical And Political Economy Of Education In India. Sankalp Publication. p. 323. RSS was itself an ultra-nationalist organization
  187. ^ Haleem, Irm (2011). The Essence of Islamist Extremism. Taylor & Francis. p. 213.
  188. ^ Fionna, Ulla, ed. (2015). Watching the Indonesian Elections 2014. ISEAS Publishing. p. 106. ISBN 9789814620833. Prabowo has accepted support from and declared his willingness to work with such organizations as the (notorious) radical Islamic group Front Pembela Islam (Defenders of Islam Front) and the ultra-nationalist Pemuda Pancasila
  189. ^ The German Side of the War in the Middle East 1939-1942. Stanford University. 1962. p. 41. the notorious "Golden Square", four young ultra-nationalist colonels
  190. ^ "Israeli human rights groups alarmed by Zionist video attack". Sydney Morning Herald. 1 January 2016. An ultra-nationalist Israeli group has published a video accusing the heads of four of Israel's leading human rights organisations of being foreign agents funded by Europe and supporting Palestinians "involved in terrorism". The widely-viewed 68-second video, made by radical Zionist group Im Tirtzu
  191. ^ "Jerusalem Jewish group on anti-Arab patrol". BBC. 9 February 2016. an ultra-nationalist Jewish group called Lehava has been organising patrols aimed at stopping Jewish Israelis from even talking to Arabs.
  192. ^ Pedahzur, Ami (2013). The Israeli Response to Jewish Extremism and Violence. Manchester University Press. Of the movements associated with ultranationalist right-wing notions, the Etzel and the Lehi were the most noteworthy in their use of violence and terrorism
  193. ^ Sprinzak, Ehud (1991). The Ascendance of Israel's Radical Right. OUP. p. 23. It was the ultranationalist wing of Revisionism, and was articulated by organizations such as Brit Habirionim and Lehi
  194. ^ O'Connor, Eimear (2009). Sean Keating in Context: Responses to Culture and Politics in Post-civil War Ireland. Carysfort Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1904505419.
  195. ^ "The dark side of Italian politics — Italy's swing to the right could see a more extremist agenda". CNBC. 1 March 2018.
  196. ^ Nippon Kaigi: The ultra-nationalistic group trying to restore the might of the Japanese Empire. ABC News Online. Author - Matthew Carney. Published 2 December 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  197. ^ "Abe's cabinet reshuffle". East Asia Forum. 14 September 2019. Abe also rewarded right-wing politicians who are close to him — so-called 'ideological friends' who are being increasingly pushed to the forefront of his administration — such as LDP Executive Acting Secretary-General Koichi Hagiuda who was appointed Education Minister. As a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), which seeks to promote patriotic education, he can be considered 'reliable' as the government's policy leader on national education.
  198. ^ "Japanese minister becomes first in two years to visit Tokyo's controversial Yasukuni Shrine". South China Morning Post. 17 October 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2020. Eto is serving in his first cabinet position and is a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi organisation, whose aims are to revise the "national consciousness" surrounding the prosecution of Japan's war criminals and to change the nation's pacifist constitution implemented after the war. The group also promotes "patriotic education".
  199. ^ Kolmas, Michal, ed. (2019). National Identity and Japanese Revisionism. Routledge. ISBN 9781351334396. ... and foreign policy are rightwing revisionists organized in groups such as the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi ...
  200. ^ Dessì, Ugo, ed. (2013). Japanese Religions and Globalization. Routledge. p. 146. ISBN 9780415811705.
  201. ^ "Japan combats rise in hate speech". Al Jazeera. 30 November 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2020. ... and many don't speak Korean or have ties to Korea. Even so, ultranationalist groups like Zaitokukai have singled them out and used Japan's very liberal protection of speech to harass, intimidate and silence Zainichi with noisy street protests and attacks online, often anonymously.
  202. ^ "Head of anti-foreigner group Zaitokukai to step down". Japan Times. 30 November 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2020. The longtime chairman of the ultranationalist group Zaitokukai has announced he will step down and even give up his membership in the group, saying the move will eventually bolster the organization's influence.
  203. ^ Zaman, Dina (23 June 2012). "Is there a need for more interfaith dialogue in Malaysia? Part 1". newmandala.org. Retrieved 26 April 2021. Perkasa (an all Malay ultranationalist group) ready to crusade against ungrateful Christians,
  204. ^ "La nueva ultraderecha latinoamericana (1992-2018)" [The New Latin American Far-right (1992-2018)]. Marxismo Critico (in Spanish). 26 June 2018.
  205. ^ Flores, González; Gustavo, José (June 2015). "The reasons for the sinarquista: The organization and ideology of the National Union Synarchists". Culturales. 3 (1): 49–76. ISSN 1870-1191.
  206. ^ Nilsen, Marte (12 March 2015). "Buddhist nationalism threatens Myanmar's democratic transition". East Asia Forum. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  207. ^ "Buddhist Authorities Ban Myanmar's Ultranationalist Ma Ba Tha Group". Radio Free Asia. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  208. ^ "Brawling Myanmar Monks Show Buddhist Nationalists Backing Coup". Bloomberg News. 10 March 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  209. ^ "The Palestinian Islamic Jihad's US Cell" (PDF). Foreign Policy Research Institute. December 2009. a central feature of the PIJ platform combines Islamic fanaticism and extreme nationalism
  210. ^ "מילון ארגוני טרור". Shabak. בהשפעת הענף המצרי הוקם בעזה, בשנת 1981, "הג'האד האסלאמי בפלסטין", המשלב אידיאולוגיה לאומית קיצונית עם התפיסות האסלאמיות: השמדת מדינת ישראל והחלפתה במדינה פלסטינית אסלאמית, שתוקם על כל שטחי פלסטין.
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  212. ^ The Place of Artists' Cinema: Space, Site, and Screen. Maeve Connolly. Intellect Books. 2009. Page 122. ISBN 9781841503295
  213. ^ "Igor Girkin, the Russian military commander found guilty of downing MH17, was arrested in Moscow. Here's what we know". ABC. 21 July 2023. they created the Club of Angry Patriots, an ultranationalist group that live-streamed their criticism of Russia's political and military leadership
  214. ^ "Russian ultranationalist bikers The Night Wolves to descend on Berlin for WWII rally". IBT. 30 April 2016.
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  219. ^ SCF (9 October 2018). "Germany seeks to ban ultranationalist Turkish Grey Wolves' symbols". Stockholm Center for Freedom. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  220. ^ van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (14 February 2019). "Austria bans symbols of PKK, Turkish Grey Wolves, and Muslim Brotherhood". www.kurdistan24.net. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
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  223. ^ "The Azov Battalion: Extremists defending Mariupol – DW – 03/16/2022".
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  228. ^ Combs, Cynthia (2022). Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. Taylor & Francis. The Proud Boys are an ultranationalist organization active in the United States
  229. ^ "THE MOST NOTORIOUS NEO-FASCIST HATE GROUP IN TEXAS CAN'T CATCH A BREAK". Texas Observer. 2 November 2022. As much as 10 percent of the white supremacist, ultranationalist Patriot Front, including its leader Thomas Rousseau, are currently facing civil or criminal cases.
