fbpx
Wikipedia

Ukrainian Insurgent Army

January 07, 2023

"Ukrainian partisans" redirects here. For the 2022 partisan movement, see Ukrainian resistance during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Not to be confused with Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine.

The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Ukrainian: Українська повстанська армія, УПА, romanized: Ukrayins'ka Povstans'ka Armiia, abbreviated UPA) was a Ukrainian nationalist paramilitary and later partisan formation[1][better source needed] founded by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists on October 14, 1942.[2] During World War II, it was engaged in guerrilla warfare against the Soviet Union, the Polish Underground State, Communist Poland, and Nazi Germany.[3] The insurgent army arose out of separate militant formations of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists—Bandera faction (the OUN-B), other militant national-patriotic formations, some former defectors of the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police, mobilization of local populations and others.[4][better source needed] The political leadership of the army belonged to the OUN-B.[4][better source needed] It was the primary perpetrator of the ethnic cleansing of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, murdering tens of thousands of Poles and Jews, mostly women and children.[5][6][7][8] Its official date of creation is 14 October 1942, the day of the Intercession of the Theotokos feast. From December 1941 to July 1943, the Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army shared the same name (Ukrainian Insurgent Army, or UPA).[9]

Ukrainian Insurgent Army
Українська повстанська армія
Leaders
Dates of operation
  • 14 October 1942 – 1949
  • 1949–1956 (localized)
Active regions
Ideology
Size20,000–200,000 (estimated)[citation needed]
Part ofOrganization of Ukrainian Nationalists-Bandera faction
Opponents

Violence was accepted by OUN as a political tool against both foreign and domestic enemies of their cause, which would be achieved by a national revolution led by a dictatorship that would drive out occupying powers and set up a government representing all regions and social groups.[10][better source needed] The organization began as a resistance group and developed into a guerrilla army.[11] In 1943, the UPA was controlled by the OUN(B) and included people of various political and ideological convictions.[12] Furthermore, it needed the support of the broad masses against both the Germans and the Soviets. Much of the nationalist ideology, including the concept of dictatorship, did not appeal to former Soviet citizens who had experienced the dictatorship of the Communist Party. Hence, a revision of the OUN(B) ideology and political program was imperative. At its Third Extraordinary Grand Assembly on 21–25 August 1943, the OUN(B) condemned "internationalist and fascist national-socialist programs and political concepts" as well as "Russian-Bolshevik communism", and proposed a "system of free peoples and independent states [as] the single best solution to the problem of world order." Its social program did not differ essentially from earlier ones but emphasized a wide range of social services, worker participation in management, a mixed economy, choice of profession and workplace, and free trade unions. The OUN(B) affirmed that it was fighting for freedom of the press, speech, and thought.

During its existence, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army fought against the Poles and the Soviets as their primary opponents, although the organization also fought against the Germans starting from February 1943, with many cases of collaboration with the German forces in the fight against the Soviets.[13] From late spring 1944, the UPA and Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists-B (OUN-B)—faced with Soviet advances—also cooperated with German forces against the Soviets and Poles in the hope of creating an independent Ukrainian state.[14] The OUN also played a substantial role in the ethnic cleansing of the Polish population of Volhynia and East Galicia,[15][16][17][18][19] and later prevented the deportation of the Ukrainians in southeastern Poland.[20]

After the end of World War II, Soviet NKVD units fought against the UPA. The UPA remained active and fought against the People's Republic of Poland until 1947, and against the Soviet Union until 1949. It was particularly strong in the Carpathian Mountains, the entirety of Galicia and in Volhynia—in modern Western Ukraine. By the late 1940s, the mortality rate for Soviet troops fighting Ukrainian insurgents in Western Ukraine was higher than the mortality rate for Soviet troops during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan.[21][22] Between February 1943 and May 1945, unlike most resistance movements, it had no significant foreign support.[citation needed] Its growth and strength were a reflection of the popularity it enjoyed among the people of Western Ukraine.[23] Outside of western Ukraine, support was not significant, and the majority of the Soviet eastern Ukrainian population considered, and at times still viewed, the OUN/UPA to have been primarily collaborators with the Germans.[24]: 180 

Organization

 
UPA propaganda poster. The OUN/UPA's formal greeting is written in Ukrainian on two of horizontal lines Glory to Ukraine - Glory to (her) Heroes. The soldier is standing on the banners of the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.

The UPA's command structure overlapped with that of the underground nationalist political party, the OUN, in a sophisticated centralized network. The UPA was responsible for military operations while the OUN was in charge of administrative duties; each had its own chain of command. The six main departments were military, political, security service, mobilization, supply, and the Ukrainian Red Cross. Despite the division between the UPA and the OUN, there was overlap between their posts and the local OUN and UPA leaders were frequently the same person. Organizational methods were borrowed and adapted from the German, Polish and Soviet military, while UPA units based their training on a modified Red Army field unit manual.[25]

The General Staff, formed at the end of 1943 consisted of operations, intelligence, training, logistics, personnel and political education departments. UPA's largest units, Kurins, consisting of 500-700 soldiers,[26] were equivalent to battalions in a regular army, and its smallest units, Riys (literally bee swarm), with eight to ten soldiers,[26] were equivalent to squads.[25] Occasionally, and particularly in Volyn, during some operations three or more Kurins would unite and form a Zahin or Brigade.[26]

UPA's leaders were: Vasyl Ivakhiv (Spring – 13 of May 1943), Dmytro Klyachkivsky, Roman Shukhevych (January 1944 until 1950)[27] and finally Vasyl Kuk.

In November 1943, the UPA adopted a new structure, creating a Main Military Headquarters and three areas (group) commands: UPA-West, UPA-North and UPA-South. Three military schools for low-level command staff were also established.

In terms of UPA soldiers' social background, 60 percent were peasants of low to moderate means, 20 to 25 percent were from the working class (primarily from the rural lumber and food industries), and 15 percent were members of the intelligentsia (students, urban professionals). The latter group provided a large portion of the UPA's military trainers and officer corps.[25] With respect to the origins of UPA's members, 60 percent were from Galicia and 30 percent from Volhynia and Polesia.[28]

The number of UPA fighters varied. A German Abwehr report from November 1943 estimated that the UPA had 20,000 soldiers other estimates at that time placed the number at 40,000.[29] By the summer of 1944, estimates of UPA membership varied from 25,000 to 30,000 fighters[30] up to 100,000[29][31][32] or even 200,000 soldiers.[33]

Structure

The Ukrainian Insurgent Army was structured into four units:[34]

  1. UPA-North
    Regions: Volhynia, Polissia.
    • Military District "Turiv"
      Commander – Maj. Rudyj.
      Squads: "Bohun", "Pomsta Polissja", "Nalyvajko".
    • Military District "Zahrava"
      Commander – Ptashka (Sylvester Zatovkanjuk).
      Squads: "Konovaletsj", "Enej", "Dubovyj", "Oleh".
    • Military District " Volhynia-South"
      Commander – Bereza.
      Squads: "Kruk", "H.".
  2. UPA-West
    Regions: Halychyna, Bukovina, Zakarpattia, Zakerzonia.
    • Military District "Lysonja"
      Commander – Maj. Hrim, V.
      Kurins: "Holodnojarci", "Burlaky", "Lisovyky", "Rubachi", "Bujni", "Holky".
    • Military District "Hoverlja"
      Commander – Maj. Stepovyj (from 1945 – Major Hmara).
      Kurins: "Bukovynsjkyj", "Peremoha", "Hajdamaky", "Huculjskyj", "Karpatsjkyj".
    • Military District "Black Forest"
      Commander – Col. Rizun-Hrehit (Mykola Andrusjak).
      Kurins: "Smertonosci", "Pidkarpatsjkyj", "Dzvony", "Syvulja", "Dovbush", "Beskyd", "Menyky".
    • Military District "Makivka"
      Commander – Maj. Kozak.
      Kurins: "Ljvy", "Bulava", "Zubry", "Letuny", "Zhuravli", "Bojky of Chmelnytsjkyj", "Basejn".
    • Military District "Buh"
      Commander – Col. Voronnyj
      Kurins: "Druzhynnyky", "Halajda", "Kochovyky", "Perejaslavy", "Tyhry", "Perebyjnis"
    • Military District "Sjan"
      Commander – Orest
      Kurins: "Vovky", "Menyky", Kurin of Ren, Kurin of Eugene.
  3. UPA-South
    Regions: Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Zhytomyr Oblast, southern region of Kyiv Oblast, southern regions of Ukraine,
    and especially in cities Odessa, Kryvyi Rih, Dnipropetrovsk, Mariupol, Donetsk.
    • Military District "Cholodnyj Jar"
      Commander – Kost'.
      Kurins: Kurin of Sabljuk, Kurin of Dovbush.
    • Military District "Umanj"
      Commander – Ostap.
      Kurins: Kurin of Dovbenko, Kurin of Buvalyj, Kurin of Andrij-Shum.
    • Military District "Vinnytsja"
      Commander – Jasen.
      Kurins: Kurin of Storchan, Kurin of Mamaj, Kurin of Burevij.
  4. UPA-East
    Regions: northern strip of Zhytomyr Oblast, northern region of Kyiv Oblast, and Chernihiv Oblast.

Greeting

 
World War II-era monument in memory of UPA fighters with inscription "Glory to Ukraine! Glory to the heroes!", in place of the Janowa Dolina massacre, Bazaltove, Ukraine

The greeting "Glory to Ukraine! Glory to the heroes!" (Slava Ukrayini! Heroyam slava!) appeared in the 1930s among members of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) who started using this slogan as a greeting to its members.[35]

Anthem

The anthem of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army was called the March of Ukrainian Nationalists, also known as We were born in a great hour (Ukrainian: Зродились ми великої години). The song, written by Oles Babiy, was officially adopted by the leadership of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists in 1932.[36]

The organization was a successor of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, whose anthem was "Chervona Kalyna". Leaders of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen Yevhen Konovalets and Andriy Melnyk were founding members of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. For this reason, "Chervona Kalyna" was also used by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.[37]

Flag

The battle flag of the UPA was a red-and-black banner.[citation needed] The flag continues to be a symbol of the Ukrainian nationalist movement. The colours of the flag symbolize 'red Ukrainian blood spilled on the black Ukrainian earth.[38] Use of the flag is also a "sign of the stubborn endurance of the Ukrainian national idea even under the grimmest conditions."[39]

Awards

Military ranks

The UPA made use of a dual rank system that included functional command position designations and traditional military ranks. The functional system was developed due to an acute shortage of qualified and politically reliable officers during the early stages of organization.[40]

               
SUPREME
COMMANDER		 REGIONAL
COMMANDER		 DIVISION
(MILITARY DISTRICT)
COMMANDER		 BRIGADE
(TACTICAL SECTOR)
COMMANDER		 BATTALION
COMMANDER		 COMPANY
COMMANDER		 PLATOON LEADER SQUAD LEADER

UPA rank structure consisted of at least seven commissioned officer ranks, four non-commissioned officer ranks, and two soldier ranks. The hierarchical order of known ranks and their approximate U.S. Army equivalent is as follows:[41]

UPA RANKS US ARMY EQUIVALENTS
Heneral-Khorunzhyj Brigadier General
Polkovnyk Colonel
Pidpolkovnyk Lieutenant Colonel
Major Major
Sotnyk Captain
Poruchnyk First Lieutenant
Khorunzhyj Second Lieutenant
Starshyj Bulavnyj Master Sergeant
Bulavnyj Sergeant First Class
Starshyj Vistun Staff Sergeant
Vistun Sergeant
Starshyj Strilets Private First Class
Strilets Private

The rank scheme provided for three more higher general officer ranks: Heneral-Poruchnyk (Major General), Heneral-Polkovnyk (Lieutenant General), and Heneral-Pikhoty (General with Four Stars).

Armaments

Initially, the UPA used the weapons collected from the battlefields of 1939 and 1941.[citation needed] Later they bought weapons from peasants and individual soldiers or captured them in combat. Some light weapons were also brought by deserting Ukrainian auxiliary policemen. For the most part, the UPA used light infantry weapons of Soviet and, to a lesser extent, German origin (for which ammunition was less readily obtainable). In 1944, German units armed the UPA directly with captured Soviet arms. Many kurins were equipped with light 51 mm and 82 mm mortars. During large-scale operations in 1943–1944, insurgent forces also used artillery (45 mm and 76.2 mm).[42] In 1943 a light Hungarian tank was used in Volhynia.[42][43]

In 1944, the Soviets captured a Polikarpov Po-2 aircraft and one armored car and one personnel carrier from UPA; however, it was not stated that they were in operable condition, while no OUN/UPA documents noted the usage of such equipment.[44] By end of World War II in Europe, the NKVD had captured 45 artillery pieces (45 and 76.2 mm calibres) and 423 mortars from the UPA. In the attacks against Polish civilians, axes and pikes were used.[42] However, the light infantry weapon was the basic weapon used by the UPA.[45]

Formation

1941

 
UPA Commanders left to right: Oleksander Stepchuk, Ivan Klimchak, Nikon Semeniuk 1941–1942

In a memorandum from 14 August 1941, the OUN (B) proposed to the Germans, to create a Ukrainian Army "which will join the German Army ... until the latter will win" (preferable translation:[clarification needed] "which will unite with the German Army ... until [our] final victory"), in exchange for German recognition of an allied Ukrainian independent state.[46]

At the beginning of October 1941, during the first OUN Conference, the OUN formulated its future strategy. This called for transferring part of its organizational structure underground, in order to avoid conflict with the Germans. It also refrained from open anti-German propaganda activities.[47]

A captured German document of 25 November 1941 (Nuremberg Trial O14-USSR) ordered: "It has been ascertained that the Bandera Movement is preparing a revolt in the Reichskommissariat which has as its ultimate aim the establishment of an independent Ukraine. All functionaries of the Bandera Movement must be arrested at once and, after thorough interrogation, are to be liquidated..."[48]

1942

At the Second Conference of the OUN(B), held in April 1942, the policies for the "creation, build-up and development of Ukrainian political and future military forces" and "action against partisan activity supported by Moscow" were adopted. Although German policies were criticized, the Soviet partisans were identified as the primary enemy of OUN (B).[49]

The "Military conference of OUN (B)" met in December 1942 near Lviv. The conference resulted in the adoption of a policy for accelerated growth for the establishment of OUN(B)'s military forces. The conference emphasized that "all combat capable population must support, under OUN banners, the struggle against the Bolshevik enemy". On 30 May 1947, the Main Ukrainian Liberation Council (Головна Визвольна Рада) adopted the date of 14 October 1942 as the date of the formation of the UIA, and thus marked as its official anniversary.[50]

