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Southern Ukraine campaign

January 01, 1970

Further information: Siege of Mariupol, Battle of Enerhodar, Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast, and Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast

Southern Ukraine campaign
Part of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Date24 February 2022 – present
(2 years, 2 months, 1 week and 2 days)
Location
Southern Ukraine (Kherson Oblast, Mykolaiv Oblast, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, southern Donetsk Oblast)
Status

Ongoing

Belligerents

 Russia

 Ukraine
Commanders and leaders
Vladimir Putin
Valery Gerasimov
Gennady Zhidko
Oleg Salyukov
Nikolai Yevmenov
Sergey Dronov
Andrey Mordvichev (killed per Ukrainian claim)[10]
Yakov Rezantsev (killed per Ukrainian claim)[11][12]
Arkady Marzoyev [ru][12]		 Volodymyr Zelenskyy
Valerii Zaluzhnyi
Oleksandr Syrskyi
Serhiy Kotenko †[13]
Vitaliy Nevinsky[14]
Vyacheslav Dimov †[15]
Dmytro Marchenko [uk]
Units involved
See order of battle See order of battle
Strength
13,000 in 17 BTGs (invasion force, February 2022)[16]
35,000 (invasion force, 24 February 2022)[17]
7 brigades (west bank Kherson, May 2022)[12]
20,000–25,000 (west bank Kherson, August 2022, per Ukraine)[18]
40,000 (west bank Kherson and support units, October 2022, per Budanov)[19]
152,000 (Kherson and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts, May 2023, per Ukraine)[20]		 15,000 (Kherson Oblast, 24 February 2022)[17]
8 brigades (west bank Kherson, May 2022)[12]
20,000 (west bank Kherson, August 2022)[21]

The southern Ukraine campaign is an ongoing theatre of operation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which began on 24 February 2022. From their base in Russian-occupied Crimea, the Russian Armed Forces attacked Kherson Oblast, Mykolaiv Oblast, and Zaporizhzhia Oblast in southern Ukraine,[22] battling the Armed Forces of Ukraine.[23]

Elements from the southern Russian offensive joined forces with elements from the eastern Ukraine offensive to jointly surround and bombard the city of Mariupol in Donetsk Oblast, which fell after months of siege.

Kherson was surrounded two days into the war, after which Russian forces advanced to the outskirts of Mykolaiv, which they failed to capture. The front then stabilised until a Ukrainian offensive in August. Ukrainian forces retook all of the territory west and north of the Dnieper river, and the front stabilised again just south of Kherson in November 2022. Kherson, the only oblast capital captured by Russia after its 2022 invasion, was liberated on 11 November.[24]

Background

In the aftermath of the Revolution of Dignity in 2014, Russia annexed the Crimean Peninsula from Ukraine.[25][26] Russian troops de facto occupied the self-proclaimed Republic of Crimea for the next eight years. The Russian military presence on the peninsula significantly increased during the pre-war military buildup on Ukraine's borders, with over 10,000 additional troops deployed in late January and early February.[27] On the eve of the invasion, the Russian force strength in Crimea was estimated at 90,000.[17]

By 3:30 AM on 24 February, Ukraine closed all commercial shipping in the Sea of Azov, leaving more than 100 ships stuck in port.[28]

On 24 February, Russian forces took control of the North Crimean Canal, allowing Crimea to obtain water from the Dnieper, previously cut off since 2014.[29] On 26 February, the siege of Mariupol began as the attack moved east towards the city, linking the front to separatist-held regions in Donbas.[30][31] En route, Russian forces entered Berdiansk and captured it.[32] On 1 March, Russian forces attacked Melitopol and other nearby cities.[33] Ivan Fedorov, mayor of Melitopol, later announced that Russian forces had occupied the city.[34]

On the morning of 25 February, Russian units from the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) advanced towards Mariupol and were defeated by Ukrainian forces near the village of Pavlopil.[35][36][37] By evening, the Russian Navy reportedly began an amphibious assault on the coast of the Sea of Azov 70 kilometres (43 mi) west of Mariupol. A US defence official said that Russian forces might be deploying thousands of marines from this beachhead.[38][39][40]

Another Russian force advanced north from Crimea, with the Russian 22nd Army Corps approaching the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant on 26 February.[41][42] On 28 February, they began a siege at Enerhodar in an attempt to take control of the nuclear power plant.[43] A fire began at the plant during the battle.[44] The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) subsequently said that essential equipment was undamaged.[45] By 4 March, the nuclear power plant fell under Russian control. Despite the fires, the power plant recorded no radiation leaks.[46]

A third Russian attack group from Crimea moved northwest, where they captured bridges over the Dnieper.[47] On 2 March, Russian troops captured Kherson, which became the first major Ukrainian city to fall to Russian forces in the invasion.[48] Russian troops moved on Mykolaiv and attacked the city two days later, but were later repelled by Ukrainian forces.[49] Following a renewed missile attack on 14 March in Mariupol, the Ukrainian government claimed more than 2,500 deaths in the city.[50]

By 18 March, Mariupol was completely encircled and fighting reached the city centre, hampering efforts to evacuate civilians.[51] On 20 March, an art school in the city, sheltering around 400 people, was destroyed by Russian bombs.[52] The Russians demanded a full surrender, and several Ukrainian government officials refused.[53][54] On 24 March, Russian forces entered central Mariupol.[55] The city administration alleged the Russians tried to demoralise residents by publicly shouting claims of Russian victories, that Odesa had been captured among them.[56]

Timeline

Russian invasion

Kherson Oblast

See also: Battle of Kherson
Russian troops cross into southern Ukraine from Crimea on 24 February 2022

Shortly after Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a military operation in Ukraine, the Russian Air Force began to launch cruise and ballistic missiles at targets in several cities in Kherson Oblast. With air support, Russian Armed Forces then crossed into Kherson Oblast through areas of Crimea annexed by Russia in 2014.[57][58][59] The Russian Navy used a naval blockade in the Black Sea to prevent Ukraine from providing support to units located near Kherson Oblast, and restrict commercial trade and the flow of goods to southern Ukraine.[60]

By evening, the Russians had reached Kherson and engaged the Ukrainians in the battle of Kherson. The Russians initially crossed the Dnieper River over the Antonovskiy Bridge, but Ukrainian mechanized forces were able to recapture the bridge.[61]

A Ukrainian battalion was deployed to destroy the Henichesk bridge near the Isthmus of Perekop, and thereby slow the advance of Russian troops from Crimea.[62] Vitalii Skakun, the combat engineer who planted the explosives on the bridge, did not have enough time to retreat from the bridge, and so detonated the mines, killing himself and destroying the bridge.[63][64] Skakun was posthumously awarded the title Hero of Ukraine by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.[65]

Russian troops established control over the North Crimean Canal.[66] Following Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea, Ukraine had blocked the canal,[67] which had provided 85% of Crimea's drinking water.[68] Sergey Aksyonov, head of the Republic of Crimea, told local authorities to prepare the canal to receive water from the Dnieper and resume the supply of water to Crimea, the following day.[69]

By the morning of 25 February, Russian forces had encircled and captured Nova Kakhovka.[70] The North Crimean Canal was unblocked, removing a longstanding water blockage imposed on Crimea after the 2014 Russian annexation of the peninsula.[71][72] Later in the day, Russian forces captured the Antonovskiy Bridge.[73]

On 26 February, according to Kherson mayor Ihor Kolykhaiev, a Ukrainian airstrike forced the Russians to retreat from Kherson, leaving the city under Ukrainian control.[74][75] Ukrainian forces later recaptured the bridge.[76] Ukrainian Prosecutor General Iryna Venediktova said that Russian forces had killed a journalist and an ambulance driver near the village of Zelenivka, a northern suburb of Kherson.[77]

Another Ukrainian official later claimed that a Russian army column was defeated between the towns of Radensk and Oleshky, just south of Kherson.[78]

Russian Ministry of Defense spokesperson Igor Konashenkov announced that the city of Henichesk and Kherson International Airport had surrendered to Russian forces in the morning.[79][80][81] Later, Russian forces encircled and captured a part of Kherson,[82][83] with Ukrainian officials corroborating this claim.[84]

Later on 27 February, a group of Romani Ukrainian fighters allegedly captured a Russian armoured fighting vehicle in the village of Liubymivka near Kakhovka.[85] The next day, Ukrainian official Vadim Denysenko accused Russian forces of trying to use civilians from villages around Kherson as human shields to cross the bridge into Kherson.[86]

In the early morning of 1 March, Russian forces began assaulting Kherson from the west, advancing from Kherson International Airport towards the highway to Mykolaiv. They were able to surround the city and reached the neighboring settlement of Komyshany.[87] Later in the day, Russian forces entered Kherson.[88]

