Armed Forces of Ukraine

The Armed Forces of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Збройні сили України, romanized: Zbroini syly Ukrainy; abbreviated as ZSU^[b] or AFU) are the military forces of Ukraine. All military and security forces, including the Armed Forces, are under the command of the President of Ukraine and subject to oversight by a permanent Verkhovna Rada parliamentary commission. They trace their lineage to 1917, while the modern armed forces were formed after Ukrainian independence in 1991.

Ukrainian Armed Forces
Збройні сили України
Emblem of the Armed Forces of Ukraine
Flag of the Armed Forces of Ukraine
Founded	29 March 1917; 107 years ago (1917-03-29)
Current form	6 December 1991; 32 years ago (1991-12-06)^[1]
Service branches	Ground Forces Marine Corps  Navy  Air Force Air Assault Forces Special Operations Forces^[2] Territorial Defense Forces^[3] Unmanned Systems Forces^[4]
Headquarters	Ministry of Defence Building, Povitrianykh Syl Avenue, Kyiv
Website	www.mil.gov.ua/en/
Leadership
Supreme Commander-in-Chief	President Volodymyr Zelenskyy
Minister of Defence	Rustem Umerov
Commander-in-Chief	Oleksandr Syrskyi
Personnel
Military age	18^[5]
Conscription	12–18 months (depending on branches)
Active personnel	1,250,000+ (2024)^[6]
Reserve personnel	2,500,000 (2024)^[7]
Expenditure
Budget	$66 billion (2024)^[8] foreign military aid
Percent of GDP	18% (2024)^[8]
Industry
Domestic suppliers	Ukrainian Defense Industry
Foreign suppliers	United States  United Kingdom  Bulgaria  Canada  Denmark  Romania  Australia  New Zealand  Poland  Germany  France  Lithuania  Latvia  Estonia  Czech Republic  Italy  Finland  Sweden  Spain  Israel  Turkey  NATO  European Union  South Korea  Republic of China (Taiwan)^[a]  Japan  Thailand  United Arab Emirates  Saudi Arabia
Related articles
History	Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) War in Donbas (2014–2022) Battle of Artemivsk Siege of Sloviansk Battle of Kramatorsk Battle of Mariupol Battles of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Karlivka 1st Battle of Donetsk Airport Siege of the Luhansk Border Base Battle of Krasnyi Lyman Zelenopillia rocket attack Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion Battle of Horlivka Battle of Ilovaisk Battle of Novoazovsk Mariupol offensive 2nd Battle of Donetsk Airport Battle of Debaltseve Shyrokyne standoff Battle of Marinka Battle of Svitlodarsk Battle of Avdiivka Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present) Northern Ukraine campaign Eastern Ukraine campaign Southern Ukraine campaign Other
Ranks	Military ranks of Ukraine

Ukraine's armed forces are composed of the Ground Forces, the Air Force, the Navy, the Air Assault Forces, the Marine Corps, the Special Operations Forces, and the Territorial Defense Forces.^[9] Ukraine's navy includes its own Naval Aviation. The Sea Guard is the coast guard service of Ukraine, and it is organized as part of the Border Guard Service, not subordinate to the navy. The Air Defence Forces were a military branch responsible for anti-aircraft warfare from 1991 until it was merged with the Air Force in 2004.

Following hostilities with Russia in 2014, Ukraine increased the size of its armed forces.^[10] In response to the Russian military intervention in Ukraine in 2014, the president commissioned the governors of regions of Ukraine to create volunteer units under the government's Territorial Defense Forces. These units received minimal funding from regional budgets initially and mostly relied on donations. In November 2014, most of the territorial defense battalions were integrated into the Ground Forces. The National Guard serves as a paramilitary reserve component of the Armed Forces.

Military units of other countries have participated regularly in multinational military exercises in Ukraine.^[11] Many of these exercises have been held under the NATO cooperation program Partnership for Peace. Soviet era military equipment is gradually being replenished with NATO standard arms.^[12]

History

See also: Ukrainian People's Army

The formation of the national armed forces in the modern sense dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century and coincides with the formation of the modern Ukrainian nation. In official history, this period is referred to as the "Ukrainian War of Independence" or the "First Liberation Struggle." This process coincided with the end of the First World War and the subsequent collapse of great European empires from previous centuries. The forerunner event was the creation of national military formations in the Imperial and Royal Armies of Austria-Hungary, namely the Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, on which Ukrainian paramilitary organizations in Galicia were based: Sich Sports and Fire Brigade, "Sokil" and the national scout organization "Plast".^{[citation needed][13]}

After the upheavals of World War I and on the verge of the collapse of empires, the Ukrainians tried again to return to sovereign statehood. As part of the growing disintegration in the ranks of the Russian Imperial Army, national units began to form. After the Bolshevik coup, hybrid warfare broke with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the White Guard. During the undeclared war, the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic had already formed, but its formation was interrupted by the German administration. It continued in a limited form after the establishment of Hetman of Ukraine Pavlo Skoropadskyi's Ukrainian State, known as the [Second] Hetmanate. The national armed forces continued to develop. The Armed Forces of the Ukrainian state were planned in a more systematic way than in previous versions, although previous development was used in this process, and many mistakes were also made.^[14]

Uprisings against the Hetmanate's rule eventually resulted, and the reorientation of the Central Powers who lost in World War I against the Entente, which in turn supported the White Guard movement and the Russian Empire as its original ally.^{[citation needed]}

Simultaneously with these events, after the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917, numerous military formations were formed on Ukrainian lands, including detachments of the Free Cossacks, Father Makhno's Ukrainian Insurgent Army,^[15] and the Bolshevik Red Cossacks. The latter became the basis of the puppet armed forces of the UkrSSR, and after the occupation of the Ukrainian People's Republic were included in the Red Army. After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, the Ukrainian Galician Army came to the defense of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic, based on the formation of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen of the former Austro-Hungarian Army.^[16]

During World War II, Ukrainians tried to regain independence and organized armed units and formations, including the Ukrainian Insurgent Army,^[17] but all of them were destroyed by Soviet authorities^[18] within a few years after the war, and Ukrainians were again forced to serve in the Soviet Armed Forces.^{[citation needed][19]}

Origins of the post-1992 Ukrainian Armed Forces

By 1992, the Ukrainian Armed Forces had been completely inherited from the Soviet Union, in which Ukraine had been a member state (a union republic). Like other Soviet republics, it did not possess its own separate military command, as all military formations were uniformly subordinated to the central command of the Soviet Armed Forces. Administratively, the Ukrainian SSR was divided into three Soviet military districts (the Carpathian Military District, Kyiv Military District, and Odesa Military District). Three Soviet air commands and most of the Black Sea Fleet naval bases were located on the coast of Ukraine. Majority of the officers were educated in Soviet educational institutions, many of them which came under the AFU, what is now the Ivan Bohun High School was actually a Soviet-established institution.

When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, the newly independent state of Ukraine inherited one of the most powerful force groupings in Europe. According to an associate of the Conflict Studies Research Centre, James Sherr: "This grouping, its inventory of equipment and its officer corps was designed for one purpose: to wage combined arms, coalition, offensive (and nuclear) warfare against NATO on an external front".^[20] At that time, the former Soviet armed forces in the Ukrainian SSR included the 43rd Rocket Army, the 5th, 14th 17th and 24th Air Armies of the Soviet Air Forces, an air-defense army (8th Air Defence Army), three regular armies, two tank armies, the 32nd Army Corps, and the Black Sea Fleet.^[21] Altogether the Armed Forces of Ukraine included about 780,000 personnel, 6,500 battle tanks, ^{[citation needed]}, about 7,000 armored vehicles, 1,500 combat aircraft, and more than 350 ships of the former Soviet Navy. Along with their equipment and personnel, Ukraine's armed forces inherited the battle honors and lineage of the Soviet military forces stationed in Ukraine, as well as Guards unit titles for many formations. However, due to the deterioration of Russian-Ukrainian relations and the continued stigma of being associated with the Soviet Union, in 2015 President Poroshenko ordered the removal of most of the citations awarded during the Soviet era to formations of the Armed Forces and other uniformed organizations.^[22]