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January 01, 1970
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Ultranationalist redirects here For the fictional Ultranationalists faction from the Call of Duty video game series see Call of Duty Modern Warfare series Ultranationalism or extreme nationalism is an extreme form of nationalism in which a country asserts or maintains detrimental hegemony supremacy or other forms of control over other nations usually through violent coercion to pursue its specific interests 1 2 3 Ultranationalist entities have been associated with the engagement of political violence even during peacetime 4 The belief system has also been cited as the inspiration for acts of organized mass murder in the context of international conflicts with the Cambodian genocide being cited as an example 5 In ideological terms scholars such as the British political theorist Roger Griffin have found that ultranationalism arises from seeing modern nation states as living organisms which are directly akin to physical people because they can decay grow and die and additionally they can experience rebirth In stark mythological ways political campaigners have divided societies into those societies which are perceived as being degenerately inferior and those societies which are perceived as having great cultural destinies Ultranationalism has been an aspect of fascism with historic governments such as the regimes of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany building on ultranationalist foundations by using specific plans for supposed widespread national renewal 3 Ultranationalist characters have served as villains in multiple works of fictional media with popular acclaim as well Examples include the dramatic productions Air Force One and Incitement both being action films 6 7 Contents 1 Background concepts and broader context 2 Historical movements and analysis 3 Ultranationalist political parties 3 1 Currently represented in national governments or legislatures 3 2 Represented parties with former ultranationalist tendencies or factions 3 3 Formerly represented in national governments or legislatures 4 Ultranationalist organizations 5 Ultranationalist terrorism 6 Portrayals of ultranationalism in fiction 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksBackground concepts and broader context edit nbsp Monarchist ultranationalists within the Black Hundreds movement marched in Odesa then inside of Russia after the October Manifesto came out in 1905 nbsp Italian far right figure Benito Mussolini left greatly influenced Oswald Mosley right and contributed to the evolution of his ultranationalist faction called the British Union of Fascists with them appearing together on this occasion in Italy itself British political theorist Roger Griffin has stated that ultranationalism is essentially founded on xenophobia in a way that finds supposed legitimacy through deeply mythicized narratives of past cultural or political periods of historical greatness or of old scores to settle against alleged enemies It can also draw on vulgarized forms of different aspects of the natural sciences such as anthropology and genetics eugenics specifically playing a role in order to rationalize ideas of national superiority and destiny of degeneracy and subhumanness in Griffin s opinion Ultranationalists view the modern nation state as according to Griffin a living organism directly akin to a physical person such that it can decay grow die and additionally experience rebirth He has highlighted Nazi Germany as a regime which was founded on ultranationalism 3 Ultranationalist activism can adopt varying attitudes towards historical traditions within the populace For instance the British Union of Fascists inside the United Kingdom adopted a secularist minded platform centered on perceived technological progress In contrast the Iron Guard inside Romania utilized a hardline form of mysticism driven religion to encourage determination among the nation s ultranationalists Nonetheless obsessive views on ethnicity and other divisions as well as connecting politics to motifs of sacrifice generally constitute the psychological framework behind these movements 3 According to American scholar Janusz Bugajski summing up the doctrine in practical terms in its most extreme or developed forms ultra nationalism resembles fascism marked by a xenophobic disdain of other nations support for authoritarian political arrangements verging on totalitarianism and a mythical emphasis on the organic unity between a charismatic leader an organizationally amorphous movement type party and the nation Bugajski believes that civic nationalism and the related concept of patriotism both can contain significantly positive elements contributing to the common social good at times such as during national calamities These doctrines stand in contrast in his opinion to the extreme approach of certain ideologies with more irrational actions 8 Historical movements and analysis edit nbsp In 1930s and 1940s era ultranationalist Japan the state routinely distributed political propaganda preaching the virtues of domination and expansion with this photograph showing efforts in Manchukuo American historian Walter Skya has written in Japan s Holy War The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism that ultranationalism in Japan drew upon traditional Shinto spiritual beliefs and militaristic attitudes regarding the nation s racial identity By the early twentieth century fanaticism arising from this combination of ethnic nationalism and religious nationalism caused opposition to democratic governance and support for Japanese territorial expansion Skya particularly noted in his work the connection between ultranationalism and political violence by citing how between 1921 and 1936 three serving and two former Prime Ministers of Japan were assassinated The totalitarian Japanese government of the 1930s and 1940s did not just rely on encouragement by the country s military it also received widespread popular support 4 The Cambodian historian Sambo Manara has found that the belief system sets forth a vision of supremacism in terms of international relations whereby xenophobia or hatred of foreigners to the point of extremism leads to policies of social separation and segregation He has argued that the Cambodian genocide is a specific example of this ideology when it is applied in practice Obviously it was ultranationalism combined with the notion of class struggle in communism and a group of politicians which lead to the establishment of Democratic Kampuchea a ruthless regime which claimed approximately three million lives he has remarked with militant leaders finally deciding to cut all diplomatic and economic ties with almost all countries due to a narrow minded doctrine without taking into account all the losses they would face In Manara s opinion this effectively destroyed the nation 5 The absolute dictatorship of the Romanian leader Nicolae Ceausescu has also been described as an example of communism taking an ultranationalist approach by Haaretz The Israeli publication cited the antisemitism of the dictator in terms of actions such as his historical denialism of the Holocaust Ceausescu also made efforts to purge Romanians who had Jewish backgrounds from positions of political authority 9 Haaretz has also labeled the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban an ultranationalist due to his views on autocratic rule and racial identity particularly Orban s public condemnation of race mixing 9 He has also been called an ultranationalist by NPR an American news agency citing his opposition to democratic liberalism 10 In late 2015 the Israeli political journalist Gideon Levy wrote that the Israeli Palestinian conflict has led to the decay of the civil society within Israel with an ultranationalist movement that bases its power on incitement to hatred using folkloric religion gaining ground over decades so that They were the only ones willing to fight for a collective goal They did not rule out any means They extorted and exploited the weaknesses of government the guilt feelings and confusion of the secular camp and they won They did so systematically and smartly First they established the foundation of their existence the settlement enterprise After they achieved their goal the killing off of any diplomatic agreement and destruction of the two state solution they were free to turn to their next target taking control of the public debate in Israel on the road to changing its power structure character and substance 11 nbsp The Iron Guard a Romanian ultranationalist movement centered its mass appeal on communal religious mysticism with its militant leader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu being photographed