fbpx
Wikipedia

Revenge

February 20, 2023

"Retaliation" and "Retaliate" redirect here. For retaliation in a work environment, see Workplace retaliation. For other uses, see Retaliation (disambiguation) and Revenge (disambiguation).

Revenge is committing a harmful action against a person or group in response to a grievance, be it real[1] or perceived.[2] Primitive justice or retributive justice is often differentiated from more formal and refined forms of justice such as distributive justice and divine judgment.

Justice and Divine Vengeance Pursuing Crime by Pierre-Paul Prud'hon, c. 1805–1808

Function in society

 
Engraving by Gustave Doré illustrating the Erinyes, chthonic deities of vengeance and death
 
Shakespeare's Hamlet tells a history in which a man avenged the murder of his father by killing his uncle[3] (Artist: Gustave Moreau)

Social psychologist Ian Mckee states that the desire for the sustenance of power motivates vengeful behavior as a means of impression management: "People who are more vengeful tend to be those who are motivated by power, by authority and by the desire for status. They don't want to lose face".[4][5]

Vengeful behavior has been found across a majority of human societies.[6] Some societies encourage vengeful behavior, which is called a feud.[7] These societies usually regard the honor of individuals and groups as of central importance. Thus, while protecting of their reputation an avenger feels as if they restore the previous state of dignity and justice. According to Michael Ignatieff, "Revenge is a profound moral desire to keep faith with the dead, to honor their memory by taking up their cause where they left off".[8] Thus, honor may become a heritage that passes from generation to generation. Whenever it is compromised, the affected family or community members might feel compelled to retaliate against an offender to restore the initial "balance of honor" that preceded the perceived injury. This cycle of honor might expand by bringing the family members and then the entire community of the new victim into the brand-new cycle of revenge that may pervade generations.[9]

History

 
German announcement of killing 2300 civilians in Kragujevac massacre as retaliation for 10 killed German soldiers. Nazi-occupied Serbia, 1941

Francis Bacon described revenge as a kind of "wild justice" that "does [..]. offend the law [and] putteth the law out of office."[10]

Feuds are cycles of provocation and retaliation, fueled by a desire for revenge and carried out over long periods of time by familial or tribal groups. They were an important part of many pre-industrial societies, especially in the Mediterranean region. They still persist in some areas, notably in Albania with its tradition of gjakmarrja or "blood feuds".[11]

Blood feuds are still practised in many parts of the world, including Kurdish regions of Turkey and in Papua New Guinea.[12][13]

In Japan, honouring one's family, clan, or lord through the practice of revenge killings is called "katakiuchi" (敵討ち). These killings could also involve the relatives of an offender. Today, katakiuchi is most often pursued by peaceful means, but revenge remains an important part of Japanese culture.[14]

Social psychology

For broader coverage of this topic in Organizational Psychology, see Workplace revenge.

Philosophers tend to believe that to punish and to take revenge are vastly different activities:[15] "One who undertakes to punish rationally does not do so for the sake of the wrongdoing, which is now in the past - but for the sake of the future, that the wrongdoing shall not be repeated, either by him, or by others who see him, or by others who see him punished".[16] Whereas, to seek revenge is motivated by a yearning to see a transgressor suffer; revenge is necessarily preceded by anger, whereas punishment doesn't have to be.[17]

Indeed, Kaiser, Vick, & Major point out the following: "An important psychological implication of the various efforts to define revenge is that there is no objective standard for declaring an act to be motivated by revenge or not. Revenge is a label that is ascribed based on perceivers’ attributions for the act. Revenge is an inference, regardless of whether the individuals making the inference are the harmdoers themselves, the injured parties, or outsiders. Because revenge is an inference, various individuals can disagree on whether the same action is revenge or not."[17]

Belief in a just-world hypothesis is also associated with revenge: in particular, having strong experiences or challenges against beliefs in a just-world, can increase distress and motivate individuals to seek revenge, as a means of justice restoration.[18]

A growing body of research reveals that a vengeful disposition is related to adverse health outcomes: strong desires for revenge and greater willingness to act on these desires have been associated with post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and psychiatric morbidity.[19]