In February 1991, a parliamentary Standing Commission for Questions of Security and Defense was established. On 24 August 1991, the Ukrainian parliament (the Verkhovna Rada), in adopting the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine, also enacted a short resolution "About military formations in Ukraine".^[23] This took jurisdiction over all formations of the armed forces of the Soviet Union stationed on Ukrainian soil and established one of the key agencies, the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense.^[24] On 3 September 1991, the Ministry of Defence commenced its duties. On 22 October 1991 units and formations of the Soviet Armed Forces on Ukrainian soil were nationalized.^[25] Subsequently, the Supreme Council of Ukraine adopted two Laws of Ukraine on 6 December 1991 regarding the creation of the Armed Forces (this is marked as Armed Forces Day),^[26][27] and Presidential Decree #4 "About Armed Forces of Ukraine" on 12 December 1991.^[28] The government of Ukraine surrendered any rights of succession to the Soviet Strategic Deterrence Forces^[29] (see Strategic Missile Troops) that were staged on the territory of Ukraine. Recognizing the complications of a smooth transition and seeking a consensus with other former members of the Soviet Union in dividing up their Soviet military inheritance, Ukraine joined ongoing talks that started in December 1991^[30] regarding a joint military command of the Commonwealth of Independent States.^[31]

Inherent in the process of creating a domestic military were political decisions by the Ukrainian leadership regarding the country's non-nuclear and international status. Among these were the definition, agreement, and ratification of the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), which not only established the maximum level of armament for each republic of the former USSR, but also a special ceiling for the so-called CFE "Flank Region" – included in this region were Ukraine's Mykolaiv, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts, and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Another key event in the development of the Ukrainian military was the 1992 Tashkent Treaty, which laid out aspirations for a Commonwealth of Independent States military. However, this collective military proved impossible to develop because the former republics of the USSR all wished to go their own way, ripping the intricate Soviet military machine into pieces.

Ukraine had observer status with the Non-Aligned Movement of nation-states from 1996.^[32] However, due to the 2014 Russian aggression against Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada repealed this status in December 2014.^[33]

Arms control and disarmament

 

A Tu-22M being dismantled through assistance provided by the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program implemented by the DTRA, 2002

See also: Nuclear weapons and Ukraine

Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, Ukraine inherited two divisions of the Strategic Rocket Forces' 43rd Rocket Army (HQ Vinnytsia):

• the 19th Rocket Division (Khmelnytskyi) (90 UR-100N/SS-19/RS-18) and *the 46th Rocket Division at Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast, equipped with 40 SS-19 and 46 silo-mounted RT-23 Molodets/SS-24s.^[34] While Ukraine had physical control of these systems, it did not have operational control. The use of the weapons depended on Russian-controlled electronic Permissive Action Links and the Russian command and control system.^[35][36]

 

An SS-20 on display at the World War II Museum in Kyiv

Ukraine voluntarily gave up these and all other nuclear weapons during the early 1990s. This was the first time in history that a country voluntarily gave up the use of strategic nuclear weapons, although South Africa was dismantling its small tactical nuclear weapons program at about the same time.

Ukraine had plentiful amounts of highly enriched uranium, which the United States wanted to buy from the Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology. Ukraine also had two uranium mining and processing factories, a heavy water plant and technology for determining the isotopic composition of fissionable materials. Ukraine possessed deposits of uranium that were among the world's richest. In May 1992, Ukraine signed the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I), in which the country agreed to give up all nuclear weapons and to join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear weapon state. Ukraine ratified the treaty in 1994, and as of 1 January 1996, no military nuclear equipment or materials remained on Ukrainian territory nor even were operated by the AFU.

On 13 May 1994, the United States and Ukraine signed a Memorandum of Understanding on the Transfer of Missile Equipment and Technology. This agreement committed Ukraine to the Missile Technology Control Regime F(MTCR) by controlling exports of missile-related equipment and technology according to the MTCR Guidelines.

Ukraine and NATO estimate that 2.5 million tons of conventional ammunition were left in Ukraine as the Soviet military withdrew, as well as more than 7 million rifles, pistols, mortars, and machine guns. The surplus weapons and ammunition were stored in over 180 military bases, including in bunkers, salt mines and in the open.^[37] As of 2014, much of this surplus had not been scrapped.^[38][39]

 

Marine of the Ukrainian Marine Corps in a military exercise in Scotland, 2003

Attempt at reforms and constant fund shortages

Ukraine's first military reforms began in December 1996, with the adoption of a new "State Program for the Building and Development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine". One aspect of it was to shrink the standard combat unit from division size to brigade size, which would then fall under the command of one of the three newly created military districts:

• the Western Operational Command,
• the Southern Operational Command, and the largest
• the Northern Operational/Territorial Command.^[40] Only Ukraine's 1st Airmobile Division was not downsized. This downsizing occurred purely for financial reasons, with the Ukrainian economy in recession this was a way to shrink the government (defense) expenditure and at the same time to release hundreds of thousands of young people into the private sector to stimulate growth.^[41] During this time Ukraine's military-industrial complex also began to develop new indigenous weapons for the armed forces like the T-84 tank, the BMP-1U, the BTR-3, KrAZ-6322, and the Antonov An-70. All these reforms were championed by Leonid Kuchma, the second President of Ukraine, who wanted to retain a capable military and a functioning military-industrial complex on the basis of a mistrust for Russia, stating once "The threat of Russification is a real concern for us".^[42]

The cancellation of the modernization program left a question of how to provide jobs in the military industrial complex which then comprised a double-digit percentage of the GDP. Export of new and modernized weapons on the world's arms markets was settled on as the best option, where Ukraine both tried to undercut the contracts of the Russian arms industry – offering the same service for a cheaper price, and was willing to sell equipment to whoever was willing to pay (more than once to politically unstable or even aggressive regimes), causing negative reactions from both Western Europe and the United States federal government.^[43] During this time 320 T-80 tanks were sold to Pakistan and an unfinished Soviet aircraft carrier the Varyag, today known as the Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning.^[44]

Though the military was well-equipped, it still experienced lack of funds particularly for training and exercises, which led to a number of incidents. In one. the Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 of 2001 and the Sknyliv airshow disaster of 2002, but the military's effectiveness was demonstrated in the Tuzla Island Conflict.^{[citation needed]}

 

Ukrainian Airmobile Forces in 2011

Ukrainian military tactics and organization heavily depended on Cold War tactics and former Soviet Armed Forces organization.^{[citation needed]} Under former President Yushchenko, Ukraine pursued a policy of independence from Russian dominance, and thus tried to fully integrate with the West, specifically NATO.

 

Ukrainian soldiers talking with a US Army soldier during the Rapid Trident 2011 military exercise

Until the Euromaidan crisis of 2014, Ukraine retained tight military relations with Russia, inherited from their common Soviet history. Common uses for naval bases in the Crimea and joint air defense efforts were the most intense cooperative efforts. This cooperation was a permanent irritant in bilateral relations, but Ukraine appeared economically dependent on Moscow, and thus unable to break such ties quickly. After the election of President Viktor Yanukovych, ties between Moscow and Kyiv warmed, and those between Kyiv and NATO cooled, relative to the Yushchenko years.

Russo-Ukrainian War (2014 – present)

 

T-64BMs in Eastern Ukraine

 

Anti-terrorist operation in Eastern Ukraine, 2014

Main articles: Russo-Ukrainian War and Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas

In March 2014, following the Revolution of Dignity and the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, the government of Ukraine announced a new military service, the National Guard of Ukraine. Previously, a National Guard had existed up to 2000, so the 2014 NG was a reformation of the one raised in 1991, but this time formed part of the Internal Troops of Ukraine.

In May 2014, when Russian aggression started in the eastern regions, a helicopter with 14 soldiers on board, including General Serhiy Kulchytskiy, who headed combat and special training for the country's National Guard, was brought down by militants near Sloviansk in East Ukraine. Outgoing President Oleksandr Turchynov described the downing as a "terrorist attack," and blamed pro-Russian militants.^[45]

In the early months of the Russo-Ukrainian War, the Armed Forces were widely criticised for their poor equipment and inept leadership, forcing Internal Affairs Ministry forces like the National Guard and the territorial defence battalions to take on the brunt of the fighting in the first months of the war.^[46][47]

In late July 2015, the Ukrainian Defense Ministry revealed the new Ukrainian Armed Forces uniform designs, and later a revised rank insignia system was created.^[48] These made their national debut on 24 August 2016, at the National Independence Day Silver Jubilee parade in Independence Square, Kyiv.

From the early 1990s, the Armed Forces had numerous units and formations with Soviet Armed Forces decorations dating back to the Second World War or earlier. Due to the decommunization process in Ukraine, all these decorations were removed from unit titles and regimental colours by 15 November 2015 to cease promotion and glorification of the Soviet symbols.^[49][22] Ukraine had retained a number of Guards units, also following a Soviet tradition. A list can be seen at List of guards units of Ukraine. On 22 August 2016, the "Guards" titles were removed from all unit and formation names.^[50] Only one brigade, the 51st, a former Guards unit, had been dissolved the year before.