amidst his followers in Bucharest during a 1937 event Russian irredentism in which a militant imperial state that stretches across both Asia and Europe without regard for current international borders is proposed has been described as ultranationalism by the U S publication the Los Angeles Times with the aggressive actions of Russian President Vladimir Putin being credited as an evolution of political arguments which were made by multiple figures in the past Examples include Nikolai Berdyaev Aleksandr Dugin the author of 1997 s The Foundations of Geopolitics The Geopolitical Future of Russia Lev Gumilyov and Ivan Ilyin The newspaper highlighted the justifications which were given in support of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine quoting Putin s declaration that he must militarily combat an empire of lies which was created by the U S in order to justify its desire to suffocate Russia 12 In a 2021 story the business centered publication Bloomberg News stated that the rise of ultranationalist viewpoints in China particularly in terms of those who advocate extremism on social media presents a direct challenge to the current government of the nation with General Secretary Xi Jinping facing opposition to his attempts to set forth climate change based economic reforms in relation to greenhouse gases Chinese political activists have asserted according to the publication a conspiracy theory that said that the reforms represent some kind of capitulation to foreign interests at the expense of individual Chinese people Environmentalist policies have come into being in a complex fashion inside China facing complicated opinions among many 13 Under the rule of Mohammed bin Salman who formally serves as a Crown Prince Saudi Arabia has been described by multiple analysts as embracing ultranationalism in a shift away from the government s previous reliance on Islamist political arguments 14 15 16 For instance the news agency France 24 stated in a 2019 report that while promoting ultra nationalism the Crown Prince has introduced glitzy concerts magic shows and sporting extravaganzas with thumping after parties 16 A 2019 article by the Financial Times likewise described the ideological shift as a wave that the leader had swept across the kingdom 15 Ultranationalist political parties editCurrently represented in national governments or legislatures edit The following political parties have been characterised as ultranationalist nbsp Afghanistan Taliban 17 nbsp Australia Pauline Hanson s One Nation 18 nbsp Austria Freedom Party of Austria 19 20 21 nbsp Belgium Vlaams Belang 22 23 nbsp Bulgaria Revival 24 25 26 nbsp Chile Republican Party 27 nbsp Croatia Homeland Movement 28 nbsp Cyprus ELAM 29 30 nbsp Czech Republic Freedom and Direct Democracy 31 nbsp Denmark Danish People s Party 32 33 34 nbsp Estonia Conservative People s Party of Estonia 35 36 37 nbsp France National Rally 38 nbsp Finland Finns Party 39 nbsp Germany Alternative for Germany 40 41 nbsp Greece Spartans 42 Greek Solution 43 Victory 44 nbsp Hungary Our Homeland Movement 45 nbsp India Shiv Sena 46 nbsp Israel Otzma Yehudit 47 nbsp Italy Brothers of Italy 48 49 nbsp Latvia National Alliance 50 nbsp Myanmar Union Solidarity and Development Party 51 52 nbsp Netherlands Party for Freedom 53 additional citation s needed Forum for Democracy 54 nbsp Palestine Hamas 55 56 57 58 nbsp Poland Confederation Liberty and Independence 59 National Movement 60 nbsp Portugal Chega 61 nbsp Romania Alliance for the Union of Romanians 62 63 nbsp Russia Liberal Democratic Party of Russia 64 Rodina 65 nbsp South Africa Economic Freedom Fighters 66 67 nbsp Slovakia Slovak National Party 68 69 70 71 nbsp Spain Vox 72 73 nbsp Sweden Sweden Democrats 74 75 76 nbsp Switzerland Swiss People s Party 77 nbsp Thailand Palang Pracharath Party 78 nbsp Turkey Nationalist Movement Party 79 80 nbsp Ukraine Svoboda 81 82 83 The following political parties have been described as having ultranationalist factions nbsp Argentina La Libertad Avanza 84 nbsp Brazil Liberal Party 85 nbsp China Chinese Communist Party 86 nbsp Hungary Fidesz 87 88 nbsp India Bharatiya Janata Party 89 nbsp Indonesia Gerindra 90 nbsp Italy Lega 91 nbsp Japan Liberal Democratic Party 92 93 94 95 96 nbsp Poland Law and Justice 97 98 nbsp Russia United Russia 99 100 Represented parties with former ultranationalist tendencies or factions edit The following political parties historically had ultranationalist tendencies or factions nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina Serb Democratic Party 101 102 nbsp Hungary Jobbik 103 104 105 nbsp Lebanon Kataeb Party 106 nbsp Indonesia Golkar 107 nbsp Israel Yisrael Beiteinu 108 nbsp Republic of China Kuomintang 109 nbsp Malaysia United Malays National Organisation 110 nbsp North Macedonia VMRO DPMNE 111 112 113 nbsp Serbia Serbian Renewal Movement 114 nbsp Syria Syrian Social Nationalist Party 115 nbsp Turkey Good Party 116 117 Formerly represented in national governments or legislatures edit nbsp Belgium Vlaams Blok 118 nbsp Bulgaria Attack 119 VMRO 120 121 National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria 120 nbsp Cambodia Communist Party of Kampuchea 122 nbsp Croatia Ustase 123 Croatian Party of Rights 124 Croatian Pure Party of Rights 124 nbsp Czech Republic Rally for the Republic Republican Party of Czechoslovakia 125 National Fascist Community 126 nbsp Finland Patriotic People s Movement 127 nbsp Germany National Socialist German Workers Party 128 German National People s Party 129 German Right Party 130 nbsp Greece Freethinkers Party 131 Golden Dawn 132 133 134 Popular Orthodox Rally 135 nbsp Hungary Arrow Cross Party 136 Unity Party 137 Hungarian Justice and Life Party 138 nbsp India Hindu Mahasabha 139 nbsp Iran Pan Iranist Party 140 nbsp Iraq Arab Socialist Ba ath Party Iraq Region 141 nbsp Israel Kach 142 Religious Zionist Party 143 Tehiya 144 Moledet 145 Hatikva 146 Jewish National Front 147 Herut The National Movement 147 nbsp Italy National Fascist Party 148 Italian Social Movement 149 nbsp Japan Imperial Rule Assistance Association 150 nbsp Portugal National Union 151 nbsp Philippines Kilusang Bagong Lipunan 152 nbsp Romania Iron Guard 153 National Christian Party 154 National Christian Defense League 155 Romanian National Unity Party 156 Greater Romania Party 157 nbsp Rwanda Coalition for the Defence of the Republic 158 nbsp Serbia Serbian Radical Party 159 Party of Serbian Unity 160 161 162 Dveri 163 164 165 166 Serbian Party Oathkeepers 167 168 nbsp Slovakia Slovak People s Party 169 People s Party Our Slovakia 170 Republic 171 nbsp South Africa National Party 172 nbsp South Korea National Youth 173 nbsp Spain FET y de las JONS 174 nbsp Turkey Republican Villagers Nation Party 175 Victory Party 176 177 Great Union Party 178 nbsp Ukraine Right Sector 179 180 181 Ultranationalist organizations edit nbsp China Blue Shirts Society 182 nbsp Finland Suomen Sisu 183 nbsp France Action Francaise 184 Bloc Identitaire 185 nbsp India Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 186 Bajrang Dal 187 nbsp Indonesia Pancasila Youth 188 nbsp Iraq Golden Square 189 nbsp Israel Im Tirtzu 190 Lehava 191 Lehi 192 193 nbsp Ireland Army Comrades Association 194 nbsp Italy CasaPound 195 nbsp Japan Nippon Kaigi 196 197 198 199 200 Zaitokukai 201 202 nbsp Malaysia Perkasa 203 nbsp Mexico Nationalist Front of Mexico National Synarchist Union 204 205 nbsp Myanmar Patriotic Association of Myanmar 206 207 208 nbsp Palestine Hamas Palestinian Islamic Jihad 209 210 nbsp Poland All Polish Youth 211 212 nbsp Russia Club of Angry Patriots 213 Night Wolves 214 Russian Imperial Movement 215 Wagner Group 216 nbsp South Korea White Shirts Society 217 nbsp Sri Lanka Bodu Bala Sena Sinhala Ravaya 218 nbsp Turkey Grey Wolves 219 220 221 Turkish Revenge Brigade 222 nbsp Ukraine Azov Regiment 223 224 225 nbsp United Kingdom English Defence League 226 Siol nan Gaidheal 227 nbsp United States Proud Boys 228 Patriot Front 229 Ultranationalist terrorism editMain article Nationalist terrorism nbsp A group of bicycle infantry militants that fought in the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam LTTE travel just north of Kilinochchi inside of Sri Lanka in June 2004 Arising out of strident Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism with differing ethnic and religious groups placed at odds the militant faction known as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam LTTE orchestrated a decades long campaign of terrorism in the country of Sri Lanka which is inside of the Indian Ocean and has been influenced by broader socio political trends Both ultranationalism as well as revolutionary ideologies aligned against capitalist policies influencing Sri Lankan life motivated the organization as it undertook a series of