Germany

Despite the stated opinions of Dmytro Klyachkivsky and Roman Shukhevych that the Germans were a secondary threat compared to their main enemies (the communist forces of the Soviet Union and Poland), the Third Conference of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, held near Lviv from 17 to 21 February 1943, decided to begin open warfare against the Germans[51] (OUN fighters had already attacked a German garrison earlier that year on 7 February).[52] Accordingly, on 20 March 1943, the OUN(B) leadership issued secret instructions ordering their members who had joined the collaborationist Ukrainian Auxiliary Police in 1941–1942 to desert with their weapons and join with UPA units in Volhynia. This process often involved armed conflict with German forces trying to prevent this. The number of trained and armed personnel who joined the ranks of the UPA was estimated to be between 4 and 5 thousand.[51]

 
Ukrainian Schutzmannschaft battalion photographed in 1942

Anti-German actions were limited to situations where the Germans attacked the Ukrainian population or UPA units.[24] Indeed, according to German general Ernst August Köstring, UPA fighters "fought almost exclusively against German administrative agencies, the German police and the SS in their quest to establish an independent Ukraine controlled by neither Moscow nor Germany."[53][better source needed]

During the German occupation, the UPA conducted hundreds of raids on police stations and military convoys. In the region of Zhytomyr insurgents were estimated by the German General-Kommissar Leyser to be in control of 80% of the forests and 60% of the farmland.[54]

According to the OUN/UPA, on 12 May 1943, Germans attacked the town of Kolki using several SS-Divisions (SS units operated alongside the German Army who were responsible for intelligence, central security, policing action, and mass extermination), where both sides suffered heavy losses.[55] Soviet partisans reported the reinforcement of German auxiliary forces at Kolki from the end of April until the middle of May 1943.[56]

In June 1943, German SS and police forces under the command of Erich von dem Bach, the head of Himmler-directed Bandenbekämpfung ("bandit warfare"), attempted to destroy UPA-North in Volhynia during Operation BB (Bandenbekämpfung).[57] According to Ukrainian claims, the initial stage of the operation produced no results whatsoever. This development was the subject of several discussions by Himmler's staff that resulted in General von dem Bach-Zelewski being sent to Ukraine.[58] He failed to eliminate the UPA, which grew steadily, and the Germans, apart from terrorizing the civilian population, were virtually limited to defensive actions.[59]

From July through September 1943, in an estimated 74 clashes between German forces and the UPA, the Germans lost more than 3,000 men killed or wounded, while the UPA lost 1,237 killed or wounded. According to post-war estimates, the UPA had the following number of clashes with the Germans in mid-to-late 1943 in Volhynia: 35 in July, 24 in August, 15 in September and 47 during October–November.[52]: 186 [60][61] In the fall of 1943, clashes between the UPA and the Germans declined, so that Erich Koch in his November 1943 report and New Year 1944 speech could claim that "nationalistic bands in forests do not pose any major threat" for the Germans.[52]: 190 

In the Autumn of 1943, some detachments of the UPA attempted to find rapprochement with the Germans. Although doing so was condemned by an OUN/UPA order on 25 November 1943, these actions did not end.[52]: 190–194  In early 1944, UPA forces in several Western regions cooperated with the German Wehrmacht, Waffen SS, SiPo and SD.[52]: 192–194 [62] However, in the winter and spring of 1944 it would be incorrect to say that there was a complete cessation of armed conflict between UPA and German forces, as the UPA continued to defend Ukrainian villages against the repressive actions of the German administration.[52]: 196 

For example, on 20 January, 200 German soldiers on their way to the Ukrainian village of Pyrohivka were forced to retreat after a several-hour long firefight with 80 UPA soldiers after having lost 30 killed and wounded.[52]: 197  In March–July 1944, a senior leader of OUN(B) in Galicia conducted negotiations with SD and SS officials, resulting in a German decision to supply the UPA with arms and ammunition. In May of that year, the OUN issued instructions to "switch the struggle, which had been conducted against the Germans, completely into a struggle against the Soviets."[52]

In a top-secret memorandum, General-Major Brigadeführer Brenner wrote in mid-1944 to SS-Obergruppenführer General Hans-Adolf Prützmann, the highest ranking German SS officer in Ukraine, that "The UPA has halted all attacks on units of the German army. The UPA systematically sends agents, mainly young women, into the enemy-occupied territory, and the results of the intelligence are communicated to Department 1c of the [German] Army Group" on the southern front.[63] By the autumn of 1944, the German press was full of praise for the UPA for their anti-Bolshevik successes, referring to the UPA fighters as "Ukrainian fighters for freedom"[64] After the front had passed, by the end of 1944 the Germans supplied the OUN/UPA by air with arms and equipment. In the region of Ivano-Frankivsk, there even existed a small landing strip for German transport planes. Some German personnel trained in terrorist and intelligence activities behind Soviet lines, as well as some OUN-B leaders, were also transported through this channel.[65]

Adopting a strategy analogous to that of the Chetnik leader General Draža Mihailović,[66] the UPA limited its actions against the Germans in order to better prepare itself for and engage in the struggle against the communists. Because of this, although the UPA managed to limit German activities to a certain extent, it failed to prevent the Germans from deporting approximately 500,000 people from Western Ukraine and from economically exploiting Western Ukraine.[67] Due to its focus on the Soviets as the principal threat, UPA's anti-German struggle did not contribute significantly to the liberation of Ukrainian territories by Soviet forces.[52]: 199 

Poland

Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia

Main article: Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
See also: Sluzhba Bezpeky
 
Polish victims of a massacre committed by UPA in the village of Lipniki, 1943

In 1943, the UPA adopted a policy of massacring and expelling the Polish population.[68][69] The decision of ethnic cleansing of the area east of the Bug River was taken by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army early in 1943. In March 1943, the OUN(B) (specifically Mykola Lebed[70]) imposed a collective death sentence on all Poles living in the former east of the Second Polish Republic, and a few months later, local units of the UPA were instructed to complete the operation soon.[71] Among those who were behind the decision, Polish investigators singled out Dmytro Klyachkivsky, Vasyl Ivakhov, Ivan Lytvynchuk and Petro Oliynyk.[72]

The ethnic cleansing operation against the Poles began on a large scale in Volhynia in late February (or early Spring[69]) of that year and lasted until the end of 1944.[73] Taras Bulba-Borovets, the founder of the UPA, criticized the attacks as soon as they began:

The axe and the flail have gone into motion. Whole families are butchered and hanged, and Polish settlements are set on fire. The “hatchet men,” to their shame, butcher and hang defenceless women and children.... By such work Ukrainians not only do a favor for the SD [German security service], but also present themselves in the eyes of the world as barbarians. We must take into account that England will surely win this war, and it will treat these “hatchet men” and lynchers and incendiaries as agents in the service of Hitlerite cannibalism, not as honest fighters for their freedom, not as state-builders.[74]

11 July 1943 was one of the deadliest days of the massacres, with UPA units marching from village to village, killing Polish civilians. On that day, UPA units surrounded and attacked 99 Polish villages and settlements in three counties – Kowel, Horochów, and Włodzimierz Wołyński. On the following day, 50 additional villages were attacked.[75] In January 1944, the UPA campaign of ethnic cleansing spread to the neighbouring province of Galicia. Unlike in Volhynia, where Polish villages were destroyed and their inhabitants murdered without warning, Poles in eastern Galicia were in some instances given the choice of fleeing or being killed.[69] Ukrainian peasants sometimes joined the UPA in the violence,[69][76] and large bands of armed marauders, unaffiliated with the UPA, brutalized civilians.[77] In other cases however, Ukrainian civilians took significant steps to protect their Polish neighbours, either by hiding them during the UPA raids or vouching that the Poles were actually Ukrainians.

 
Monument to Poles killed by UPA, Liszna, Poland

The methods used by UPA to carry out the massacres were particularly brutal and were committed indiscriminately without any restraint. Historian Norman Davies describes the killings: "Villages were torched. Roman Catholic priests were axed or crucified. Churches were burned with all their parishioners. Isolated farms were attacked by gangs carrying pitchforks and kitchen knives. Throats were cut. Pregnant women were bayoneted. Children were cut in two. Men were ambushed in the field and led away."[78] In total, the estimated numbers of Polish and Jewish civilians killed in Volhynia and Galicia is between 50,000 and 100,000.[a][85][8]

Victims of the UPA included Ukrainians who did not adhere to its form of nationalism and so were considered traitors.[86]

After the initiation of the massacres, Polish self-defense units responded in kind. Estimates of Ukrainians killed in acts of reprisal range from 2,000 to 30,000.[87][88][89]

On 22 July 2016, the Sejm of the Republic of Poland passed a resolution declaring the massacres committed by UPA a genocide.[90]

Post-war

See also: Operation Vistula, Repatriation of Ukrainians from Poland to the Soviet Union, and Freedom and Independence Association
 
Westward shift of Poland after World War II. The respective German, Polish and Ukrainian populations were expelled.

After Galicia had been taken over by the Red Army, many units of UPA abandoned the anti-Polish course of action and some even began cooperating with local Polish anti-communist resistance against the Soviets and the NKVD. Many Ukrainians, who had nothing to do with earlier massacres against the Poles, seeking to defend themselves against communists, joined UPA after the war on both the Soviet and Polish sides of the border.[91] Local agreements between the UPA and the Polish post-AK units began to appear as early as April/May 1945 and in some places lasted until 1947, such as in the Lublin region. One of the most notable joint actions of UPA and the post-AK Freedom and Independence (WiN) organization took place in May 1946, when the two partisan formations coordinated their attack and took over of the city of Hrubieszów.[92]

The cooperation between UPA and the post-AK underground came about partly as a response to increasing communist terror and the deportations of Ukrainians to the Soviet Union, and Poles into the new socialist Poland. According to official statistics, between 1944 and 1956 around 488,000 Ukrainians and 789,000 Poles were transferred.[92][93] On the territories of present-day Poland, 8–12 thousand Ukrainians were killed and 6–8 thousand Poles, between 1943 and 1947. However, unlike in Volhynia, most of the casualties occurred after 1944 and involved UPA soldiers and Ukrainian civilians on one side, and members of the Polish communist security services (UB) and border forces (WOP).[92] Out of the 2,200 Poles who died in the fighting between 1945 and 1948, only a few hundred were civilians, with the remainder being functionaries or soldiers of the Communist regime in Poland.[92]

Soviet Union

German occupation

The total number of local Soviet Partisans acting in Western Ukraine was never high, due to the region enduring only two years of German rule (in some places even less).[94]

In 1943, the Soviet partisan leader Sydir Kovpak was sent to the Carpathian Mountains, with help from Nikita Khrushchev. He described his mission to western Ukraine in his book Vid Putivlia do Karpat (From Putivl to the Carpathian Mountains). Well armed by supplies delivered to secret airfields, he formed a group consisting of several thousand men which moved deep into the Carpathians.[95] Attacks by the German air force and military forced Kovpak to break up his force into smaller units in 1944; these groups were attacked by UPA units on their way back. Soviet intelligence agent Nikolai Kuznetsov was captured and executed by UPA members after unwittingly entering their camp while wearing a Wehrmacht officer uniform.[96]

Fighting

As the Red Army approached Galicia, the UPA avoided clashes with the regular units of the Soviet military.[97] Instead, the UPA focused its energy on NKVD units and Soviet officials of all levels, from NKVD and military officers to the school teachers and postal workers attempting to establish Soviet administration.[98]

In March 1944, UPA insurgents mortally wounded front commander Army General Nikolai Vatutin, who liberated Kyiv when he led Soviet forces in the Second battle of Kiev .[99] Several weeks later an NKVD battalion was annihilated by the UPA near Rivne. This resulted in a full-scale operation in the spring of 1944, initially involving 30,000 Soviet troops against the UPA in Volhynia. Estimates of casualties vary depending on the source. In a letter to the state defence committee of the USSR, Lavrentiy Beria stated that in spring 1944 clashes between Soviet forces and UPA resulted in 2,018 killed and 1,570 captured UPA fighters and only 11 Soviets killed and 46 wounded. Soviet archives show that a captured UPA member stated that he received reports about UPA losses of 200 fighters while the Soviet forces lost 2,000.[100]: 213–214  The first significant sabotage operations against communications of the Soviet Army before their offensive against the Germans was conducted by the UPA in April–May 1944. Such actions were promptly stopped by the Soviet Army and NKVD troops, after which the OUN/UPA submitted an order to temporarily cease anti-Soviet activities and prepare for the further struggle against the Soviets.[101]

Despite heavy casualties on both sides during the initial clashes, the struggle was inconclusive. New large-scale actions of the UPA, especially in Ternopil Oblast, were launched in July–August 1944, when the Red Army advanced West.[101] By the autumn of 1944, UPA forces enjoyed virtual freedom of movement over an area of 160,000 square kilometers in size and home to over 10 million people and had established a shadow government.[25]

 
Christmas card made and distributed by the UPA, 1945

In November 1944, Khrushchev launched the first of several large-scale Soviet assaults on the UPA throughout Western Ukraine, involving according to OUN/UPA estimates at least 20 NKVD combat divisions supported by artillery and armoured units. They blockaded villages and roads and set forests on fire.[98] Soviet archival data states that on 9 October 1944, one NKVD Division, eight NKVD brigades, and an NKVD cavalry regiment with a total of 26,304 NKVD soldiers were stationed in Western Ukraine. In addition, two regiments with 1,500 and 1,200 persons, one battalion (517 persons) and three armoured trains with 100 additional soldiers each, as well as one border guard regiment and one unit were starting to relocate there in order to reinforce them.[102]

During late 1944 and the first half of 1945, according to Soviet data, the UPA suffered approximately 89,000 killed, approximately 91,000 captured, and approximately 39,000 surrendered while the Soviet forces lost approximately 12,000 killed, approximately 6,000 wounded and 2,600 MIA. In addition, during this time, according to Soviet data UPA actions resulted in the killing of 3,919 civilians and the disappearance of 427 others.[103] Despite the heavy losses, as late as summer 1945, many battalion-size UPA units still continued to control and administer large areas of territory in Western Ukraine.[104]: 489  In February 1945 the UPA issued an order to liquidate kurins (battalions) and sotnya's (companies) and to act predominantly by chotys (platoons).[105]

Spring 1945–late 1946

Further information: Sluzhba Bezpeky

After Germany surrendered in May 1945, the Soviet authorities turned their attention to insurgencies taking place in Ukraine and the Baltics. Combat units were reorganised and special forces were sent in. One of the major complications that arose was the local support the UPA had from the population.