By February 2018, the Ukrainian armed forces were larger and better equipped than ever before, numbering 200,000 active-service military personnel and most of the volunteer soldiers of the territorial defence battalions had been integrated into the official Ukrainian army.^[51]

In late 2017-early 2018 the United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine reported that human rights abuses allegedly committed by Ukrainian security forces and armed groups remained an ongoing issue of the war in Donbas that erupted in 2014. The nature of the alleged crimes ranged from unlawful or arbitrary detention to torture, ill-treatment, and sexual violence. Within the reporting period of 16 November 2017 to 15 February 2018 the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) monitoring mission documented 115 cases of credible allegations of human rights violations committed by both sides of the conflict since 2014.^[52]

On 1 February 2022, the Territorial Defense Forces (TDF) were formed as the new branch of the Armed Forces. The TDF serves as a military reserve force which is formed by volunteers who are mobilized for local defense.^[53] The branch is an expansion of the old territorial defence battalions system established in 2014.^[53]

Ukraine and NATO membership

Main article: Ukraine–NATO relations

 

Operators of the Special Operations Forces, an independent branch of the armed forces founded in 2016

Ukraine's stated national policy is Euro-Atlantic integration, with the European Union. Ukraine has a "Distinctive Partnership" with NATO (see Enlargement of NATO) and has been an active participant in Partnership for Peace exercises and in peacekeeping in the Balkans. This close relationship with NATO has been most apparent in Ukrainian cooperation and combined peacekeeping operations with its neighbor Poland in Kosovo. Ukrainian servicemen also served under NATO command in Iraq, Afghanistan and in Operation Active Endeavour.^[54] Former President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych considered the level of co-operation between Ukraine and NATO sufficient.^[55] His predecessor Viktor Yushchenko had asked for Ukrainian membership by early 2008.^[56][57] During the 2008 Bucharest summit, NATO declared that Ukraine could become a member of NATO at Ukraine's discretion and when it met the criteria for accession.^[55] Yanukovych, however, opted to keep Ukraine a non-aligned state. This was formalised on June 3, 2010, when the Verkhovna Rada excluded, with 226 votes, the goal of "integration into Euro-Atlantic security and NATO membership" from the country's national security strategy.^[58] Amid the Euromaidan unrest, Yanukovych fled Ukraine in February 2014.^[59]

 

Ukrainian Air Assault Forces paratroopers with new modernized equipment

The interim Yatsenyuk Government which came to power, initially said, with reference to the country's non-aligned status, that it had no plans to join NATO.^[60] However, following the Russo-Ukrainian War and parliamentary elections in October 2014, the new government made joining NATO a priority.^[61] On 23 December 2014, the Verkhovna Rada renounced Ukraine's non-aligned status^[59][62] that "proved to be ineffective in guaranteeing Ukraine's security and protecting the country from external aggression and pressure".^[63] The Ukrainian military is since transforming to NATO standards.^[64] Prime Minister of Ukraine Arseniy Yatsenyuk stated early February 2016 that de facto the Armed Forces must, soon as possible, begin its transition for Ukrainian entry into NATO and towards NATO-capable armed forces.^[64] President Volodymyr Zelenskyy made a renewed call to Western powers for NATO membership during the Russian buildup on the border in 2021 but was ultimately unsuccessful.^[65]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Main article: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

On Thursday, 24 February 2022, the Russian Armed Forces invaded Ukraine.^[66] The Ukrainian Armed Forces and its auxiliary and wartime-affiliated organizations, have participated in many of the combat actions of the current conflict. Alongside the combat actions, the influx of Western weapons and materiel to the Armed Forces from NATO member armed forces, ex-Soviet stock from many Eastern European nations as well as captured Russian tanks, armed vehicles and other weapons^[67] have also resulted in an ongoing modernization and expansion of the forces at large.

 

President Volodymyr Zelensky with the senior leadership of the Ukrainian military in May 2019

As of 2010^[update] the total personnel was 200,000 (including 41,000 civilian workers).^[68] Conscription was stopped in October 2013;^[69] at that time the Ukrainian armed forces were made up of 40% conscripts and 60% contract soldiers.^[69] Acting President Oleksandr Turchynov reinstated conscription in May 2014.^[70]

In early 2014, Ukraine had 130,000 personnel in its armed forces, which could be boosted to about one million with reservists.^{[70][needs update]}

There were a reported total of 250,800 personnel in the Armed Forces in 2015.^[71] In July 2022, Defense Minister Oleksii Reznikov stated that the Armed Forces had an active strength of 700,000; Reznikov also mentioned that with the Border Guard, National Guard, and police added, the total comes to around one million.^[72]

Following the Revolution of Dignity, Ukraine adopted a military doctrine focusing on defense against Russia and announced Ukraine's intentions for closer relations with NATO armed services, most especially if it joins the organization in the future.^[73]

Structure

Main article: Structure of the Armed Forces of Ukraine

The law 'On the Foundations of National Resistance'^[74] establishes the following structure of the Ukrainian Armed Forces:

 

Army Parade on the occasion of the Independence Day of Ukraine (2018)

• General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine
• Joint Forces Command of the Armed Forces of Ukraine
• services of the UAF
  • Ground Forces
  • Air Force
  • Navy
• separate branches of the UAF
  • Special Operations Forces Command
  • Territorial Defense Command
  • Logistical Forces Command
  • Support Forces Command
  • Medical Forces Command
• separate troop arms of the UAF
  • Air Landing Assault Troops Command
  • Signals and Cyber-Security Troops Command
• organs of military command and control, formations and units, which are separate from the services, branches and arms

Ministry of Defence

The following establishments and institutions fall directly under MoD subordination:^[75]

Structures directly subordinated to the Ukrainian Ministry of Defence

Ukrainian Ministry of Defence Apparatus, Kyiv

• Main Intelligence Directorate
• Security Service of the MoD
• Main Inspection
• Defence Policies Directorate
• Defence Information Policies and Strategic Communications Directorate
• Military Education and Science Department
• Military Technical Policies, Development and Military Weaponry and Equipment Department
• Internal Audit department
• Military Policies and Strategic Planning Department
• State Purchases and Deliveries of Material Resources Department
• Information Organisation Works and Control Department
• Personnel Policies Department
• International Defence Co-operation Department
• Social and Personnel Policies Support Department
• Financial Department
• Judicial Support Department
• Military Representations Directorate
• Anti-Corruption Directorate
• State Secrets Security Directorate
• Press and Information Directorate
• Physical Culture and Sport Directorate
• Control Measures Coordination Unit
• Mobilization Preparedness Unit
• State Aviation Scientific Development Institute, Kyiv
• State Scientific Test Center of the AFU (MU А4444), Honcharivsk, Chernihiv Oblast
• Central Scientific Research Institute of the AFU (MU А0202), Kyiv
• Central Military Weaponry and Equipment Scientific Research Institute of the AFU (MU А4566), Kyiv
• Scientific Research Center of the Missile and Artillery Troops (MU А????), Sumy, Sumy Oblast
• Scientific Research Center for Humanitarian Matters of the AFU (MU А2350), Kyiv
• Central Directorate for Acquisition and Delivery of Material Supplies of the AFU, Kyiv
• Codification Bureau (MU А2387), Kyiv
• Military Delegations of the MoU

Chief of the General Staff

The Chief of the General Staff oversees the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The following units fall under the direct supervision of the General Staff:

Apparatus [Office] of the Commander of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Kyiv

Office of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Kyiv

Units directly subordinated to the General Staff of the AFU:

• Joint Forces Command (MU А0135), Kyiv
• Main Command Center of the AFU (MU А0911), Kyiv
• Back-up Command Center of the AFU (MU А3258), Radomyshl, Zhytomyr Oblast
• 15th Airborne Command and Control Center of the General Staff of the AFU (MU А0905), Vinnytsia, Vinnytsia Oblast
• Main Directorate for Moral and Psychological Support of the AFU, Kyiv
• Main Directorate for Military Cooperation and Verification of the AFU, Kyiv
• Central Military Security Directorate, Kyiv
• Directorate for Career Development of NCO Personnel, Kyiv
• 101st Separate Security Brigade of the General Staff 'Colonel-General Henadii Vorobiov' (МУ А0139), Kyiv
• other units and establishments directly under the General Staff of the AFU