In the early morning of 2 March, Russian forces seized parts of Kherson, including the city's central square.[89] Later that evening, Kolykhaiev announced that he had surrendered the city to Russian forces, and that the Russian commander planned to set up a military administration in the city.[90]

Mykolaiv Oblast

See also: Battle of Mykolaiv and Battle of Voznesensk
 
Burned vehicles in Mykolaiv after Russian attacks

In the afternoon of 26 February, 12 Russian tanks managed to break through in Kakhovka on the Dnieper and began advancing towards Mykolaiv.[91] Vitaliy Kim, the governor of Mykolaiv Oblast, said the city had had five hours to prepare.[92][93] Artillery and other arms were prepared.[94]

By evening, Russian tanks were in the outskirts of Mykolaiv. Oleksandr Senkevych [uk], the mayor of Mykolaiv, ordered citizens to stay indoors, as far away from windows as possible.[95] Shortly after, Russian troops entered the city and a battle on the Southern Bug erupted about 10 minutes later.[96] According to some reports, tanks "passed through the city".[97] There were also sightings of large fires.[98]

On 27 February, Ukrainian officials claimed that Russian forces were fully driven away from Mykolaiv.[99] The city was extensively damaged.[100][101][102]

On 28 February, Russian troops advanced from Kherson towards Mykolaiv, reaching the city's outskirts and launching an assault at 11:00.[103][104]

 
A Russian T-72 tank trapped on a bridge demolished by the Ukrainians in Kalynivka, Mykolaiv Oblast, 2 March

Russian forces also shelled Bashtanka and Mykolaiv on 1 March. Ukrainian officials later claimed that a large Russian convoy was attacked and defeated by Ukrainian forces during the night near Bashtanka, forcing the Russians to retreat towards the neighboring city of Novyi Buh. They claimed that "several dozen [Russian] armored vehicles" were destroyed in the attack.[105] Kim stated that during the operation, a Ukrainian helicopter was destroyed, but its pilots survived.[106]

The next day, Russian forces bombarded Voznesensk, which has a bridge that can be used to cross the Southern Bug instead of the one near Mykolaiv, during the morning. Russian paratroopers then landed at a forested ridge near the town, and an armored column approached it. Forces from the 126th Coastal Defence Brigade were attacked while trying to reach them.[107]

The Russian troops, estimated to be 400 by Ukrainian officials, then captured the village of Rakove, whose houses it used to create a sniper nest. Afterwards, they set up a base at a gas station near the town's entrance and assaulted the base of the Territorial Defense Forces. Ukrainian forces struck back with artillery that night with the help of local volunteers who gave them coordinates.[107] Local volunteers and Ukrainian soldiers were able to repel Russian troops from Voznesensk the next day, forcing most of them to retreat 40 miles (64 km) to the east and others to flee into nearby forests, where ten of them were later captured. Ukrainian officials stated that Russian forces had lost 30 vehicles in the battle, in addition to around 100 soldiers. Ten civilians were killed in the fighting.[107]

Zaporizhzhia Oblast

See also: Battle of Melitopol, Battle of Enerhodar, and Siege of Mariupol

Fighting began to spill into Zaporizhzhia Oblast on 25 February as Russian forces moved through southeastern Kherson Oblast towards Melitopol, which later surrendered to advancing Russian forces after a small skirmish.[108][109][110]

A Ukrainian official stated that Russian forces had advanced further towards the city of Enerhodar southwest of Zaporizhzhia, and its Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. The official stated that the Russians were deploying Grad missiles and warned of an attack on the plant.[111] The Zaporizhzhia Regional State Administration stated that the Russian forces advancing on Enerhodar later returned to Velyka Bilozerka, a village 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the city.[112] Russian forces later captured the coastal city of Prymorsk by 13:40.[113]

Russian forces advanced from Melitopol towards Mariupol, where a battle had gone on since 25 February. They captured the coastal city of Prymorsk and surrounded the city of Berdiansk west of Mariupol.[30][114] At Berdiansk, Russian troops captured the port and the Berdiansk Airport.[115][116]

Russian forces were also able to enter and capture Berdiansk.[117][118] During the takeover, local authorities reported that one person was killed and another was wounded.[119][120] At least eight Ukrainian warships were seized in Berdiansk; two Gyurza-M-class artillery boats, two Zhuk-class patrol boats, a Sorum-class tugboat (converted to a patrol vessel[121]) and six small patrol boats. Russia Today did not mention the second Zhuk-class patrol boat or the six small patrol boats, but claimed that among these vessels captured were a Polnocny-class landing ship, a Ondatra-class landing craft, a Grisha-class corvette, a Matka-class missile boat, and a Yevgenya-class minesweeper (officially, the Ukrainian Navy had none of these assigned to bases west of the Kerch Strait prior to the war and no recent reporting of them crossing it was available).[122] Two of the smaller boats were later revealed to be UMS-1000 patrol cutters, three were Kalkan-M boats[123] and one was an Adamant-315 motor yacht.[124]

Russian forces tried to enter into Dniprorudne on 27 February, but were forced to turn back after being confronted by protesting locals.[125]

Advancing north from Crimea, with the Russian 22nd Army Corps approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant on 26 February.[41][42] On 28 February, they began a siege at Enerhodar in an attempt to take control of the nuclear power plant.[43] A fire began at the plant during the battle.[44] The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) subsequently said that essential equipment was undamaged.[45] By 4 March, the nuclear power plant fell under Russian control. Despite the fires, the power plant recorded no radiation leaks.[46] On 28 February, the Russian Ministry of Defense claimed that Russian forces had captured Enerhodar, and surrounded the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. However, Dmitri Orlov, the mayor of Enerhodar, denied that the city and the plant had been captured.[126][127] A video later emerged showing local civilians preventing a Russian convoy from entering Enerhodar by barricading the entrance, forcing them to leave.[128]

Also on 28 February, according to Oleksandr Svidlo, the mayor of Berdiansk, Russian forces left the city leaving a Russian military police detachment in the city.[129] Russian forces advanced towards Mariupol.[130] By reaching Mariupol, Russian forces established a land connection linking Crimea and the Donetsk People's Republic.[131]

Elsewhere, according to Ukrainian media reports, Russian sabotage and reconnaissance groups stole Ukrainian military uniforms from a military depot and engaged Ukrainian forces in Tokmak, northeast of Melitopol.[132][133][134] According to the Center for Strategic Communications and Information Security, the Russians were identified because they wore bulletproof vests that were used by the Russian army, and not the Ukrainian vests.[135][136] Ukraine claimed Russian forces suffered many casualties and retreated to the southern outskirts of the town.[137]

On 1 March, the mayor of Melitopol, Ivan Fedorov, announced that the Russian forces had occupied the city.[3] A United States Department of Defense official also confirmed that Russian forces had captured the city.[138]

Ukrainian officials stated that Russian forces had surrounded Enerhodar on 1 March, with a Russian convoy advancing into the city around 14:00.[139] According to the mayor, the city had difficulties obtaining food.[139]

Russian advance into northern Kherson Oblast, eastern Mykolaiv Oblast, and western Zaporizhzhia Oblast

Further information: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks
 
Russian military vehicles at a captured Ukrainian military base near Radensk, Kherson, March 2022

On 2 March, Anton Herashchenko said that Russian shelling hit many homes in Mariupol, with four people killed.[140] Kim announced that Ukrainian forces carried out strikes on Chornobaivka and in the Yelanets area, and that a Russian column left Snihurivka.[141]

In the evening, an unidentified missile struck the MVS Banglar Samriddhi, a Bangladeshi cargo ship which stranded in port near Olbia in Mykolaiv Oblast since the invasion began, killing a Bangladeshi engineer.[142][143]

 
Destroyed Russian artillery and vehicles near Mykolaiv, 3 March 2022

On 3 March, heavy resistance was still raging in the city of Mariupol.[144] Mariupol officials allege that hundreds of civilians had been killed by 3 March.[145][146] Meanwhile, Orlov stated that a large Russian convoy had entered Enerhodar.[147] Later, Russian forces took control of the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. During the heavy fighting a fire broke out in a training facility outside of the main complex, which was quickly extinguished,[148] though other sections surrounding the plant sustained damage.[149] Initial reports said that the radiation levels remained normal during this time and the fire did not damage essential equipment.[150][151] However, firefighters were unable to reach the fire due to the fighting.[152]

