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Jingoism

January 19, 2024

Further information: Ultranationalism

Jingoism is nationalism in the form of aggressive and proactive foreign policy, such as a country's advocacy for the use of threats or actual force, as opposed to peaceful relations, in efforts to safeguard what it perceives as its national interests.[1] Colloquially, jingoism is excessive bias in judging one's own country as superior to others – an extreme type of nationalism (cf. chauvinism and ultranationalism).

The American War-Dog, a 1916 political cartoon by Oscar Cesare, with the dog named "Jingo"

Etymology edit

The chorus of a song by the songwriter G. W. Hunt, popularized by the singer G. H. MacDermott – which was commonly sung in British pubs and music halls around the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 – gave birth to the term.[2][3][4] The lyrics included this chorus:

We don't want to fight but by Jingo if we do
We've got the ships, we've got the men, we've got the money too
We've fought the Bear before, and while we're Britons true
The Russians shall not have Constantinople!

The capture of Constantinople was a long-standing Russian strategic aim, since it would have given the Russian Navy, based in the Black Sea, unfettered access to the Mediterranean Sea through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (known as the "Turkish Straits"); conversely, the British were determined to block the Russians, in order to protect their own access to India. At the time when the above song was composed and sung, the Russians were nearing their goal, through the Treaty of San Stefano; eventually, the British were able to push the Russians back by means of diplomatic pressure and the threat of war.

The phrase "by Jingo" was a minced oath, scarcely documented in writing, used in place of "by Jesus".

Use of the specific term "jingoism" stems from its coinage by prominent British radical George Holyoake, as a political label, in a letter to the Daily News on 13 March 1878.[5][6][7]

Examples edit

In the 1880s, Henry Hyndman, leader of the Social Democratic Federation, turned against internationalism, and promoted a version of Socialism mixed with nationalism and antisemitism,[8] even to the point of attacking fellow Socialist Eleanor Marx in antisemitic terms, noting that she had "inherited in her nose and mouth the Jewish type from Karl Marx himself". When taking part in the breakaway group which founded the Socialist League, Eleanor Marx wrote polemics in which she characterized Hyndman and his followers as "The Jingo Party".[9]

British artillery major-general Thomas Bland Strange, one of the founders of the Canadian Army and one of the divisional commanders during the 1885 North-West Rebellion, was an eccentric and temperamental soldier who gained the nickname "Jingo Strange" and titled his 1893 autobiography Gunner Jingo's Jubilee.[10][11]

Probably the first uses of the term in the U.S. press occurred in connection with the proposed annexation of Hawaii in 1893, after a coup led by foreign residents, mostly Americans, and assisted by the U.S. minister in Hawaii, overthrew the constitutional monarchy and declared a republic. Republican president Benjamin Harrison and Republicans in the U.S. Senate were frequently accused of jingoism in the Democratic press for supporting annexation.[12]

Theodore Roosevelt was frequently accused of jingoism. In an article on 23 October 1895 in The New York Times, Roosevelt stated, "There is much talk about 'jingoism'. If by 'jingoism' they mean a policy in pursuance of which Americans will with resolution and common sense insist upon our rights being respected by foreign powers, then we are 'jingoes'."[13]

In Homage to Catalonia, George Orwell decries the tactics of political journalists and wishes for introduction of aeroplanes into war in order to finally see "a jingo with a bullet hole in him."[14]

The policy of appeasement toward Hitler led to satirical references to the disappearance of such jingoistic attitudes when facing German aggression. A cartoon by E. H. Shepard titled "The Old-Fashioned Customer" appeared on 28 March 1938 issue of Punch. Set in a record shop, John Bull asks the record seller (Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain): "I wonder if you've got a song I remember about not wanting to fight, but if we do... something, something, something ... we've got the money too?". On the wall is a portrait of Lord Salisbury.[15]