Areas of UPA activity were depopulated. The estimates on numbers deported vary; officially Soviet archives state that between 1944 and 1952 a total of 182,543 people[106][107] were deported while other sources indicate the number may have been as high as to 500,000.[108]

Mass arrests of suspected UPA informants or family members were conducted; between February 1944 and May 1946 over 250,000 people were arrested in Western Ukraine.[109] Those arrested typically experienced beatings or other violence. Those suspected of being UPA members underwent torture; reports exist of some prisoners being burned alive. The many arrested women believed to be affiliating with the UPA were subjected to torture, deprivation, and rape at the hands of Soviet security in order to "break" them and get them to reveal UPA members' identities and locations or to turn them into Soviet double-agents.[63] Mutilated corpses of captured rebels were put on public display.[77] Ultimately, between 1944 and 1952 alone as many as 600,000 people may have been arrested in Western Ukraine, with about one-third executed and the rest imprisoned or exiled.[110]

 
Roman Shukhevych, the leader of the UPA

The UPA responded to the Soviet methods by unleashing their own terror against Soviet activists, suspected collaborators and their families. This work was particularly attributed to the Sluzhba Bezbeky (SB), the anti-espionage wing of the UPA. In a typical incident in the Lviv region, in front of horrified villagers, UPA troops gouged out the eyes of two entire families suspected of reporting on insurgent movements to Soviet authorities, before hacking their bodies to pieces. Due to public outrage concerning these violent punitive acts, the UPA stopped the practice of killing the families of collaborators by mid-1945. Other victims of the UPA included Soviet activists sent to Galicia from other parts of the Soviet Union; heads of village Soviets, those sheltering or feeding Red Army personnel, and even people turning food into collective farms. The effect of such terrorist acts was such that people refused to take posts as village heads, and until the late 1940s villages chose single men with no dependants as their leaders.[77]: 109 

The UPA also proved to be especially adept at assassinating key Soviet administrative officials. According to NKVD data, between February 1944 and December 1946 11,725 Soviet officers, agents and collaborators were assassinated and 2,401 were "missing", presumed kidnapped, in Western Ukraine.[77]: 113–114  In one county in Lviv region alone, from August 1944 until January 1945 Ukrainian rebels killed 10 members of the Soviet active and a secretary of the county Communist party, and also kidnapped four other officials. The UPA travelled at will throughout the area. In this county, there were no courts, no prosecutor's office, and the local NKVD only had three staff members.[77]: 113–114 

According to a 1946 report by Khrushchev's deputy for West Ukrainian affairs A.A. Stoiantsev, out of 42,175 operations and ambushes against the UPA by Destruction battalions in Western Ukraine, only 10 percent had positive results – in the vast majority there was either no contact or the individual unit was disarmed and pro-Soviet leaders murdered or kidnapped.[77]: 123  Morale amongst the NKVD in Western Ukraine was particularly low. Even within the dangerous context of Soviet state service in the late-Stalin era, West Ukraine was considered to be a "hardship post", and personnel files reveal higher rates of transfer requests, alcoholism, nervous breakdowns, and refusal to serve among NKVD field agents there at that time.[77]: 120 

The first success of the Soviet authorities came in early 1946 in the Carpathians, which were blockaded from 11 January until 10 April. The UPA operating there ceased to exist as a combat unit.[111] The continuous heavy casualties elsewhere forced the UPA to split into small units consisting of 100 soldiers. Many of the troops demobilized and returned home, when the Soviet Union offered three amnesties during 1947–1948.[97]

By 1946, the UPA was reduced to a core group of 5–10 thousand fighters, and large-scale UPA activity shifted to the Soviet-Polish border. Here, in 1947, they killed the Polish Communist deputy defence minister General Karol Świerczewski. In spring 1946, the OUN/UPA established contacts with the Intelligence services of France, Great Britain and the USA.[112]

End of UPA resistance

Guerilla war in Ukraine
Part of World War II from 1944–1945 and the Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies from 1945 onwards
Date1944–1953
Location
Western Ukraine
Result

Soviet victory

  • Defeat of national partisans
Belligerents
  Soviet Union
  Polish People's Republic		   Ukrainian Insurgent Army
Commanders and leaders
  Joseph Stalin
  Bolesław Bierut		   Dmytro Klyachkivsky
  Roman Shukhevych
  Vasyl Kuk
Strength
Variable ~100,000 partisans (peak)
300,000+ partisans (total)[113]
Casualties and losses
  Soviet Union:
Source 1: 8,788 dead
5,587 paramilitaries
3,199 regular soldiers[114]
Source 2:
12,000 dead and 2,600 missing in late 1944 to early 1945 alone[103]
  Polish People's Republic:
Unknown		 153,000 dead
134,000 arrested
(Soviet claim)[115]
21,888 civilians killed by insurgents[116]
Unknown number of civilians killed by Soviets

The turning point in the struggle against the UPA came in 1947 when the Soviets established an intelligence gathering network within the UPA and shifted the focus of their actions from mass terror to infiltration and espionage. After 1947 the UPA's activity began to subside. On May 30, 1947, Shukhevych issued instructions for joining the OUN and UPA in underground warfare.[117] In 1947–1948 UPA resistance was weakened enough to allow the Soviets to begin implementation of large-scale collectivization throughout Western Ukraine.[25]

In 1948, the Soviet central authorities purged local officials who had mistreated peasants and engaged in "vicious methods". At the same time, Soviet agents planted within the UPA had taken their toll on morale and on the UPA's effectiveness. According to the writing of one slain Ukrainian rebel, "the Bolsheviks tried to take us from within...you can never know exactly in whose hands you will find yourself. From such a network of spies, the work of whole teams is often penetrated...". In November 1948, the work of Soviet agents led to two important victories against the UPA: the defeat and deaths of the heads of the most active UPA network in Western Ukraine, and the removal of "Myron", the head of the UPA's counter-intelligence SB unit.[77]: 125–130 

The Soviet authorities tried to win over the local population by making a significant economic investments in Western Ukraine,[citation needed] and by setting up rapid reaction groups in many regions to combat the UPA. According to one retired MVD major, "By 1948 ideologically we had the support of most of the population."[97]

The UPA's leader, Roman Shukhevych, was killed during an ambush near Lviv on 5 March 1950. Although sporadic UPA activity continued until the mid-1950s, after Shukhevich's death the UPA rapidly lost its fighting capability. An assessment of UPA manpower by Soviet authorities on 17 April 1952 claimed that UPA/OUN had only 84 fighting units consisting of 252 persons. The UPA's last commander, Vasyl Kuk, was captured on 24 May 1954. Despite the existence of some insurgent groups, according to a report by the MGB of the Ukrainian SSR, the "liquidation of armed units and OUN underground was accomplished by the beginning of 1956".[117]

NKVD units dressed as UPA fighters[118] are known to have committed atrocities against the civilian population in order to discredit the UPA.[119] Among these NKVD units were those composed of former UPA fighters working for the NKVD.[120] The Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) recently published information that about 150 such special groups consisting of 1,800 people operated until 1954.[121]

Prominent people killed by UPA insurgents during the anti-Soviet struggle included Metropolitan Oleksiy (Hromadsky) of the Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church, killed while travelling in a German convoy,[122] and pro-Soviet writer Yaroslav Halan.[97]

In 1951 CIA covert operations chief Frank Wisner estimated that some 35,000 Soviet police troops and Communist party cadres had been eliminated by guerrillas affiliated with the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the period after the end of World War II. Official Soviet figures for the losses inflicted by all types of Ukrainian nationalists during the period 1944–1953 referred to 30,676 persons; amongst them were 687 NKGB-MGB personnel, 1,864 NKVD-MVD personnel, 3,199 Soviet Army, Border Guards, and NKVD-MVD troops, 241 communist party leaders, 205 komsomol leaders and 2,590 members of self-defence units. According to Soviet data, the remaining losses were among civilians, including 15,355 peasants and kolkhozniks.[123] Soviet archives state that between February 1944 and January 1946 the Soviet forces conducted 39,778 operations against the UPA, during which they killed a total of 103,313, captured a total of 8,370 OUN members and captured a total of 15,959 active insurgents.[124]

Many UPA members were imprisoned in the Gulag. They actively participated in Gulag uprisings (Kengir uprising, Norilsk uprising, Vorkuta uprising).

Soviet infiltration

In 1944–1945 the NKVD carried out 26,693 operations against the Ukrainian underground. These resulted in the deaths of 22,474 Ukrainian soldiers and the capture of 62,142 prisoners. During this time the NKVD formed special groups known as spetshrupy made up of former Soviet partisans. The goal of these groups was to discredit and disorganize the OUN and UPA. In August 1944, Sydir Kovpak was placed under NKVD authority. Posing as Ukrainian insurgents, these special formations used violence against the civilian population of Western Ukraine. In June 1945 there were 156 such special groups with 1,783 members.[115][better source needed]

From December 1945 to 1946, 15,562 operations were carried out in which 4,200 were killed and more than 9,400 were arrested. From 1944 to 1953, the Soviets killed 153,000 and arrested 134,000 members of the UPA. 66,000 families (204,000 people) were forcibly deported to Siberia and half a million people were subject to repression. In the same period, Polish communist authorities deported 450,000 people.[115] Soviet infiltration of British intelligence also meant that MI6 assisted in training some of the guerrillas in parachuting and unmarked planes used to drop them into Ukraine from bases in Cyprus and Malta, were counter-acted by the fact that one MI6 agent with knowledge of the operation was Kim Philby. Working with Anthony Blunt, he alerted Soviet security forces about planned drops. Ukrainian guerrillas were intercepted and most were executed.[125]

Holocaust

 
Ukrainian Insurgent Army, September 1944 Instruction abstract. Text in Ukrainian: "Jewish question" – "No actions against Jews to be taken. Jewish issue is no longer a problem (only few of them remain). This does not apply to those who stand out against us actively."

The OUN pursued a policy of infiltrating the German police to obtain weapons and training for fighters. In that role, it helped the Germans to carry out the Holocaust. The Ukrainian auxiliary police, working for the Germans, played a crucial supporting role in the murder of 200,000 Jews in Volhynia in the second half of 1942.[126] Most of the police deserted in the following spring and joined UPA.[126]

Numerous accounts ascribe to the UPA a role in the killing of Ukrainian Jews under the German occupation.[127][128] According to Ray Brandon, co-editor of The Shoah in Ukraine, "Jews in hiding in Volhynia saw the UPA as a threat."[129]

With the first antisemitic ideology and acts traced back to the Russian Civil War,[vague] by 1940–41 the publications of Ukrainian terrorist organizations[vague] became explicitly antisemitic.[130] German documents of the period give the impression that Ukrainian ultranationalists[vague] were indifferent to the plight of the Jews and would either kill them or help them, whichever was more appropriate for their political goals.[131]

According to John Paul Himka, OUN militias were responsible for a wave of anti-Jewish pogroms in Lviv in 1941, in what it was at the time occupied Poland, and other areas that claimed thousands of lives. The OUN had repudiated pogroms but changed its stand when the Germans, with whom the OUN sought an alliance, demanded participation in them.[132] According to Unian.net, recently declassified documents have shown that the OUN (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists) was most likely not strongly involved in anti-Jewish activities in 1941.[133]

Jews played an important role in the Soviet partisan movement in Volhynia[citation needed] and participated in its actions.[citation needed] According to Timothy D. Snyder, the Soviet partisans were known for their brutality by retaliating against entire villages suspected of working with the Germans, killing individuals deemed to be collaborators, and provoking the Germans to attack villages.[citation needed] UPA would later attempt to match that brutality.[134] By early 1943, the OUN had entered into open armed conflict with Nazi Germany. According to Ukrainian historian and former UPA soldier Lew Shankowsky, immediately upon assuming the position of commander of the UPA in August 1943, Roman Shukhevych issued an order banning participation in anti-Jewish activities. No written record of this order, however, has been found.[135] In 1944, the OUN formally "rejected racial and ethnic exclusivity".[104]: 474  Nevertheless, Jews hiding from the Germans with Poles in Polish villages were often killed by UPA along with their Polish saviors, although in at least one case, they were spared as the Poles were murdered.[134]

Despite the earlier anti-Jewish statements by the OUN and its involvement in the killing of some Jews, there were cases of Jewish participation within the ranks of the UPA, some of whom held high positions. According to journalist and former fighter Leo Heiman, some Jews fought for the UPA,[136] and others included medical personal.[137] These included Dr. Margosh, who headed UPA-West's medical service, Dr. Marksymovich, who was the Chief Physician of the UPA's officer school, and Dr. Abraham Kum, the director of an underground hospital in the Carpathians. The latter individual was the recipient of the UPA's Golden Cross of Merit.[citation needed] Some Jews who fled the ghettos for the forests were killed by members of the UPA.[138]

According to Filip Friedman, many Jews, particularly those whose skills were useful to UPA, were sheltered by them.[139] It has been claimed that the UPA sometimes executed its Jewish personnel, but Friedman evaluated such claims as either uncorroborated or mistaken.[140] However, it has been said by the historian Daniel Romanovsky that in late 1943, the commander of the UPA, Shukhevych, announced a verbal order to destroy the Poles, Jews and Gypsies with the exception to medical personnel, and later fighters executed personnel at the approach of the Soviet Army.[141]

According to Herbert Romerstein, Soviet propaganda complained about Zionist membership in the UPA,[142] and during the persecution of Jews in the early 1950s, they described the alleged connection between Jewish and Ukrainian nationalists.[143]

One well-known claimed example of Jewish participation in the UPA was most likely a hoax, according to sources such as Friedman.[144][145] According to the report, Stella Krenzbach, the daughter of a rabbi and a Zionist, joined the UPA as a nurse and intelligence agent. She is alleged to have written, "I attribute the fact that I am alive today and devoting all the strength of my thirty-eight years to a free Israel only to God and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. I became a member of the heroic UPA on 7 November 1943. In our group I counted twelve Jews, eight of whom were doctors".[146] Later, Friedman concluded that Krenzbach was a fictional character, as the only evidence for her existence was in an OUN paper. No one knew of such an employee at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where she supposedly worked after the war. A Jew, Leiba Dubrovskii, pretended to be Ukrainian.[147]

Reconciliation

During the following years, the UPA was officially taboo in the Soviet Union, mentioned only as a terrorist organization.[148] Since Ukraine's independence in 1991, there have been heated debates about the possible award of official recognition to former UPA members as legitimate combatants, with the accompanying pensions and benefits due to war veterans.[148] UPA veterans have also striven to hold parades and commemorations of their own, especially in Western Ukraine. This, in turn, led to opposition from Soviet Army veterans and some Ukrainian politicians, particularly from the south and east of the country.[148]