Military Educational Establishments and Units (directly under the MoD)

• National Defense University of Ukraine 'Ivan Chernyakhovsky', Kyiv
• Military Institute of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv
• Zhytomyr Military Institute 'Sergei Korolev', Zhytomyr, Zhytomyr Oblast
  • 190th Training Center, Huyva, Zhytomyr Oblast
• Military Judicial Institute of the Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Kharkiv, Kharkiv Oblast
• Kyiv Military High School 'Ivan Bohun', Kyiv

Ukrainian Ground Forces

 

Ukrainian T-64BM Bulat

As of 2016, there were a reported 169,000 personnel in the Ukrainian Ground Forces.^[76] The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine resulted in massive increases in personnel numbers; Defence Minister Reznikov stated the armed forces had a strength of 700,000 in July 2022, not counting the border guard, national guard, or police.^[72] The Ukrainian Ground Forces are divided into Armoured Forces and Mechanized Forces, Army Aviation, Army Air Defence and Rocket and Artillery Troops. There are 13 mechanized brigades and two mountain warfare brigades in the Mechanized Forces. Ukraine also has two armoured brigades. There are also seven rocket and artillery brigades. Until 2013, the Ground Forces were divided into three army corps. These were disbanded in 2013 and reorganized as Operation Command West, Operation Command North and Operation Command South. Operation Command East was formed in 2015 to coordinate forces in the war in Donbas.

 

Ukrainian Su-25

Ukrainian Air Force

In 2016, the Ukrainian Air Force was reported to have included 36,300 personnel.^[77][78]

The Air Force is organized into:^{[citation needed]}

• Air Force General Command
• National Air Force University
• Western Command
• Central Command
• Eastern Command
• Southern Command

Its speciality formations are:

• Aviation units
  • Fighter/Tactical Brigades
  • Transport Brigades
  • Helicopter Tactical Brigades
• Air Defense Missile Artillery
  • Anti-Air Defense Regiments/Brigades
  • Radio Technical Brigades
• Electronic Warfare
• Signals
• Aviation Engineers
• Air Ground Forces

Ukrainian Naval Service

 

The Krivak III-class frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy; the previous flagship of the Ukrainian Navy^[79] before being scuttled in 2022.^[80]

Created in 1992 but not definitely organized until 1997, since 2023 the Ukrainian Naval Service under the Armed Forces is constituted in two separate branches, the Marine Corps and Navy.

The Marine Corps structure contains as follows:

• 35th Marine Brigade "Rear Admiral Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi";
• 36th Marine Brigade "Rear Admiral Mykhailo Bilynsky";
• 503rd Separate Marine Battalion
• 406th Marine Artillery Brigade "Khorunzhoy General Oleksii Almazov" (Coastal Defense)
• 32nd Marine Artillery Regiment
• 140th Separate Force Reconnaissance Battalion

The Navy structure is organized as follows:

• Surface Forces
• Dnieper River Flotilla
• Naval Aviation
• Naval Bases and Outposts
• Organizations of the Shore Establishment

According to an August 2015 Kyiv Post report, the Ukrainian Navy consisted of 6,500 servicemen, Marine Corps included at that time.^[81]

In May 2023, the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy officially announced the separation of the Marine Corps from the Navy and thus declared its independence as a service branch of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.^[82]

 

Air Assault Forces paratroopers

Air Assault and Airborne Forces

The Ukrainian Air Assault Forces are composed of 8 air landing, air assault and air-mobile brigades and support units. These are high-readiness ground units without air-assets and are considered elite within the armed forces.

Airborne and Air Assault Forces Command (MU А3771), Zhytomyr, Zhytomyr Oblast

• Support units
  • 135th Headquarters and HQ Battalion, Zhytomyr, Zhytomyr Oblast
  • 347th Information and Telecommunications Nod, Zhytomyr, Zhytomyr Oblast
  • Air Assault Forces Support Commandature
  • 132nd Reconnaissance Battalion, Ozerne Air Base, Zhytomyr Oblast
  • 102nd Storage for Airborne Vehicles and Equipment, Zhytomyr, Zhytomyr Oblast
  • 232nd Joint Supply Base, Rakhni village, Vinnytsia Oblast
  • 124th Topographic Unit, Zhytomyr, Zhytomyr Oblast (part of the Military Topographic Service (of the Support Forces Command) attached to the Air Assault and Airborne Forces)
• Combat forces
  • Airborne
    • 25th Airborne 'Sicheslavska' Brigade (MU А1126)
  • Air Assault
    • 45th Air Assault Brigade (MU A????), Bolhrad, Odesa Oblast
    • 46th Air Assault Brigade (MU A????), Poltava, Poltava Oblast
    • 79th Air Assault Brigade (MU А0224), Mykolaiv, Mykolaiv Oblast
    • 80th Air Assault Brigade (MU А0284), Lviv, Lviv Oblast and Chernivtsi, Chernivtsi Oblast
    • 95th Air Assault Brigade (MU А0281), Zhytomyr, Zhytomyr Oblast
  • air mobile
    • 81st Airmobile Brigade, Kramatorsk, Donetsk Oblast
  • 23rd Tank Battalion, Velikyi Kobilin, Zhytomyr Oblast
  • 148th Field Artillery Brigade, Zhytomyr, Zhytomyr Oblast
• Training units
  • 199th Training Center, Zhytomyr, Zhytomyr Oblast
    • 37th Combined Arms Training Range, Perlyavka village, Teterіvka District, Zhytomyr, Zhytomyr Oblast

Special Forces

Ukraine's special forces are reported as 4,000 strong.^{[2][needs update]}

Special Operations Forces Command^{[citation needed]} (Military Unit [MU] А0987), Kyiv

 

Ukrainian Special Operation Forces

• Command and combat support units:
  • 99th Headquarters and HQ Support Battalion (MU А3628), Berdychiv, Zhytomyr Oblast
  • 142nd Education and Training Center (MU А2772), Berdychiv, Zhytomyr Oblast
• Land warfare special purpose units:
  • 3rd Special Purpose Regiment 'Prince Sviatoslav the Brave' (MU А0680), Kropyvnytskyi, Kirovohrad Oblast
  • 8th Special Purpose Regiment 'Iziaslav Mstislavich' (MU A0553), Khmelnitskyi, Khmelnytskyi Oblast
  • 140th Special Operations Center (MU А0661), Khmelnitskyi, Khmelnytskyi Oblast
• Seaborne special purpose units:
  • 73rd Maritime Special Operations Center 'Kish otaman Antin Holovaty' (MU A3199), Pervomayskiy Island, Ochakiv, Mykolaiv Oblast
• Aviation special purpose units:
  • 35th Mixed Aviation Squadron, Havryshivka Air Base (Vinnytsia IAP), Vinnytsia Oblast

Communications and Cybernetic Security Forces

The Communications and Cybernetic Security Troops Command of the Ukrainian Armed Forces (Командування Військ зв'язку та кібернетичної безпеки Збройних Сил України) is a separate joint forces command under the General Staff since 5 February 2020.^[83]

Signals and Cybernetic Security Troops Command (MU А0106), Kyiv

• Main Command Post of the Signals and Information Systems (MU А2666), Kyiv
• Main Center for Information and Telecommunications Systems Security Control (MU А0334), Kyiv
• Main Information and Telecommunications Nod (MU А0351), Kyiv
• 1st Separate Field 'Proskurov' Signals Nod (MU А0565), Kyiv
• 3rd Separate Signals Brigade (MU А0415), Semipolki [uk; ru], Kyiv Oblast
• 8th Separate Signals Regiment (MU А0707), Haisyn, Vinnytsia Oblast
• 330th Central Nod of the Feldjaeger-Postal [Field Courier] Service (MU А0168), Kyiv
• 1899th Central Base for Repair and Overhaul of Special Signals Equipment (MU А0476), Kyiv

training establishments and units

• Military Institute of Telecommunications and Information Technologies (MILTIT) 'Heroes of Kruty', Kyiv
• Military College for NCO Personnel of the MITIA, Poltava, Poltava Oblast
• 179th Joint Education and Training Center of the Signals Troops (MU А3990), Poltava, Poltava Oblast

under other services and troops

• Signals and Information Systems Center of the Joint Forces Command of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, Kyiv
• Signals and Information Systems directorates to the headquarters of the ground forces, air force, navy, air landing and assault troops, special operations forces, territorial defence forces, support forces, logistical forces etc.

Support Forces

Since 1 January 2022,^[84] the support forces have the status of a separate joint branch under the General Staff.