On 4 March, local officials stated that Russian forces had captured some of the outskirts of Mykolaiv. Ukrainian forces recaptured Mykolaiv International Airport from Russian forces.[153] In the morning, after confirming that there were no changes to radiation levels, Russian forces captured Enerhodar and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant.[154][155][156] Ukraine blew up a railway bridge on the border with Transnistria to prevent the 1,400 Russian troops stationed in the breakaway territory from crossing into Ukraine.[157]

On 5 March, Orlov stated that Russian forces controlled the perimeter of Enerhodar and the power plant, while the local authorities were allowed to remain in control in the operation of the city.[8] Russian forces briefly entered Huliaipole (which, according to Ukrainian forces, was attacked during the night while facing shelling and airstrikes[158]), but they were pushed back.[159]

 
A destroyed Russian BMP-3 near Mariupol, 7 March 2022

On 7 March, the Ukrainian regional military administration of Zaporizhzhia Oblast stated that Russian forces had thus far captured the cities of Berdiansk, Enerhodar, Melitopol, Vasylivka, Tokmak and Polohy in this oblast.[160] On March 8, Russian and Ukrainian forces fought in Orikhiv, with Russian forces occupying the town,[161] but later being forced to pull out.[citation needed] Although shelling and air strikes by Russian forces still continued, forcing many inhabitants to leave the city.[162][163] The Ukrainian armed forces stated they had sunk Vasily Bykov, which had attacked Snake Island during the day, near Odesa. Videos posted on social media showed the warship being targeted.[164] However, on March 16 the ship was shown entering Sevastopol with no obvious damage.[165] The Ukrainian Air Force struck the military airbase at Kherson International Airport during the day, with Ukrainian officials claiming that more than 30 Russian helicopters were destroyed. Satellite imagery however showed that the number was fewer.[166]

 
Remnants of a shelled hospital in Mariupol, 9 March 2022

On 9 March, Russian troops entered the town of Skadovsk. According to local residents they entered at 08:45 and stationed themselves in the central square before being driven away by protesters. They then took over a building of the National Police of Ukraine in addition to vandalizing the city council building. The mayor Oleksandr Yakovlev stated that they took away computers from the city council building and had ordered that no political rallies be held.[167]

The next day, the Ukrainian General Staff reported that Russia deployed a battalion of the Baltic Fleet's 336th Naval Infantry Brigade toward Mykolaiv. Northwest of Mykolaiv, Russian and Ukrainian forces clashed in Voznesensk. The Institute for the Study of War opined that "Russian forces are likely experiencing difficulty advancing northwest beyond the Inhul River."[168] Heavy shelling hit Mykolaiv during the evening, causing several fires, and Vitaliy Kim reported "active hostilities" near Hur'ivka [uk] north of the city.[169] During the battles for Zaporizhzhia, Colonel Serhiy Kotenko, commander of the 9th Separate Motorized Infantry Battalion "Vinnytsia Scythians" was killed.[13]

Fall of Mariupol, Ukrainian counterattacks, and stalemate

Further information: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks
See also: Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast

On 11 March, Governor Kim stated that Ukrainian forces had pushed Russian troops eastwards by 15–20 kilometres (9.3–12.4 mi) and had also surrounded some units who were negotiating for a surrender.[170] The Ukrainian forces stated that they had destroyed two Russian helicopters in Skadovsk Raion the following day, and one of the pilots survived.[171] A video was published on social media showing one of the destroyed helicopters.[172] Yakovlev later stated that Skadovsk had been "liberated" from Russian forces as they had left the city on 10 March, but settled on its outskirts.[173]

A column of Russian forces re-entered Skadovsk during the afternoon, according to its mayor, and settled in one of the children's camps on its outskirts.[174]

Kim later claimed that 200 Russian vehicles were destroyed and surrounded in Melitopol.[175] Anton Gerashchenko later clarified that this had occurred near Vasylivka and the Ukrainian forces had destroyed the 200 vehicles of Russian forces stationed near Melitopol using artillery. He added that their headquarters was destroyed as well.[176]

A Russian airstrike on Snihurivka at 06:00 on 14 March killed one civilian and damaged five buildings, according to the State Emergency Service.[177]

According to the Mariupol City Council, 2,357 civilians had been killed during the city's siege.[178]

On 15 March, Russian Defense Ministry stated that Russian forces had captured all of Kherson Oblast.[179] The Ukrainian Air Force later struck the military airbase at Kherson International Airport again, destroying multiple Russian helicopters.[166]

Gennady Korban, head of Staff of Dnipro Oblast's Territorial Defense Forces, stated that the region was prepared for a Russian offensive, unlike Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts. He added that Russian forces were staging in the settlements of Velyka Oleksandrivka, Novovorontsovka and Arkhanhelske.[180] On 17 March, the Ukrainian military reported that Russian forces achieved "minor successes" in attacks towards Kryvyi Rih, capturing the village of Mala Shestirnia [uk].[181]

Landing ships of the Russian Navy meanwhile approached the coast of Odesa in three groups, including the Ivan Gren-class landing ship Pyotr Morgunov.[182] Russian fighter jets and warships attacked settlements in Odesa Oblast during the day, according to Ukrainian officials. Attacks on one of the settlements in the morning wounded two people.[183]

 
A downtown street during the siege of Mariupol
 
Aftermath of a rocket strike in the Odesa region, 16 May 2022

On 16 March, the Ukrainian government said that its forces had begun a counteroffensive near Mykolaiv towards Kherson and captured the town of Posad-Pokrovske.[184][185] Ukrainian troops in the village said their objective was to retake Kherson International Airport.[186]

By 20 March, Russia had completely encircled Mariupol with infantry and demanded a full surrender of the city, which Zelenskyy refused.[187] On 24 March, Russian forces entered central Mariupol,[188] seizing the Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God. The city administration alleged that Russians were trying to demoralize residents by publicly shouting claims of Russian victories, including statements that Odesa had been captured.[189] On 27 March, Ukraine's deputy prime minister, Olha Stefanishyna, stated that Mariupol "simply does not exist anymore," and that Russia's objectives have "nothing to do with humanity." Stefanishyna summarized that: "They (Mariupol's inhabitants) don’t have access to water, to any food supplies, to anything. More than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed."[190]

In a telephone conversation with Emmanuel Macron on 29 March, Putin stated that the bombardment of Mariupol would end only when Ukrainian troops fully surrendered Mariupol.[191]

On 1 April, a rescue effort by the United Nations (UN) to transport hundreds of civilian survivors out of Mariupol with 50 allocated buses was impeded by Russian troops, who refused the buses safe passage into the city while peace talks continued in Istanbul.[192] On 3 April, following the retraction of Russian forces from Kyiv at the end of phase one of the military invasion, Russia expanded its attack on southern Ukraine further west with increased bombardment and strikes against Odesa, Mykolaiv, and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant.[193][194]

By 10 April, Ukrainian forces had made significant advances and pushed back the Russian military in the area around Kherson, gaining ground at Osokorivka and Oleksandrivka. Russian counter-attacks failed to retake the lost territory, while Ukraine continued to harass local Russian airfields.[195] The Ukrainian counter-offensive had put Russia on the defensive in southern Ukraine, forcing it to focus on fortifying Kherson and improving its air defenses.[196] Guerrillas also began attacking Russian targets in the south, with one group reportedly operating in Melitopol.[197] By 18 April, fighting continued, and Ukraine claimed that its 80th Air Assault Brigade had retaken a number of villages near Mykolaiv.[198] Two days later, Russia counter-attacked and made minor gains at Oleksandrivka.[199] Gerashchenko announced that Ukrainian forces captured three villages near Snihurivka on 27 April.[200][201]

By May, the situation in right-bank Kherson Oblast had become a stalemate, with the opposing forces evenly matched and unable to go on the offensive. Units of the Russian 49th Combined Arms Army and the Crimea-based 22nd Army Corps held a bridgehead over the Dnieper approximately 160 km wide and 50 km deep.[12] According to Ukrainian military expert Viktor Kevliuk, the strategic purpose of the Russian bridgehead was to protect the North Crimean Canal and the "land bridge" between Crimea and mainland Russia, as well as to serve as a staging area for a future Russian operation aimed at reaching Transnistria and cutting off Ukrainian access to the Black Sea.[12] Russian forces were said to be preparing second and third lines of defense, fortifying airfields, ports and railway stations, and mining the coast of the Kakhovka Reservoir in anticipation of a Ukrainian counterattack.[12]

On 1 June, according to a Ukrainian regional governor, Vitalii Kim, Russian forces started blowing up bridges near Kherson in anticipation of a counterattack by the Ukrainian army.[202]