Proverbs

The popular expression "revenge is a dish best served cold" suggests that revenge is more satisfying if enacted when unexpected or long feared, inverting traditional civilized[clarification needed] revulsion toward "cold-blooded" violence.[20]

The idea's origin is obscure. The French diplomat Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (1754–1838) has been credited with the saying, "La vengeance est un met que l'on doit manger froid" ["Revenge is a dish that must be eaten cold"], albeit without supporting detail.[21] It has been in the English language at least since the 1846 translation of the 1845 French novel Mathilde by Joseph Marie Eugène Sue: "la vengeance se mange très bien froide",[22] there italicized as if quoting a proverbial saying, and translated "revenge is very good eaten cold".[23] It has been wrongly credited[24] to the novel Les Liaisons Dangereuses (1782).

The phrase has also been credited to the Pashtuns of Afghanistan.[25]

A Japanese proverb states, "If you want revenge, then dig two graves". This reference is frequently misunderstood by Western audiences however, the Japanese reader understands this proverb to mean that the attacker is so dedicated to killing their enemy, that living is less important than the killing of their enemy.[26]

In art

 
Igagoe buyuden. This is an episode from a popular story of revenge – how the son of a murdered samurai tracked the killer over all Japan.

Revenge is a popular subject across many forms of art. Some examples include the painting Herodias' Revenge by Juan de Flandes and the operas Don Giovanni and The Marriage of Figaro, both by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. In Japanese art, revenge is a theme in various woodblock prints depicting the forty-seven rōnin by many well-known and influential artists, including Utagawa Kuniyoshi. The Chinese playwright Ji Junxiang used revenge as the central theme in his theatrical work The Orphan of Zhao;[27] it depicts more specifically familial revenge, which is placed in the context of Confucian morality and social hierarchical structure.[28]

In literature

Revenge has been a popular literary theme historically and continues to play a role in contemporary works.[29] Examples of literature that feature revenge as a theme include the plays Hamlet and Othello by William Shakespeare, the novel The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, and the short story "The Cask of Amontillado" by Edgar Allan Poe. More modern examples include the novels Carrie by Stephen King, Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn, and The Princess Bride by William Goldman. Although revenge is a theme in itself, it is also considered to be a genre.[30]

Revenge as a genre has been consistent with a variety of themes that have frequently appeared in different texts over the last few centuries. Such themes include but are not limited to: disguise, masking, sex, cannibalism, the grotesque, bodily fluids, power, violent murders, and secrecy.[31] Each theme is usually coupled with the concept of dramatic irony. Dramatic irony is a literary device in which the audience possesses knowledge unavailable to characters in a novel, play, or film.[32] Its purpose is to intensify the tragic events that are going to unfold by creating tension between the audience and the actions of the characters.[32]

The most common theme within the genre of revenge is the recurring violent murders that take place throughout the text, especially in the final act or scene. The root of the violence is usually derived from the characters' childhood development.[33]

The themes of masking and disguise have the ability to go hand in hand with one another. A character may employ disguise literally or metaphorically. A mask is the literal example of this theme; while pretending to be something one is not is considered to be the metaphoric example. Additional themes that may cause the protagonist and antagonist to develop a masked or disguised identity include sex, power, and even cannibalism. Examples of sex and power being used as themes can be seen in the novel Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn, as well as the already mentioned drama, Titus Andronicus.[34]

On the Internet

The emergence of the Internet has provided new ways of exacting revenge.[35] Customer revenge targets businesses and corporations with the intent to cause damage or harm.[36] In general, people tend to place more credence in online reviews rather than corporate communications.[35] With technology becoming more readily available, corporations and firms are more likely to experience damage caused by negative reviews posted online going viral. Recent studies indicate this type of consumer rage is becoming more common, especially in Western societies.[37]

The rise of social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube act as public platforms for exacting new forms of revenge.[35] Revenge porn involves the public dissemination of intimate pictures and videos of another person's sexual activity out of motives for revenge with the intent of creating widespread shame.[38] Participation in online revenge porn activities incites a sense of pleasure through the harm being caused. The allowance of anonymity on revenge porn sites encourages further incivility by empowering and encouraging this type of behavior.[39] In many instances, the original poster provides the victim's personal information, including links to social media accounts.[38] Online revenge porn's origins can be traced to 2010 when Hunter Moore created the first site, IsAnyoneUp, to share photos of his nude girlfriend.[39]