Support Forces Command (Military Unit Number А2330), Kyiv

• Central Directorate of the Corps of Engineers of Ukraine (MU А0107), Kyiv
  • 20th Arsenal of the Corps of Engineers (MU А0543), Olshanytsia, Kyiv Oblast and Nizhyn, Chernihiv Oblast
  • 47th Engineer Brigade (MU А2755), Dubno, Rivne Oblast
    • 301st Road Traffic Control Battalion
    • 304th Road Traffic Control Battalion
  • 48th Combat Engineer 'Kamianets-Podilskaya' Brigade (MU А2738), Kamianets-Podilskyi, Khmelnytskyi Oblast
    • 11th Pontoon-Bridging Battalion
    • 308th Engineer Technical Battalion
    • 309th Engineer Technical Battalion
    • 310th Engineer Technical Battalion
    • 311th Engineer Technical Battalion
    • 321st Engineer Battalion
  • 70th Support Regiment (MU А0853), Bar, Vinnytsia Oblast
  • 107th Road Maintenance Center (MU А1519), Dubno, Rivne Oblast
  • 808th Support Regiment (MU А3955), Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, Odesa Oblast Oblast
  • 3046th Central Base for Engineer Ammunitions (MU А2647), Malynivka, Kharkiv Oblast
  • Center for Special Engineering Works (MU А1333), Kyiv
• Central Directorate of the Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defence Troops of the AFU (MU А0108), Kyiv
  • CBRN Surveillance and Analysis Center, Kyiv
  • 704th Regiment of Radiological, Chemical, and Biological Protection (MU А0807), Sambir village, Lviv Oblast
  • 536th Central Base for Repair and Maintenance of CBRN Defence Equipment (MU А0312), Seleshtina-1, Poltava Oblast
• Central Directorate for Radio-Electronic Warfare of the AFU (MU А0159), Kyiv
  • 55th Special EW Center (MU А0766), Kyiv and Brovary, Kyiv Oblast
• Central Directorate for Military Topography and Navigation of the Armed Forces (MU А0115), Kyiv
  • 8th Publishing Center of the UAF (MU А0602), Kyiv
  • 13th Photogrammetric Center (MU А3674), Odesa, Odesa Oblast
  • 16th Planning Center for Navigation Support (MU А1423), Kyiv
  • 22nd Military Mapping Unit (MU А1121), Kharkiv, Kharkiv Oblast
  • 64th Topography-Geodesic Center (MU А4127), Shepetivka, Khmelnytskyi Oblast
  • 161st Topography-Geodesic Center (MU А2308), Chernivtsi, Chernivtsi Oblast
  • 115th Mapping Center (MU А3796), Kotsyubynske, Kyiv Oblast
• Hydro-Meteorological Center of the UAF(MU А0204), Kyiv
  • Hydro-meteorological units of the ground forces, air force and navy
• Training units
  • Joint Education and Training Center of the Support Forces (MU А2641), Kamianets-Podilskyi, Khmelnytskyi Oblast

Logistical Forces

Since 1 January 2022,^[85] support forces have the status of a separate joint branch under the General Staff. The logistical forces are mainly organised in two arms – Armaments and Rear Services.

Logistical Forces Command of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (MU А0307), Kyiv

• Command Headquarters
• Armed Forces Armaments and Ordnance Service (MU А2513)
  • Central Support Directorate for Ground Weapons Systems
  • Central Support Directorate for Military Equipment
  • Central Support Directorate for Weapons of Mass Destruction
  • Central Missile Systems and Field and Air Defense Artillery Directorate of the AFU (MU А0120)
  • Central Automobile Directorate of the AFU (MU А0119)
  • Central Armoured Directorate of the AFU (MU А0174)
  • Department for Metrology and Standardization of the AFU (MU А2187)
  • directly reporting military formations of the Armaments Service
• Rear Services of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (MU А2516)
  • Central Support Directorate for Fuel and Lubricants (MU А0125)
  • Central Support Directorate for Food Supply of the AFU (MU А0126)
  • Central Support Directorate for Material Support of the AFU (MU А0127)
  • Central Support Directorate for Resources Supply
  • Central Support Directorate for Technical Equipment and Property
  • Central Support Directorate for Engineering and Infrastructure
  • Central Signals Directorate of the AFU/Signal Corps of Ukraine (MU А0671)
  • military units subordinated to the Rear Services

Medical Forces

Since January 1, 2022^[86] the support forces have the status of a separate joint branch under the General Staff.

Medical Forces Command (MU А0928), Kyiv

• National Military Medical Clinical Center 'Main Military Clinical Hospital', Kyiv
  • 71st Mobile Military Hospital (MU А0358), Kyiv
  • Military Medical Clinical Center for Professional Patology (MU А2923), Irpin, Kyiv Oblast
  • Central Dental Policlinic, Kyiv
  • Center for Medical Rehabilitation and Sanatorium Treatment 'Pushcha-Voditsya' (MU А1931), Kyiv
• Military Medical Clinical Center of the Central Region (''Військово-медичний клінічний центр Центрального регіону'') (MU А????), Vinnytsia, Vinnytsia Oblast
  • 59th Mobile Military Hospital (MU А0206), Vinnytsia, Vinnytsia Oblast
  • 10th Military Hospital (MU А2339), Khmelnytskyi, Khmelnytskyi Oblast
  • 409th Military Hospital (MU А1065), Zhytomyr, Zhytomyr Oblast
  • 762nd Military Hospital (MU А3122), Bila Tserkva, Kyiv Oblast
  • ?th Military Hospital (MU А3267), Starokonstantyniv, Khmelnytskyi Oblast
  • 1314th Medical Storage (MU А1603), Balki village, Vinnytsia Oblast
  • Center for Medical Rehabilitation and Sanatorium Treatment 'Khmelnyk' (MU А1168), Khmelnyk, Vinnytsia Oblast
• Military Medical Clinical Center of the Southern Region (MU A????), Odesa, Odesa Oblast
  • 38th Military Hospital (MU А4615), Dnipro, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
  • 61st Military Hospital (MU А0318), Mariupol, Mariupol Oblast
  • 450th Military Hospital (MU А3309), Zaporizhzhia, Zaporizhzhia Oblast
  • 1467th Military Hospital (MU А2428), Mykolaiv, Mykolaiv Oblast
  • 1644th Medical Storage (MU А4619), Hrushyvka village, Mykolaiv Oblast
  • Center for Medical Rehabilitation and Sanatorium Treatment 'Odeskyi', Odesa, Odesa Oblast
• Military Medical Clinical Center of the Northern Region (MU А3306), Kharkiv, Kharkiv Oblast
  • 65th Mobile Military Hospital (MU А0209), Kharkiv, Kharkiv Oblast
  • 9th Military Hospital (MU А4302), Desna, Chernihiv Oblast
  • 387th Garrison Military Hospital (MU А3114), Poltava, Poltava Oblast
  • 407th Military Hospital (MU А3120), Chernihiv, Chernihiv Oblast
• Military Medical Clinical Center of the Western Region, Lviv, Lviv Oblast
  • 66th Mobile Military Hospital (MU А0233), Lviv, Lviv Oblast
  • 376th Military Hospital (MU А1028), Chernivtsi, Chernivtsi Oblast
  • 498th Military Hospital (MU А4554), Lutsk, Volyn Oblast
  • 1121st Policlinic, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
  • 1129th Garrison Military Hospital (MU А1446), Rivne, Rivne Oblast
  • 1397th Military Hospital (MU А1047), Mukachevo, Zakarpattia Oblast
  • Center for Medical Rehabilitation and Sanatorium Treatment 'Truskavetskyi' (MU А1700), Truskavets, Lviv Oblast
• Central Sanitary Epidemiologic Directorate (MU А2417), Kyiv
  • 10th Regional Sanitary Epidemiologic Detachment (MU А0972), Kyiv
  • 27th Regional Sanitary Epidemiologic Detachment (MU А4502), Odesa, Odesa Oblast
  • 28th Regional Sanitary Epidemiologic Detachment (MU А4520), Lviv, Lviv Oblast
  • 108th Regional Sanitary Epidemiologic Detachment (MU А4510), Kharkiv, Kharkiv Oblast
  • 740th Regional Sanitary Epidemiologic Detachment (MU А4516), Vinnytsia, Vinnytsia Oblast
• Center for Legal Expertise of the MoD, Kyiv
• 148th Center for Maintenance and Storage of Medical Equipment (MU А0211), Bila Tserkva, Kyiv Oblast
• 149th Center for Maintenance and Storage of Medical Equipment (MU А0503), Berdychiv, Zhytomyr Oblast
• 150th Center for Maintenance and Storage of Medical Equipment (MU А1209), Tokmak, Zaporizhzhia Oblast
• 151st Center for Maintenance and Storage of Medical Equipment (MU А2554), Terentyivka, Poltava Oblast
• 2160th Central Medical Storage (MU А1382), Mankhivka, Cherkasy Oblast
• 4962nd Central Medical Storage (MU А1952), Kyiv

Training establishments and units

• Ukrainian Military Medical Academy, Kyiv

Medical forces under other services and arms

• Medical departments of the ground forces, air force, navy, air assault troops, special forces, territorial defence, support forces, logistic forces, signals and cyber-security, etc.