On 9 June, Reuters reported Ukrainian and British claims that Ukrainian forces had made gains in a counter-offensive towards Kherson, including establishing a bridgehead across the Inhulets River.[203] This offensive led to fierce fighting around Davydiv Brid, which saw positional warfare for the village due to its location on the river.[204][205]

On 10 June, Oleksiy Arestovych, an advisor to Zelenskyy, claimed that shelling on a Russian base in Stara Zburivka [uk] killed two generals, one of whom was preparing a referendum in the Kherson region. Arestovych also claimed that a recent artillery attack on another Russian base killed at least 200 troops, including Arabs, who were "presumably from Syria." He said it was the first confirmed case of Arabs fighting with Russia in Ukraine.[206]

On 8 July, Russia's ambassador to the United Kingdom, Andrey Kelin, said during a Reuters interview that Russia was unlikely to withdraw its forces from southern Ukraine as part of any future deals to end the war, saying, "...we have already experienced that after withdrawal, provocations start and all the people are being shot and all that."[207]

On 12 August, UN Secretary-General António Guterres asked for a demilitarized zone to be created around the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant after shelling struck an area used to store radioactive material.[208] This echoed earlier calls by Ukraine.[209] Russia refused, saying that it was protecting the plant from "terrorist attacks",[210] though it has invited officials from the IAEA to visit.[208] Two plant workers told the BBC that the staff were hostages and shelling prevented them from doing their normal work.[211]

2022 Kherson counteroffensive

Main article: 2022 Kherson counteroffensive
Further information: Liberation of Kherson and Attack on Nova Kakhovka
 
Civilians during President Volodymyr Zelenskyy's visit following the liberation of Kherson, 14 November 2022

On 10 July, Iryna Vereshchuk, the Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine and the Minister of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories, urged civilians in the Kherson region to evacuate ahead of an upcoming Ukrainian counterattack there, without specifying when the offensive would take place.[212] Ukraine's defence minister Oleksii Reznikov also signalled an upcoming offensive in the region.[213]

On 11 July, Ukrainian forces launched a missile attack with HIMARS rockets on the Russian-occupied city of Nova Kakhovka. Ukrainian officials claimed that the strike killed the chief of staff for the 22nd Army Corps, Major General Artyom Nasbulin, along with five colonels and a total of 150 soldiers. Russian forces confirmed the strike but did not confirm the death of the officers claimed by Ukraine, claiming that the Ukrainian rocket hit a warehouse that contained chemicals which then exploded.[214][215]

On 29 August, Ukraine launched a counteroffensive on the Kherson front.[216] During a 3 day period from 2 October to 4 October, Ukraine liberated 11 settlements in northern Kherson.[217] On 9 November, Russia announced the withdrawal of troops from Kherson,[218] with Ukrainian troops reported as entering Snihurivka the next day.[219][220][221] On 11 November, Ukrainian troops entered the city of Kherson,[222] and were met by crowds of Ukrainian citizens chanting "Slava Ukraini!" and "Glory to the ZSU,"[223] expressing their gratitude by lifting up soldiers and waving Ukrainian flags.[224][225]

Russian entrenchment and beginning of Dnieper campaign

Further information: Surovikin Line and Dnieper campaign (2022–present)
 
Aftermath of Russian shelling of Kherson city, 24 December 2022

In the aftermath of Ukraine's recapture of right-bank Kherson Oblast, Ukrainian forces began conducting a small-scale military campaign on the Dnieper, conducting raids and incursions on the left bank and on the Kinburn Spit.[226]

In December 2022, following previous successful counter-offensives, speculation among Western analysts and media about a prospective Ukrainian campaign to retake Crimea abounded. In the event of such an offensive, observers and analysts suggested Ukraine could attack along the Zaporizhzhia front and advance towards the strategic city of Melitopol to cut Russia's "landbridge to Crimea." Throughout the month, Russia reinforced its defense lines in southern Ukraine, particularly along the Zaporizhzhia and Kherson fronts.[227] Attacks on "collaborators" and Russian agents by apparent Ukrainian partisans and saboteurs continued.[228]

On 23 December, Ukraine's mayor of Melitopol Ivan Fedorov said the Russians were transforming the city into a fortress, replete with dragon's teeth defenses.[228] Meanwhile, satellite imagery showed that Russian troops had established trenches around the perimeters of Tokmak in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, considered a strategic city on the approach towards Melitopol.[229] On 15 May 2023, Ukrainian military intelligence estimated that the Russians had stationed 152,000 troops in Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in anticipation of a potential Ukrainian counteroffensive.[230]

2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive and continued Dnieper incursions

Further information: 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive and Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam
 
A bombed-out school in Orikhiv, July 2023

As Ukraine prepared to launch its counteroffensive in the south, there were signs of activity on the Dnieper front.[231] However, on June 6, 2023, the Kakhovka Dam in Nova Kakhovka was purposefully destroyed while under Russian control since March 2022, massively flooding the region. Experts assess that Russian forces likely blew the dam up.[232][233] This forced combat to stop along the river for a time.[231]

In early June 2023, Ukrainian forces launched their counteroffensive on the eastern part of the southern front, focusing on multiple directions, including Orikhiv[234] and Velyka Novosilka,[235] which are located in eastern Zaporizhzhia Oblast and western Donetsk Oblast, respectively. By 11 June, Ukraine had recaptured the front line settlements of Neskuchne, Blahodatne, Storozheve, Makarivka, and Novodarivka.[236] The progress of the offensive slowed as time progressed, despite the capture of several more villages. By December 2023, prominent Ukrainian figures and Western analysts began giving negative assessments of the success of the counteroffensive; statements by Ukrainian general Valerii Zaluzhnyi in early November 2023 that the war had arrived at a "stalemate" were seen by observers as an admission of its failure,[237] and followed more definite assessments made by analysts, especially with regard to operational success, from several weeks earlier.[238] Ukrainian forces did not reach the city of Tokmak, described as a "minimum goal" by Ukrainian general Oleksandr Tarnavskyi,[239] and the probable initial objective of reaching the Sea of Azov to split the Russian forces in southern Ukraine remained unfulfilled.[240][241][242]

As the floodwaters from the Dnieper receded, Ukraine resumed its incursions across the river on a larger scale. In December 2023, Ukraine established a foothold on the left bank at the village Krynky.[231]

The Ukrainian military announced on 3 March 2024 that it was spending a record amount of funding on fortifying the Zaporizhia region on the southern front.[243]

Order of battle

Russia and pro-Russian separatists

  Russian Armed Forces
  Donetsk People's Republic People's Militia[264]

Ukraine

  Ukrainian Armed Forces
  • Ukrainian guerrillas[197]

Environmental impact

See also: Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam § Animals and environment

The war has had a disruptive and destructive impact on the unique plants and wildlife of the Kinburn Spit such as the Сentaurea breviceps and Сentaurea Paczoskii cornflower species,[280] and their sensitive ecosystem.[281] Bombs, and the pollutants that came from them, killed nearby dolphins, and opened the sand and soil to the threat of chemicals seeping in and invasive species, according to the research and policy director at the UK-based Conflict and Environment Observatory Doug Weir.[282] In May 2022 a 4,000 hectares (10,000 acres) fire, started by rockets, inflicted lasting habitat damage to the perennial forests and salt marshes of the spit.[281][282][283]