violent actions against both the national government and the supporters of the state These attacks have collectively caused a large number of civilian deaths For example the Anuradhapura massacre committed by the LTTE on May 14 1985 resulted in the killing of over one hundred individuals inside of a holy city associated with local Buddhist worshippers The militants deliberately targeted civilians socializing outdoors such as by executing an elderly florist serving religious travelers 230 231 232 In the context of the LTTE s militant campaign the academic publication Journal of Hate Studies found in a 2006 analysis that ultranationalism subordinates all other claims for loyalty and allegiance given that l oyalty to the nation transcends loyalty to the family Thus this notion explains the commitment of Tamil Tiger nationalists to even engage in suicide missions since the journal stated that u ltranationalist loyalty demands the willingness to sacrifice the self In conclusion the publication reported that an extremist nationalist claim not only is understood as supreme but it also is presented as urgent and then demands political activists must engage in preventive measures such as ethnic cleansing or deportation 232 nbsp Golden Dawn activists rally in Athens during a March 2015 event The assassination of Pavlos Fyssas in September 2013 a hip hop musician with left wing views from stabbing wounds to the heart and ribs that occurred after his surrounding by multiple dozen Golden Dawn militants triggered widespread outrage at the Greek political organization The ultranationalist attack occurred in an Athens suburb and resulted in a police crackdown with several arrests The then Ministry of Public Order and Citizen Protection Nikos Dendias remarked that the abominable murder done by an attacker sympathizing with Golden Dawn publicly illustrates in the clearest way the intentions of neo Nazism 233 234 235 The organization held at the time 18 of the 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament Characterized as an extremist political party directly adapting the beliefs of Adolf Hitler support for its ultranationalism increased in the context of the debate over spiking immigration to Greece However the Greek legal system ultimately investigated the assassination and other acts of violence with the outcome of an October 2020 verdict by the Athens Court of Appeals wiping out the party s leadership through prison sentences Looking back the British publication The Guardian reported in 2021 Golden Dawn hit squads sowed terror on the streets targeting immigrants left wing trade unionists and other perceived opponents before a party operative ultimately confessed to the killing of Fyssas 233 234 235 Portrayals of ultranationalism in fiction editThe action film Air Force One features a terrorist mastermind named Egor Korshunov played by actor Gary Oldman who kidnaps a set of hostages including the U S President by hijacking the leader s plane Korshunov seeks revenge due to the arrest of Kazakh dictator Ivan Radek played by actor Jurgen Prochnow and the militant became an ultranationalist radical after having formerly served as a Soviet soldier In February 2022 the U S armed forces related website Military com published a story labeling the character as one of the best Russian Movie Villains in American cinematic history 6 As well writer Todd McCarthy of Variety lauded the nature of Oldman s fanatical character McCarthy stating that in his second malevolent lead of the summer after The Fifth Element he registers strongly as a veteran of the Afghan campaign pushed to desperate lengths to newly ennoble his country 236 The Israeli movie Incitement portrayals a fictionalized account of ultranationalist activist and murderer Yigal Amir The production details his personal life prior to his assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin Film critic Nell Minow stated that the killer played by actor Yehuda Nahari projects a superficial charm and skill at persuasion while at the same time failing to generate audience sympathy due to his true nature still coming out Amir seeing himself in a callous instrumentalist way as a living weapon up to and including Rabin s assassination feeds into in Minow s opinion the movie s chillingly thriller type quality 7 Writer Carla Hay of CultureMixOnline com also found Nahari s performance to be a compelling portrayal of a sociopath in film with much left to audience interpretations 237 The video game Call of Duty 4 Modern Warfare has gained notice for its depiction of a civil war in Russia between the country s government and an ultranationalist faction with the entertainment production being released in 2007 Its sequels Call of Duty Modern Warfare 2 2009 and Call of Duty Modern Warfare 3 2011 were set in the aftermath of an ultranationalist coup d etat in Russia and a subsequent war involving the American military Militant leader Vladimir Makarov a character in multiple games notably declares at one point Russia will take all of Europe even if it must stand upon a pile of ashes 238 239 See also edit nbsp History portal nbsp Politics portal nbsp Society portal Global Times ultra nationalistic Chinese media 240 Ilminism Jingoism Palingenesis palingenetic ultranationalism Putinism 99 Totalitarianism Uyoku dantaiReferences edit Ultranationalism Oxford English Dictionary Retrieved 19 June 2022 Ultranationalism Collins English Dictionary Retrieved 19 June 2022 a b c d Blamires Cyprian 2006 World Fascism A K ABC CLIO pp 451 453 ISBN 9781576079409 a b Skya Walter 2009 Japan s Holy War The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism Duke University Press ISBN 9780822392460 a b Ultranationalism destroyed good ties between nations Khmer Times 18 August 2022 Retrieved 30 December 2022 a b Barber James 28 February 2022 8 Great Russian Movie Villains Military com Retrieved 21 June 2023 a b Minow Nell 31 January 2020 Incitement RogerEbert com Retrieved 21 June 2023 Stein Jonathan P 2000 The Politics of National Minority Participation in Post communist Europe State building Democracy and Ethnic Mobilization M E Sharpe pp 65 66 ISBN 9780765605283 a b Tibori Szabo Zoltan 16 August 2022 Viktor Orban s Unsettling Similarity to Romania s Deposed Executed Dictator Haaretz Retrieved 18 August 2022 Kakissis Joanna 4 December 2021 A discomfort with Western liberalism is growing in Eastern Europe NPR Retrieved 24 August 2022 Levy Gideon 25 December 2015 Religious Ultranationalist Zionists Have Taken Over Israel Haaretz Retrieved 18 May 2022 Kaleem Jaweed 28 March 2022 A Russian empire from Dublin to Vladivostok The roots of Putin s ultranationalism The Los Angeles Times Retrieved 16 June 2022 China s Rising Ultra Nationalism Complicates Xi s Climate Ambitions Bloomberg News 29 November 2021 Retrieved 24 August 2022 al Rasheed Madawi 2021 The New Populist Nationalism The Son King Reform and Repression in Saudi Arabia Oxford University Press pp 139 182 a b Nationalism on the rise as Saudi Arabia seeks sense of identity Financial Times 7 May 2019 Retrieved 23 February 2024 The attacks on the 10 second video which was posted on Snapchat were the latest example of a wave of ultranationalism that has swept across the kingdom in the three years since Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman consolidated his power a b Glittery party spotlights Saudi era of extreme openness France 24 24 December 2019 Retrieved 23 February 2024 Foley Conor 2020 The Thin Blue Line Verso A key part of the Taliban s ideology was based on Pashtun ultra nationalism Stewart James 2 November 2019 Anti Muslim hate speech and displacement narratives Case studies from Sri Lanka and Australia Australian Journal of Social Issues 54 4 418 435 doi 10 1002 ajs4 83 S2CID 211418443 South Tyrol a distorting mirror for Vienna Rome and liberal London openDemocracy 14 January 2018 Retrieved 2 March 2022 Even Austria s far right wants to demolish Hitler s birthplace The Columbus Dispatch 13 September 2016 Retrieved 2 March 2022 Jarausch Konrad Hugo 2015 Out of ashes a new history of Europe in the twentieth century Princeton Princeton University Press p 742 ISBN 978 1 4008 8347 9 OCLC 954000237 Elman R Amy 2015 The European Union antisemitism and the politics of denial Lincoln University of Nebraska Press p 120 ISBN 978 0 8032 6693 3 OCLC 897814752 Fotheringham Alasdair 3 February 2021 In the pandemic are Europeans more attracted to the far right www aljazeera com Retrieved 2 March 2022 Europe Central Asia Face Spike In Infections As WHO Warns Of Omicron Tidal Wave RadioFreeEurope RadioLiberty 22 January 2022 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species will not be stripped of immunity from prosecution romea cz 3 June 2020 Retrieved 2 March 2022 Adrian Karatnycky Freedom House Survey Team 