Military Police

The military police (named the Military Law Enforcement Service of the Ukrainian Armed Forces (Військова служба правопорядку Збройних Сил України), abbreviated VSP (ВСП) in Ukrainian) is a special military service outside General Staff control and subordinated directly to the Ministry of Defense.

Administrative structure:

• Main Directorate of the Military Police (MU А0880), Kyiv, and territorial forces:
  • Central Directorate (direct responsibility over Kyiv and Kyiv Oblast) (MU А2100), Kyiv
  • Western Territorial Directorate (direct responsibility over Lviv Oblast) (MU А0583), Lviv, Lviv Oblast
  • Southern Territorial Directorate (direct responsibility over Odesa Oblast) (MU А1495), Odesa, Odesa Oblast
  • Eastern Territorial Directorate (direct responsibility over Dnipropetrovsk Oblast) (MU А2256), Dnipro, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast

Personnel

Education and schools

 

Cadets of the NDUU marching in the 2017 Kyiv Independence Day Parade

A number of universities have specialized military institutes, such as the Faculty of Military Legal Studies at Kharkiv's Yaroslav Mudryi National Law Academy of Ukraine. The primary Ukrainian military academies are:

• Hetman Petro Sahaidachnyi National Ground Forces Academy, Lviv
• Admiral Pavel Nakhimov Naval Academy, Sevastopol
  • transferred to Mykolaiv
• Ivan Kozhedub National Air Force University, Kharkiv

In addition the Ivan Chernyakhovsky National Defense University of Ukraine is in Kyiv.^[87]

The Central Hospital of the Armed Forces is located in Kyiv.^[88]

The armed forces' military high school is located in Kyiv – the Ivan Bohun Military High School.

Contract service

In 2017 more than 14 thousand people signed up for contract service with the Armed Forces.^[89]

For participating in the war in Donbas, (in May 2017 7.5 thousand) soldiers on the front line receive an average salary of ₴16,000.^[89] The minimum maintenance for a contract soldier is ₴7,000.^[89]

West Ukraine supplies the fewest military contractors.^[89]

Conscription

Men are conscripted at age 25.^[90]

The Soviet Union required all able-bodied male citizens to serve two years in the armed forces (three years if drafted into the navy), although the draft could be postponed due to continued higher education. It was possible to be drafted into non-Ministry of Defense military forces, such as the KGB Border Guards, the Militsiya, or the Internal Troops. When Ukraine gained its independence, it retained the policy of conscription, although the time in service was reduced to 18 months in the navy and one year in all other services. Ukraine also gradually began recruiting professional soldiers, although in almost all cases a person had to serve as a conscript prior to becoming a professional soldier. The Ukrainian Marine Corps was the first service to convert to being staffed by fully professional marines.^{[citation needed]}

In October 2013, President Viktor Yanukovych ended conscription in Ukraine. At the time 60% of Ukraine's forces were composed of professional soldiers.^[91] However, due to the Russo-Ukrainian War, conscription, as well as a partial mobilization, was reinstated in 2014.^[92] Ukraine modified the age group of males eligible for conscription for 2015 from 18–25 to the 20–27 age group.^[93]

After serving out the term of service Ukraine's conscripts become part of the inactive reserve and are eligible to be recalled for mobilization until they reach age 55, age 60 for officers. Due to the war in Donbas, Ukraine has instated a partial mobilization to fill needed positions in its armed forces, recalling conscripts who have served before, because of the war many conscripts have also been forced to serve longer than their original 18-month term of service.^[94] It was planned that in 2015 Ukraine would undergo three waves of partial mobilization, this would have allowed new troops to replace those serving longer than their original term of service.^[95]

All medical workers in Ukraine, regardless of gender, are eligible to be called up for service in case of a national emergency.^{[citation needed]}

Draft dodging is present in Ukraine, as with most nations using the draft. It was reported that between April and August 2014, over 1,000 criminal inquires into draft evasion were opened in Ukraine.^[96] Draft evasion can be problematic because, unless a male citizen was unable to serve for medical reasons, an application to receive an international passport of Ukraine may be denied due to a lack of military service, thus preventing the individual from traveling abroad.^[97]

In the autumn of 2016, longer deployment of mobilized servicemen to combat area in the east of Ukraine was ceased.^[98]

On 1 February 2022, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy announced the changing of the military training system, leading to the end of conscription by 1 January 2024.^[99] By the same date, there would be an increase in the number of professional servicemen by 100,000, to be achieved by better pay, with all military personnel to be guaranteed at least three times the minimum wage, and better housing provision.^[100] However, the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine upended those plans, along with massive popular mobilization into the Territorial Defence Forces. On 28 February 2022, President Zelenskyy offered release for prisoners with combat experience if they join the fight against Russia.^[101]

Role of women

Main article: Women in the Ukrainian military

 

Female military personnel at the Kyiv Independence Day Parade on 24 August 2018

Women have been allowed to serve in combat units since 2016.^[102] According to Defense Ministry figures early June 2016 some 49,500 women served in and worked in the Ukrainian military; more than 17,000 were military servicewomen, of which more than 2,000 officers.^[102] In 2020, 58,000 women served in the Armed Forces of Ukraine.^[103] By 2024, that number has increased to 62,000, with at least 5,000 of those in combat roles.^[104]

Women have also joined the various volunteer territorial defense battalions before the order for women's integration in the armed forces was enacted.^[102] Women are eligible to be drafted into the military as officers.^[105] In 2009 women comprised almost 13% of the armed forces (18,000 personnel) but with few females holding high rank (2.9% or 1,202 women).^[106] Contractual military service accounted for almost 44% of women. However, this being closely linked to the low salary of such positions: men refuse to serve in these conditions while women accept them.^[106]

For the first time in 27 years, a battalion of 120 female military personnel, comprising cadets from the Taras Shevchenko National University Military Institute and the Military Institute of Telecommunications and Information Technologies, participated in the Kyiv Independence Day Parade in August 2018.^[107][108] Their appearance as they marched along Khreshchatyk was greeted with loud applause from the spectators.^[109]

In September 2018, legislation was passed to make both women and men equal in the military and law enforcement agencies.^[110] The following month Liudmyla Shuhalei, the head of the Military Medical Directorate of the Security Service of Ukraine, became Ukraine's first female general.^[110] Since 2019, the Ivan Bohun Military High School accepts both male and female cadets. Nadiya Savchenko is perhaps one of the most well-known female Ukrainian soldiers, and was held as a prisoner in Russia from July 2014 until May 2016.^[111]

Paramilitary forces

Although not components of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, these militarized institutions are supposed to come under the Armed Forces' command during wartime. Such was the case in the 2022 Russian invasion, as these organizations, as stated below, were thus affiliated under Armed Forces command.