See also

References

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January 01, 1970
southern, ukraine, campaign, further, information, siege, mariupol, battle, enerhodar, russian, occupation, zaporizhzhia, oblast, russian, occupation, kherson, oblast, part, russian, invasion, ukrainedate24, february, 2022, present, years, months, week, days, . Further information Siege of Mariupol Battle of Enerhodar Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast and Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast Southern Ukraine campaignPart of the Russian invasion of UkraineDate24 February 2022 present 2 years 2 months 1 week and 2 days LocationSouthern Ukraine Kherson Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast southern Donetsk Oblast StatusOngoing Russian forces capture Kherson 1 Mariupol 2 Melitopol 3 Nova Kakhovka 4 Oleshky 5 Berdiansk 6 Snihurivka 7 and Enerhodar 8 The Russian army advances to Mykolaiv and attempts to encircle the city but is pushed back 9 Russian forces reach Mariupol from the west and assist troops participating in the eastern Ukraine offensive for the takeover of the city Occupation regimes are installed by Russia in Kherson Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Ukrainian forces recapture all of Mykolaiv Oblast except the Kinburn Peninsula and all of right bank Kherson Oblast including Kherson City during a counter offensive in the southBelligerents Russia Donetsk PR UkraineCommanders and leadersVladimir Putin Valery Gerasimov Gennady Zhidko Oleg Salyukov Nikolai Yevmenov Sergey Dronov Andrey Mordvichev killed per Ukrainian claim 10 Yakov Rezantsev killed per Ukrainian claim 11 12 Arkady Marzoyev ru 12 Volodymyr Zelenskyy Valerii Zaluzhnyi Oleksandr Syrskyi Serhiy Kotenko 13 Vitaliy Nevinsky 14 Vyacheslav Dimov 15 Dmytro Marchenko uk Units involvedSee order of battleSee order of battleStrength13 000 in 17 BTGs invasion force February 2022 16 35 000 invasion force 24 February 2022 17 7 brigades west bank Kherson May 2022 12 20 000 25 000 west bank Kherson August 2022 per Ukraine 18 40 000 west bank Kherson and support units October 2022 per Budanov 19 152 000 Kherson and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts May 2023 per Ukraine 20 15 000 Kherson Oblast 24 February 2022 17 8 brigades west bank Kherson May 2022 12 20 000 west bank Kherson August 2022 21 The southern Ukraine campaign is an ongoing theatre of operation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine which began on 24 February 2022 From their base in Russian occupied Crimea the Russian Armed Forces attacked Kherson Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast in southern Ukraine 22 battling the Armed Forces of Ukraine 23 Elements from the southern Russian offensive joined forces with elements from the eastern Ukraine offensive to jointly surround and bombard the city of Mariupol in Donetsk Oblast which fell after months of siege Kherson was surrounded two days into the war after which Russian forces advanced to the outskirts of Mykolaiv which they failed to capture The front then stabilised until a Ukrainian offensive in August Ukrainian forces retook all of the territory west and north of the Dnieper river and the front stabilised again just south of Kherson in November 2022 Kherson the only oblast capital captured by Russia after its 2022 invasion was liberated on 11 November 24 Contents 1 Background 2 Timeline 2 1 Russian invasion 2 1 1 Kherson Oblast 2 1 2 Mykolaiv Oblast 2 1 3 Zaporizhzhia Oblast 2 2 Russian advance into northern Kherson Oblast eastern Mykolaiv Oblast and western Zaporizhzhia Oblast 2 3 Fall of Mariupol Ukrainian counterattacks and stalemate 2 4 2022 Kherson counteroffensive 2 5 Russian entrenchment and beginning of Dnieper campaign 2 6 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive and continued Dnieper incursions 3 Order of battle 3 1 Russia and pro Russian separatists 3 2 Ukraine 4 Environmental impact 5 See also 6 ReferencesBackgroundIn the aftermath of the Revolution of Dignity in 2014 Russia annexed the Crimean Peninsula from Ukraine 25 26 Russian troops de facto occupied the self proclaimed Republic of Crimea for the next eight years The Russian military presence on the peninsula significantly increased during the pre war military buildup on Ukraine s borders with over 10 000 additional troops deployed in late January and early February 27 On the eve of the invasion the Russian force strength in Crimea was estimated at 90 000 17 By 3 30 AM on 24 February Ukraine closed all commercial shipping in the Sea of Azov leaving more than 100 ships stuck in port 28 On 24 February Russian forces took control of the North Crimean Canal allowing Crimea to obtain water from the Dnieper previously cut off since 2014 29 On 26 February the siege of Mariupol began as the attack moved east towards the city linking the front to separatist held regions in Donbas 30 31 En route Russian forces entered Berdiansk and captured it 32 On 1 March Russian forces attacked Melitopol and other nearby cities 33 Ivan Fedorov mayor of Melitopol later announced that Russian forces had occupied the city 34 On the morning of 25 February Russian units from the Donetsk People s Republic DPR advanced towards Mariupol and were defeated by Ukrainian forces near the village of Pavlopil 35 36 37 By evening the Russian Navy reportedly began an amphibious assault on the coast of the Sea of Azov 70 kilometres 43 mi west of Mariupol A US defence official said that Russian forces might be deploying thousands of marines from this beachhead 38 39 40 Another Russian force advanced north from Crimea with the Russian 22nd Army Corps approaching the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant on 26 February 41 42 On 28 February they began a siege at Enerhodar in an attempt to take control of the nuclear power plant 43 A fire began at the plant during the battle 44 The International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA subsequently said that essential equipment was undamaged 45 By 4 March the nuclear power plant fell under Russian control Despite the fires the power plant recorded no radiation leaks 46 A third Russian attack group from Crimea moved northwest where they captured bridges over the Dnieper 47 On 2 March Russian troops captured Kherson which became the first major Ukrainian city to fall to Russian forces in the invasion 48 Russian troops moved on Mykolaiv and attacked the city two days later but were later repelled by Ukrainian forces 49 Following a renewed missile attack on 14 March in Mariupol the Ukrainian government claimed more than 2 500 deaths in the city 50 By 18 March Mariupol was completely encircled and fighting reached the city centre hampering efforts to evacuate civilians 51 On 20 March an art school in the city sheltering around 400 people was destroyed by Russian bombs 52 The Russians demanded a full surrender and several Ukrainian government officials refused 53 54 On 24 March Russian forces entered central Mariupol 55 The city administration alleged the Russians tried to demoralise residents by publicly shouting claims of Russian victories that Odesa had been captured among them 56 TimelineRussian invasion Kherson Oblast See also Battle of Kherson source source source source source source source Russian troops cross into southern Ukraine from Crimea on 24 February 2022 Shortly after Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a military operation in Ukraine the Russian Air Force began to launch cruise and ballistic missiles at targets in several cities in Kherson Oblast With air support Russian Armed Forces then crossed into Kherson Oblast through areas of Crimea annexed by Russia in 2014 57 58 59 The Russian Navy used a naval blockade in the Black Sea to prevent Ukraine from providing support to units located near Kherson Oblast and restrict commercial trade and the flow of goods to southern Ukraine 60 By evening the Russians had reached Kherson and engaged the Ukrainians in the battle of Kherson The Russians initially crossed the Dnieper River over the Antonovskiy Bridge but Ukrainian mechanized forces were able to recapture the bridge 61 A Ukrainian battalion was deployed to destroy the Henichesk bridge near the Isthmus of Perekop and thereby slow the advance of Russian troops from Crimea 62 Vitalii Skakun the combat engineer who planted the explosives on the bridge did not have enough time to retreat from the bridge and so detonated the mines killing himself and destroying the bridge 63 64 Skakun was posthumously awarded the title Hero of Ukraine by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy 65 Russian troops established control over the North Crimean Canal 66 Following Russia s 2014 annexation of Crimea Ukraine had blocked the canal 67 which had provided 85 of Crimea s drinking water 68 Sergey Aksyonov head of the Republic of Crimea told local authorities to prepare the canal to receive water from the Dnieper and resume the supply of water to Crimea the following day 69 By the morning of 25 February Russian forces had encircled and captured Nova Kakhovka 70 The North Crimean Canal was unblocked removing a longstanding water blockage imposed on Crimea after the 2014 Russian annexation of the peninsula 71 72 Later in the day Russian forces captured the Antonovskiy Bridge 73 On 26 February according to Kherson mayor Ihor Kolykhaiev a Ukrainian airstrike forced the Russians to retreat from Kherson leaving the city under Ukrainian control 74 75 Ukrainian forces later recaptured the bridge 76 Ukrainian Prosecutor General Iryna Venediktova said that Russian forces had killed a journalist and an ambulance driver near the village of Zelenivka a northern suburb of Kherson 77 Another Ukrainian official later claimed that a Russian army column was defeated between the towns of Radensk and Oleshky just south of Kherson 78 Russian Ministry of Defense spokesperson Igor Konashenkov announced that the city of Henichesk and Kherson International Airport had surrendered to Russian forces in the morning 79 80 81 Later Russian forces encircled and captured a part of Kherson 82 83 with Ukrainian officials corroborating this claim 84 