2001 Freedom in the world the annual survey of political rights amp civil liberties 2000 2001 Piscataway N J Transaction Pub p 171 ISBN 0 7658 0101 9 OCLC 48233321 Lee Martin A 2013 The beast reawakens New York Routledge p 46 ISBN 978 1 135 28124 3 OCLC 858861623 Samuel L Myers Bruce P Corrie 2006 Racial and ethnic economic inequality an international perspective New York Lang p 205 ISBN 0 8204 5656 X OCLC 52312447 In Liberal Estonia Right Wing Populists Are Making Their Mark Freedom House Retrieved 10 September 2021 The East Europeanization of Estonian Politics Baltic Rim Economies sites utu fi Retrieved 10 September 2021 Europe s far right has stalled Australian Financial Review 31 December 2019 Retrieved 10 September 2021 Erlanger Steven de Freytas Tamura Kimiko 17 December 2016 E U Faces Its Next Big Test as France s Election Looms New York Times Retrieved 28 February 2017 Morden Tony 2013 Equality diversity and opportunity management costs strategies and leadership Farnham Surrey Ashgate Publishing Limited ISBN 978 1 4094 3279 1 OCLC 847526846 The 1619 Project and the far right fear of history The Washington Post 20 August 2019 A leader of Germany s ultranationalist AfD party in 2017 bemoaned how the country s focus on atoning Berlin Oliver Moody 23 July 2019 Frankenstein pact puts AfD in coalition The Times A married couple have run into trouble for forging the first local pact between Angela Merkel s party and the ultranationalist Alternative for Germany AfD in defiance of the chancellor The Far Right Just Made a Shock Comeback in Greece Vice News 27 June 2023 a previously little known ultranationalist group called the Spartans Greek elections landslide victory for centre right New Democracy party The Guardian 7 July 2019 Smaller parties such as the ultra nationalist Greek Solution and leftist MeRA25 headed by Yanis Varoufakis the former finance minister were targeting younger Greeks Germany s AfD reflects Europe s shift to the right Deutsche Welle 26 June 2023 the ultranationalist and ultrareligious Niki Victory Horthy Commemoration Revives Political Debate over His Regentship 18 November 2019 Archived from the original on 19 November 2019 Retrieved 3 June 2022 Magnier Mark 8 March 2012 In India battle continues over Hindu temple s riches latimes Los Angeles Times Retrieved 2 December 2015 U S slams Israeli ultranationalist lawmaker s remarks at Kahane memorial Axios 11 November 2022 Political turmoil in Italy as far right reaches for the reins Christian Science Monitor 21 August 2019 ISSN 0882 7729 Retrieved 2 March 2022 In Italy sighs of relief as Mattarella stays put EUobserver 2 February 2022 Retrieved 2 March 2022 Political Handbook of the World 2012 SAGE 2012 p 815 Khin Moh Moh Lwin and Myo Set Pai 20 November 2020 Far right Buddhist nationalist candidates among biggest losers in 2020 election Myanmar Now Retrieved 23 November 2020 Internal Crisis Group 5 September 2017 Buddhism and State Power in Myanmar Report Kaspar de Ploeg Chris 2017 Ukraine in the Crossfire SCB Distributors ultranationalist PVV party Promoting internship at Forum for Democracy causes a stir at Leiden University Too weird for words Leidsch Dagblad 1 November 2022 De ideologie is ultraconservatief ultranationalistisch Comparison Between Hamas and Likud Disingenuous The Harvard Crimson 10 February 2006 Hamas combines ultra nationalism with fundamentalist Islamism Perspectives on the Past and Future of Israel and Palestine Conflict PDF Quest Journals 29 December 2023 The ideologies of Fatah and Hamas are completely different Hamas supports extreme nationalism The Hijacking of Democracy in the Israeli Palestinian Conflict Palestine Israel Journal Hamas a radical nationalist religious party Amid Israel Hamas War Revisit Shattered Dreams of Peace PBS 20 October 2023 radical nationalist factions among both Jews and Palestinians groups including Hamas that opposed all compromise between the two peoples Poland election race too close to call as voters prepare to go to polls The Guardian 14 October 2023 Ultranationalist Confederation party candidate Slawomir Mentzen Polish Interior Minister Issues Last Minute Ban on Neo Fascist Show of Force Outside Israeli Embassy in Warsaw The Algemeiner 31 January 2018 Maioria no parlamento portugues reprova protesto de partido ultranacionalista durante discurso de Lula SBS 26 April 2023 the ultranationalist Chega party Hopkins Valerie 14 December 2020 Far right party changes political landscape in Romania Financial Times Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 Record low turnout brings extremist party into Romania s Parliament transylvanianow com Transylvania Now 7 December 2020 Ultranationalists Move to Slap Fines on Use of Foreign Words 21 February 2013 Van Herpen Marcel H 2015 Putin s Propaganda Machine Soft Power and Russian Foreign Policy Rowman amp Littlefield p 34 The Turn of the Fascist Archived 12 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine Jane Duncan SACSIS 2011 Imraan Baccus Is fascism rearing its ugly head in SA Archived 6 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine City Press 2013 Pro Russische oud premier Robert Fico wint verkiezingen Slowakije October 2023 Jeffries Ian 2002 Eastern Europe at the turn of the twenty first century Routledge p 352 ISBN 9780415236713 Slovak National Party led by Jan Slota Extreme nationalist P Ramet Sabrina 1997 Whose democracy nationalism religion and the doctrine of collective rights in post 1989 Eastern Europe Rowman amp Littlefield p 128 ISBN 9780847683246 Meciar established his 1994 coalition government with the extreme nacionalist Slovak National Party SNS led by Jan Slota mayor of Zilina International Herald Tribune s article about Hungarian Slovak relations International Herald Tribune 29 March 2009 Retrieved 10 January 2011 Acha Beatriz 6 January 2019 No no es un partido neo fascista Agenda Publica Archived from the original on 11 July 2019 Retrieved 1 May 2019 Anton Mellon Joan 29 April 2019 Vox Del nacional catolicismo al ultranacionalismo neoliberal Agenda Publica Hallhag Roger April 2007 New Sweden Crushing or Confirming a Social Democratic Model Bonn Friedrich Ebert Foundation p 6 Mikael Stenmark Steve Fuller Ulf Zackariasson eds 2018 Relativism and post truth in contemporary society possibilities and challenges Cham Switzerland Palgrave Macmillan p 169 ISBN 978 3 319 96559 8 OCLC 1052796925 Gardell Mattias 2014 Crusader Dreams Oslo 22 7 Islamophobia and the Quest for a Monocultural Europe Terrorism and Political Violence 26 1 130 doi 10 1080 09546553 2014 849930 ISSN 0954 6553 S2CID 144489939 Estrin Barbara L 2012 Shakespeare and Contemporary Fiction Theorizing Foundling and Lyric Plots Lexington Books p 17 ISBN 978 1611493702 Establishment Wins People Lose in Thai Political Compromise Focus on the Global South 19 September 2023 The Palang Pracharath Party was formed in 2018 as a civil military and ultra nationalist party Arman Murat Necip 2007 The Sources Of Banality In Transforming Turkish Nationalism CEU Political Science Journal 2 133 151 Eissenstat Howard November 2002 Anatolianism The History of a Failed Metaphor of Turkish Nationalism Middle East Studies Association Conference Washington D C Svoboda The rise of Ukraine s ultra nationalists BBC 25 December 2012 Retrieved 1 March 2015 Black J L Johns Michael Theriault Alanda 2019 The new world disorder challenges and threats in an uncertain world Lanham Maryland Rowman amp Littlefield p 14 ISBN 9781498576376 Hahn Gordon M 2018 Ukraine over the edge Russia the West and the new Cold War Jefferson North Carolina McFarland p 191 ISBN 9781476628752 Vox felicita a Milei por el resultado en las elecciones de Argentina y le traslada su apoyo para la segunda vuelta Europa Press 23 October 2023 El ultranacionalista Milei candidato de La Libertad Avanza Cupples Julie 2022 Development and Decolonization in Latin America Taylor amp Francis election of right wing ultranationalist populist Jair Bolsonaro A new Twitter account shows how the Chinese Communist Party stirs up ultra nationalism The Economist 19 May 2022 Minkenberg Michael 2015 Transforming the Transformation Taylor amp Francis p 126 the rightward shift of Fidesz is noticeable by their growing co optation of ultranationalist narratives Rosenfeld Alvin 2021 Contending with Antisemitism in a Rapidly Changing Political Climate Indiana University Press p 255 With its ultranationalist policy Orban s Fidesz party managed to take over the positions of the far right Jobbik party deSouza Peter Ronald 2006 India s Political Parties SAGE p 19 The other major national party of today the Bharatiya Janata Party does not quite fit the religious fundamentalist the ethnicity based or the fascist ultra nationalist categories although it shares to a large degree elements of all three Reformasi