• National Guard of Ukraine (Ministry of Internal Affairs): 60,000^[112]
  • Special operation formations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, i.e. Omega, Scorpion (nuclear sites security), Tytan, and others. Most of Felidae-named formations (such as Bars, Jaguar, others) along with Berkut were reformed.
• Border Guard: 42,000 (including 8,000 civilian workers)^[113]
  • Ukrainian Sea Guard – the coast guard within the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine
• Various military troops of the SBU (no generic name): 30,000
• Civil Defence Forces (State Emergency Service of Ukraine): 10,218 (including 668 civilian workers)^[114]
• Special Transportation Service of Ukraine – (Ministry of Transportation and Communications)^[115]

Recent operations

 

Members of the Ukrainian Army's 19th Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Battalion in Kuwait

Ukraine has been playing an increasingly larger role in peacekeeping operations. Since 1992, over 30,000 soldiers have taken part in missions in the former Yugoslavia (IFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina, UNPROFOR and UNTAES in Croatia, KFor in Kosovo), the Middle East (Southern Lebanon, Kuwait, Iraq), and Africa (Angola, Sierra Leone, Liberia).^[116]

 

Deployments outside Ukraine since 1991

Since 1997, Ukraine has been working closely with NATO and especially with Poland. A Ukrainian unit was deployed as part of the multinational force in Iraq under Polish command. Ukrainian troops are also deployed as part of the Ukrainian-Polish Battalion (UKRPOLBAT) in Kosovo. The total Ukrainian military deployment around the world as of 1 August 2009 was 540 servicemen participating in 8 peacekeeping missions.^[116]

The first battle of a regular formation of the Ukrainian Armed Forces happened on 6 April 2004, in Kut, Iraq, when the Ukrainian peacekeeping contingent was attacked by militants of the Mahdi Army. The Ukrainians took fire, and over several hours held the objectives they had been assigned to secure.^[117]

 

Ukrainian troops riding alongside US Marines in Iraq

Ukrainian troops as part of the former Soviet Armed Forces contingent participated in UNPROFOR in 1992, and in the summer of that year were involved into the civil war in Yugoslavia. On 3 July 1992, the Verkhovna Rada adopted a resolution committing the Ukrainian Armed Forces to UN peacekeeping missions. The Minister of Defense, Kostyantyn Morozov, ordered the creation of the 240th Separate Special Battalion (UKRBAT-1) which was based on the 93rd Guards Motor Rifle Division (now the 93rd Mechanized Brigade). Soon after arrival in Sarajevo on 31 July 1992, the battalion's artillery ended up in the middle of a mutual mortar fight between the Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Muslims. One of the Serbian shells hit the Ukrainian position, seriously wounding seven soldiers, one of whom died after hospitalization in Germany.

Since gaining independence Ukraine has deployed troops to Iraq, Afghanistan, Kosovo, as well as dedicating peacekeepers to UN missions to Africa (including helicopter units). Ukrainian naval units also participated in anti piracy operations off the coast of Somalia prior to being recalled due to the 2014 Russian intervention in Ukraine.^[118]

On 19 January 2015, Ukraine's 18th separate helicopter detachment along with other MONUSCO troops carried out a successful operation eliminating 2 camps belonging to illegal armed groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.^[119]

Deployment outside Ukraine

•   Democratic Republic of the Congo: (MONUSCO) – 12 Experts on Mission and four Mi-24 helicopters^{[116][120][121][122]}
•   Kosovo: (KFOR) – 128 Soldiers^[116][123]
•   Kosovo: (UNMIK) – 1 Military Liaison Component Chief of Staff, 1 liaison officer^[116][120]
•   Liberia: (UNMIL) – 277 Contingent Troops, 2 Experts on Mission^[116][120]
•   Moldova: (Transnistria) – 10 Military Observers^[116]
•   Sudan: (UNMIS) – 9 Experts on Mission^[116][120]
•   Mali (20)

Annexation of Crimea by Russia

Main article: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

On 2 March 2014, the Ukrainian Armed Forces were placed on full alert following a Russian military invasion of Crimea.^[124] On 19 March 2014, Ukraine drew plans to withdraw all its troops and their families to the mainland "quickly and efficiently".^[125]

Traditions

 

The Central House of Officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

• On 9 August 2018, President Petro Poroshenko announced that the battle cry Glory to Ukraine will be the official greeting of the armed forces, replacing the Soviet era military greeting of Hello Comrades (Вітаю товариші, Vitayu tovaryshi).^[126] The greeting was first used during the Kyiv Independence Day Parade that year celebrating the centennial of the Ukrainian state.^[127][128] It is also the official greeting of the National Police of Ukraine.^[129]
• The Central House of Officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is the cultural center of the Ukrainian military located in Kyiv. Since its recent reorganization, it has become one of the leading cultural centers in the Ukrainian capital. It served as a concert hall for military officers in the post-war years, during which the whole city of Kyiv was in ruins and there were practically no audience halls. It has hosted the National Military History Museum since October 1995.^[130]
• The Ukrainian Army unveiled its current uniform on Independence Day in 2016.^[131] The new uniforms were modeled on British and Polish military styles^[131] and incorporate details from the uniforms worn by the Ukrainian People's Army.^[131] The cap includes an insignia of a Ukrainian Cossack grasping a cross.^[131] Although mainly designed for the ground forces, other branches based their new uniforms off of the update. Prior to 2016, the uniforms were based on the Soviet military precedent.
• The military uses the Soviet goosestep (originated from Prussia that under the orders of King Frederick the Great) with the speed of the step being 75 steps per minute and elements of the marching pace of the Sich Riflemen.^[132][133]
• When in the present arms position, all unit colors are required to dip.
• The S. Tvorun arrangement of the Zaporizhian March has been used in the ZSU since 1991 when it replaced Farewell of Slavianka in being performed during recruiting days, when new servicemen are welcomed to the Armed Forces and recite their enlistment oaths.

Budget

See also: List of countries in Europe by military expenditures

In 2017, Ukraine's National Security Strategy foresaw that its National Security and Defense budget should be at least 5% of Ukraine's GDP.^[134]

On 21 December 2016, the Verkhovna Rada adopted its 2017 National Security and Defense budget worth $5.172 billion; that being 5% of Ukraine's GDP. In 2016 defense expenditures amounted to $4.4 billion, or 5% of the GDP.^[135][136] This (2016 figure) was a 23% increase from 2013 and a 65% increase from 2005.^[135] From the total, 60% was budgeted to be spent on defence and 40% on security and policing.^[135] 2016 also saw a 30% increase in weapons development spending.^[137]

In 2017, corruption, historically widespread in Ukraine, combined with small budgets left the military in such a depleted condition that their ability to confront the crisis in Crimea and the Donbas was minimal. All Ukrainian defence sectors were heavily affected by systemic corruption which is hindering its capacity to ensure national security. In addition, it undermined popular trust in the military as an institution. Despite great effort to resolve the issue there were signs that enough is not being done.^[138]

The Ukrainian government launched major structural reforms of the army to meet NATO standards by 2020, but few believed that it could successfully meet the deadline. Some of the problems remained intact, for example: lack of civilian and parliamentary control of the armed forces, lack of internal coordination between different departments, poor integration of volunteers into the regular army, impunity and abusive behavior of military personnel in conflict zones and systemic corruption and opacity of financial resources, especially in the Ukroboronprom defense-industry monopoly.^[139]

In 2018, the military budget grew dramatically, to nearly 5% of GDP. Corruption remained a serious problem operating at all levels of Ukrainian society, and the lack of modern military organizational structure confounded efforts at reform.^[140] By 2022, some reforms had been made.^[141]

Budget per year

(Defense budget only, not "Security and Defense" combined)^[142][143]

• 2003: $1.01 billion (₴5.06 billion @5.0 exchange rate)^[144]
• 2004: $1.29 billion (₴6.46 billion @5.0 exchange rate)^[144]
• 2005: $1.23 billion (₴6.16 billion @5.0 exchange rate)^[144]
• 2006: $1.47 billion (₴7.35 billion @5.0 exchange rate)^[144]
• 2007: $2.12 billion (₴10.6 billion @5.0 exchange rate)^[144]
• 2008: $1.78 billion (₴8.926 billion @5.0 exchange rate)^[145]
• 2009: $0.93 billion (₴7.4 billion @8.0 exchange rate)^[146]
• 2010: $1.63 billion (₴13.1 billion @8.0 exchange rate)^[147]
• 2011: $1.82 billion (₴14.6 billion @8.0 exchange rate)^[148]
• 2012: $2.05 billion (₴16.4 billion @8.0 exchange rate)^[149]
• 2013: $1.88 billion (₴15.3 billion @8.1 exchange rate)^[150]
• 2014: $1.37 billion (₴15.1 billion @11.0 exchange rate)^[151]
• 2015: $1.91 billion (₴40.2 billion @21.0 exchange rate)^[151]
• 2016: $2.11 billion (₴56 billion)^[152]
• 2017: $2.65 billion (₴69 billion)^[153]
• 2018: $3.20 billion (₴83.3 billion)^[153]
• 2019: $4.08 billion (₴102 billion)^[153]
• 2020: $5.2 billion (₴130 billion)^[154]
• 2021: $4.9 billion (₴121.7 billion)^[155]
• 2022: $8.3 billion^[156]
• 2023: $31.03 billion (₴1,141.1 billion)^[157][158]

"Security and Defense" combined budget apart from Department of Defense (Defense Ministry) for Armed Forces of Ukraine, also includes expenses for Police, Customs, and Border Control.