Later on 27 February a group of Romani Ukrainian fighters allegedly captured a Russian armoured fighting vehicle in the village of Liubymivka near Kakhovka 85 The next day Ukrainian official Vadim Denysenko accused Russian forces of trying to use civilians from villages around Kherson as human shields to cross the bridge into Kherson 86 In the early morning of 1 March Russian forces began assaulting Kherson from the west advancing from Kherson International Airport towards the highway to Mykolaiv They were able to surround the city and reached the neighboring settlement of Komyshany 87 Later in the day Russian forces entered Kherson 88 In the early morning of 2 March Russian forces seized parts of Kherson including the city s central square 89 Later that evening Kolykhaiev announced that he had surrendered the city to Russian forces and that the Russian commander planned to set up a military administration in the city 90 Mykolaiv Oblast See also Battle of Mykolaiv and Battle of Voznesensk nbsp Burned vehicles in Mykolaiv after Russian attacks In the afternoon of 26 February 12 Russian tanks managed to break through in Kakhovka on the Dnieper and began advancing towards Mykolaiv 91 Vitaliy Kim the governor of Mykolaiv Oblast said the city had had five hours to prepare 92 93 Artillery and other arms were prepared 94 By evening Russian tanks were in the outskirts of Mykolaiv Oleksandr Senkevych uk the mayor of Mykolaiv ordered citizens to stay indoors as far away from windows as possible 95 Shortly after Russian troops entered the city and a battle on the Southern Bug erupted about 10 minutes later 96 According to some reports tanks passed through the city 97 There were also sightings of large fires 98 On 27 February Ukrainian officials claimed that Russian forces were fully driven away from Mykolaiv 99 The city was extensively damaged 100 101 102 On 28 February Russian troops advanced from Kherson towards Mykolaiv reaching the city s outskirts and launching an assault at 11 00 103 104 nbsp A Russian T 72 tank trapped on a bridge demolished by the Ukrainians in Kalynivka Mykolaiv Oblast 2 March Russian forces also shelled Bashtanka and Mykolaiv on 1 March Ukrainian officials later claimed that a large Russian convoy was attacked and defeated by Ukrainian forces during the night near Bashtanka forcing the Russians to retreat towards the neighboring city of Novyi Buh They claimed that several dozen Russian armored vehicles were destroyed in the attack 105 Kim stated that during the operation a Ukrainian helicopter was destroyed but its pilots survived 106 The next day Russian forces bombarded Voznesensk which has a bridge that can be used to cross the Southern Bug instead of the one near Mykolaiv during the morning Russian paratroopers then landed at a forested ridge near the town and an armored column approached it Forces from the 126th Coastal Defence Brigade were attacked while trying to reach them 107 The Russian troops estimated to be 400 by Ukrainian officials then captured the village of Rakove whose houses it used to create a sniper nest Afterwards they set up a base at a gas station near the town s entrance and assaulted the base of the Territorial Defense Forces Ukrainian forces struck back with artillery that night with the help of local volunteers who gave them coordinates 107 Local volunteers and Ukrainian soldiers were able to repel Russian troops from Voznesensk the next day forcing most of them to retreat 40 miles 64 km to the east and others to flee into nearby forests where ten of them were later captured Ukrainian officials stated that Russian forces had lost 30 vehicles in the battle in addition to around 100 soldiers Ten civilians were killed in the fighting 107 Zaporizhzhia Oblast See also Battle of Melitopol Battle of Enerhodar and Siege of Mariupol Fighting began to spill into Zaporizhzhia Oblast on 25 February as Russian forces moved through southeastern Kherson Oblast towards Melitopol which later surrendered to advancing Russian forces after a small skirmish 108 109 110 A Ukrainian official stated that Russian forces had advanced further towards the city of Enerhodar southwest of Zaporizhzhia and its Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant The official stated that the Russians were deploying Grad missiles and warned of an attack on the plant 111 The Zaporizhzhia Regional State Administration stated that the Russian forces advancing on Enerhodar later returned to Velyka Bilozerka a village 30 kilometres 19 mi from the city 112 Russian forces later captured the coastal city of Prymorsk by 13 40 113 Russian forces advanced from Melitopol towards Mariupol where a battle had gone on since 25 February They captured the coastal city of Prymorsk and surrounded the city of Berdiansk west of Mariupol 30 114 At Berdiansk Russian troops captured the port and the Berdiansk Airport 115 116 Russian forces were also able to enter and capture Berdiansk 117 118 During the takeover local authorities reported that one person was killed and another was wounded 119 120 At least eight Ukrainian warships were seized in Berdiansk two Gyurza M class artillery boats two Zhuk class patrol boats a Sorum class tugboat converted to a patrol vessel 121 and six small patrol boats Russia Today did not mention the second Zhuk class patrol boat or the six small patrol boats but claimed that among these vessels captured were a Polnocny class landing ship a Ondatra class landing craft a Grisha class corvette a Matka class missile boat and a Yevgenya class minesweeper officially the Ukrainian Navy had none of these assigned to bases west of the Kerch Strait prior to the war and no recent reporting of them crossing it was available 122 Two of the smaller boats were later revealed to be UMS 1000 patrol cutters three were Kalkan M boats 123 and one was an Adamant 315 motor yacht 124 Russian forces tried to enter into Dniprorudne on 27 February but were forced to turn back after being confronted by protesting locals 125 Advancing north from Crimea with the Russian 22nd Army Corps approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant on 26 February 41 42 On 28 February they began a siege at Enerhodar in an attempt to take control of the nuclear power plant 43 A fire began at the plant during the battle 44 The International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA subsequently said that essential equipment was undamaged 45 By 4 March the nuclear power plant fell under Russian control Despite the fires the power plant recorded no radiation leaks 46 On 28 February the Russian Ministry of Defense claimed that Russian forces had captured Enerhodar and surrounded the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant However Dmitri Orlov the mayor of Enerhodar denied that the city and the plant had been captured 126 127 A video later emerged showing local civilians preventing a Russian convoy from entering Enerhodar by barricading the entrance forcing them to leave 128 Also on 28 February according to Oleksandr Svidlo the mayor of Berdiansk Russian forces left the city leaving a Russian military police detachment in the city 129 Russian forces advanced towards Mariupol 130 By reaching Mariupol Russian forces established a land connection linking Crimea and the Donetsk People s Republic 131 Elsewhere according to Ukrainian media reports Russian sabotage and reconnaissance groups stole Ukrainian military uniforms from a military depot and engaged Ukrainian forces in Tokmak northeast of Melitopol 132 133 134 According to the Center for Strategic Communications and Information Security the Russians were identified because they wore bulletproof vests that were used by the Russian army and not the Ukrainian vests 135 136 Ukraine claimed Russian forces suffered many casualties and retreated to the southern outskirts of the town 137 On 1 March the mayor of Melitopol Ivan Fedorov announced that the Russian forces had occupied the city 3 A United States Department of Defense official also confirmed that Russian forces had captured the city 138 Ukrainian officials stated that Russian forces had surrounded Enerhodar on 1 March with a Russian convoy advancing into the city around 14 00 139 According to the mayor the city had difficulties obtaining food 139 Russian advance into northern Kherson Oblast eastern Mykolaiv Oblast and western Zaporizhzhia Oblast Further information 2022 Chornobaivka attacks nbsp Russian military vehicles at a captured Ukrainian military base near Radensk Kherson March 2022 On 2 March Anton Herashchenko said that Russian shelling hit many homes in Mariupol with four people killed 140 Kim announced that Ukrainian forces carried out strikes on Chornobaivka and in the Yelanets area and that a Russian column left Snihurivka 141 In the evening an unidentified missile struck the MVS Banglar Samriddhi a Bangladeshi cargo ship which stranded in port near Olbia in Mykolaiv Oblast since the invasion began killing a Bangladeshi engineer 142 143 nbsp Destroyed Russian artillery and vehicles near Mykolaiv 3 March 2022 On 3 March heavy resistance was still raging in the city of Mariupol 144 Mariupol officials allege that hundreds of civilians had been killed by 3 March 145 146 Meanwhile Orlov stated that a large Russian convoy had entered Enerhodar 147 Later Russian forces took control of the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant During the heavy fighting a fire broke out in a training facility outside of the main complex which was quickly extinguished 148 though other sections surrounding the plant sustained damage 149 Initial reports said that the radiation levels remained normal during this time and the fire did not damage essential equipment 150 151 However firefighters were unable to reach the fire due to the fighting 152 On 4 March local officials stated that Russian forces had captured some of the outskirts of Mykolaiv Ukrainian forces recaptured Mykolaiv International Airport from Russian forces 153 In the morning after confirming that there were no changes to radiation levels Russian forces captured Enerhodar and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant 154 155 156 Ukraine blew