Recently, attempts to reconcile former Armia Krajowa and UPA soldiers have been made by both the Ukrainian and Polish sides. Individual former UPA members have expressed their readiness for a mutual apology. Some of the past soldiers of both organisations have met and asked for forgiveness for their past misdeeds.[149] Restorations of graves and cemeteries in Poland where fallen UPA soldiers were buried have been agreed to by the Polish side.[150]

2019 official veteran status

In late March 2019 former members of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (and other living former members of Ukrainian irregular nationalist armed groups that were active during World War II and the first decade after the war) were officially granted the status of veterans.[151] This meant that for the first time they could receive veteran benefits, including free public transport, subsidized medical services, annual monetary aid, and public utility discounts (and will enjoy the same social benefits as former Ukrainian soldiers who served in the Red Army of the Soviet Union).[151]

There had been several previous attempts to provide former Ukrainian nationalist fighters with official veteran status, especially during the 2005–2009 administration of President Viktor Yushenko, but all failed.[151]

Prior to December 2018 legally only former UPA members who "participated in hostilities against Nazi invaders in occupied Ukraine in 1941–1944, who did not commit crimes against humanity and were rehabilitated" were recognized as war veterans.[152]

Monuments for combatants

Without waiting for official notice from Kyiv, many regional authorities have already decided to approach the UPA's history on their own. In many western cities and villages monuments, memorials and plaques to the leaders and troops of the UPA have been erected, including a monument to Stepan Bandera himself which opened in October 2007. In eastern Ukraine's city of Kharkiv, a memorial to the soldiers of the UPA was erected in 1992.[153] In late 2006, the Lviv city administration announced the future transference of the tombs of Stepan Bandera, Yevhen Konovalets, Andriy Melnyk and other key leaders of the OUN/UPA to a new area of Lychakiv Cemetery specifically dedicated to Ukrainian nationalists.[154]

In response, many southern and eastern provinces, although the UPA had not operated in those regions, have responded by opening memorials of their own dedicated to the UPA's victims. The first one, "The Shot in the Back", was unveiled by the Communist Party of Ukraine in Simferopol, Crimea in September 2007.[155] In 2008, one was erected in Svatove, Luhansk oblast, and another in Luhansk on 8 May 2010 by the city deputy, Arsen Klinchaev, and the Party of Regions.[156] The unveiling ceremony was attended by Vice Prime Minister Viktor Tykhonov, the leader of the parliamentary faction of the Pro-Russian Party of Regions Oleksandr Yefremov, Russian State Duma deputy Konstantin Zatulin, Luhansk Regional Governor Valerii Holenko, and Luhansk Mayor Serhii Kravchenko.[156]

Monuments commemorating Polish victims

Polish survivors from Wołyn and Galicia who lived through the massacres, constructed monuments and memorial tables in the places where they settled after the war, such as Warsaw, Wrocław, Sanok and Kłodzko.[157]

  •  

    Monument to Polish soldiers killed by UPA in Jasiel, south-eastern Poland, in 1946, Poland

  •  

    Monument to the Polish victims of UPA in Kłodzko, Poland

  •  

    Wołyń 1943 (exhibition), Sanok, Poland

  •  

    Monument to the Polish victims killed by UPA, Borownica, Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Poland

  •  

    Monument to Polish border guards who fell 1945–1947 fighting with UPA in Sanok, Poland

  •  

    Monument in Warsaw, Poland

Commemoration in Ukraine

 
March of UPA veterans through Przemyśl
 
Ultras of FC Karpaty Lviv and FC Dynamo Kyiv wave the UPA flag in May 2011

According to John Armstrong, "If one takes into account the duration, geographical extent, and intensity of activity, the UPA very probably is the most important example of forceful resistance to an established Communist regime prior to the decade of fierce Afghan resistance beginning in 1979... the Hungarian revolution of 1956 was, of course, far more important, involving to some degree a population of nine million... however it lasted only a few weeks. In contrast, the more-or-less effective anti-Communist activity of the Ukrainian resistance forces lasted from mid-1944 until 1950".[158]

On 10 January 2008, Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko submitted a draft law "on the official Status of Fighters for Ukraine's Independence from the 1920s to the 1990s". Under the draft, persons who took part in political, guerrilla, underground and combat activities for the freedom and independence of Ukraine from 1920 to 1990 as part of or assisting the following:

They will be recognised as war veterans.[159]

 
Ukrainian postage stamp honoring Roman Shukhevych on 100th anniversary (2007) of his birth.
 
Golden Cross "25th anniversary of UPA" of Albert Hasenbroekx [pl; uk] (1967)

In 2007, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) set up a special working group to study archive documents of the activity of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) to make public original sources.[160]

Since 2006, the SBU has been actively involved in declassifying documents relating to the operations of Soviet security services and the history of the liberation movement in Ukraine. The SBU Information Centre provides an opportunity for scholars to get acquainted with electronic copies of archive documents. The documents are arranged by topics (1932–1933 Holodomor, OUN/UPA Activities, Repression in Ukraine, Movement of Dissident).[161]

Since September 2009, Ukrainian schoolchildren take a more extensive course of the history of the Holodomor and the fighters of the OUN and the UPA fighters.[162]

Yushchenko took part in the celebration of the 67th anniversary of the UPA and the 65th anniversary of Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council on 14 October 2009.[163]

To commemorate National Unity Day on 22 January 2010, Yushchenko awarded Bandera the Hero of Ukraine honor posthumously. A district administrative court in Donetsk cancelled the presidential decree granting the honor to Bandera on 2 April 2010. The lawyer Vladimir Olentsevych argued in a lawsuit that the honor is the highest state award that is granted exclusively to citizens of Ukraine. Bandera was not a Ukrainian citizen, as he was killed in exile in 1959 before the 1991 Declaration of Independence of Ukraine.[164][165]

On 16 January 2012, the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine upheld the presidential decree of 28 January 2010 "About recognition of OUN members and soldiers of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army as participants in the struggle for independence of Ukraine" after it was challenged by the leader of the Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine, Nataliya Vitrenko, recognising the UPA as war combatants.[166][167]

On 10 October 2014, the date of 14 October as Defenders of Ukraine Day was confirmed by Presidential decree, officially granting state sanction to the date of the anniversary of the raising of the Insurgent Army, which has been celebrated in the past by Ukrainian Cossacks as the Feast of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary.

On 15 May 2015, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko signed a bill into law that provides "public recognition to anyone who fought for Ukrainian independence in the 20th century", including Ukrainian Insurgent Army combatants.[168] In Kyiv, Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk and Zhytomyr, the UPA flag may be displayed on government buildings "on certain holidays".[169]

In June 2017, the Kyiv City Council renamed the city's General Vatutin Avenue into Roman Shukhevych Avenue.[170][171]

In December 2018, Poroshenko confirmed the status of veterans and combatants for independence of Ukraine for UPA fighters.[172]

In late 2018, the Lviv Oblast Council decided to declare the year of 2019 to be the year of Bandera.[173]

On 5 March 2021, the Ternopil City Council named the largest stadium in the city of Ternopil after Roman Shukhevych as the Roman Shukhevych Ternopil city stadium.[174] On 16 March 2021, the Lviv Oblast Council approved the renaming of their largest stadium after Roman Shukhevych.[174]

Popular culture

The Ukrainian black metal band Drudkh recorded a song entitled Ukrainian Insurgent Army on its 2006 release, Кров у Наших Криницях (Blood in our wells), dedicated to Stepan Bandera. Ukrainian Neo-Nazi black metal band Nokturnal Mortum have a song titled "Hailed Be the Heroes" (Слава героям) on the Weltanschauung/Мировоззрение album which contains lyrics pertaining to World War II and Western Ukraine (Galicia), and its title, Slava Heroyam, is a traditional UPA salute.

 
Cross of Combat Merit

Two Czech films by František Vláčil, Shadows of the Hot Summer (Stíny horkého léta, 1977) and The Little Shepherd Boy from the Valley (Pasáček z doliny, 1983) are set in 1947, and feature UPA guerrillas in significant supporting roles. The first film resembles Sam Peckinpah's Straw Dogs (1971), in that it is about a farmer whose family is taken hostage by five UPA guerrillas, and he has to resort to his own ingenuity, plus reserves of violence that he never knew he possessed, to defeat them. In the second, the shepherd boy (actually a cowherd) imagines that a group of UPA guerrillas is made up of fairytale characters of his grandfather's stories, and that their leader is the Goblin King.

Also films such as Neskorenyi ("The Undefeated"), Zalizna Sotnia ("The Company of Heroes") and Atentat ("Assassination. An Autumn Murder in Munich") feature more description about the role of UPA on their terrain. The Undefeated is about the life of Roman Shuhevych and the hunt for him by both German and Soviet forces, The Company of Heroes shows how UPA soldiers had everyday life as they fight against Armia Krajowa, Assassination is about the life of Stepan Bandera and how KGB agents murdered him.

 
The rally on European Square in Kyiv, 24 November 2013
 
Headquarters of the Euromaidan. At the front entrance there is a portrait of Stepan Bandera, a 20th-century Ukrainian nationalist.

The red-and-black battle flag of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army was a popular symbol among Euromaidan protesters, and the wartime insurgents have acted as a large inspiration for them.[175] Serhy Yekelchyk of the University of Victoria says the use of UPA imagery and slogans was more of a potent symbol of protest against the current government and Russia rather than adulation for the insurgents themselves, explaining "The reason for the sudden prominence of [UPA symbolism] in Kyiv is that it is the strongest possible expression of protest against the pro-Russian orientation of the current government."[176]

Films

Fiction

  • Fire Poles (Вогненні стовпи) by Roman Ivanchuk, 2006.

Songs

The most obvious characteristic of the insurgent songs genre is the theme of rising up against occupying powers, enslavement and tyranny. Insurgent songs express an open call to battle and to revenge against the enemies of Ukraine, as well as love for the motherland and devotion to her revolutionary leaders (Bandera, Chuprynka and others). UPA actions, heroic deeds of individual soldiers, the hard underground life, longing for one's girl, family or boy are also important subject of this genre.[178]

