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Nationalist terrorism

August 18, 2023

Nationalist terrorism is a form of terrorism motivated by nationalism (often ultranationalism). Nationalist terrorists seek to form self-determination in some form, which may take the form of gaining greater autonomy, establishing a completely independent sovereign state (separatism), or joining another existing sovereign state with which the nationalists identify (irredentism). Nationalist terrorists often oppose what they consider to be occupying, imperial, or otherwise illegitimate powers.

Nationalist terrorism is linked to a national, ethnic, religious, or other identifying group, and the feeling among members of that group that they are oppressed or denied rights, especially rights accorded to others.

As with the concept of terrorism itself, the term "nationalist terrorism" and its application are highly contentious issues. What constitutes an illegitimate regime and what types of violence and war are acceptable against such a state are subjects of debate. Groups described by some as "nationalist terrorists" tend to consider themselves "freedom fighters", engaged in valid but asymmetric warfare.

Other nationalistic terrorism can include violence against immigrants in a country. Nationalists in many countries see immigration as a threat to the prosperity of the local or native population of that country.

List

The following are nationalist groups, which in some circles have been deemed terrorist:

The label of a group as carrying out "nationalist terrorism" does not preclude it being described in other terms:

Northern Ireland

The "Troubles" in Northern Ireland (1968–) is characterised by the competing nationalist claims of the two communities there:

The mainly Roman Catholic Irish republicans or nationalists community, mainly descended from the native Irish inhabitants, identify as Irish and want the six counties of Northern Ireland, currently part of the United Kingdom to leave the UK and unite with the Republic of Ireland. Paramilitary groups associated with this ideology include:

  • Irish Republican Army (1922–62) A split from the "old" IRA that opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty that solidified the partition of Ireland following the Irish War of Independence. Largely ineffective, petered out in the late 1950s and was officially ended in February 1962.
    • Official IRA (1969–72) Although formally on ceasefire, except for "defensive actions", since 1972. The Official IRA continued some attacks on British forces up to mid 1973, killing seven British soldiers in what it termed "retaliatory attacks". No longer an active organization.
    • Irish National Liberation Army (1972–1998). Small Marxist group – a split from the Official IRA. The INLA declared a ceasefire on 22 August 1998.
    • Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) (1969–2005). It is currently on ceasefire and has destroyed most of its weaponry. Ihe Independent Monitoring Commission (IMC), in its latest report, dated April 2006, points out that it has no reason to disbelieve the PIRA or information to suspect that the group has not fully decommissioned. Rather it indicated that any weaponry that had not been handed in had been retained by individuals outside the PIRA's control. It was a splinter group of the Official IRA. Supporters of the PIRA split from Official Sinn Féin to form Provisional Sinn Féin. Provisional Sinn Féin was later known simply as Sinn Féin while 'Official' Sinn Féin eventually became the Democratic Left.
      • Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA) (1986–present). Also known as the "Continuity Army Council" and "Óglaigh na hÉireann (Irish for 'Volunteers of Ireland'). It is not on ceasefire.
      • Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA) (1997–present). Also known as the True IRA and Óglaigh na hÉireann (Irish for Volunteers of Ireland). It is not on ceasefire.

The other community is overwhelmingly Protestant and are known as unionists or loyalists and are largely descended from Scottish and English settlers who arrived in Ulster during the Plantations of Ireland. This community, which forms a slight majority in Northern Ireland, regards itself as essentially British. Paramilitary groups associated with this ideology have received clandestine assistance from the British security forces in the past. Many of their victims have been civilian Catholics with no political connections. These paramilitary groups include:

  • Ulster Volunteer Force (1966–present). Officially on ceasefire, although the Northern Ireland Secretary Peter Hain announced that the British government no longer recognized the UVF ceasefire after serious loyalist rioting in 2005. UVF renounced "violence" and declared it was putting its arms "beyond reach" on 3 May 2007. The Red Hand Commando is a cover name for UVF.
    • Loyalist Volunteer Force (1996–2005). The LVF announced in October 2005 that it was standing down following the IRA's previous standing down and disarmament. The Independent Monitoring Commission confirms that the LVF is keeping its paramilitary ceasefire, is heavily involved in organized crime and drug trafficking.
  • Ulster Defence Association (UDA) (1971–present). Formed as an umbrella organisation of loyalist groups. Legal in the United Kingdom until 1992. Often used the name "Ulster Freedom Fighters" (UFF) when it wished to claim responsibility for attacks. On February 22, 2003, they announced a "complete and utter cessation" of all acts of violence for one year. It said it will review its ceasefire every three months, in February 2006, the Independent Monitoring Commission reported that the UDA continued its paramilitary activities, as well as involvement in organized crime, drug trafficking, counterfeiting, extortion, money laundering and robbery. On 11 November 2007, the UDA formally renounced violence, but a commander said the group would not surrender its weapons to international disarmament officials.
    • Red Hand Defenders (1998–present). Opposes ceasefire.
    • Orange Volunteers (1998–present) The group has not been active since 2000, when they declared a ceasefire. However, in February 2001, the group called off its ceasefire with a "Back to War" statement, but has not been thought to be active since then.