up a railway bridge on the border with Transnistria to prevent the 1 400 Russian troops stationed in the breakaway territory from crossing into Ukraine 157 On 5 March Orlov stated that Russian forces controlled the perimeter of Enerhodar and the power plant while the local authorities were allowed to remain in control in the operation of the city 8 Russian forces briefly entered Huliaipole which according to Ukrainian forces was attacked during the night while facing shelling and airstrikes 158 but they were pushed back 159 nbsp A destroyed Russian BMP 3 near Mariupol 7 March 2022 On 7 March the Ukrainian regional military administration of Zaporizhzhia Oblast stated that Russian forces had thus far captured the cities of Berdiansk Enerhodar Melitopol Vasylivka Tokmak and Polohy in this oblast 160 On March 8 Russian and Ukrainian forces fought in Orikhiv with Russian forces occupying the town 161 but later being forced to pull out citation needed Although shelling and air strikes by Russian forces still continued forcing many inhabitants to leave the city 162 163 The Ukrainian armed forces stated they had sunk Vasily Bykov which had attacked Snake Island during the day near Odesa Videos posted on social media showed the warship being targeted 164 However on March 16 the ship was shown entering Sevastopol with no obvious damage 165 The Ukrainian Air Force struck the military airbase at Kherson International Airport during the day with Ukrainian officials claiming that more than 30 Russian helicopters were destroyed Satellite imagery however showed that the number was fewer 166 nbsp Remnants of a shelled hospital in Mariupol 9 March 2022 On 9 March Russian troops entered the town of Skadovsk According to local residents they entered at 08 45 and stationed themselves in the central square before being driven away by protesters They then took over a building of the National Police of Ukraine in addition to vandalizing the city council building The mayor Oleksandr Yakovlev stated that they took away computers from the city council building and had ordered that no political rallies be held 167 The next day the Ukrainian General Staff reported that Russia deployed a battalion of the Baltic Fleet s 336th Naval Infantry Brigade toward Mykolaiv Northwest of Mykolaiv Russian and Ukrainian forces clashed in Voznesensk The Institute for the Study of War opined that Russian forces are likely experiencing difficulty advancing northwest beyond the Inhul River 168 Heavy shelling hit Mykolaiv during the evening causing several fires and Vitaliy Kim reported active hostilities near Hur ivka uk north of the city 169 During the battles for Zaporizhzhia Colonel Serhiy Kotenko commander of the 9th Separate Motorized Infantry Battalion Vinnytsia Scythians was killed 13 Fall of Mariupol Ukrainian counterattacks and stalemate Further information 2022 Chornobaivka attacks See also Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast On 11 March Governor Kim stated that Ukrainian forces had pushed Russian troops eastwards by 15 20 kilometres 9 3 12 4 mi and had also surrounded some units who were negotiating for a surrender 170 The Ukrainian forces stated that they had destroyed two Russian helicopters in Skadovsk Raion the following day and one of the pilots survived 171 A video was published on social media showing one of the destroyed helicopters 172 Yakovlev later stated that Skadovsk had been liberated from Russian forces as they had left the city on 10 March but settled on its outskirts 173 A column of Russian forces re entered Skadovsk during the afternoon according to its mayor and settled in one of the children s camps on its outskirts 174 Kim later claimed that 200 Russian vehicles were destroyed and surrounded in Melitopol 175 Anton Gerashchenko later clarified that this had occurred near Vasylivka and the Ukrainian forces had destroyed the 200 vehicles of Russian forces stationed near Melitopol using artillery He added that their headquarters was destroyed as well 176 A Russian airstrike on Snihurivka at 06 00 on 14 March killed one civilian and damaged five buildings according to the State Emergency Service 177 According to the Mariupol City Council 2 357 civilians had been killed during the city s siege 178 On 15 March Russian Defense Ministry stated that Russian forces had captured all of Kherson Oblast 179 The Ukrainian Air Force later struck the military airbase at Kherson International Airport again destroying multiple Russian helicopters 166 Gennady Korban head of Staff of Dnipro Oblast s Territorial Defense Forces stated that the region was prepared for a Russian offensive unlike Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts He added that Russian forces were staging in the settlements of Velyka Oleksandrivka Novovorontsovka and Arkhanhelske 180 On 17 March the Ukrainian military reported that Russian forces achieved minor successes in attacks towards Kryvyi Rih capturing the village of Mala Shestirnia uk 181 Landing ships of the Russian Navy meanwhile approached the coast of Odesa in three groups including the Ivan Gren class landing ship Pyotr Morgunov 182 Russian fighter jets and warships attacked settlements in Odesa Oblast during the day according to Ukrainian officials Attacks on one of the settlements in the morning wounded two people 183 nbsp A downtown street during the siege of Mariupol nbsp Aftermath of a rocket strike in the Odesa region 16 May 2022 On 16 March the Ukrainian government said that its forces had begun a counteroffensive near Mykolaiv towards Kherson and captured the town of Posad Pokrovske 184 185 Ukrainian troops in the village said their objective was to retake Kherson International Airport 186 By 20 March Russia had completely encircled Mariupol with infantry and demanded a full surrender of the city which Zelenskyy refused 187 On 24 March Russian forces entered central Mariupol 188 seizing the Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God The city administration alleged that Russians were trying to demoralize residents by publicly shouting claims of Russian victories including statements that Odesa had been captured 189 On 27 March Ukraine s deputy prime minister Olha Stefanishyna stated that Mariupol simply does not exist anymore and that Russia s objectives have nothing to do with humanity Stefanishyna summarized that They Mariupol s inhabitants don t have access to water to any food supplies to anything More than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed 190 In a telephone conversation with Emmanuel Macron on 29 March Putin stated that the bombardment of Mariupol would end only when Ukrainian troops fully surrendered Mariupol 191 On 1 April a rescue effort by the United Nations UN to transport hundreds of civilian survivors out of Mariupol with 50 allocated buses was impeded by Russian troops who refused the buses safe passage into the city while peace talks continued in Istanbul 192 On 3 April following the retraction of Russian forces from Kyiv at the end of phase one of the military invasion Russia expanded its attack on southern Ukraine further west with increased bombardment and strikes against Odesa Mykolaiv and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant 193 194 By 10 April Ukrainian forces had made significant advances and pushed back the Russian military in the area around Kherson gaining ground at Osokorivka and Oleksandrivka Russian counter attacks failed to retake the lost territory while Ukraine continued to harass local Russian airfields 195 The Ukrainian counter offensive had put Russia on the defensive in southern Ukraine forcing it to focus on fortifying Kherson and improving its air defenses 196 Guerrillas also began attacking Russian targets in the south with one group reportedly operating in Melitopol 197 By 18 April fighting continued and Ukraine claimed that its 80th Air Assault Brigade had retaken a number of villages near Mykolaiv 198 Two days later Russia counter attacked and made minor gains at Oleksandrivka 199 Gerashchenko announced that Ukrainian forces captured three villages near Snihurivka on 27 April 200 201 By May the situation in right bank Kherson Oblast had become a stalemate with the opposing forces evenly matched and unable to go on the offensive Units of the Russian 49th Combined Arms Army and the Crimea based 22nd Army Corps held a bridgehead over the Dnieper approximately 160 km wide and 50 km deep 12 According to Ukrainian military expert Viktor Kevliuk the strategic purpose of the Russian bridgehead was to protect the North Crimean Canal and the land bridge between Crimea and mainland Russia as well as to serve as a staging area for a future Russian operation aimed at reaching Transnistria and cutting off Ukrainian access to the Black Sea 12 Russian forces were said to be preparing second and third lines of defense fortifying airfields ports and railway stations and mining the coast of the Kakhovka Reservoir in anticipation of a Ukrainian counterattack 12 On 1 June according to a Ukrainian regional governor Vitalii Kim Russian forces started blowing up bridges near Kherson in anticipation of a counterattack by the Ukrainian army 202 On 9 June Reuters reported Ukrainian and British claims that Ukrainian forces had made gains in a counter offensive towards Kherson including establishing a bridgehead across the Inhulets River 203 This offensive led to fierce fighting around Davydiv Brid which saw positional warfare for the village due to its location on the river 204 205 On 10 June Oleksiy Arestovych an advisor to Zelenskyy claimed that shelling on a Russian base in Stara Zburivka uk killed two generals one of whom was preparing a referendum in the Kherson region Arestovych also claimed that a recent artillery attack on another Russian base killed at least 200 troops including Arabs who were presumably from Syria He said it was the first confirmed case of Arabs fighting with Russia in Ukraine 206 On 8 July Russia s ambassador to the United Kingdom Andrey Kelin said during a Reuters interview that Russia was unlikely to withdraw its forces from southern Ukraine as part of any future deals to end the war saying we have already