  • Taras Zhytynsky "To sons of UPA"[179]
  • Tartak "Not saying to anybody"[180]
  • Folk song "To the source of Dniester"[181]
  • Drudkh – "Ukrainian Insurgent Army"[182]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The exact number of ethnic Polish fatal victims is unknown. Most estimates vary from 50,000[79] to 100,000[80][81][82][83] depending on the source used, though lower and higher numbers are occasionally cited too (when different regions and perpetrators are included). A neutral halfway point between the most often cited numbers that was mentioned in an IPN conference of Polish and Ukrainian scholars is 85,000 deaths.[84]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Petro Sodol (1993). "Ukrainian Insurgent Army". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Vol. 5.
  2. ^ Arad, Yitzhak; Arad, Yitzchak (2010). In the Shadow of the Red Banner: Soviet Jews in the War Against Nazi Gemany. Gefen Publishing House Ltd. p. 189. ISBN 978-965-229-487-6. The first UPA unit was officially established on October 14, 1942..The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Ukrainska Povstanska Armia-UPA) was an arm of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (Orhanizatsia Ukrainskikh Nationalistiv - OUN).
  3. ^ Rudling, Per A. (2011). "The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust: A Study in the Manufacturing of Historical Myths". The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies (2107). p. 14. doi:10.5195/cbp.2011.164. While anti-German sentiments were widespread, according to captured activists, at the time of the Third Extraordinary Congress of the OUN(b), held in August 1943, its anti-German declarations were intended to mobilize support against the Soviets, and stayed mostly on the paper.
  4. ^ a b Vedeneyev, D. . "Voyenna Istoriya" magazine. 2002.
  5. ^ Timothy Snyder. "A Fascist Hero in Democratic Kiev". The New York Review of Books. NYR Daily. Bandera aimed to make of Ukraine a one-party fascist dictatorship without national minorities.... UPA partisans murdered tens of thousands of Poles, most of them women and children. Some Jews who had taken shelter with Polish families were also killed.
  6. ^ McBride, Jared (2016). "Peasants into Perpetrators: The OUN-UPA and the Ethnic Cleansing of Volhynia, 1943–1944". Slavic Review. 75 (3): 630–654. doi:10.5612/slavicreview.75.3.0630. ISSN 0037-6779.
  7. ^ Paweł, Naleźniak (2013). "Genocide in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 1943–1944" (PDF). CEJSH. Cracow, Poland: The Institute of National Remembrance. 3 (2): 29–49 – via CEJSH. ..the genocide committed by the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (Orhanizatsiya Ukrayins’kykh Natsionalistiv, OUN) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Ukrainska Povstanska Armiya, UPA) on the Polish inhabitants of Volhynia and Eastern Galicia between 1943 and 1944 remains a little-known event...Timothy Snyder mentions it in fragments in his fundamental work Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin..
  8. ^ a b Motyka, Grzegorz (2016). "Czy zbrodnia wołyńsko-galicyjska 1943-1945 była ludobójstwem". Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki / Deutsch-Polnisches Jahrbuch (in Polish). 2 (24): 45–71. ISSN 1230-4360. The anti-Polish purges carried out by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists-Bandera (OUN-B) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), which are known in Polish history as the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, claimed the lives of about 100,000 people. These purges were among the bloodiest episodes in Poland’s 20th century history and among the major mass killings of civilians during WW II.
  9. ^ Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 3 pp. 104–154
  10. ^ Myroslav Yurkevich, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (Orhanizatsiia ukrainskykh natsionalistiv) This article originally appeared in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 3 (1993).
  11. ^ Українська Повстанська Армія — Історія нескорених, Lviv, 2007 p.28 (in Ukrainian)
  12. ^ Shkandrij, Myroslav (23 July 2019). Revolutionary Ukraine, 1917-2017: History's Flashpoints and Today's Memory Wars. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-367-33376-8. ... the local Ukrainian population and the leadership of the OUN(B), which controlled the UPA after 1943. (quote from the section Volhynia, Holocaust and Fascism of this book)
  13. ^ Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1998). Poland's holocaust. Internet Archive. McFarland. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-7864-0371-4. By October (1944), all of Eastern Poland lay in Soviet hands. As the German army began its withdrawal, the UPA began to attack its rearguard and seize its equipment. The Germans reacted with raids on UPA positions. On July 15, 1944, the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council (Ukrainska Holovna Vyzvolna Rada, or UHVR, an OUN-B outfit) was formed and, at the end of that month, signed an agreement with the Germans for a unified front against the Soviet threat. This ended the UPA attacks as well as the German countermeasures. In exchange for diversionary activities in the rear of the Soviet front, Germans began providing the Ukrainian underground with supplies, arms, and training materials
  14. ^ Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 4 pp. 193–199 Chapter 5
  15. ^ Norman Davies. (1996). Europe: a History. Oxford: Oxford University Press
  16. ^ Aleksander V. Prusin. Ethnic Cleansing: Poles from Western Ukraine. In: Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen. Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. 2005. pp. 204–205.
  17. ^ Timothy Snyder. The reconstruction of nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999. Yale University Press. 2003. pp. 169–170, 176
  18. ^ John Paul Himka. Interventions: Challenging the Myths of Twentieth-Century Ukrainian History. University of Alberta. 2011. p.4.
  19. ^ Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe. "The Ukrainian National Revolution" of 1941. Discourse and Practice of a Fascist Movement. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. Vol. 12/No. 1 (Winter 2011). p. 83.
  20. ^ Timothy Snyder. The reconstruction of nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999. Yale University Press. 2003. p. 192.
  21. ^ Brooke, James (29 January 2014). "Russia Watch:Don't Underestimate Ukraine!". Blogs.voanews.com. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  22. ^ Patrikarakos, David (6 May 2014). "Yuppie, Get Your Gun – Harking back to the partisans of World War II, young Ukrainians train for irregular combat against the Russians". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  23. ^ Subtelny, Orest (1988). Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 474, 800. ISBN 978-0-8020-8390-6.
  24. ^ a b [3. Strategy for the 'two front' combat of the OUN and UPA] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). history.org.ua. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008.
  25. ^ a b c d e Zhukov, Yuri (2007). "Examining the Authoritarian Model of Counter-insurgency: The Soviet Campaign Against the Ukrainian Insurgent Army" (PDF). Small Wars & Insurgencies. 18 (3): 439–466. doi:10.1080/09592310701674416. ISSN 0959-2318. S2CID 9491204. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  26. ^ a b c Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, , p. 169
  27. ^ Shapoval, Yuriy; Vyedyenyeyev, Dmytro (10 November 2006). [Trap for the "Rat" – 4 November marks 95 years since the birth of Dmytro Klyachkivsky, one of the founders of UPA] (in Ukrainian). 4 (621). Dzerkalo Tyzhnia: 4. Archived from the original on 2 May 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. ^ 2. Розбудова територіальних структур і штабів повстанської армії [2. Development of the territorial structures and headquarters of the Insurgent Army] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. p. 172. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  29. ^ a b Magoscy, R. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  30. ^ Sodol, Petro (1994). Ukrainian Insurgent Army 1943–1949. New York. p. 28.
  31. ^ Armstrong, John (1963). Ukrainian Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 156.
  32. ^ Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe and Bastiaan Willems (24 February 2022). "Putin's Abuse of History: Ukrainian 'Nazis', 'Genocide' and a Fake Threat Scenario". L.I.S.A. SCIENCE PORTAL GERDA HENKEL FOUNDATION. Retrieved 9 December 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  33. ^ Taubman 2004, p. 193.
  34. ^ Петро Мірчук, Українська Повстанська Армія. 1942–1952. Мюнхен, 1953. – 233–234 ст.
  35. ^ Ivan Katchanovski (2004). "The Politics of World War II in Contemporary Ukraine". The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. p. 214.
  36. ^ [The symbolism of Ukrainian Nationalists] (in Ukrainian). Virtual museum of Ukrainian phaleristics. 22 June 2010. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013.
  37. ^ "Avramenko, O.M., Shabelnykova, L.P. Chapter 12. Riflemen songs. Ukrainian literature. Sixth grade. (textbook)" (in Russian). School.xvatit.com. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  38. ^ . Donetsk.comments.ua. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  39. ^ Carlyl, Christian (9 May 2014). . Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014.
  40. ^ Major Petro R. Sodol, USA (ret.). UPA: They Fought Hitler and Stalin. New York 1987. p. 34
  41. ^ Major Petro R. Sodol, USA (ret.). UPA: They Fought Hitler and Stalin. New York 1987. p. 36
  42. ^ a b c Motyka, p. 148
  43. ^ However it is not true that UPA had a Soviet T-35 tank.
  44. ^ Ivan Bilas. Repressive-punishment system in Ukraine. 1917–1953 Vol.2 Kyiv Lybid-Viysko Ukrainy, 1994 ISBN 5-325-00599-5 p.585
  45. ^ (in Ukrainian) Українська Повстанська Армія – Історія нескорених – Львів, 2007 p.203
  46. ^ Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 1 p.69
  47. ^ Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 2, p. 92
  48. ^ Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945 – 1 October 1946 (PDF). Vol. 39. Nuremberg: The International Military Tribunal. 1949. pp. 269–270. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  49. ^ Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 2, p.95-97.
  50. ^ Shevchuk, Dmytro (20 January 2006). [The Banderists are coming!] (in Ukrainian). ukrnationalism.org.ua. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009.
  51. ^ a b [Chapter 4 – The 'two front' combat of the UPA (1943 – first half of 1944)] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). history.org.ua. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008.
  52. ^ a b c d e f g h i [Chapter 4. – 4. Anti-German front of the OUN and UPA] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). history.org.ua. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008.
  53. ^ Debriefing of General Kostring Department of the Army, 3 November 1948, MSC – 035, cited in Sodol, Petro R., 1987, UPA: They Fought Hitler and Stalin, New York: Committee for the World Convention and Reunion of Soldiers in the UIA, pg. 58.
  54. ^ Toynbee, T.R.V. (1954). Survey of International Affairs: Hitler's Europe 1939–1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. (page # missing).
  55. ^ Yuriy Tys-Krokhmaluk, UPA Warfare in Ukraine. New York, N.Y. Society of Veterans of Ukrainian Insurgent Army Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72-80823 pp. 58-59
  56. ^ Ivan Bilas. Repressive-punishment system in Ukraine. 1917–1953 Vol. 2 Kyiv Lybid-Viysko Ukrainy, 1994 ISBN 5-325-00599-5 p, 384 p.391
  57. ^ James K. Anderson, Unknown Soldiers of an Unknown Army, Army Magazine, May 1968, p. 63
  58. ^ Yuriy Tys-Krokhmaluk, UPA Warfare in Ukraine. New York, N.Y. Society of Veterans of Ukrainian Insurgent Army Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72-80823 p. 238-239
  59. ^ Yuriy Tys-Krokhmaluk, UPA Warfare in Ukraine. New York, N.Y. Society of Veterans of Ukrainian Insurgent Army Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72-80823 pp. 242-243
  60. ^ Mukovsky, Ivan; Lysenko, Oleksander (2002). Українська повстанська армія та збройні формування ОУН у другій світовій війни [Ukrainian Insurgent Army and armed formations of the OUN in World War II]. Military History (in Ukrainian) (5–6). Retrieved 31 March 2016. (Translation) ... 35 clashes took place in July, 24 in August, 15 in September; the insurgents lost 1,237 soldiers and officers, enemy losses amounted to 3000 people.
  61. ^ L. Shankovskyy (1953). History of Ukrainian Army (Історія українського війська). Winnipeg. p. 32.
  62. ^ Yaroslav Hrytsak, "History of Ukraine 1772–1999"
  63. ^ a b Burds, Jeffrey. (PDF). history.neu.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2007.
  64. ^ Martovych O. The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). – Munchen, 1950 p.20
  65. ^ Розділ 6 – 2. Самостійницький рух у 1944 р. [Chapter 6 – 2. Independence Movement in 1944] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). history.org.ua. p. 338. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  66. ^ Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Chapter 3, pp. 179–180
  67. ^ Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Chapter 4, pp. 179–180
  68. ^ Martin, Terry (December 1998). "The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing" (PDF). The Journal of Modern History. The University of Chicago Press. 70 (4): 820. doi:10.1086/235168. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  69. ^ a b c d Timothy Snyder. The Reconstruction of Nations. Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999. Yale University Press. 2003. pp. 168-170, 176
  70. ^ Viktor Polishchuk ''Gorkaya Pravda. Prestuplenya OUN-UPA.'' (in Russian). Sevdig.sevastopol.ws. Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
  71. ^ Karel Cornelis Berkhoff, "Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule", Harvard University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-674-01313-1 p. 291
  72. ^
  73. ^ "16" (PDF). Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. pp. 247–295.[dead link]
  74. ^ Himka, John-Paul (2010). "The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army: Unwelcome Elements of an Identity Project". Ab Imperio. 2010 (4): 83–101 [96]. doi:10.1353/imp.2010.0101. S2CID 130590374.
  75. ^ Grzegorz Motyka, Ukraińska Partyzantka 1942–1960, Warszawa 2006, p. 329
  76. ^ [11. Ukrainian-Polish confrontation] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2008.
  77. ^ a b c d e f g h Burds, Jeffrey (1996). (PDF). East European Politics and Societies. 11 (1): 89–130. doi:10.1177/0888325497011001003. ISSN 0888-3254. S2CID 144312569. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2003.
  78. ^ Norman Davies, Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory Publisher: Pan Books, November 2007, 544 pages, ISBN 978-0-330-35212-3
  79. ^ Snyder, Timothy (1999). ""To Resolve the Ukrainian Problem Once and for All": The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943–1947". Journal of Cold War Studies. 1 (2): 86–120. doi:10.1162/15203979952559531. S2CID 57564179.
  80. ^ J. P. Himka. . University of Alberta. 28 March 2011. p. 4
  81. ^ Massacre, Volhynia. "The Effects of the Volhynian Massacres". Volhynia Massacre. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  82. ^ Pertti, Ahonen (2008). Peoples on the Move: Population Transfers and Ethnic Cleansing Policies During World War II and Its Aftermath. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 99.
  83. ^ Grzegorz Motyka, Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła", Kraków 2011, p. 447.
  84. ^ "Wołyń 1943 – Rozliczenie" (PDF), Konferencje IPN, 41: 27–30, 2010
  85. ^ Rudling, Per Anders (1 July 2012). "'They Defended Ukraine': The 14. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (Galizische Nr. 1) Revisited". The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 25 (3): 329–368. doi:10.1080/13518046.2012.705633. ISSN 1351-8046. S2CID 144432759. In 1943–44 the OUN(b) and its armed wing, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) carried out a brutal campaign of mass murder of the Polish, Jewish, and other minorities in Volhynia and Galicia which claimed up to 100,000 lives
  86. ^ Timothy Snyder. "A Fascist Hero in Democratic Kiev". NYR Daily. The New York Review of Books.
  87. ^ A. Rudling. Theory and Practice. Historical representation of the wartime accounts of the activities of OUN-UPA (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists-Ukrainian Insurgent Army). East European Jewish Affairs. Vol. 36. No.2. December 2006. pp. 163–179.
  88. ^ G. Rossolinski-Liebe. Celebrating Fascism and War Criminality in Edmonton. The Political Myth and Cult of Stepan Bandera in Multicultural Canada. Kakanien Revisited. 29 December 2010.
  89. ^ Kataryna Wolczuk, "The Difficulties of Polish-Ukrainian Historical Reconciliation," Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 2002.