In animals

Humans are not the only species known to take revenge. There are several species such as camels, elephants, fish, lions,[40] coots,[41] crows, and many species of primates (chimpanzees, macaques, baboons, etc.) that have been recognized to seek revenge. Primatologists Frans de Waal and Lesleigh Luttrellave conducted numerous studies that provide evidence of revenge in many species of primates. They observed chimpanzees and noticed patterns of revenge. For example, if chimpanzee A helped chimpanzee B defeat his opponent, chimpanzee C, then chimpanzee C would be more likely to help chimpanzee A's opponent in a later squabble. Chimpanzees are one of the most common species that show revenge due to their desire for dominance. Studies have also been performed on less cognitive species such as fish to demonstrate that not only intellectual animals execute revenge.[42]

See also

References

  1. ^ Daladier, Edouard (1995). Daladier, Jean (ed.). "Prison Journal, 1940-1945". Westview Press, 1995: 63 – via ISBN 0813319056, 9780813319056. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ . Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
  3. ^ The Killing Scene: Hamlet 5.2.303–309.
  4. ^ Michael Price (June 2009). Revenge and the people who seek it. Vol. 40. apa.org. p. Print version: page 34. from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  5. ^ Ian McKee, PhD. 2008. Social Justice Research (Vol. 138, No. 2)
  6. ^ Ericksen, Karen Paige; Horton, Heather (1992). ""Blood Feuds": Cross-Cultural Variations in Kin Group Vengeance". Behavior Science Research. 26 (1–4): 57–85. doi:10.1177/106939719202600103. S2CID 144360011.
  7. ^ Richard, McClelland (Summer 2010). "The Pleasures of Revenge". The Journal of Mind and Behavior. 31 (3/4): 196. JSTOR 43854277.
  8. ^ Brandon Hamber and Richard A. Wilson, Symbolic Closure through Memory, Reparation and Revenge in Post-conflict Societies (Johannesburg: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, 1999).
  9. ^ Helena Yakovlev-Golani (2012). "Revenge - the Volcano of Despair: The Story of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict". Exploring the Facets of Revenge. p. 83. from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2013-05-18.
  10. ^ "Sir Francis Bacon "On Revenge"". rjgeib.com. from the original on 2012-10-08. Retrieved 2012-10-08.
  11. ^ "Peacemaker breaks the ancient grip of Albania's blood feuds 2016-11-23 at the Wayback Machine". The Christian Science Monitor June 24, 2008
  12. ^ "Blood feuds and gun violence plague Turkey's southeast 2019-11-29 at the Wayback Machine". Reuters. May 5, 2009
  13. ^ "Deadly twist to PNG's tribal feuds 2008-12-18 at the Wayback Machine". BBC News. August 25, 2005
  14. ^ Mills, D. E. (1976). "Kataki-Uchi: The Practice of Blood-Revenge in Pre-Modern Japan". Modern Asian Studies. 10 (4): 525–542. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00014943. S2CID 145215338.
  15. ^ Flew, Antony (1954). "The Justification of Punishment". Philosophy. 29 (111): 291–307. doi:10.1017/S0031819100067152. JSTOR 3748210. S2CID 144047901.
  16. ^ Plato. Protagoras. p. 324. from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
  17. ^ a b Schumann, Karina (2010). "The Benefits, Costs, and Paradox of Revenge". Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 4 (12): 1193. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00322.x.
  18. ^ Kaiser, Cheryl (2004). "A Prospective Investigation of the Relationship Between Just-World Beliefs and the Desire for Revenge After September 11, 2001" (PDF). Psychological Science. 15 (7): 503–506. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00709.x. PMID 15200637. S2CID 34309813. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  19. ^ Cardozo, Barbara (2000). "Mental health, social functioning, and attitudes of Kosovar Albanians following the war in Kosovo" (PDF). JAMA. 16 (5): 569–77. doi:10.1001/jama.284.5.569. PMID 10918702. (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  20. ^ Jennifer Speake, ed. (2008). Concise Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs, 5th Ed. Oxford University Press. p. 576. ISBN 9780191580017. from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  21. ^ Le Dictionnaire Marabout des pensées des auteurs du monde entier. Verviers: Gérard & Co. 1969.