experienced that after withdrawal provocations start and all the people are being shot and all that 207 On 12 August UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres asked for a demilitarized zone to be created around the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant after shelling struck an area used to store radioactive material 208 This echoed earlier calls by Ukraine 209 Russia refused saying that it was protecting the plant from terrorist attacks 210 though it has invited officials from the IAEA to visit 208 Two plant workers told the BBC that the staff were hostages and shelling prevented them from doing their normal work 211 2022 Kherson counteroffensive This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information December 2022 Main article 2022 Kherson counteroffensive Further information Liberation of Kherson and Attack on Nova Kakhovka nbsp Civilians during President Volodymyr Zelenskyy s visit following the liberation of Kherson 14 November 2022 On 10 July Iryna Vereshchuk the Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine and the Minister of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories urged civilians in the Kherson region to evacuate ahead of an upcoming Ukrainian counterattack there without specifying when the offensive would take place 212 Ukraine s defence minister Oleksii Reznikov also signalled an upcoming offensive in the region 213 On 11 July Ukrainian forces launched a missile attack with HIMARS rockets on the Russian occupied city of Nova Kakhovka Ukrainian officials claimed that the strike killed the chief of staff for the 22nd Army Corps Major General Artyom Nasbulin along with five colonels and a total of 150 soldiers Russian forces confirmed the strike but did not confirm the death of the officers claimed by Ukraine claiming that the Ukrainian rocket hit a warehouse that contained chemicals which then exploded 214 215 On 29 August Ukraine launched a counteroffensive on the Kherson front 216 During a 3 day period from 2 October to 4 October Ukraine liberated 11 settlements in northern Kherson 217 On 9 November Russia announced the withdrawal of troops from Kherson 218 with Ukrainian troops reported as entering Snihurivka the next day 219 220 221 On 11 November Ukrainian troops entered the city of Kherson 222 and were met by crowds of Ukrainian citizens chanting Slava Ukraini and Glory to the ZSU 223 expressing their gratitude by lifting up soldiers and waving Ukrainian flags 224 225 Russian entrenchment and beginning of Dnieper campaign This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information December 2022 Further information Surovikin Line and Dnieper campaign 2022 present nbsp Aftermath of Russian shelling of Kherson city 24 December 2022 In the aftermath of Ukraine s recapture of right bank Kherson Oblast Ukrainian forces began conducting a small scale military campaign on the Dnieper conducting raids and incursions on the left bank and on the Kinburn Spit 226 In December 2022 following previous successful counter offensives speculation among Western analysts and media about a prospective Ukrainian campaign to retake Crimea abounded In the event of such an offensive observers and analysts suggested Ukraine could attack along the Zaporizhzhia front and advance towards the strategic city of Melitopol to cut Russia s landbridge to Crimea Throughout the month Russia reinforced its defense lines in southern Ukraine particularly along the Zaporizhzhia and Kherson fronts 227 Attacks on collaborators and Russian agents by apparent Ukrainian partisans and saboteurs continued 228 On 23 December Ukraine s mayor of Melitopol Ivan Fedorov said the Russians were transforming the city into a fortress replete with dragon s teeth defenses 228 Meanwhile satellite imagery showed that Russian troops had established trenches around the perimeters of Tokmak in Zaporizhzhia Oblast considered a strategic city on the approach towards Melitopol 229 On 15 May 2023 Ukrainian military intelligence estimated that the Russians had stationed 152 000 troops in Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in anticipation of a potential Ukrainian counteroffensive 230 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive and continued Dnieper incursions Further information 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive and Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam nbsp A bombed out school in Orikhiv July 2023 As Ukraine prepared to launch its counteroffensive in the south there were signs of activity on the Dnieper front 231 However on June 6 2023 the Kakhovka Dam in Nova Kakhovka was purposefully destroyed while under Russian control since March 2022 massively flooding the region Experts assess that Russian forces likely blew the dam up 232 233 This forced combat to stop along the river for a time 231 In early June 2023 Ukrainian forces launched their counteroffensive on the eastern part of the southern front focusing on multiple directions including Orikhiv 234 and Velyka Novosilka 235 which are located in eastern Zaporizhzhia Oblast and western Donetsk Oblast respectively By 11 June Ukraine had recaptured the front line settlements of Neskuchne Blahodatne Storozheve Makarivka and Novodarivka 236 The progress of the offensive slowed as time progressed despite the capture of several more villages By December 2023 prominent Ukrainian figures and Western analysts began giving negative assessments of the success of the counteroffensive statements by Ukrainian general Valerii Zaluzhnyi in early November 2023 that the war had arrived at a stalemate were seen by observers as an admission of its failure 237 and followed more definite assessments made by analysts especially with regard to operational success from several weeks earlier 238 Ukrainian forces did not reach the city of Tokmak described as a minimum goal by Ukrainian general Oleksandr Tarnavskyi 239 and the probable initial objective of reaching the Sea of Azov to split the Russian forces in southern Ukraine remained unfulfilled 240 241 242 As the floodwaters from the Dnieper receded Ukraine resumed its incursions across the river on a larger scale In December 2023 Ukraine established a foothold on the left bank at the village Krynky 231 The Ukrainian military announced on 3 March 2024 that it was spending a record amount of funding on fortifying the Zaporizhia region on the southern front 243 Order of battleRussia and pro Russian separatists nbsp Russian Armed Forces 8th Guards Combined Arms Army 20th Guards Motor Rifle Division 244 245 33rd Motor Rifle Regiment ru 246 247 245 255th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment ru 248 249 245 944th Self Propelled Artillery Regiment ru 245 358th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment ru 245 49th Combined Arms Army 250 Nova Kakhovka 12 34th Independent Motor Rifle Mountain Brigade 12 251 205th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade 12 252 253 1st Guards Rocket Brigade 245 90th Anti Aircraft Rocket Brigade ru 245 227th Artillery Brigade 245 58th Combined Arms Army 42nd Guards Motor Rifle Division 254 336th Naval Infantry Brigade Russian Airborne Forces 7th Guards Mountain Air Assault Division 254 56th Guards Air Assault Regiment 12 255 108th Guards Kuban Cossack Air Assault Regiment 256 247th Guards Air Assault Regiment 257 258 259 11th Guards Air Assault Brigade 12 245 76th Guards Air Assault Division 260 83rd Guards Air Assault Brigade 261 Spetsnaz GRU 10th Spetsnaz Brigade 12 245 Russian Air Force 262 Russian Navy Black Sea Fleet 22nd Army Corps Kherson 12 126th Coastal Defence Brigade 254 263 127th Reconnaissance Brigade uk 12 245 439th Rocket Artillery Brigade ru 245 291st Artillery Brigade ru 245 nbsp Donetsk People s Republic People s Militia 264 109th Regiment 265 Ukraine nbsp Ukrainian Armed Forces nbsp Ukrainian Ground Forces 1st Special Operations Brigade 261 17th Tank Brigade 250 28th Mechanized Brigade 185 42nd Separate Mechanized Infantry Brigade 261 54th Motorized Brigade 261 59th Motorized Brigade 266 60th Infantry Brigade 250 128th Mountain Assault Brigade 250 14 98th Infantry Battalion 267 Territorial Defense Forces 98th Territorial Defence Battalion Azov Dnipro 103rd Separate Territorial Defense Brigade 261 123rd Territorial Defense Brigade Mykolaiv Oblast 268 269 270 187th Territorial Defense Brigade Voznesensk 270 190th Territorial Defense Brigade Bashtanka 269 124th Territorial Defense Brigade Kherson Oblast 271 192nd Territorial Defense Battalion Kherson 272 194th Territorial Defense Battalion Bilozerka 272 126th Brigade of the Odesa Territorial Defense 273 220th Battalion 273 129th Kryvyi Rih Defense Brigade 274 International Legion of Territorial Defense of Ukraine Separate Special Purpose Battalion 275 Ukrainian Air Assault Forces 25th Airborne Brigade 276 79th Air Assault Brigade 277 80th Air Assault Brigade 198 Ukrainian Air Force 160th Anti Aircraft Artillery Brigade Odesa Anti Aircraft Missile Brigade 262 Ukrainian Navy Ukraine Marine Corps 35th Marine Brigade 250 278 277 36th Marine Brigade 277 Ukrainian Volunteer Army 279 Ukrainian guerrillas 197 Environmental impactSee also Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Animals and environment The war has had a disruptive and destructive impact on the unique plants and wildlife of the Kinburn Spit such as the Sentaurea breviceps and Sentaurea Paczoskii cornflower species 280 and their sensitive ecosystem 281 Bombs and the pollutants that came from them killed nearby dolphins and opened the sand and soil to the threat of chemicals seeping in and invasive species according to the research and policy director at the UK based Conflict and Environment Observatory Doug Weir 282 In May 2022 a 4 000 hectares 10 000 acres fire started by rockets inflicted lasting habitat damage to the perennial forests and salt marshes of the spit 281 282 283 See also nbsp Ukraine portal nbsp Russia portal Crimea attacks 2022 present Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast Northern Ukraine campaign Eastern Ukraine campaign Snake Island campaign Pavel FilatyevReferences 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