The rhetoric of North Korea has been described as jingoist.[16][17][18]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Catherine Soanes, ed. (2006). Compact Oxford English Dictionary for University and College Students. Oxford: University Press. p. 546.
  2. ^ ""By Jingo": Macdermott's War Song (1878)". Cyberussr.com. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  3. ^ . Davidkidd.net. Archived from the original on 17 September 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  4. ^ Pears, Edwin (1916). Forty Years in Constantinople, The Recollections of Sir Edwin Pears 1873–1915 (1 ed.). London: Herbert Jenkins Limited. p. 27. Retrieved 10 June 2016 – via Internet Archive.
  5. ^ McCarthy, Justin (1881). A History of Our Own Times: From the Accession of Queen Victoria to the General Elections of 1880. Vol. IV. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 473. Retrieved 14 March 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  6. ^ Holyoake, George Jacob (1892). Sixty Years of An Agitator's Life. Vol. II. London: T. Fisher Unwin. pp. 216–218. Retrieved 14 March 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  7. ^ Ceadel, Martin (2000). Semi-detached Idealists: The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1854–1945. Oxford University Press. p. 105. ISBN 0-19-924117-1.
  8. ^ Virdee, Satnam (8 August 2017). "Socialist antisemitism and its discontents in England, 1884–98". Patterns of Prejudice. 51 (3–4): 356–373. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2017.1335029.  (page 363)
  9. ^ Eleanor Marx letter to Wilhelm Liebknecht, 1 January 1885, quoted in Holmes, Rachel (2014). Eleanor Marx - A Life. London: Bloomsbury. p. 223.
  10. ^ Strange, Thomas Bland (1893). Gunner Jingo's Jubilee. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ Macleod, R.C. (1988). "Thomas Bland Strange". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (new edition with an introduction by R.C. Macleod ed.). Edmonton.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ Kansas City Times, 14 February 1893, p. 4 editorial: "Jingoism pure and simple."
  13. ^ "For An Honest Election" (PDF). The New York Times. 23 October 1895. Retrieved 30 September 2012. The reference is found halfway down the article.
  14. ^ Orwell, George (1938). Homage to Catalonia.
  15. ^ Charmley, John (1999). Chamberlain and the Lost Peace. Ivan R. Dee. p. 61. ISBN 9781461720928.
  16. ^ "North Korea scales down jingoism on 70th birthday". DW. 9 September 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  17. ^ "The strategic incoherence of copying North Korea". Orange County Register. 16 June 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  18. ^ Lee, Chung Min (13 May 2020). "A Peninsula of Paradoxes: South Korean Public Opinion on Unification and Outside Powers". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 23 August 2022.

External links edit

  •   Quotations related to Jingoism at Wikiquote
  •   The dictionary definition of jingoism at Wiktionary
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Jingo" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • MacDermott song
  • MacDermott song lyrics
  • The song, We Didn't Want To Fight - Sung by Stanley Kirkby