  22. ^ Eugène Sue (1845). Mathilde: mémoires d'une jeune femme. Welter. p. 148. from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
  23. ^ Marie Joseph Eugène Sue (1846). The orphan; or, Memoirs of Matilda, tr. [from Mathilde] by the hon. D.G. Osborne. p. 303.
  24. ^ "The meaning and origin of the expression: Revenge is a dish best served cold". from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  25. ^ Fergusson, James (2011). Taliban: The Unknown Enemy. Da Capo Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-306-82034-2.
  26. ^ Mieder, Wolfgang (1992). A Dictionary of American Proverbs. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 430. ISBN 9780195053999. from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
  27. ^ Liu, Wu-Chi (1953). "The Original Orphan of China". Comparative Literature. 5 (3): 193–212. doi:10.2307/1768912. JSTOR 1768912.
  28. ^ Shi, Fei (2009). "Tragic Ways of Killing a Child: Staging Violence and Revenge in Classical Greek and Chinese Drama". In Constantinidis, Stratos E. (ed.). Text & presentation, 2008. Jefferson: McFarland. p. 175. ISBN 9780786443666.
  29. ^ C. Armstrong, W. Bright, Collitz, Marden, Edward, James, Hermann, C. Carroll (1911). "MLN, Volume 26". MLN. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1911. 26: 115–116.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Marguerite, Tassi (September 22, 2012). "Women and Revenge in Shakespeare: Gender, Genre, and Ethics". Renaissance Quarterly.
  31. ^ Grobbink, Leonie (July 2015). "Revenge: An Analysis of Its Psychological Underpinnings". International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology. 59 (8): 892–907. doi:10.1177/0306624X13519963. PMID 24441031. S2CID 220490026.
  32. ^ a b Rholetter, Wylene (January 2015). "Dramatic Irony". Research Starters. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Literature.
  33. ^ Bloom, Sandra (2001). "Reflections on the Desire for Revenge". Center for Nonviolence and Social Justice. Journal of Emotional Abuse. from the original on 2015-12-09. Retrieved 2015-12-12.
  34. ^ Willbern, David. "Rape and Revenge in "Titus Andronicus"". English Literary Renaissance. 8.
  35. ^ a b c Obeidat, Zaid. "Consumer Revenge Using the Internet and Social Media: An Examination of the Role of Service Failure Types and Cognitive Appraisal Processes". Psychology & Marketing.
  36. ^ Grégoire, Yany. "A comprehensive model of customer direct and indirect revenge: understanding the effects of perceived greed and customer power". Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science.
  37. ^ Grégoire, Yany. "How can firms stop customer revenge? The effects of direct and indirect revenge on post-complaint responses". Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science.
  38. ^ a b Langlois, G.; Slane, A. (2017). "Economies of reputation: the case of revenge porn". Communication & Critical/Cultural Studies. 14 (2): 120–138. doi:10.1080/14791420.2016.1273534. S2CID 151732727.
  39. ^ a b Stroud, S. R. (2014). "The Dark Side of the Online Self: A Pragmatist Critique of the Growing Plague of Revenge Porn". Journal of Mass Media Ethics. 29 (3): 168–183. doi:10.1080/08900523.2014.917976. S2CID 143979919.
  40. ^ Mills, M. G. L. (1991). "Conservation management of large carnivores in Africa". Koedoe. 34 (1): 81–90. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v34i1.417.
  41. ^ Horsfall, J.A. (1984). "Brood reduction and brood division in coots". Animal Behaviour. 32: 216–225. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80340-1. S2CID 53152664. from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2020-02-04.
  42. ^ McCullough, Michael (2008). Beyond Revenge : The Evolution of the Forgiveness Instinct. Jossey-Bass. pp. 79–85. ISBN 9780787977566.

Further reading

External links

  Media related to Revenge at Wikimedia Commons

 
Look up revenge in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Avenger of Blood".
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Revenge.