Military holidays

 

T-64 and Su-27 on Defender of Ukraine Day celebration, 14 October 2017

These are the military holidays observed by all service personnel in the Armed Forces of Ukraine.^[159]

• 6 May - Day of the Mechanized Infantry
• 23 May – Marine Corps Birthday
• 8 July – Air and Air Defence Forces Day
• First Sunday in July – Navy Day;^[160] From 1997 until 2011 this day was celebrated on August 1^[161][162]
• 8 August – Signal Corps Day
• 7 September – Military Intelligence Forces Day^[163]
• 9 September – Armoured Forces Day
• 14 September – Mobilized Servicemen Day
• 1 October – Defenders of Ukraine Day^[164]
• 29 October – Finance Officers Day
• 3 November – Rocket Forces and Artillery Day
• 3 November – Corps of Engineers Day
• 21 November – Air Assault Forces Day^{[165][166][167]}
• 6 December – Armed Forces Day; festive fireworks and salutes take place in various cities in Ukraine^[168] The holiday was established in 1993 by the Verkhovna Rada.^[169]
• 12 December – Ground Forces Day
• 23 December – Operational Servicemen Day

Veterans

Ukraine provides combat veterans with a range of benefits. Ukrainians who served in World War II, the Soviet–Afghan War, or as liquidators at the Chernobyl disaster are eligible for benefits such as monthly allowances, discounts on medical and pharmacy services, free use of public transportation, additional vacation days from work, retention priority in work layoffs, easier access to loans and associated approval processes, preference when applying for security related positions, priority when applying to vocational schools or trade schools, and electricity, gas, and housing subsidies. Veterans are also eligible to stay at military sanatoriums, space permitting. Since gaining independence, Ukraine has deployed troops to Kosovo, Iraq, and Afghanistan, gaining a new generation of veterans separate from those who have served in the Soviet forces. Most recently, the government passed a law extending veteran benefits to Ukrainian troops responding to the war in Donbas. Moreover, veterans from other nations who move to or reside in Ukraine may be eligible for some of the listed benefits, this provision was likely made to ensure World War II, Chernobyl, and Afghanistan veterans from other Soviet states who moved to Ukraine received similar benefits, however as Ukraine has participated in numerous NATO-led conflicts since its independence, it is unclear if NATO veterans would be extended these benefits.^[170]

Veteran groups are not as developed as in the United States, which has numerous well known national organizations such as the Veterans of Foreign Wars. World War II veterans, and even persons who have lived through the war are generally treated with the highest respect. Other veterans are not as well known. Ukrainian veterans from the Soviet–Afghan War are strikingly similar to the Vietnam War veterans of the United States. The Soviet Union generally kept the public in the dark through the war, and it has often been labeled as a mistake by the Soviet Union and its successor states. The lack of media coverage and censorship through the war also ensured that many still remain unaware of their nation's involvement in the conflict.^[171] Despite Ukraine having the third-largest contingent of troops in Iraq in 2004, few also realize that their nation has many veterans of the Iraq War.

Due to the ongoing conflict with Russia, another generation of veterans has appeared in Ukraine. These veterans would be eligible for the same benefits as all others. However, as there was no official declaration of war, it was difficult to determine the cut-off date for veteran benefits, leaving many that participated at the beginning of the conflict without benefits. At first, Ukraine only gave benefits posthumously to family members, as there was no legal framework to account for the veterans, moreover, members of territorial defense battalions were not eligible for benefits at all. In August^[specify], a law was passed granting all service members participating in the war in Donbas the status of veterans, five months after first hostilities broke out in Crimea, the territorial defense battalions were integrated into the National Guard making them part of Ukraine's forces, thus allowing their volunteers to receive veteran status.^[172][173]

Veterans of the war in Donbas are eligible for receiving apartments (if staying in active duty) or a land plot for building purposes of 1,000 sq. metres in the district of their registration.

On 22 November 2018, the Ministry for Veterans Affairs of Ukraine was officially established.^[174]

Military industrial complex

Main article: Defense industry of Ukraine

Ukraine received about 30% of the Soviet military industry, which included between 50 and 60 percent of all Ukrainian enterprises, employing 40% of its working population. Ukraine was a leader in missile-related technology,^[175] navigation electronics for combat vessels and submarines, guidance systems, and radar for military jets, heavy armoured vehicles.

The military-technical policy in the field of development and modernization of weapons and military equipment provides the Central Scientific Research Institute of Armament and Military Equipment of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.^[176]

See also

• Military ranks of Ukraine
• Flags of the Ukrainian Armed Forces
• Ukrainian Armed Forces branch insignia
• List of equipment of the Armed Forces of Ukraine
• Yurii Bulavka
• Vitalii Lazorkin
• Bohdan Senyk

Notes

1. Commonly known as "Taiwan". See also List of states with limited recognition, Political status of Taiwan and Foreign relations of Taiwan.
2. Ukrainian: ЗСУ

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Further reading

• Andrew Bowen, "Ukrainian Armed Forces," Congressional Research Service 30 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine, June 23, 2021
• Melanie Bright, The Jane's Interview: Yevhen Marchuk, Ukraine's Minister of Defence, Jane's Defence Weekly, 7 January 2004
• John Jaworsky, "Ukraine's Armed Forces and Military Policy," Harvard Ukrainian Studies Vol. 20, UKRAINE IN THE WORLD: Studies in the International Relations and Security Structure of a Newly Independent State (1996), pp. 223–247
• Kuzio, T., "Ukrainian Armed Forces in Crisis," Jane's Intelligence Review, 1995, Vol. 7; No. 7, page 305
• Kuzio, T., "The organization of Ukraine's forces," Jane's Intelligence Review, June 1996, Vol. 8; No. 6, pages 254–258
• Ben Lombardia, "Ukrainian armed forces: Defence expenditure and military reform," The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Volume 14, Issue 3, 2001, pages 31–68
• Mychajlyszyn, Natalie (2002). "Civil-Military Relations in Post-Soviet Ukraine: Implciations for Domestic and Regional Stability". Armed Forces & Society. 28 (3). Interuniversity Seminar on Armed Forces and Society: 455–479. doi:10.1177/0095327x0202800306. S2CID 145268260.
• Walter Parchomenko, "Prospects for Genuine Reform in Ukraine's Security Forces," Armed Forces & Society, 2002, Vol. 28, No. 2
• Brigitte Sauerwein, "Rich in Arms, Poor in Tradition," International Defence Review, No. 4, April 1993, 317–318.
• J Sherr, "Ukraine: The Pursuit of Defence Reform in an Unfavourable Context," 2004, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom
• J Sherr, "Into Reverse?: The Dismissal of Ukraine's Minister of Defence," 2004, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom
• James Sherr, 'Ukraine's Defence Reform: An Update', Conflict Studies Research Centre, 2002
• Sharon L. Wolchik, Ukraine: The Search for a National Identity. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000
• Steven J Zaloga, "Armed Forces in Ukraine," Jane's Intelligence Review, March 1992, p. 135
• Jane's Intelligence Review, September 1993, re Crimea
• Woff, Richard, Armed Forces of the Former Soviet Union: Evolution, Structure and Personalities. London: Brassey's, c. 1996.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military of Ukraine.

• Official Website of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense: in English and in Ukrainian (in English and Ukrainian)
• – Ministry of Defense' Army of Ukraine magazine (in Ukrainian)
• Ukraine Defence White Book: 2007 2013 2014 2015 2016
• "Defense-Express" specialized news agency (a project of Ukrainian "Center for Army Conversion and Disarmament Studies" NGO; subscription needed for most of the material)
• Alexander J. Motyl, ^[usurped], World Affairs, 3 February 2016.
• (including info on insignia and military museums)
• Polyakov, Leonid. "Corruption Obstructs Reforms in the Ukrainian Armed Forces". isn.ethz.ch. Retrieved 9 February 2016. Polyakov was a former deputy defence minister. In this 2013 work, Polyakov said corruption was compromising the performance of Ukraine's defense forces. The author identifies corruption within and outside of the defense agencies and said this corruption has impacted the professionalization of the army, its human resource management, procurement, peacekeeping activities and fiscal management. Unlawful use of military infrastructure through provision of business services for illegal reward became a widespread phenomenon.
• "London, UK-based Institute for Strategic Studies appraises Ukrainian Armed Forces' personnel as 295,500-strong". Ukrinform. 25 October 2003. Information on Ukrainian military human and weapons resources.