  90. ^ Radio Poland "Polish MPs adopt resolution calling 1940s massacre genocide" http://www.thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/263005,Polish-MPs-adopt-resolution-calling-1940s-massacre-genocide 19 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  91. ^ A fascist hero in democratic Kiev. Timothy Snyder. New York Review of Books. 24 February 2010.
  92. ^ a b c d Grzegorz Motyka, "W Kregu Lun w Bieszczadach, Rytm, Warsaw, 2009, pg. 12–14, 43
  93. ^ "Ukraine-Poland: history wars rage on". Opendemocracy.net. 26 October 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  94. ^ [The Partisan Movement in Ukraine]. All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (in Russian). Archived from the original on 24 February 2008.
  95. ^ Subtelny, p. 476
  96. ^ Ihor Sundiukov, "The Other Side of the Legend: Nikolai Kuznetsov Revisited", 24 January 2006. on 18 December 2007.
  97. ^ a b c d Sokolovskaia, Yanina (13 October 2003). Последний Бандеровец: Командир украинских повстанцев Василь Кук прекратил войну с Россией [The last Banderovets: Ukrainian rebel commander Vasyl Kuk stopped the war with Russia] (in Russian). Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. Izvestia. from the original on 24 December 2007.
  98. ^ a b Krokhmaluk, Y. (1972). UPA Warfare in Ukraine. New York: Vantage Press. p. 242.
  99. ^ Grenkevich, L. (1999). The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–1944: Critical analysis of. Routledge. p. 134.
  100. ^ [Chapter 4 – 5. Battle of the OUN and UPA on the Anti-Bolshevik Front] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). history.org.ua. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008.
  101. ^ a b Bilas, Ivan (1994). Репресивно-каральна система в Україні (1917–1953) [The Repressive-Punitive System in Ukraine (1917–1953)] (in Ukrainian). Vol. 2. Kyïv: Lybid. pp. 549–570. ISBN 5-325-00599-5.
  102. ^ According to Soviet archives, the NKVD units located in Western Ukraine were: the 9th Rifle division; 16, 20, 21, 25, 17, 18, 19, 23rd brigades; 1 cavalry regiment. Sent to reinforce them: 256, 192nd regiments; 1 battalion three armoured trains (45, 26, 42). The 42nd border guard regiment and another unit (27th) were sent to reinforce them. From Ivan Bilas. Repressive-punishment system in Ukraine. 1917–1953 Vol.2 Kyiv Lybid-Viysko Ukrainy, 1994 ISBN 5-325-00599-5 P.478-482
  103. ^ a b Exact statistics of UPA casualties by the Soviets and Soviet casualties by UPA, in specific time periods, according to data compiled by the NKVD of the Ukrainian SRR: during February – December 1944 the UPA suffered the following casualties: 57,405 killed; 50,387 captured; 15,990 surrendered. During the period from 1 January 1945 until 1 May 1945 the following casualties were reported: 31,157 killed; 40,760 captured; 23,156 surrendered. The UPA's actions numbered 2,903 in 1944, and from 1 January 1945 until 1 May 1945 – 1,289. During February until December 1944 Soviet losses were: 9,521 "killed and hanged"; 3,494 wounded; 2,131 MIA; amongst them NKVD-NKGB suffered 401 killed and hanged, 227 wounded, 98 MIA and captured. From January 1, 1945 until May 1, 1945 the NKVD and Soviet Army troops suffered 2,513 killed, 2,489 wounded, 524 MIA and captured. Soviet Authorities personnel suffered 1,225 killed or hanged, 239 wounded, 427 MIA or captured. In addition, 3,919 civilians were killed or hanged, 320 wounded, and 814 MIA or captured. From Ivan Bilas. Repressive-punishment system in Ukraine. 1917–1953 Vol.2 Kyiv Lybid-Viysko Ukrainy, 1994 ISBN 5-325-00599-5 pp.604–605
  104. ^ a b Subtelny, Orest (2000). Ukraine: A History. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8390-6. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  105. ^ [4. The confrontation of the OUN and UPA and the Soviet system in 1945] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). history.org.ua. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008.
  106. ^ [The complicated fate of the Ukrainian diaspora]. Ukrainian World Coordinating Council (in Ukrainian). 2005. Archived from the original on 5 March 2007.
  107. ^ Theses include deported (1944–47): families of OUN/UPA members–– 15,040 families (37,145) persons; OUN/UPA underground families – 26,332 (77,791 persons) taken from: Ivan Bilas. Repressive-punishment system in Ukraine. 1917–1953 Vol.2 Kyiv Lybid-Viysko Ukrainy, 1994 ISBN 5-325-00599-5 P.545-546
  108. ^ Subtelny, p. 489
  109. ^ Burds, p.97
  110. ^ Taubman 2004, p. 195.
  111. ^ (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  112. ^ (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  113. ^ Going by Soviet claims of killed and arrested members.
  114. ^ Розділ 7 – 3. Націоналістичне підпілля в 1949–1956 рр. [Chapter 7 – 3. Nationalist Underground During 1949–1956.] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). history.org.ua. p. 439. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  115. ^ a b c Viatrovych, V.; Hrytskiv, R.; Dereviany, I.; Zabily, R.; Sova, A.; Sodol, P. (2007). Viatrovych, Volodymyr (ed.). Українська Повстанська Армія – Історія нескорених [Ukrainian Insurgent Army – History of the unconquered] (in Ukrainian). Lviv Liberation Movement Research Centre. pp. 307–310.
  116. ^ Розділ 7 – 3. Націоналістичне підпілля в 1949–1956 рр. [Chapter 7 – 3. Nationalist Underground During 1949–1956.] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). history.org.ua. p. 439. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  117. ^ a b Vladzimirsky, Mykola. "'Воєнна історія' #5–6 за 2002 рік Війна після війни". Warhistory.ukrlife.org. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  118. ^ Wilson, A. (2005). Virtual Politics: Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 15.
  119. ^ Kuzio, Taras (28 July 2002). . The Ukrainian Weekly. LXX (30). Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
  120. ^ Ivan Bilas. Repressive-punishment system in Ukraine. 1917–1953 Vol.2 Kyiv Lybid-Viysko Ukrainy, 1994 ISBN 5-325-00599-5 P 460-464, 470–477
  121. ^ . Ukranews.com. 30 November 2007. Archived from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  122. ^ John Armstrong (1963). Ukrainian Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 205–206
  123. ^ Розділ 7 – 3. Націоналістичне підпілля в 1949–1956 рр. [Chapter 7 – 3. Nationalist Underground During 1949–1956.] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). history.org.ua. p. 439. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  124. ^ [Chapter 6 – 5. Combat of the Soviet power structures against the OUN and UPA in 1944] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. pp. 385–386. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008.
  125. ^ Ben McIntyre, A Spy Amongst Friends pp. 134–-136
  126. ^ a b Timothy D. Snyder. (2004) The Reconstruction of Nations. New Haven: Yale University Press: p. 162
  127. ^ "Ukrainian Insurgent Army" in the Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, editor-in-chief. New York: Macmillan, 1990. 4 volumes. ISBN 0-02-896090-4.
  128. ^ Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist), "Ukrainian Collaboration" in Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947 pp. 220–59, McFarland & Company, 1998, ISBN 0-7864-0371-3
  129. ^ "President Putin Has Called Ukraine a Hotbed of Anti-Semites. It's Not.". National Geographic. May 30, 2014
  130. ^ Barkan, Elazar (2007). Shared History- Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet Occupied Poland, 1939–1941. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. p. 311.
  131. ^ Himka, John-Paul (1997). . In Frankel, Jonathan (ed.). Studies in Contemporary Jewry: Volume XIII: The Fate of the European Jews, 1939–1945: Continuity or Contingency?. Oxford University Press. pp. 170–189. ISBN 978-0-19-535325-9. Archived from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  132. ^ Himka, John-Paul (23 September 2010). . Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 25 September 2010.
  133. ^ "SBU declassifies documents proving OUN-UPA not connected with anti-Jewish actions". Unian.net. 6 February 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  134. ^ a b Timothy Snyder. (2008). "The life and death of Volhynian Jewry, 1921–1945." In Brandon, Lowler (Eds.) The Shoah in Ukraine: history, testimony, memorialization. Indiana: Indiana University Press, p. 101
  135. ^ Friedman, Filip (1980). "Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation. In: Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust". New York: Conference on Jewish Social Studies: 203.
  136. ^ Leo Heiman, "We Fought for Ukraine – The Story of Jews Within the UPA", Ukrainian Quarterly Spring 1964, pp.33–44.
  137. ^ Friedman, Filip (1980). "Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation. In: Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust". New York: Conference on Jewish Social Studies: 189 and footnotes pp. 204–205. Friedman noted that he personally met one Jewish physician and his wife who had been with UPA and knew of another physician and his brother who also served in the UPA and settled near Tel Aviv after the war.
  138. ^ The World Reacts to the Holocaust edited by David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig с. 320
  139. ^ Friedman, Filip (1958–1959). "Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation". YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science. 12: 259–296. Friedman gives the examples of two camps, one numbering 100 Jews and another with 400 Jews.
  140. ^ Friedman, Filip (1980). "Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation. In: Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust". New York: Conference on Jewish Social Studies: 189 and footnotes pp. 204–205. Friedman notes that claims by Eisenstein-Keshev that UPA liquidated its physicians did not include any detailed data about this, and reported that another claim is questionable. Eisenstein claimed that at the approach of the Soviet army UPA liquidated the 400 Jews they had employed in Kudrynki in Volhynia (only 17 of whom survived). In reality, Friedman notes that the camp did not disperse due to the advance of Soviet forces as erroneously written by Eisenstein, but was overrun by a German motorized battalion. Friedman notes that "conceivably, some of the Jewish inmates were left behind, fell into the hands of the Germans, and were exterminated." Friedman noted that he personally met one Jewish physician and his wife who had been with the Bandera group and knew of another physician and his brother who also served in the UPA and settled near Tel Aviv after the war.
  141. ^ Romanovskiy, Daniil (March 2008). Коллаборанты: украинский национализм и геноцид евреев в Западной Украине [Collaborators: Ukrainian nationalism and the genocide of Jews in Western Ukraine] (in Russian). lechaim.ru. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  142. ^ Romerstein, Herbert (2004). "Divide and Conquer: the KGB Disinformation Campaign Against Ukrainians and Jews". Ukrainian Quarterly. Iwp.edu. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  143. ^ Koropecky, Iwan S. (ed.). The Selected Works of Viacheslav Holubnychy. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. p. 123.
  144. ^ John Paul Himka. . Himka notes that Bohdan Kordiuk, an OUN member who had been incarcerated in Auschwitz, described Krenzbach's memoirs as false in the newspaper Suchasna Ukraina (no. 15/194, 20 July 1958), and he wrote, "None of the UPA men known to the author of these lines knows the legendary Stella Krenzbach or have heard of her. The Jews do not know her either. It is unlikely that anyone of the tens of thousands of Ukrainian refugees after the war met Stella Krenzbach". Himka also noted that Friedman failed to find evidence of her existence.
  145. ^ Friedman, Filip (1980). "Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation. In: Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust". New York: Conference on Jewish Social Studies: 203–204.
  146. ^ posted on the website of the Association of Jewish Organizations and Communities of Ukraine
  147. ^ McBride, Jared (9 November 2017). "Ukraine's Invented a 'Jewish-Ukrainian Nationalist' to Whitewash Its Nazi-era Past". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  148. ^ a b c Pancake, John (6 January 2010). "In Ukraine, movement to honor members of WWII underground sets off debate". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  149. ^ Nowakowska, Jadwiga (13 July 2003). [Reconciliation in the cemetery] (in Polish). Wprost.pl. Archived from the original on 23 August 2004. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  150. ^ Przewoźnik, A. [UPA monuments cannot be erected in Poland] (in Polish). Money.pl. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  151. ^ a b c "Former WWII nationalist guerrillas granted veteran status in Ukraine". Kyiv Post. 26 March 2019.
  152. ^ (in Ukrainian) The Council recognized all the soldiers of the OUN-UPA as combatants, Ukrayinska Pravda (6 December 2018)
  153. ^ Grishenko, Aleksei (12 January 2015). В Харькове восстановят памятник УПА [The monument to the UPA in Kharkov will be restored] (in Russian). sq.com.ua. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  154. ^ "Lviv to bury the remains of NKVD victims at the Lychakivsky Cemetery on 7 November". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. 23 October 2006. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  155. ^ В Крыму открыт монумент жертвам бандеровцев [In Crimea, a monument to the victims of Bandera has opened] (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 14 September 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  156. ^ a b . Kyiv Post. 9 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011.
  157. ^ "Pomnik ofiar Ukraińskiej Powstańczej Armii" [Monument to victims of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army]. Monuments of Wrocław (in Polish). 24 March 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  158. ^ John Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 3rd edition. Englewood, Colorado: Ukrainian Academic Press, 1990. ISBN 0-87287-755-8 (2nd edition: New York: Columbia University Press, 1963) pp.223–224
  159. ^ "Yushchenko pushes for official recognition of OUN-UPA combatants". Zik.com.ua. 11 January 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  160. ^ . Nrcu.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  161. ^ . En.for-ua.com. 15 October 2008. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  162. ^ . UNIAN. 12 June 2009. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009.
  163. ^ . Kyiv Post. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 16 October 2009.
  164. ^ . Top.rbc.ru. 2 April 2010. Archived from the original on 5 April 2010.
  165. ^ "Ukraine court strips Bandera of Hero of Ukraine title because he wasn't citizen of Ukraine". Gzt.ru. 3 April 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  166. ^ Historic Pravda. 2013-2-5
  167. ^ Rachkevych, Mark (7 February 2013). . Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  168. ^ Poroshenko signed the laws about decomunization. Ukrayinska Pravda. 15 May 2015
    Poroshenko signs laws on denouncing Communist, Nazi regimes, Interfax-Ukraine. 15 May 20
    Poroshenko: Time for Ukraine to resolutely get rid of Communist symbols, UNIAN. 17 May 2015
    Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols, BBC News (14 April 2015)
  169. ^ "Vinnitsa, a deputy and an activist quarreled because of the banner of the flag" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 30 March 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  170. ^ "Kyiv's General Vatutin Avenue renamed Roman Shukhevych Avenue". Kyiv Post. 1 June 2017.
  171. ^ "Court leaves avenues named after Bandera, Shukhevych in Kyiv". Kyiv Post. 9 December 2019.
  172. ^ "Poroshenko enacts law granting fighters for Ukraine's independence in 20th century combatant status". UNIAN. 23 December 2018.
  173. ^ "2019 declared year of Stepan Bandera in Lviv region". Kyiv Post. 13 December 2018.
  174. ^ a b "Local governments name stadiums after Bandera and Shukhevych, provoking protest from Israel and Poland". The Ukrainian Weekly. 19 March 2021.
  175. ^ "Ukraine Radicals Steer Violence as Nationalist Zeal Grows". Bloomberg News. 11 February 2014.
  176. ^ . New Straits Times. 31 January 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  177. ^ [Ukrainian films: Executed Dawns]. Nashformat.ua. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  178. ^ Zenon Lavryshyn. Songs of the UPA. Toronto: Litopys UPA, 1996, p. 19
  179. ^ "Синам УПА. Тарас Житинський" [Sinam UPA. Taras Zhytynsky] (in Ukrainian). YouTube. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  180. ^ [Without telling anyone Song about the UPA Tartak.avi] (in Ukrainian). YouTube. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  181. ^ "До витоку Дністра! Ой у лісі, на полянці.УПА" [To the source of the Dniester! Oh in the woods, on the glade] (in Ukrainian). YouTube. 23 September 2009. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  182. ^ "Drudkh – Ukrainian Insurgent Army". YouTube. 16 October 2015. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2017.