February 20, 2023
revenge, retaliation, retaliate, redirect, here, retaliation, work, environment, workplace, retaliation, other, uses, retaliation, disambiguation, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, . Retaliation and Retaliate redirect here For retaliation in a work environment see Workplace retaliation For other uses see Retaliation disambiguation and Revenge disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Revenge news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Revenge is committing a harmful action against a person or group in response to a grievance be it real 1 or perceived 2 Primitive justice or retributive justice is often differentiated from more formal and refined forms of justice such as distributive justice and divine judgment Justice and Divine Vengeance Pursuing Crime by Pierre Paul Prud hon c 1805 1808 Contents 1 Function in society 2 History 3 Social psychology 4 Proverbs 5 In art 6 In literature 7 On the Internet 8 In animals 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksFunction in society Edit Engraving by Gustave Dore illustrating the Erinyes chthonic deities of vengeance and death Shakespeare s Hamlet tells a history in which a man avenged the murder of his father by killing his uncle 3 Artist Gustave Moreau Social psychologist Ian Mckee states that the desire for the sustenance of power motivates vengeful behavior as a means of impression management People who are more vengeful tend to be those who are motivated by power by authority and by the desire for status They don t want to lose face 4 5 Vengeful behavior has been found across a majority of human societies 6 Some societies encourage vengeful behavior which is called a feud 7 These societies usually regard the honor of individuals and groups as of central importance Thus while protecting of their reputation an avenger feels as if they restore the previous state of dignity and justice According to Michael Ignatieff Revenge is a profound moral desire to keep faith with the dead to honor their memory by taking up their cause where they left off 8 Thus honor may become a heritage that passes from generation to generation Whenever it is compromised the affected family or community members might feel compelled to retaliate against an offender to restore the initial balance of honor that preceded the perceived injury This cycle of honor might expand by bringing the family members and then the entire community of the new victim into the brand new cycle of revenge that may pervade generations 9 History EditThis section may contain indiscriminate excessive or irrelevant examples Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples See Wikipedia s guide to writing better articles for further suggestions September 2017 German announcement of killing 2300 civilians in Kragujevac massacre as retaliation for 10 killed German soldiers Nazi occupied Serbia 1941 Francis Bacon described revenge as a kind of wild justice that does offend the law and putteth the law out of office 10 Feuds are cycles of provocation and retaliation fueled by a desire for revenge and carried out over long periods of time by familial or tribal groups They were an important part of many pre industrial societies especially in the Mediterranean region They still persist in some areas notably in Albania with its tradition of gjakmarrja or blood feuds 11 Blood feuds are still practised in many parts of the world including Kurdish regions of Turkey and in Papua New Guinea 12 13 In Japan honouring one s family clan or lord through the practice of revenge killings is called katakiuchi 敵討ち These killings could also involve the relatives of an offender Today katakiuchi is most often pursued by peaceful means but revenge remains an important part of Japanese culture 14 Social psychology EditFor broader coverage of this topic in Organizational Psychology see Workplace revenge Philosophers tend to believe that to punish and to take revenge are vastly different activities 15 One who undertakes to punish rationally does not do so for the sake of the wrongdoing which is now in the past but for the sake of the future that the wrongdoing shall not be repeated either by him or by others who see him or by others who see him punished 16 Whereas to seek revenge is motivated by a yearning to see a transgressor suffer revenge is necessarily preceded by anger whereas punishment doesn t have to be 17 Indeed Kaiser Vick amp Major point out the following An important psychological implication of the various efforts to define revenge is that there is no objective standard for declaring an act to be motivated by revenge or not Revenge is a label that is ascribed based on perceivers attributions for the act Revenge is an inference regardless of whether the individuals making the inference are the harmdoers themselves the injured parties or outsiders