January 19, 2024
jingoism, further, information, ultranationalism, nationalism, form, aggressive, proactive, foreign, policy, such, country, advocacy, threats, actual, force, opposed, peaceful, relations, efforts, safeguard, what, perceives, national, interests, colloquially, . Further information Ultranationalism Jingoism is nationalism in the form of aggressive and proactive foreign policy such as a country s advocacy for the use of threats or actual force as opposed to peaceful relations in efforts to safeguard what it perceives as its national interests 1 Colloquially jingoism is excessive bias in judging one s own country as superior to others an extreme type of nationalism cf chauvinism and ultranationalism The American War Dog a 1916 political cartoon by Oscar Cesare with the dog named Jingo Contents 1 Etymology 2 Examples 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksEtymology editThe chorus of a song by the songwriter G W Hunt popularized by the singer G H MacDermott which was commonly sung in British pubs and music halls around the time of the Russo Turkish War of 1877 78 gave birth to the term 2 3 4 The lyrics included this chorus We don t want to fight but by Jingo if we do We ve got the ships we ve got the men we ve got the money too We ve fought the Bear before and while we re Britons true The Russians shall not have Constantinople The capture of Constantinople was a long standing Russian strategic aim since it would have given the Russian Navy based in the Black Sea unfettered access to the Mediterranean Sea through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles known as the Turkish Straits conversely the British were determined to block the Russians in order to protect their own access to India At the time when the above song was composed and sung the Russians were nearing their goal through the Treaty of San Stefano eventually the British were able to push the Russians back by means of diplomatic pressure and the threat of war The phrase by Jingo was a minced oath scarcely documented in writing used in place of by Jesus Use of the specific term jingoism stems from its coinage by prominent British radical George Holyoake as a political label in a letter to the Daily News on 13 March 1878 5 6 7 Examples editIn the 1880s Henry Hyndman leader of the Social Democratic Federation turned against internationalism and promoted a version of Socialism mixed with nationalism and antisemitism 8 even to the point of attacking fellow Socialist Eleanor Marx in antisemitic terms noting that she had inherited in her nose and mouth the Jewish type from Karl Marx himself When taking part in the breakaway group which founded the Socialist League Eleanor Marx wrote polemics in which she characterized Hyndman and his followers as The Jingo Party 9 British artillery major general Thomas Bland Strange one of the founders of the Canadian Army and one of the divisional commanders during the 1885 North West Rebellion was an eccentric and temperamental soldier who gained the nickname Jingo Strange and titled his 1893 autobiography Gunner Jingo s Jubilee 10 11 Probably the first uses of the term in the U S press occurred in connection with the proposed annexation of Hawaii in 1893 after a coup led by foreign residents mostly Americans and assisted by the U S minister in Hawaii overthrew the constitutional monarchy and declared a republic Republican president Benjamin Harrison and Republicans in the U S Senate were frequently accused of jingoism in the Democratic press for supporting annexation 12 Theodore Roosevelt was frequently accused of jingoism In an article on 23 October 1895 in The New York Times Roosevelt stated There is much talk about jingoism If by jingoism they mean a policy in pursuance of which Americans will with resolution and common sense insist upon our rights being respected by foreign powers then we are jingoes 13 In Homage to Catalonia George Orwell decries the tactics of political journalists and wishes for introduction of aeroplanes into war in order to finally see a jingo with a bullet hole in him 14 The policy of appeasement toward Hitler led to satirical references to the disappearance of such jingoistic attitudes when facing German aggression A cartoon by E H Shepard titled The Old Fashioned Customer appeared on 28 March 1938 issue of Punch Set in a record shop John Bull asks the record seller Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain I wonder if you ve got a song I remember about not wanting to fight but if we do something something something we ve got the money too On the wall is a portrait of Lord Salisbury 15 The rhetoric of North Korea has been described as jingoist 16 17 18 See also editDiplomacy Militarism War hawkReferences edit Catherine Soanes ed 2006 Compact Oxford English Dictionary for University and College Students Oxford University Press p 546 By Jingo Macdermott s War Song 1878 Cyberussr com Retrieved 12 March 2012 By Jingo Davidkidd net Archived from the original on 17 September 2007 Retrieved 12 March 2012 Pears Edwin 1916 Forty Years in Constantinople The Recollections of Sir Edwin Pears 1873 1915 1 ed London Herbert Jenkins Limited p 27 Retrieved 10 June 2016 via Internet Archive McCarthy Justin 1881 A History of Our Own Times From the Accession of Queen Victoria to the General Elections of 1880 Vol IV London Chatto amp Windus p 473 Retrieved 14 March 2018 via Internet Archive Holyoake George Jacob 1892 Sixty Years of An Agitator s Life Vol II London T Fisher Unwin pp 216 218 Retrieved 14 March 2018 via Internet Archive Ceadel Martin 2000 Semi detached Idealists The British Peace Movement and International Relations 1854 1945 Oxford University Press p 105 ISBN 0 19 924117 1 Virdee Satnam 8 August 2017 Socialist antisemitism and its discontents in England 1884 98 Patterns of Prejudice 51 3 4 356 373 doi 10 1080 0031322X 2017 1335029 nbsp page 363 Eleanor Marx letter to Wilhelm Liebknecht 1 January 1885 quoted in Holmes Rachel 2014 Eleanor Marx A Life London Bloomsbury p 223 Strange Thomas Bland 1893 Gunner Jingo s Jubilee London a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Macleod R C 1988 Thomas Bland Strange Dictionary of Canadian Biography new edition with an introduction by R C Macleod ed Edmonton a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Kansas City Times 14 February 1893 p 4 editorial Jingoism pure and simple For An Honest Election PDF The New York Times 23 October 1895 Retrieved 30 September 2012 The reference is found halfway down the article Orwell George 1938 Homage to Catalonia Charmley John 1999 Chamberlain and the Lost Peace Ivan R Dee p 61 ISBN 9781461720928 North Korea scales down jingoism on 70th birthday DW 9 September 2018 Retrieved 23 August 2022 The strategic incoherence of copying North Korea Orange County Register 16 June 2022 Retrieved 23 August 2022 Lee Chung Min 13 May 2020 A Peninsula of Paradoxes South Korean Public Opinion on Unification and Outside Powers Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Retrieved 23 August 2022 External links edit nbsp Quotations related to Jingoism at Wikiquote nbsp The dictionary definition of jingoism at Wiktionary Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Jingo Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press MacDermott song MacDermott song lyrics The song We Didn t Want To Fight Sung by Stanley Kirkby Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jingoism amp oldid 1193595912, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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