Books

English

Ukrainian

  • Антонюк Ярослав Діяльність СБ ОУН на Волині. –Луцьк : "Волинська книга", 2007. – 176 с.
  • Антонюк Ярослав Діяльність СБ ОУН(б) на Волині та Західному Поліссі (1946–1951 рр.) : Монографія. – Луцьк:"Надстир'я-Ключі", 2013. – 228 с.
  • УПА розпочинає активні протинімецькі дії (UIA Start the Active anti-German actions) (За матеріалами звіту робочої групи істориків Інституту історії НАН України під керівництвом проф. Станіслава Кульчицького)
  • Володимир В'ятрович, Ігор Дерев'яний, Руслан Забілий, Петро Солодь. Українська Повстанська Армія. Історія Нескорених. Третє видання. Львів (2011). ISBN 978-966-1594-03-5.
  • Петро Мірчук. . Львів 1991. ISBN 5-7707-0602-3.
  • Юрій Киричук. . Тернопіль 1991.
  • С.Ф. Хмель. . Львів 1993.
  • Іван Йовик. . Київ 1995. ISBN 5-7707-8609-4.
  • Анатоль Бедрій. ОУН і УПА. New York – London – Munich – Toronto. 1983.
  • Litopys Online. . Various works.
  • В´ятрович В. М. Друга польсько-українська війна. 1942–1947. – Вид. 2-е, доп. – К.: Вид. дім "Києво-Могилянська академія", 2012. – 368 с.

Polish

  • Wołodymyr Wiatrowycz, Druga wojna polsko-ukraińska 1942–1947, Warszawa 2013, ISBN 978-83-935429-1-8
  • Za to że jesteś Ukraińcem ... : wspomnienia z lat 1944–1947 / wybór, oprac., wstęp i posłowie Bogdan Huk. Koszalin [etc.] : Stowarzyszenie Ukraińców Więźniów Politycznych i Represjonowanych w Polsce, 2012. 400 s. : il. ; 23 cm. ISBN 978-83-935479-0-6
  • Sowa, Andrzej (1998). Stosunki polsko-ukraińskie 1939–1947. Kraków. OCLC 48053561.
  • Motyka, Grzegorz (2006). Ukraińska partyzantka 1942–1960. Warszawa: ISP PAN / RYTM. ISBN 978-83-7399-163-7.
  • Motyka, Grzegorz; Wnuk, Rafał (1997). Pany i rezuny: współpraca AK-WiN i UPA 1945–1947 (in Polish). Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Volumen. ISBN 83-86857-72-2.
  • [1] 20 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ukrainian Insurgent Army.
  • Electronic archive of ukrainian liberation movement
  • UPA – Ukrainian Insurgent Army 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  • Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Encyclopedia of Ukraine
  • Chronicle of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
  • ОУН-УПА. Легенда Спротиву. (in Ukrainian)
  • Postcards of Ukrainian Insurgent Army. Kyiv-Toronto, 2008.