Because revenge is an inference various individuals can disagree on whether the same action is revenge or not 17 Belief in a just world hypothesis is also associated with revenge in particular having strong experiences or challenges against beliefs in a just world can increase distress and motivate individuals to seek revenge as a means of justice restoration 18 A growing body of research reveals that a vengeful disposition is related to adverse health outcomes strong desires for revenge and greater willingness to act on these desires have been associated with post traumatic stress disorder symptoms and psychiatric morbidity 19 Proverbs EditThe popular expression revenge is a dish best served cold suggests that revenge is more satisfying if enacted when unexpected or long feared inverting traditional civilized clarification needed revulsion toward cold blooded violence 20 The idea s origin is obscure The French diplomat Charles Maurice de Talleyrand Perigord 1754 1838 has been credited with the saying La vengeance est un met que l on doit manger froid Revenge is a dish that must be eaten cold albeit without supporting detail 21 It has been in the English language at least since the 1846 translation of the 1845 French novel Mathilde by Joseph Marie Eugene Sue la vengeance se mange tres bien froide 22 there italicized as if quoting a proverbial saying and translated revenge is very good eaten cold 23 It has been wrongly credited 24 to the novel Les Liaisons Dangereuses 1782 The phrase has also been credited to the Pashtuns of Afghanistan 25 A Japanese proverb states If you want revenge then dig two graves This reference is frequently misunderstood by Western audiences however the Japanese reader understands this proverb to mean that the attacker is so dedicated to killing their enemy that living is less important than the killing of their enemy 26 In art Edit Igagoe buyuden This is an episode from a popular story of revenge how the son of a murdered samurai tracked the killer over all Japan Revenge is a popular subject across many forms of art Some examples include the painting Herodias Revenge by Juan de Flandes and the operas Don Giovanni and The Marriage of Figaro both by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart In Japanese art revenge is a theme in various woodblock prints depicting the forty seven rōnin by many well known and influential artists including Utagawa Kuniyoshi The Chinese playwright Ji Junxiang used revenge as the central theme in his theatrical work The Orphan of Zhao 27 it depicts more specifically familial revenge which is placed in the context of Confucian morality and social hierarchical structure 28 In literature EditThis section is written like a personal reflection personal essay or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor s personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style September 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Revenge has been a popular literary theme historically and continues to play a role in contemporary works 29 Examples of literature that feature revenge as a theme include the plays Hamlet and Othello by William Shakespeare the novel The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas and the short story The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe More modern examples include the novels Carrie by Stephen King Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn and The Princess Bride by William Goldman Although revenge is a theme in itself it is also considered to be a genre 30 Revenge as a genre has been consistent with a variety of themes that have frequently appeared in different texts over the last few centuries Such themes include but are not limited to disguise masking sex cannibalism the grotesque bodily fluids power violent murders and secrecy 31 Each theme is usually coupled with the concept of dramatic irony Dramatic irony is a literary device in which the audience possesses knowledge unavailable to characters in a novel play or film 32 Its purpose is to intensify the tragic events that are going to unfold by creating tension between the audience and the actions of the characters 32 The most common theme within the genre of revenge is the recurring violent murders that take place throughout the text especially in the final act or scene The root of the violence is usually derived from the characters childhood development 33 The themes of masking and disguise have the ability to go hand in hand with one another A character may employ disguise literally or metaphorically A mask is the literal example of this theme while pretending to be something one is not is considered to be the metaphoric example Additional themes that may cause the protagonist and antagonist to develop a masked or disguised identity include sex power and even cannibalism Examples of sex and power being