References

  1. ^ Slomp, Hans (2011). Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 744. ISBN 978-0-313-39181-1. Grey Wolves Turkish terrorist group (Bozkurtlar in Turkish), the youth organization of an extreme right party...
  2. ^ . din.gov.kz. Committee for Religious Affairs of The Ministry of Culture and Sport of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Archived from the original on 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2014-10-25. II.
  3. ^ Ali, Kyamal (18 February 2014). . ann.az (in Russian). Azerbaijan News Network. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. В 1995 году Верховный суд ликвидировал регистрацию «Боз Гурд» в связи с названием организации, известной в мире как террористическая.
  4. ^ . Archived from the original on 2009-07-26. Retrieved 2009-02-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ^ Raza, Syed Irfan (10 April 2006). "BLA declared terrorist organisation, banned". DAWN.COM.
  6. ^ Report, Dawn (18 July 2006). "UK declares BLA terrorist organisation". DAWN.COM.
  7. ^ Home Office - Proscribed terrorist groups in the UK 2007-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ EU list of terrorist groups
  9. ^ Canadian listing of terrorist groups 2006-11-19 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ a b Matovic, Violeta, Suicide Bombers Who's Next, Belgrade, The National Counter Terrorism Committee, ISBN 978-86-908309-2-3
  11. ^ Ralph Bunche report on assassination of UN mediator 2008-05-07 at the Wayback Machine 27th Sept 1948, "notorious terrorists long known as the Stern group"
  12. ^ Pope Brewer, Sam. IRGUN BOMB KILLS 11 ARABS, 2 BRITONS. New York Times. December 30, 1947.