Reloaded Implications of Indonesia s 2014 Elections Center for Security Studies 9 September 2014 Prabowo s coalition consisted of his own ultra nationalist Gerindra Krieg Andreas 2023 Subversion The Strategic Weaponization of Narratives Georgetown University Press it has maintained connections with anti EU ultranationalist radical elements of Lega Nord Beautiful Harmony Political Project Behind Japan s New Era Name Analysis eurasia review 16 July 2019 The shifting dynamics around the new era name gengō 元号 offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP s project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism Lunning Frenchy ed 2013 Mechademia 4 War Time U of Minnesota Press p 291 ISBN 9781452942650 The overturning of the cab driver s 1998 sentiment in Akamatsu s 2007 piece had its political correlative in the victory of the ultranationalist wing of the Liberal Democratic Party LDP when Abe Shinzō became Japan s prime minister in Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan The Diplomat 22 June 2018 In Japan populist and extreme right wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment Maki Kimura ed 2016 Unfolding the Comfort Women Debates Modernity Violence Women s Voices Springer ISBN 9781137392510 a gradual drift towards more nationalistic attitudes to education and politics in general in contemporary Japanese society may party be explained by the effect of ultranationalist politicians in the Liberal Democratic Party LDP Masanori Nakamura ed 2016 The Japanese Monarchy Ambassador Joseph Grew and the Making of the Symbol Emperor System 1931 1991 M E Sharpe p 1992 ISBN 9781563241093 On July 31 a group of ultranationalist LDP Diet men alarmed by Nakasone s diplomacy of submission to foreign pressure on issues like textbook revision and the Yasukuni Shrine problem formed the Association of Those Concerned Minkenberg Michael 2023 Depleting Democracies Manchester University Press PiS adopted LPR s identity politics both regarding minorities and the ultranationalist interpretation of Polish history and continued its ideological trajectory Baybars Hawks Banu 2018 Non state actors in conflicts p 43 In Poland the ultranationalist Law and Justice Party PiS has significantly increased its vote share a b Sabri Kicmari ed 2022 History Continues Three Models of the Continuation of History Springer Nature p 59 ISBN 9789811984020 Putinism is not consistent as an ideology and political system Public political attitudes have changed according to the circumstances From a kind of cautious system to an open society Putinism has moved significantly in the direction of the authoritarian system His political party United Russia started as the conservative party of the former communists has moved towards ultranationalist and neo imperialist ideology Van Herpen 2013 7 Van Harpen even qualifies Putinism as an unstable system of a slight variant of fascism fascism lite According to him this system combines elements of proto fascism fascism and post fascism with a nucleus of ultra nationalism militarism and neo imperialism Van Herpen 2013 8 Chuck Stewart ed 2010 The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide Greenwood Press p 360 ISBN 9780313342356 In particular Putin s efforts are attributed to the burgeoning growth of Russian ultranationalist sociopolitical organizations such as United Russia Yedinaya Rossiya and Ours Nashi or Youth Movement Ours Bosnia Serbs Oust Leader From Her Party The New York Times Reuters 21 July 1997 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 19 June 2021 Holbooke to seek removal of Bosnian Serb leader The Irish Times Retrieved 19 June 2021 Kyriazi Anna April 2016 Ultranationalist discourses of exclusion a comparison between the Hungarian Jobbik and the Greek Golden Dawn University of Milan Migrants finding little sympathy in Hungary for their plight AP News 9 September 2015 Ultra Nationalist Party Surges In Hungary NPR org National Public Radio 24 May 2014 Gleis Joshua 2012 Hezbollah and Hamas Johns Hopkins University Press p 19 It emphasized internal discipline paramilitary organization and ultranationalist ideals Mietzner Marcus 2008 Comparing Indonesia s Party Systems of the 1950s and the Post Suharto Era From Centrifugal to Centripetal Inter Party Competition Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 39 3 431 453 doi 10 1017 S0022463408000337 JSTOR 27751535 S2CID 143374343 Avigdor Lieberman Moldova s Mr Nice Guy Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty 11 February 2009 De Riencourt Amauary 1950 Roof of the World Tibet Rinehart p 176 Chiang Kai Shek shook off the Soviet supervision and transmuted the Kuomintang into an ultranationalist movement Sakai Robert 1966 Studies on Asia University of Nebraska Press p 102 the ultranationalist faction within UMNO Piacentini A Make Macedonia Great Again The New Face of Skopje and the Macedonians identity dilemma edited by Evinc Dogan in Reinventing Eastern Europe Imaginaries Identities and Transformations Place and space series Transnational Press London 2019 ISBN 1910781878 p 87 North Macedonia takes a small step forward and one backwards this week New Europe 13 February 2020 Archived from the original on 2 November 2021 Retrieved 2 July 2023 The Radical Right in Macedonia PDF Friedrich Ebert Stiftung December 2012 VMRO DPMNE succeeded in bringing many ultranationalist views into the mainstream Stojarova Vera Emerson Peter Political parties in Serbia PDF bochsler eu Bochsler Center for Comparative and International Studies University of Zurich Escaping Ethnocentrism The Radical Right in the Middle East and Africa Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right 6 April 2018 Archived from the original on 12 July 2023 Retrieved 10 June 2023 Moreover the rise of fascism in interwar Europe was an inspirational source for variety of ultranationalist movements and parties that emerged in the Middle East and Africa Take the Syrian Social Nationalist Party SSNP founded in 1932 by Antun Sa adih who had a specific mission to lead the Lebanese people to their destiny Our bodies are Turkish our souls Islamic The rise of Turkey s ultra nationalists Middle East Eye 21 July 2018 Turkish nationalists form new party challenging Erdogan Deutsche Welle 25 October 2017 Arblaster Paul 2018 A History of the Low Countries p 229 The ultranationalist Vlaams Blok Katsikas Stefanos 2011 Negotiating Diplomacy in the New Europe Foreign Policy in Post Communist Bulgaria I B Tauris p 64 a b Ultra nationalists populists form Bulgarian Patriots alliance for July elections The Sofia Globe 20 May 2021 Retrieved 17 June 2021 Ultra nationalist parties VMRO and the National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria along with populists Volya have agreed to stand together in Bulgaria s July 11 2021 parliamentary elections under the name Bulgarian Patriots the parties announced on May 20 Vacuum at the top threatens to hinder Bulgaria s progress Financial Times FT Retrieved 17 June 2021 Khmer Rouge leaders convicted of genocide in landmark court ruling South China Morning Post 16 November 2018 Retrieved 18 January 2023 Ruzicic Kessler Karlo 2011 From the Industrial Revolution to World War II in East Central Europe Lit p 194 the ultra nationalist Ustase of Ante Pavelic a b Davies Peter Lynch Derek 2002 The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right Routledge ISBN 978 1 13460 952 9 Cengiz Firat 2013 Turkey and the European Union Taylor amp Francis p 105 the ultranationalist Coalition for Republic Republican Party of Czechoslovakia Political Parties of Europe Albania Norway Greenwood Press 1983 p 149 Nissen Henrik 1983 Scandinavia during the Second World War Universitetsforlaget p 25 The fascist inspired ultranationalist IKL the Patriotic People s Movement Zander Patrick 2020 Fascism Through History Culture Ideology and Daily Life ABC CLIO p 314 In Germany the pressures of the depression helped the ultranationalist Nazi Party come to power by 1933 Payne Stanley 1996 A History of Fascism 1914 1945 University of Wisconsin Press p 163 The chief political party of the ultranationalist right was the DNVP Germany s New Nazis Philosophical Library 1952 p 17 The German Reich Party conservative ultra nationalist which sent five members to the Federal Parliament in 1949 Nunez Xose 2021 Sites of the Dictators Taylor amp Francis Tsatsanis Emmanouil 2011 Hellenism under siege the national populist logic of antiglobalization rhetoric in Greece Journal of Political Ideologies 16 1 11 31 doi 10 1080 13569317 2011 540939 S2CID 143633586 and far right wing newspapers such as Alpha Ena Eleytheros Kosmos Eleytheri Ora and Stohos the mouthpiece of ultra nationalist group Chrysi Avgi Ivarsflaten Elisabeth 2006 Reputational Shields Why Most Anti Immigrant Parties Failed in Western Europe 1980 2005 