used as themes can be seen in the novel Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn as well as the already mentioned drama Titus Andronicus 34 On the Internet EditThe emergence of the Internet has provided new ways of exacting revenge 35 Customer revenge targets businesses and corporations with the intent to cause damage or harm 36 In general people tend to place more credence in online reviews rather than corporate communications 35 With technology becoming more readily available corporations and firms are more likely to experience damage caused by negative reviews posted online going viral Recent studies indicate this type of consumer rage is becoming more common especially in Western societies 37 The rise of social media sites like Facebook Twitter and YouTube act as public platforms for exacting new forms of revenge 35 Revenge porn involves the public dissemination of intimate pictures and videos of another person s sexual activity out of motives for revenge with the intent of creating widespread shame 38 Participation in online revenge porn activities incites a sense of pleasure through the harm being caused The allowance of anonymity on revenge porn sites encourages further incivility by empowering and encouraging this type of behavior 39 In many instances the original poster provides the victim s personal information including links to social media accounts 38 Online revenge porn s origins can be traced to 2010 when Hunter Moore created the first site IsAnyoneUp to share photos of his nude girlfriend 39 In animals EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message Humans are not the only species known to take revenge There are several species such as camels elephants fish lions 40 coots 41 crows and many species of primates chimpanzees macaques baboons etc that have been recognized to seek revenge Primatologists Frans de Waal and Lesleigh Luttrellave conducted numerous studies that provide evidence of revenge in many species of primates They observed chimpanzees and noticed patterns of revenge For example if chimpanzee A helped chimpanzee B defeat his opponent chimpanzee C then chimpanzee C would be more likely to help chimpanzee A s opponent in a later squabble Chimpanzees are one of the most common species that show revenge due to their desire for dominance Studies have also been performed on less cognitive species such as fish to demonstrate that not only intellectual animals execute revenge 42 See also EditAll pages with titles containing Revenge Crime of passion Cycle of violence Dirty Work 1998 film Divine retribution Eye for an eye Frontier justice Guilt Shame Fear spectrum of cultures Honor killing Just world hypothesis Karma Lawsuit Nemesis mythology Proportionality law Punishment Reprisal Retributive justice Revenge dress Schadenfreude Two wrongs make a right Vengeful ghost Vigilantism WarReferences Edit Daladier Edouard 1995 Daladier Jean ed Prison Journal 1940 1945 Westview Press 1995 63 via ISBN 0813319056 9780813319056 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help revenge Definition of revenge in English by Lexico Dictionaries Lexico Dictionaries English Archived from the original on 2020 11 11 Retrieved 2019 07 11 The Killing Scene Hamlet 5 2 303 309 Michael Price June 2009 Revenge and the people who seek it Vol 40 apa org p Print version page 34 Archived from the original on 20 November 2010 Retrieved 1 October 2010 Ian McKee PhD 2008 Social Justice Research Vol 138 No 2 Ericksen Karen Paige Horton Heather 1992 Blood Feuds Cross Cultural Variations in Kin Group Vengeance Behavior Science Research 26 1 4 57 85 doi 10 1177 106939719202600103 S2CID 144360011 Richard McClelland Summer 2010 The Pleasures of Revenge The Journal of Mind and Behavior 31 3 4 196 JSTOR 43854277 Brandon Hamber and Richard A Wilson Symbolic Closure through Memory Reparation and Revenge in Post conflict Societies Johannesburg Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation 1999 Helena Yakovlev Golani 2012 Revenge the Volcano of Despair The Story of the Israeli Palestinian Conflict Exploring the Facets of Revenge p 83 Archived from the original on 2016 03 05 Retrieved 2013 05 18 Sir Francis Bacon On Revenge rjgeib com Archived from the original on 2012 10 08 Retrieved 2012 10 08 Peacemaker breaks the ancient grip of Albania s blood feuds Archived 2016 11 23 at the Wayback Machine The Christian Science Monitor June 24 2008 Blood feuds and gun violence plague Turkey s southeast Archived 2019 11 29 at the Wayback Machine Reuters May 5 2009 Deadly twist to PNG s tribal feuds Archived 2008 12 18 at the Wayback Machine BBC News August 25 2005 Mills D E 1976 Kataki Uchi The Practice of Blood Revenge in Pre Modern Japan Modern Asian Studies 10 4 525 542 doi 10 1017 S0026749X00014943 S2CID 145215338 Flew Antony 1954 The Justification of Punishment Philosophy 29 111 291 307 