August 18, 2023
nationalist, terrorism, this, article, factual, accuracy, disputed, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, help, ensure, that, disputed, statements, reliably, sourced, march, 2008, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, this, article, needs, a. This article s factual accuracy is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced March 2008 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Nationalist terrorism news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2008 Learn how and when to remove this template message Nationalist terrorism is a form of terrorism motivated by nationalism often ultranationalism Nationalist terrorists seek to form self determination in some form which may take the form of gaining greater autonomy establishing a completely independent sovereign state separatism or joining another existing sovereign state with which the nationalists identify irredentism Nationalist terrorists often oppose what they consider to be occupying imperial or otherwise illegitimate powers Nationalist terrorism is linked to a national ethnic religious or other identifying group and the feeling among members of that group that they are oppressed or denied rights especially rights accorded to others As with the concept of terrorism itself the term nationalist terrorism and its application are highly contentious issues What constitutes an illegitimate regime and what types of violence and war are acceptable against such a state are subjects of debate Groups described by some as nationalist terrorists tend to consider themselves freedom fighters engaged in valid but asymmetric warfare Other nationalistic terrorism can include violence against immigrants in a country Nationalists in many countries see immigration as a threat to the prosperity of the local or native population of that country List EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed May 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message The following are nationalist groups which in some circles have been deemed terrorist Grey Wolves 1 2 3 Balochistan Liberation Army BLA 4 5 6 Khalistani groups 7 8 9 ETA EOKA Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan 10 PKK Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia ASALA Front de liberation du Quebec FLQ Provisional Irish Republican Army IRA People s Mujahedin of Iran MKO Tamil Tigers LTTE 10 Ukrainian Insurgent Army UPA Wawelberg Group Lehi 11 Irgun 12 Chetniks Ustashe Palestine Liberation Organization PLO National Bolshevik Front NBF Kosovo Liberation Army UCK The label of a group as carrying out nationalist terrorism does not preclude it being described in other terms Nationalist terrorism may overlap with religiously motivated terrorism so Palestinian nationalist militant terrorist groups are also sometimes Islamic Hamas Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Zionist groups are also sometimes Jewish Kach and Kahane Chai Gush Emunim Underground Nationalist terrorism may also be identified with the left wing for example Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine ETA Shining Path or the right wing AUC Sombra Negra Northern Ireland EditThe Troubles in Northern Ireland 1968 is characterised by the competing nationalist claims of the two communities there The mainly Roman Catholic Irish republicans or nationalists community mainly descended from the native Irish inhabitants identify as Irish and want the six counties of Northern Ireland currently part of the United Kingdom to leave the UK and unite with the Republic of Ireland Paramilitary groups associated with this ideology include Irish Republican Army 1922 62 A split from the old IRA that opposed the Anglo Irish Treaty that solidified the partition of Ireland following the Irish War of Independence Largely ineffective petered out in the late 1950s and was officially ended in February 1962 Official IRA 1969 72 Although formally on ceasefire except for defensive actions since 1972 The Official IRA continued some attacks on British forces up to mid 1973 killing seven British soldiers in what it termed retaliatory attacks No longer an active organization Irish National Liberation Army 1972 1998 Small Marxist group a split from the Official IRA The INLA declared a ceasefire on 22 August 1998 Provisional Irish Republican Army PIRA 1969 2005 It is currently on ceasefire and has destroyed most of its weaponry Ihe Independent Monitoring Commission IMC in its latest report dated April 2006 points out that it has no reason to disbelieve the PIRA or information to suspect that the group has not fully decommissioned Rather it indicated that any weaponry that had not been handed in had been retained by individuals outside the PIRA s control It was a splinter group of the Official IRA Supporters of the PIRA split from Official Sinn Fein to form Provisional Sinn Fein Provisional Sinn Fein was later known simply as Sinn Fein while Official Sinn Fein eventually became the Democratic Left Continuity Irish Republican Army CIRA 1986 present Also known as the Continuity Army Council and oglaigh na hEireann Irish for Volunteers of Ireland It is not on ceasefire Real Irish Republican Army RIRA 1997 present Also known as the True IRA and oglaigh na hEireann Irish for Volunteers of Ireland It is not on ceasefire The other community is overwhelmingly Protestant and are known as unionists or loyalists and are largely descended from Scottish and English settlers who arrived in Ulster during the Plantations of Ireland This community which forms a slight majority in Northern Ireland regards itself as essentially British Paramilitary groups associated with this ideology have received clandestine assistance from the British security forces in the past Many of their victims have been civilian Catholics with no political connections These paramilitary groups include Ulster Volunteer Force 1966 present Officially on ceasefire although the Northern Ireland Secretary Peter Hain announced that the British government no longer recognized the UVF ceasefire after serious loyalist rioting in 2005 UVF renounced violence and declared it was putting its arms beyond reach on 3 May 2007 The Red Hand Commando is a cover name for UVF Loyalist Volunteer Force 1996 2005 The LVF announced in October 2005 that it was standing down following the IRA s previous standing down and disarmament The Independent Monitoring Commission confirms that the LVF is keeping its paramilitary ceasefire is heavily involved in organized crime and drug trafficking Ulster Defence Association UDA 1971 present Formed as an umbrella organisation of loyalist groups Legal in the United Kingdom until 1992 Often used the name Ulster Freedom Fighters UFF when it wished to claim responsibility for attacks On February 22 2003 they announced a complete and utter cessation of all acts of violence for one year It said it will review its ceasefire every three months in February 2006 the Independent Monitoring Commission reported that the UDA continued its paramilitary activities as well as involvement in organized crime drug trafficking counterfeiting extortion money laundering and robbery On 11 November 2007 the UDA formally renounced violence but a commander said the group would not surrender its weapons to international disarmament officials Red Hand Defenders 1998 present Opposes ceasefire Orange Volunteers 1998 present The group has not been active since 2000 when they declared a ceasefire However in February 2001 the group called off its ceasefire with a Back to War statement but has not been thought to be active since then References Edit Slomp Hans 2011 Europe a Political Profile An American Companion to European Politics Volume 1 Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO p 744 ISBN 978 0 313 39181 1 Grey Wolves Turkish terrorist group Bozkurtlar in Turkish the youth organization of an extreme right party The list of prohibited on the territory of the RK foreign organizations din gov kz Committee for Religious Affairs of The Ministry of Culture and Sport of the Republic of Kazakhstan Archived from the original on 2014 10 25 Retrieved 2014 10 25 II Ali Kyamal 18 February 2014 Serye volki sobralis na ohotu ann az in Russian Azerbaijan News Network Archived from the original on 25 October 2014 V 1995 godu Verhovnyj sud likvidiroval registraciyu Boz Gurd v svyazi s nazvaniem organizacii izvestnoj v mire kak terroristicheskaya Archived copy Archived from the original on 2009 07 26 Retrieved 2009 02 16 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Raza Syed Irfan 10 April 2006 BLA declared terrorist organisation banned DAWN COM Report Dawn 18 July 2006 UK declares BLA terrorist organisation DAWN COM Home Office Proscribed terrorist groups in the UK Archived 2007 03 01 at the Wayback Machine EU list of terrorist groups Canadian listing of terrorist groups Archived 2006 11 19 at the Wayback Machine a b Matovic Violeta Suicide Bombers Who s Next Belgrade The National Counter Terrorism Committee ISBN 978 86 908309 2 3 Ralph Bunche report on assassination of UN mediator Archived 2008 05 07 at the Wayback Machine 27th Sept 1948 notorious terrorists long known as the Stern group Pope Brewer Sam IRGUN BOMB KILLS 11 ARABS 2 BRITONS New York Times December 30 1947 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nationalist terrorism amp oldid 1169638243, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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