PDF Nuffield College University of Oxford p 15 On the Road with Golden Dawn Greece s Ultra Nationalist Party Time Published 31 October 2012 Retrieved 11 March 2017 LAOS chief accuses PASOK ND of betraying the country Ekathimerini 9 April 2012 Ramet Sabrina 1992 Protestantism and Politics in Eastern Europe and Russia Duke University Press p 113 the ultranationalist Arrow Cross Party Nair MB 2019 Journey through the Ages Notion Press Esbenshade Richard 2005 Hungary Benchmark Books p 37 A new ultranationalist extremist party the Hungarian Justice and Life Party Moses A Dirk 2021 The Problems of Genocide Cambridge University Press p 367 the ultranationalist Hindu Mahasabha revivalist movement Boroujerdi Mehrzad Rahimkhani Kourosh 2018 Postrevolutionary Iran A Political Handbook Syracuse University Press p 344 Faath Sigrid 2006 Anti Americanism in the Islamic World Hurst p 156 Considering the ultra nationalist anti American rhetoric of the ruling Baath Party Weinblum Sharon 2015 Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel A Critical Approach to Political Discourse Routledge p 10 ISBN 978 1 317 58450 6 Religious Zionism Otzma Yehudit parties to run together Arutz7 Reich Bernard 2008 Historical Dictionary of Israel Scarecrow Press p 447 the ultranationalist Tehiya Party Aronoff Myron 2015 Power and Ritual in the Israel Labor Party Taylor amp Francis Rehavim Zeevi leader of the Ultranationalist Moledet Homeland Party Vossen Koen 2016 The Power of Populism Taylor amp Francis p 81 the ultranationalist Aryeh Eldad s Hatikva party a b Khalfa David 2009 Civil Organizations and Protest Movements in Israel Palgrave Macmillan p 50 The ultranationalist Right is represented by little political parties that compose the orange camp dedicated to retaining all parts of the remained Land of Israel at any cost Benny Elon s HaIchud Haleumi Baruch Marzel s Jewish National Front and Mikael Kleiner s Herut party Todd Allan 2015 European States in the Interwar Years 1918 1939 Cambridge University Press p 19 Mussolini later formed the far right ultra nationalist Fascist Party Moss Bernhard 2004 Monetary Union in Crisis Palgrave Macmillan UK the ultranationalist traditions of the old MSI Brandon James R ed 2009 Kabuki s Forgotten War 1931 1945 University of Hawaii Press p 113 ISBN 9780824832001 2 All existing political parties voluntarily dissolved themselves replaced by a single authorized political body the ultranationalist Imperial Rule Assistance Association Djassi Amado Abel The Uniao Nacional in Cabo Verde 1937 1945 Local Politics in an Imperial Political Party Portuguese Literary amp Cultural Studies 132 The Uniao Nacional was initially founded as a patriotic league tasked with buttressing support for the military regime Upon assuming power in 1932 Salazar reengineered the party to his ideological and political image to stand on the twin pillars of ultranationalism and corporativism Villegas Bernardo M 1 February 1958 The Philippines in 1986 Democratic Reconstruction in the Post Marcos Era Asian Survey 27 2 194 205 doi 10 2307 2644614 ISSN 0004 4687 JSTOR 2644614 Finally at the extreme right is the reorganized Kilusang Bagong Lipunan KBL under Nicanor Yniguez which remains loyal to Marcos Zelinska Elisabeta 2013 Racism Postcolonialism Europe Liverpool University Press p 42 The Iron Guard was the ultra nationalist anti Semitic fascist movement and political party in Romania Cercel Cosmin 2015 Fascism and Criminal Law Bloomsbury p 112 King Carol II appointed a government from one of the wings of the ultranationalist movement namely the National Christian Party led by Octavian Goga Clark Roland 2019 From Elite Pamphleteers to Social Movement Protagonists Antisemitic Activism in 1920s Romania Studies on National Movements 4 4 doi 10 21825 snm 85386 S2CID 197814926 Party Development and Democratic Change in Post Communist Europe 2001 p 169 Romania also witnessed cooperation between the ex Communist PDSR and the ultra nationalist National Unity Party Coleman Edmond 2014 Sexuality and Gender in Postcommunist Eastern Europe and Russia Taylor amp Francis p 63 the ultranationalist Greater Romania Party Rwanda CovertAction Quarterly 51 54 12 1994 The CDR is an ultranationalist Hutu party Ford Peter 2018 Serbian Radical Party surge may complicate reform Christian Science Monitor Retrieved 17 December 2018 Warlord s party hopeful of winning seats edition cnn com CNN 24 December 2020 Zeljko Raznatovic britannica com Britannica 12 January 2024 Wiesinger Barbara December 2008 The Continuing Presence of the Extreme Right in Post Milosevic Serbia Balkanologie 11 1 2 doi 10 4000 balkanologie 1363 The Far Right Parties Keeping The Serbian President In Check Over Ukraine Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty 5 June 2022 Mladic on his way to UN war crimes tribunal France 24 31 May 2011 Retrieved 19 June 2021 Serbia s pro EU populists win vote initial projections show AP NEWS 24 April 2016 Retrieved 19 June 2021 Armakolas Ioannis Maksimovic Maja May 2013 The Beginning of the End for the Kosovo Problem The Agreement on Normalisation of Relations between Belgrade and Pristina and its Aftermath PDF ETH Zurich Retrieved 19 June 2021 Serbian Ultranationalists Making Mark Despite Failure At The Ballot Box RFE RL 12 March 2018 Digitalni sovinizam na Fejsbuku Dani srpskih nacionalistickih mrmota voice org rs in Serbian VOICE 15 March 2020 Genocide and Fascism Taylor amp Francis 2008 p 244 The SLS was an ultranationalist socially conservative strongly anticommunist and anti Semitic albeit in the rather conventional anti Jewish Bolshevik form Catholic political movement Not Even a Prosperous Slovakia Is Immune to Doubts About the E U New York Times 17 December 2016 Slovakia risks becoming another Hungary style EU spoiler How should the West respond Atlantic Council 23 December 2022 Krabill Ron 2010 Starring Mandela and Cosby Media and the End s of Apartheid University of Chicago Press p 51 이범석 Lee Bum Suk Naver Knowledge Encyclopedia in Korean Retrieved 17 May 2019 The Extreme Right in Spain Surviving in the Shadow of Franco PDF core ac uk Hedda Samdahl Weltz 2014 Burris Gregory 2007 Taming the Gray Wolf Indiana University p 10 Turkes reorganized the CKMP with an ultranationalist agenda Four candidates officially running in Turkey s 2023 presidential elections Balkan Insights in Turkish 28 March 2023 Retrieved 16 May 2023 Four candidates officially running in Turkey s 2023 presidential elections Duvar English in Turkish 28 March 2023 Retrieved 16 May 2023 Gocek Fatma Muge 2015 Denial of Violence Ottoman Past Turkish Present and Collective Violence Against the Armenians 1789 2009 Oxford University Press p 402 ISBN 978 0 19 933420 9 Profile Ukraine s ultra nationalist Right Sector BBC 28 April 2014 Retrieved 1 March 2015 Nordsieck Wolfram 2014 Ukraine Parties and Elections in Europe Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 Retrieved 6 September 2018 Far Right Leader To Advise Ukraine Army Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty 6 April 2015 Retrieved 22 May 2022 Kuromiya Hiroaki 2022 Stalin Japan and the Struggle for Supremacy Over China 1894 1945 Taylor amp Francis Blue Shirt society an ultranationalist secret society Campani Giovanna 2016 Understanding the Populist Shift Taylor amp Francis p 10 Neiberg Michael 2004 Warfare amp Society in Europe Routledge p 96 Several ultra nationalist groups such as Action francaise and the veterans group Croix de Feu Nilsson Per Erik 2017 Unveiling the French Republic National Identity Secularism and Islam in Contemporary France Brill p 70 Ultra nationalist groups and parties like the Bloc identitaire Kumar M 2020 Historical And Political Economy Of Education In India Sankalp Publication p 323 RSS was itself an ultra nationalist organization Haleem Irm 2011 The Essence of Islamist Extremism Taylor amp Francis p 213 Fionna Ulla ed 2015 Watching the Indonesian Elections 2014 ISEAS Publishing p 106 ISBN 9789814620833 Prabowo has accepted support from and declared his willingness to work with such organizations as the notorious radical Islamic group Front Pembela Islam Defenders of Islam Front and the ultra nationalist Pemuda Pancasila The German Side of the War in the Middle East 1939 1942 Stanford University 1962 p 41 the notorious Golden Square four young ultra nationalist colonels Israeli human rights groups alarmed by Zionist video attack Sydney Morning Herald 1 January 2016 An ultra nationalist Israeli group has published a video accusing the heads of four of Israel s leading human rights organisations of being foreign agents funded by Europe and supporting Palestinians involved in terrorism The widely viewed 68 second video made by radical Zionist group Im Tirtzu Jerusalem Jewish group on anti Arab patrol BBC 9 February 2016 an ultra nationalist Jewish