doi 10 1017 S0031819100067152 JSTOR 3748210 S2CID 144047901 Plato Protagoras p 324 Archived from the original on 2019 12 17 Retrieved 2019 12 17 a b Schumann Karina 2010 The Benefits Costs and Paradox of Revenge Social and Personality Psychology Compass 4 12 1193 doi 10 1111 j 1751 9004 2010 00322 x Kaiser Cheryl 2004 A Prospective Investigation of the Relationship Between Just World Beliefs and the Desire for Revenge After September 11 2001 PDF Psychological Science 15 7 503 506 doi 10 1111 j 0956 7976 2004 00709 x PMID 15200637 S2CID 34309813 Retrieved 20 December 2019 Cardozo Barbara 2000 Mental health social functioning and attitudes of Kosovar Albanians following the war in Kosovo PDF JAMA 16 5 569 77 doi 10 1001 jama 284 5 569 PMID 10918702 Archived PDF from the original on 30 September 2020 Retrieved 17 December 2019 Jennifer Speake ed 2008 Concise Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs 5th Ed Oxford University Press p 576 ISBN 9780191580017 Archived from the original on 1 January 2014 Retrieved 23 October 2013 Le Dictionnaire Marabout des pensees des auteurs du monde entier Verviers Gerard amp Co 1969 Eugene Sue 1845 Mathilde memoires d une jeune femme Welter p 148 Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 Retrieved 26 December 2012 Marie Joseph Eugene Sue 1846 The orphan or Memoirs of Matilda tr from Mathilde by the hon D G Osborne p 303 The meaning and origin of the expression Revenge is a dish best served cold Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 Retrieved 24 October 2013 Fergusson James 2011 Taliban The Unknown Enemy Da Capo Press p 32 ISBN 978 0 306 82034 2 Mieder Wolfgang 1992 A Dictionary of American Proverbs Oxford University Press USA p 430 ISBN 9780195053999 Archived from the original on 2022 01 25 Retrieved 2020 10 28 Liu Wu Chi 1953 The Original Orphan of China Comparative Literature 5 3 193 212 doi 10 2307 1768912 JSTOR 1768912 Shi Fei 2009 Tragic Ways of Killing a Child Staging Violence and Revenge in Classical Greek and Chinese Drama In Constantinidis Stratos E ed Text amp presentation 2008 Jefferson McFarland p 175 ISBN 9780786443666 C Armstrong W Bright Collitz Marden Edward James Hermann C Carroll 1911 MLN Volume 26 MLN Johns Hopkins University Press 1911 26 115 116 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Marguerite Tassi September 22 2012 Women and Revenge in Shakespeare Gender Genre and Ethics Renaissance Quarterly Grobbink Leonie July 2015 Revenge An Analysis of Its Psychological Underpinnings International Journal of Offender Therapy amp Comparative Criminology 59 8 892 907 doi 10 1177 0306624X13519963 PMID 24441031 S2CID 220490026 a b Rholetter Wylene January 2015 Dramatic Irony Research Starters Salem Press Encyclopedia of Literature Bloom Sandra 2001 Reflections on the Desire for Revenge Center for Nonviolence and Social Justice Journal of Emotional Abuse Archived from the original on 2015 12 09 Retrieved 2015 12 12 Willbern David Rape and Revenge in Titus Andronicus English Literary Renaissance 8 a b c Obeidat Zaid Consumer Revenge Using the Internet and Social Media An Examination of the Role of Service Failure Types and Cognitive Appraisal Processes Psychology amp Marketing Gregoire Yany A comprehensive model of customer direct and indirect revenge understanding the effects of perceived greed and customer power Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science Gregoire Yany How can firms stop customer revenge The effects of direct and indirect revenge on post complaint responses Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science a b Langlois G Slane A 2017 Economies of reputation the case of revenge porn Communication amp Critical Cultural Studies 14 2 120 138 doi 10 1080 14791420 2016 1273534 S2CID 151732727 a b Stroud S R 2014 The Dark Side of the Online Self A Pragmatist Critique of the Growing Plague of Revenge Porn Journal of Mass Media Ethics 29 3 168 183 doi 10 1080 08900523 2014 917976 S2CID 143979919 Mills M G L 1991 Conservation management of large carnivores in Africa Koedoe 34 1 81 90 doi 10 4102 koedoe v34i1 417 Horsfall J A 1984 Brood reduction and brood division in coots Animal Behaviour 32 216 225 doi 10 1016 S0003 3472 84 80340 1 S2CID 53152664 Archived from the original on 2022 01 25 Retrieved 2020 02 04 McCullough Michael 2008 Beyond Revenge The Evolution of the Forgiveness Instinct Jossey Bass pp 79 85 ISBN 9780787977566 Further reading EditRachel Stein 2019 Vengeful Citizens Violent States A Theory of War and Revenge Cambridge University Press External links Edit Media related to Revenge at Wikimedia Commons Look up revenge in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Avenger of Blood Wikiquote has quotations related to Revenge Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Revenge amp oldid 1138995570, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.