group called Lehava has been organising patrols aimed at stopping Jewish Israelis from even talking to Arabs Pedahzur Ami 2013 The Israeli Response to Jewish Extremism and Violence Manchester University Press Of the movements associated with ultranationalist right wing notions the Etzel and the Lehi were the most noteworthy in their use of violence and terrorism Sprinzak Ehud 1991 The Ascendance of Israel s Radical Right OUP p 23 It was the ultranationalist wing of Revisionism and was articulated by organizations such as Brit Habirionim and Lehi O Connor Eimear 2009 Sean Keating in Context Responses to Culture and Politics in Post civil War Ireland Carysfort Press p 36 ISBN 978 1904505419 The dark side of Italian politics Italy s swing to the right could see a more extremist agenda CNBC 1 March 2018 Nippon Kaigi The ultra nationalistic group trying to restore the might of the Japanese Empire ABC News Online Author Matthew Carney Published 2 December 2015 Retrieved 10 October 2018 Abe s cabinet reshuffle East Asia Forum 14 September 2019 Abe also rewarded right wing politicians who are close to him so called ideological friends who are being increasingly pushed to the forefront of his administration such as LDP Executive Acting Secretary General Koichi Hagiuda who was appointed Education Minister As a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi Japan Conference which seeks to promote patriotic education he can be considered reliable as the government s policy leader on national education Japanese minister becomes first in two years to visit Tokyo s controversial Yasukuni Shrine South China Morning Post 17 October 2019 Retrieved 5 June 2020 Eto is serving in his first cabinet position and is a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi organisation whose aims are to revise the national consciousness surrounding the prosecution of Japan s war criminals and to change the nation s pacifist constitution implemented after the war The group also promotes patriotic education Kolmas Michal ed 2019 National Identity and Japanese Revisionism Routledge ISBN 9781351334396 and foreign policy are rightwing revisionists organized in groups such as the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi Dessi Ugo ed 2013 Japanese Religions and Globalization Routledge p 146 ISBN 9780415811705 Japan combats rise in hate speech Al Jazeera 30 November 2015 Retrieved 5 June 2020 and many don t speak Korean or have ties to Korea Even so ultranationalist groups like Zaitokukai have singled them out and used Japan s very liberal protection of speech to harass intimidate and silence Zainichi with noisy street protests and attacks online often anonymously Head of anti foreigner group Zaitokukai to step down Japan Times 30 November 2015 Retrieved 5 June 2020 The longtime chairman of the ultranationalist group Zaitokukai has announced he will step down and even give up his membership in the group saying the move will eventually bolster the organization s influence Zaman Dina 23 June 2012 Is there a need for more interfaith dialogue in Malaysia Part 1 newmandala org Retrieved 26 April 2021 Perkasa an all Malay ultranationalist group ready to crusade against ungrateful Christians La nueva ultraderecha latinoamericana 1992 2018 The New Latin American Far right 1992 2018 Marxismo Critico in Spanish 26 June 2018 Flores Gonzalez Gustavo Jose June 2015 The reasons for the sinarquista The organization and ideology of the National Union Synarchists Culturales 3 1 49 76 ISSN 1870 1191 Nilsen Marte 12 March 2015 Buddhist nationalism threatens Myanmar s democratic transition East Asia Forum Retrieved 28 May 2021 Buddhist Authorities Ban Myanmar s Ultranationalist Ma Ba Tha Group Radio Free Asia 23 May 2017 Retrieved 28 May 2021 Brawling Myanmar Monks Show Buddhist Nationalists Backing Coup Bloomberg News 10 March 2021 Retrieved 28 May 2021 The Palestinian Islamic Jihad s US Cell PDF Foreign Policy Research Institute December 2009 a central feature of the PIJ platform combines Islamic fanaticism and extreme nationalism מילון ארגוני טרור Shabak בהשפעת הענף המצרי הוקם בעזה בשנת 1981 הג האד האסלאמי בפלסטין המשלב אידיאולוגיה לאומית קיצונית עם התפיסות האסלאמיות השמדת מדינת ישראל והחלפתה במדינה פלסטינית אסלאמית שתוקם על כל שטחי פלסטין Transformations in Central Europe between 1989 and 2012 Geopolitical Cultural and Socioeconomic Shifts Tomas Kavaliauskas Lexington Books 2012 ISBN 9780739174111 Chapter 4 page 60 The Place of Artists Cinema Space Site and Screen Maeve Connolly Intellect Books 2009 Page 122 ISBN 9781841503295 Igor Girkin the Russian military commander found guilty of downing MH17 was arrested in Moscow Here s what we know ABC 21 July 2023 they created the Club of Angry Patriots an ultranationalist group that live streamed their criticism of Russia s political and military leadership Russian ultranationalist bikers The Night Wolves to descend on Berlin for WWII rally IBT 30 April 2016 Pamuk Humeyra U S Designates Russian Ultra Nationalist Group as Terrorist Organization US News Retrieved 9 October 2020 Porter Tom Russia could strike back at the West by calling on its network of white supremacist groups to commit terror attacks there analysts warn Business Insider Retrieved 8 June 2022 Kang Jun man 13 November 2006 한국 현대사 산책 1940년대편 1 8 15 해방에서 6 25 전야까지 개정판 A Walk Through Modern Korean History 1940s Vol 1 From the 15 August Liberation until the Eve of the Korean War Revised Edition in Korean 인물과사상사 p 326 ISBN 978 89 5906 044 3 archived from the original on 15 December 2023 retrieved 15 May 2023 Beech Hannah 1 July 2013 When Buddhists go Bad Time New Zealand Edition 182 1 19 SCF 9 October 2018 Germany seeks to ban ultranationalist Turkish Grey Wolves symbols Stockholm Center for Freedom Retrieved 3 May 2021 van Wilgenburg Wladimir 14 February 2019 Austria bans symbols of PKK Turkish Grey Wolves and Muslim Brotherhood www kurdistan24 net Retrieved 3 May 2021 Selcen Aydin 5 September 2020 Far right group attempts to attack Grup Yorum member Gokceks grave to burn his body Duvar English Retrieved 3 May 2021 Turkish ultranationalist militant organization threatens HDP member with death 31 August 2023 The Azov Battalion Extremists defending Mariupol DW 03 16 2022 Ultra nationalist Ukrainian battalion gears up for more fighting Reuters 25 March 2015 Profile Who are Ukraine s far right Azov regiment Alessio Dominic Meredith Kristen 2014 Blackshirts for the Twenty First Century Fascism and the English Defence League Social Identities 20 1 104 118 doi 10 1080 13504630 2013 843058 S2CID 143518291 The Scottish National Party at 80 BBC News 11 April 2014 Combs Cynthia 2022 Terrorism in the Twenty First Century Taylor amp Francis The Proud Boys are an ultranationalist organization active in the United States THE MOST NOTORIOUS NEO FASCIST HATE GROUP IN TEXAS CAN T CATCH A BREAK Texas Observer 2 November 2022 As much as 10 percent of the white supremacist ultranationalist Patriot Front including its leader Thomas Rousseau are currently facing civil or criminal cases Tempest Rone 21 June 1985 Massacre That Woke Everybody Up Helped Bring Truce in Sri Lanka Los Angeles Times Retrieved 27 December 2023 Crossette Barbara 19 May 1985 SRI LANKA RAID LEAVES GRIEF AND NEW FEAR The New York Times Retrieved 27 December 2023 a b Davison Joan January 2006 The Politics of Hate Ultranationalist and Fundamentalist Tactics and Goals Journal of Hate Studies 5 37 61 doi 10 33972 jhs 41 Retrieved 27 December 2023 a b Smith Helena 11 January 2021 It s incredible why do two convicted Greek neo Nazis remain at large The Guardian Retrieved 2 January 2024 a b Charlton Joseph 18 September 2013 Greek anti fascist rapper murdered by neo Nazi Golden Dawn The Independent Retrieved 2 January 2024 a b Samaras Georgios 26 November 2020 The end of Golden Dawn has Greece shown us how to deal with neo Nazis The Conversation Retrieved 2 January 2024 McCarthy Todd 27 July 1997 Air Force One Variety Archived from the original on 1 September 2012 Retrieved 22 June 2023 Hay Carla 30 January 2020 Review Incitement CultureMixOnline com Retrieved 23 June 2023 Modern Warfare 3 hits the 1bn mark in record time The Guardian 13 December 2011 Retrieved 21 August 2023 Russia s Ultra Nationalism False Flag Op Call Of Duty Predicted It 10 Years Ago Outlook 5 March 2022 Retrieved 21 August 2023 China s Pursuit of a New World Media Order PDF Reporters Without Borders 29 November 2018 Retrieved 24 June 2022 Global Times is an ultra nationalist tabloid established by People s Daily in 1993 to comment on international news External links edit nbsp Media related to Ultranationalism at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ultranationalism amp oldid 1223432498, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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