January 07, 2023
ukrainian, insurgent, army, ukrainian, partisans, redirects, here, 2022, partisan, movement, ukrainian, resistance, during, 2022, russian, invasion, ukraine, confused, with, revolutionary, insurgent, army, ukraine, ukrainian, Українська, повстанська, армія, УП. Ukrainian partisans redirects here For the 2022 partisan movement see Ukrainian resistance during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Not to be confused with Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine The Ukrainian Insurgent Army Ukrainian Ukrayinska povstanska armiya UPA romanized Ukrayins ka Povstans ka Armiia abbreviated UPA was a Ukrainian nationalist paramilitary and later partisan formation 1 better source needed founded by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists on October 14 1942 2 During World War II it was engaged in guerrilla warfare against the Soviet Union the Polish Underground State Communist Poland and Nazi Germany 3 The insurgent army arose out of separate militant formations of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists Bandera faction the OUN B other militant national patriotic formations some former defectors of the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police mobilization of local populations and others 4 better source needed The political leadership of the army belonged to the OUN B 4 better source needed It was the primary perpetrator of the ethnic cleansing of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia murdering tens of thousands of Poles and Jews mostly women and children 5 6 7 8 Its official date of creation is 14 October 1942 the day of the Intercession of the Theotokos feast From December 1941 to July 1943 the Ukrainian People s Revolutionary Army shared the same name Ukrainian Insurgent Army or UPA 9 Ukrainian Insurgent ArmyUkrayinska povstanska armiyaFlag of the UPALeadersVasyl IvakhivDmytro KlyachkivskyRoman ShukhevychVasyl KukDates of operation14 October 1942 19491949 1956 localized Active regionsVolhyniaPolesiaGaliciaPodiliaCarpathiaIdeologyUkrainian ultranationalismAnti PolonismAnti communismAnti Russian sentimentAnti SemitismSize20 000 200 000 estimated citation needed Part ofOrganization of Ukrainian Nationalists Bandera factionOpponents Soviet Union Ukrainian SSR Polish Underground State Nazi Germany 1941 1944 Reichskommissariat Ukraine General Government Polish People s Republic 1947 1949 Violence was accepted by OUN as a political tool against both foreign and domestic enemies of their cause which would be achieved by a national revolution led by a dictatorship that would drive out occupying powers and set up a government representing all regions and social groups 10 better source needed The organization began as a resistance group and developed into a guerrilla army 11 In 1943 the UPA was controlled by the OUN B and included people of various political and ideological convictions 12 Furthermore it needed the support of the broad masses against both the Germans and the Soviets Much of the nationalist ideology including the concept of dictatorship did not appeal to former Soviet citizens who had experienced the dictatorship of the Communist Party Hence a revision of the OUN B ideology and political program was imperative At its Third Extraordinary Grand Assembly on 21 25 August 1943 the OUN B condemned internationalist and fascist national socialist programs and political concepts as well as Russian Bolshevik communism and proposed a system of free peoples and independent states as the single best solution to the problem of world order Its social program did not differ essentially from earlier ones but emphasized a wide range of social services worker participation in management a mixed economy choice of profession and workplace and free trade unions The OUN B affirmed that it was fighting for freedom of the press speech and thought During its existence the Ukrainian Insurgent Army fought against the Poles and the Soviets as their primary opponents although the organization also fought against the Germans starting from February 1943 with many cases of collaboration with the German forces in the fight against the Soviets 13 From late spring 1944 the UPA and Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists B OUN B faced with Soviet advances also cooperated with German forces against the Soviets and Poles in the hope of creating an independent Ukrainian state 14 The OUN also played a substantial role in the ethnic cleansing of the Polish population of Volhynia and East Galicia 15 16 17 18 19 and later prevented the deportation of the Ukrainians in southeastern Poland 20 After the end of World War II Soviet NKVD units fought against the UPA The UPA remained active and fought against the People s Republic of Poland until 1947 and against the Soviet Union until 1949 It was particularly strong in the Carpathian Mountains the entirety of Galicia and in Volhynia in modern Western Ukraine By the late 1940s the mortality rate for Soviet troops fighting Ukrainian insurgents in Western Ukraine was higher than the mortality rate for Soviet troops during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan 21 22 Between February 1943 and May 1945 unlike most resistance movements it had no significant foreign support citation needed Its growth and strength were a reflection of the popularity it enjoyed among the people of Western Ukraine 23 Outside of western Ukraine support was not significant and the majority of the Soviet eastern Ukrainian population considered and at times still viewed the OUN UPA to have been primarily collaborators with the Germans 24 180 Contents 1 Organization 1 1 Structure 1 2 Greeting 1 3 Anthem 1 4 Flag 1 5 Awards 2 Military ranks 3 Armaments 4 Formation 4 1 1941 4 2 1942 5 Germany 6 Poland 6 1 Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 6 2 Post war 7 Soviet Union 7 1 German occupation 7 2 Fighting 7 3 Spring 1945 late 1946 7 4 End of UPA resistance 7 5 Soviet infiltration 8 Holocaust 9 Reconciliation 10 2019 official veteran status 11 Monuments for combatants 12 Monuments commemorating Polish victims 13 Commemoration in Ukraine 14 Popular culture 14 1 Films 14 2 Fiction 14 3 Songs 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 17 1 Citations 17 2 Books 17 2 1 English 17 2 2 Ukrainian 17 2 3 Polish 18 External linksOrganization UPA propaganda poster The OUN UPA s formal greeting is written in Ukrainian on two of horizontal lines Glory to Ukraine Glory to her Heroes The soldier is standing on the banners of the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany The UPA s command structure overlapped with that of the underground nationalist political party the OUN in a sophisticated centralized network The UPA was responsible for military operations while the OUN was in charge of administrative duties each had its own chain of command The six main departments were military political security service mobilization supply and the Ukrainian Red Cross Despite the division between the UPA and the OUN there was overlap between their posts and the local OUN and UPA leaders were frequently the same person Organizational methods were borrowed and adapted from the German Polish and Soviet military while UPA units based their training on a modified Red Army field unit manual 25 The General Staff formed at the end of 1943 consisted of operations intelligence training logistics personnel and political education departments UPA s largest units Kurins consisting of 500 700 soldiers 26 were equivalent to battalions in a regular army and its smallest units Riys literally bee swarm with eight to ten soldiers 26 were equivalent to squads 25 Occasionally and particularly in Volyn during some operations three or more Kurins would unite and form a Zahin or Brigade 26 UPA s leaders were Vasyl Ivakhiv Spring 13 of May 1943 Dmytro Klyachkivsky Roman Shukhevych January 1944 until 1950 27 and finally Vasyl Kuk In November 1943 the UPA adopted a new structure creating a Main Military Headquarters and three areas group commands UPA West UPA North and UPA South Three military schools for low level command staff were also established In terms of UPA soldiers social background 60 percent were peasants of low to moderate means 20 to 25 percent were from the working class primarily from the rural lumber and food industries and 15 percent were members of the intelligentsia students urban professionals The latter group provided a large portion of the UPA s military trainers and officer corps 25 With respect to the origins of UPA s members 60 percent were from Galicia and 30 percent from Volhynia and Polesia 28 The number of UPA fighters varied A German Abwehr report from November 1943 estimated that the UPA had 20 000 soldiers other estimates at that time placed the number at 40 000 29 By the summer of 1944 estimates of UPA membership varied from 25 000 to 30 000 fighters 30 up to 100 000 29 31 32 or even 200 000 soldiers 33 Structure The Ukrainian Insurgent Army was structured into four units 34 UPA NorthRegions Volhynia Polissia Military District Turiv Commander Maj Rudyj Squads Bohun Pomsta Polissja Nalyvajko Military District Zahrava Commander Ptashka Sylvester Zatovkanjuk Squads Konovaletsj Enej Dubovyj Oleh Military District Volhynia South Commander Bereza Squads Kruk H UPA WestRegions Halychyna Bukovina Zakarpattia Zakerzonia Military District Lysonja Commander Maj Hrim V Kurins Holodnojarci Burlaky Lisovyky Rubachi Bujni Holky Military District Hoverlja Commander Maj Stepovyj from 1945 Major Hmara Kurins Bukovynsjkyj Peremoha Hajdamaky Huculjskyj Karpatsjkyj Military District Black Forest Commander Col Rizun Hrehit Mykola Andrusjak Kurins Smertonosci Pidkarpatsjkyj Dzvony Syvulja Dovbush Beskyd Menyky Military District Makivka Commander Maj Kozak Kurins Ljvy Bulava Zubry Letuny Zhuravli Bojky of Chmelnytsjkyj Basejn Military District Buh Commander Col VoronnyjKurins Druzhynnyky Halajda Kochovyky Perejaslavy Tyhry Perebyjnis Military District Sjan Commander OrestKurins Vovky Menyky Kurin of Ren Kurin of Eugene UPA SouthRegions Khmelnytskyi Oblast Zhytomyr Oblast southern region of Kyiv Oblast southern regions of Ukraine and especially in cities Odessa Kryvyi Rih Dnipropetrovsk Mariupol Donetsk Military District Cholodnyj Jar Commander Kost Kurins Kurin of Sabljuk Kurin of Dovbush Military District Umanj Commander Ostap Kurins Kurin of Dovbenko Kurin of Buvalyj Kurin of Andrij Shum Military District Vinnytsja Commander Jasen Kurins Kurin of Storchan Kurin of Mamaj Kurin of Burevij UPA EastRegions northern strip of Zhytomyr Oblast northern region of Kyiv Oblast and Chernihiv Oblast Greeting World War II era monument in memory of UPA fighters with inscription Glory to Ukraine Glory to the heroes in place of the Janowa Dolina massacre Bazaltove Ukraine The greeting Glory to Ukraine Glory to the heroes Slava Ukrayini Heroyam slava appeared in the 1930s among members of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists OUN and Ukrainian Insurgent Army UPA who started using this slogan as a greeting to its members 35 Anthem The anthem of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army was called the March of Ukrainian Nationalists also known as We were born in a great hour Ukrainian Zrodilis mi velikoyi godini The song written by Oles Babiy was officially adopted by the leadership of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists in 1932 36 The organization was a successor of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen whose anthem was Chervona Kalyna Leaders of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen Yevhen Konovalets and Andriy Melnyk were founding members of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists For this reason Chervona Kalyna was also used by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army 37 Flag The battle flag of the UPA was a red and black banner citation needed The flag continues to be a symbol of the Ukrainian nationalist movement The colours of the flag symbolize red Ukrainian blood spilled on the black Ukrainian earth 38 Use of the flag is also a sign of the stubborn endurance of the Ukrainian national idea even under the grimmest conditions 39 Awards Cross of Merit Cross of Combat MeritMilitary ranksThe UPA made use of a dual rank system that included functional command position designations and traditional military ranks The functional system was developed due to an acute shortage of qualified and politically reliable officers during the early stages of organization 40 SUPREMECOMMANDER REGIONALCOMMANDER DIVISION MILITARY DISTRICT COMMANDER BRIGADE TACTICAL SECTOR COMMANDER BATTALIONCOMMANDER COMPANYCOMMANDER PLATOON LEADER SQUAD LEADERUPA rank structure consisted of at least seven commissioned officer ranks four non commissioned officer ranks and two soldier ranks The hierarchical order of known ranks and their approximate U S Army equivalent is as follows 41 UPA RANKS US ARMY EQUIVALENTSHeneral Khorunzhyj Brigadier GeneralPolkovnyk ColonelPidpolkovnyk Lieutenant ColonelMajor MajorSotnyk CaptainPoruchnyk First LieutenantKhorunzhyj Second LieutenantStarshyj Bulavnyj Master SergeantBulavnyj Sergeant First ClassStarshyj Vistun Staff SergeantVistun SergeantStarshyj Strilets Private First ClassStrilets PrivateThe rank scheme provided for three more higher general officer ranks Heneral Poruchnyk Major General Heneral Polkovnyk Lieutenant General and Heneral Pikhoty General with Four Stars ArmamentsInitially the UPA used the weapons collected from the battlefields of 1939 and 1941 citation needed Later they bought weapons from peasants and individual soldiers or captured them in combat Some light weapons were also brought by deserting Ukrainian auxiliary policemen For the most part the UPA used light infantry weapons of Soviet and to a lesser extent German origin for which ammunition was less readily obtainable In 1944 German units armed the UPA directly with captured Soviet arms Many kurins were equipped with light 51 mm and 82 mm mortars During large scale operations in 1943 1944 insurgent forces also used artillery 45 mm and 76 2 mm 42 In 1943 a light Hungarian tank was used in Volhynia 42 43 In 1944 the Soviets captured a Polikarpov Po 2 aircraft and one armored car and one personnel carrier from UPA however it was not stated that they were in operable condition while no OUN UPA documents noted the usage of such equipment 44 By end of World War II in Europe the NKVD had captured 45 artillery pieces 45 and 76 2 mm calibres and 423 mortars from the UPA In the attacks against Polish civilians axes and pikes were used 42 However the light infantry weapon was the basic weapon used by the UPA 45 Formation1941 UPA Commanders left to right Oleksander Stepchuk Ivan Klimchak Nikon Semeniuk 1941 1942 In a memorandum from 14 August 1941 the OUN B proposed to the Germans to create a Ukrainian Army which will join the German Army until the latter will win preferable translation clarification needed which will unite with the German Army until our final victory in exchange for German recognition of an allied Ukrainian independent state 46 At the beginning of October 1941 during the first OUN Conference the OUN formulated its future strategy This called for transferring part of its organizational structure underground in order to avoid conflict with the Germans It also refrained from open anti German propaganda activities 47 A captured German document of 25 November 1941 Nuremberg Trial O14 USSR ordered It has been ascertained that the Bandera Movement is preparing a revolt in the Reichskommissariat which has as its ultimate aim the establishment of an independent Ukraine All functionaries of the Bandera Movement must be arrested at once and after thorough interrogation are to be liquidated 48 1942 At the Second Conference of the OUN B held in April 1942 the policies for the creation build up and development of Ukrainian political and future military forces and action against partisan activity supported by Moscow were adopted Although German policies were criticized the Soviet partisans were identified as the primary enemy of OUN B 49 The Military conference of OUN B met in December 1942 near Lviv The conference resulted in the adoption of a policy for accelerated growth for the establishment of OUN B s military forces The conference emphasized that all combat capable population must support under OUN banners the struggle against the Bolshevik enemy On 30 May 1947 the Main Ukrainian Liberation Council Golovna Vizvolna Rada adopted the date of 14 October 1942 as the date of the formation of the UIA and thus marked as its official anniversary 50 GermanyDespite the stated opinions of Dmytro Klyachkivsky and Roman Shukhevych that the Germans were a secondary threat compared to their main enemies the communist forces of the Soviet Union and Poland the Third Conference of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists held near Lviv from 17 to 21 February 1943 decided to begin open warfare against the Germans 51 OUN fighters had already attacked a German garrison earlier that year on 7 February 52 Accordingly on 20 March 1943 the OUN B leadership issued secret instructions ordering their members who had joined the collaborationist Ukrainian Auxiliary Police in 1941 1942 to desert with their weapons and join with UPA units in Volhynia This process often involved armed conflict with German forces trying to prevent this The number of trained and armed personnel who joined the ranks of the UPA was estimated to be between 4 and 5 thousand 51 Ukrainian Schutzmannschaft battalion photographed in 1942 Anti German actions were limited to situations where the Germans attacked the Ukrainian population or UPA units 24 Indeed according to German general Ernst August Kostring UPA fighters fought almost exclusively against German administrative agencies the German police and the SS in their quest to establish an independent Ukraine controlled by neither Moscow nor Germany 53 better source needed During the German occupation the UPA conducted hundreds of raids on police stations and military convoys In the region of Zhytomyr insurgents were estimated by the German General Kommissar Leyser to be in control of 80 of the forests and 60 of the farmland 54 According to the OUN UPA on 12 May 1943 Germans attacked the town of Kolki using several SS Divisions SS units operated alongside the German Army who were responsible for intelligence central security policing action and mass extermination where both sides suffered heavy losses 55 Soviet partisans reported the reinforcement of German auxiliary forces at Kolki from the end of April until the middle of May 1943 56 In June 1943 German SS and police forces under the command of Erich von dem Bach the head of Himmler directed Bandenbekampfung bandit warfare attempted to destroy UPA North in Volhynia during Operation BB Bandenbekampfung 57 According to Ukrainian claims the initial stage of the operation produced no results whatsoever This development was the subject of several discussions by Himmler s staff that resulted in General von dem Bach Zelewski being sent to Ukraine 58 He failed to eliminate the UPA which grew steadily and the Germans apart from terrorizing the civilian population were virtually limited to defensive actions 59 From July through September 1943 in an estimated 74 clashes between German forces and the UPA the Germans lost more than 3 000 men killed or wounded while the UPA lost 1 237 killed or wounded According to post war estimates the UPA had the following number of clashes with the Germans in mid to late 1943 in Volhynia 35 in July 24 in August 15 in September and 47 during October November 52 186 60 61 In the fall of 1943 clashes between the UPA and the Germans declined so that Erich Koch in his November 1943 report and New Year 1944 speech could claim that nationalistic bands in forests do not pose any major threat for the Germans 52 190 In the Autumn of 1943 some detachments of the UPA attempted to find rapprochement with the Germans Although doing so was condemned by an OUN UPA order on 25 November 1943 these actions did not end 52 190 194 In early 1944 UPA forces in several Western regions cooperated with the German Wehrmacht Waffen SS SiPo and SD 52 192 194 62 However in the winter and spring of 1944 it would be incorrect to say that there was a complete cessation of armed conflict between UPA and German forces as the UPA continued to defend Ukrainian villages against the repressive actions of the German administration 52 196 For example on 20 January 200 German soldiers on their way to the Ukrainian village of Pyrohivka were forced to retreat after a several hour long firefight with 80 UPA soldiers after having lost 30 killed and wounded 52 197 In March July 1944 a senior leader of OUN B in Galicia conducted negotiations with SD and SS officials resulting in a German decision to supply the UPA with arms and ammunition In May of that year the OUN issued instructions to switch the struggle which had been conducted against the Germans completely into a struggle against the Soviets 52 In a top secret memorandum General Major Brigadefuhrer Brenner wrote in mid 1944 to SS Obergruppenfuhrer General Hans Adolf Prutzmann the highest ranking German SS officer in Ukraine that The UPA has halted all attacks on units of the German army The UPA systematically sends agents mainly young women into the enemy occupied territory and the results of the intelligence are communicated to Department 1c of the German Army Group on the southern front 63 By the autumn of 1944 the German press was full of praise for the UPA for their anti Bolshevik successes referring to the UPA fighters as Ukrainian fighters for freedom 64 After the front had passed by the end of 1944 the Germans supplied the OUN UPA by air with arms and equipment In the region of Ivano Frankivsk there even existed a small landing strip for German transport planes Some German personnel trained in terrorist and intelligence activities behind Soviet lines as well as some OUN B leaders were also transported through this channel 65 Adopting a strategy analogous to that of the Chetnik leader General Draza Mihailovic 66 the UPA limited its actions against the Germans in order to better prepare itself for and engage in the struggle against the communists Because of this although the UPA managed to limit German activities to a certain extent it failed to prevent the Germans from deporting approximately 500 000 people from Western Ukraine and from economically exploiting Western Ukraine 67 Due to its focus on the Soviets as the principal threat UPA s anti German struggle did not contribute significantly to the liberation of Ukrainian territories by Soviet forces 52 199 PolandMassacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia Main article Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia See also Sluzhba Bezpeky Polish victims of a massacre committed by UPA in the village of Lipniki 1943 In 1943 the UPA adopted a policy of massacring and expelling the Polish population 68 69 The decision of ethnic cleansing of the area east of the Bug River was taken by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army early in 1943 In March 1943 the OUN B specifically Mykola Lebed 70 imposed a collective death sentence on all Poles living in the former east of the Second Polish Republic and a few months later local units of the UPA were instructed to complete the operation soon 71 Among those who were behind the decision Polish investigators singled out Dmytro Klyachkivsky Vasyl Ivakhov Ivan Lytvynchuk and Petro Oliynyk 72 The ethnic cleansing operation against the Poles began on a large scale in Volhynia in late February or early Spring 69 of that year and lasted until the end of 1944 73 Taras Bulba Borovets the founder of the UPA criticized the attacks as soon as they began The axe and the flail have gone into motion Whole families are butchered and hanged and Polish settlements are set on fire The hatchet men to their shame butcher and hang defenceless women and children By such work Ukrainians not only do a favor for the SD German security service but also present themselves in the eyes of the world as barbarians We must take into account that England will surely win this war and it will treat these hatchet men and lynchers and incendiaries as agents in the service of Hitlerite cannibalism not as honest fighters for their freedom not as state builders 74 11 July 1943 was one of the deadliest days of the massacres with UPA units marching from village to village killing Polish civilians On that day UPA units surrounded and attacked 99 Polish villages and settlements in three counties Kowel Horochow and Wlodzimierz Wolynski On the following day 50 additional villages were attacked 75 In January 1944 the UPA campaign of ethnic cleansing spread to the neighbouring province of Galicia Unlike in Volhynia where Polish villages were destroyed and their inhabitants murdered without warning Poles in eastern Galicia were in some instances given the choice of fleeing or being killed 69 Ukrainian peasants sometimes joined the UPA in the violence 69 76 and large bands of armed marauders unaffiliated with the UPA brutalized civilians 77 In other cases however Ukrainian civilians took significant steps to protect their Polish neighbours either by hiding them during the UPA raids or vouching that the Poles were actually Ukrainians Monument to Poles killed by UPA Liszna Poland The methods used by UPA to carry out the massacres were particularly brutal and were committed indiscriminately without any restraint Historian Norman Davies describes the killings Villages were torched Roman Catholic priests were axed or crucified Churches were burned with all their parishioners Isolated farms were attacked by gangs carrying pitchforks and kitchen knives Throats were cut Pregnant women were bayoneted Children were cut in two Men were ambushed in the field and led away 78 In total the estimated numbers of Polish and Jewish civilians killed in Volhynia and Galicia is between 50 000 and 100 000 a 85 8 Victims of the UPA included Ukrainians who did not adhere to its form of nationalism and so were considered traitors 86 After the initiation of the massacres Polish self defense units responded in kind Estimates of Ukrainians killed in acts of reprisal range from 2 000 to 30 000 87 88 89 On 22 July 2016 the Sejm of the Republic of Poland passed a resolution declaring the massacres committed by UPA a genocide 90 Post war See also Operation Vistula Repatriation of Ukrainians from Poland to the Soviet Union and Freedom and Independence Association Westward shift of Poland after World War II The respective German Polish and Ukrainian populations were expelled After Galicia had been taken over by the Red Army many units of UPA abandoned the anti Polish course of action and some even began cooperating with local Polish anti communist resistance against the Soviets and the NKVD Many Ukrainians who had nothing to do with earlier massacres against the Poles seeking to defend themselves against communists joined UPA after the war on both the Soviet and Polish sides of the border 91 Local agreements between the UPA and the Polish post AK units began to appear as early as April May 1945 and in some places lasted until 1947 such as in the Lublin region One of the most notable joint actions of UPA and the post AK Freedom and Independence WiN organization took place in May 1946 when the two partisan formations coordinated their attack and took over of the city of Hrubieszow 92 The cooperation between UPA and the post AK underground came about partly as a response to increasing communist terror and the deportations of Ukrainians to the Soviet Union and Poles into the new socialist Poland According to official statistics between 1944 and 1956 around 488 000 Ukrainians and 789 000 Poles were transferred 92 93 On the territories of present day Poland 8 12 thousand Ukrainians were killed and 6 8 thousand Poles between 1943 and 1947 However unlike in Volhynia most of the casualties occurred after 1944 and involved UPA soldiers and Ukrainian civilians on one side and members of the Polish communist security services UB and border forces WOP 92 Out of the 2 200 Poles who died in the fighting between 1945 and 1948 only a few hundred were civilians with the remainder being functionaries or soldiers of the Communist regime in Poland 92 Soviet UnionGerman occupation The total number of local Soviet Partisans acting in Western Ukraine was never high due to the region enduring only two years of German rule in some places even less 94 In 1943 the Soviet partisan leader Sydir Kovpak was sent to the Carpathian Mountains with help from Nikita Khrushchev He described his mission to western Ukraine in his book Vid Putivlia do Karpat From Putivl to the Carpathian Mountains Well armed by supplies delivered to secret airfields he formed a group consisting of several thousand men which moved deep into the Carpathians 95 Attacks by the German air force and military forced Kovpak to break up his force into smaller units in 1944 these groups were attacked by UPA units on their way back Soviet intelligence agent Nikolai Kuznetsov was captured and executed by UPA members after unwittingly entering their camp while wearing a Wehrmacht officer uniform 96 Fighting As the Red Army approached Galicia the UPA avoided clashes with the regular units of the Soviet military 97 Instead the UPA focused its energy on NKVD units and Soviet officials of all levels from NKVD and military officers to the school teachers and postal workers attempting to establish Soviet administration 98 In March 1944 UPA insurgents mortally wounded front commander Army General Nikolai Vatutin who liberated Kyiv when he led Soviet forces in the Second battle of Kiev 99 Several weeks later an NKVD battalion was annihilated by the UPA near Rivne This resulted in a full scale operation in the spring of 1944 initially involving 30 000 Soviet troops against the UPA in Volhynia Estimates of casualties vary depending on the source In a letter to the state defence committee of the USSR Lavrentiy Beria stated that in spring 1944 clashes between Soviet forces and UPA resulted in 2 018 killed and 1 570 captured UPA fighters and only 11 Soviets killed and 46 wounded Soviet archives show that a captured UPA member stated that he received reports about UPA losses of 200 fighters while the Soviet forces lost 2 000 100 213 214 The first significant sabotage operations against communications of the Soviet Army before their offensive against the Germans was conducted by the UPA in April May 1944 Such actions were promptly stopped by the Soviet Army and NKVD troops after which the OUN UPA submitted an order to temporarily cease anti Soviet activities and prepare for the further struggle against the Soviets 101 Despite heavy casualties on both sides during the initial clashes the struggle was inconclusive New large scale actions of the UPA especially in Ternopil Oblast were launched in July August 1944 when the Red Army advanced West 101 By the autumn of 1944 UPA forces enjoyed virtual freedom of movement over an area of 160 000 square kilometers in size and home to over 10 million people and had established a shadow government 25 Christmas card made and distributed by the UPA 1945 In November 1944 Khrushchev launched the first of several large scale Soviet assaults on the UPA throughout Western Ukraine involving according to OUN UPA estimates at least 20 NKVD combat divisions supported by artillery and armoured units They blockaded villages and roads and set forests on fire 98 Soviet archival data states that on 9 October 1944 one NKVD Division eight NKVD brigades and an NKVD cavalry regiment with a total of 26 304 NKVD soldiers were stationed in Western Ukraine In addition two regiments with 1 500 and 1 200 persons one battalion 517 persons and three armoured trains with 100 additional soldiers each as well as one border guard regiment and one unit were starting to relocate there in order to reinforce them 102 During late 1944 and the first half of 1945 according to Soviet data the UPA suffered approximately 89 000 killed approximately 91 000 captured and approximately 39 000 surrendered while the Soviet forces lost approximately 12 000 killed approximately 6 000 wounded and 2 600 MIA In addition during this time according to Soviet data UPA actions resulted in the killing of 3 919 civilians and the disappearance of 427 others 103 Despite the heavy losses as late as summer 1945 many battalion size UPA units still continued to control and administer large areas of territory in Western Ukraine 104 489 In February 1945 the UPA issued an order to liquidate kurins battalions and sotnya s companies and to act predominantly by chotys platoons 105 Spring 1945 late 1946 Further information Sluzhba Bezpeky After Germany surrendered in May 1945 the Soviet authorities turned their attention to insurgencies taking place in Ukraine and the Baltics Combat units were reorganised and special forces were sent in One of the major complications that arose was the local support the UPA had from the population Areas of UPA activity were depopulated The estimates on numbers deported vary officially Soviet archives state that between 1944 and 1952 a total of 182 543 people 106 107 were deported while other sources indicate the number may have been as high as to 500 000 108 Mass arrests of suspected UPA informants or family members were conducted between February 1944 and May 1946 over 250 000 people were arrested in Western Ukraine 109 Those arrested typically experienced beatings or other violence Those suspected of being UPA members underwent torture reports exist of some prisoners being burned alive The many arrested women believed to be affiliating with the UPA were subjected to torture deprivation and rape at the hands of Soviet security in order to break them and get them to reveal UPA members identities and locations or to turn them into Soviet double agents 63 Mutilated corpses of captured rebels were put on public display 77 Ultimately between 1944 and 1952 alone as many as 600 000 people may have been arrested in Western Ukraine with about one third executed and the rest imprisoned or exiled 110 Roman Shukhevych the leader of the UPA The UPA responded to the Soviet methods by unleashing their own terror against Soviet activists suspected collaborators and their families This work was particularly attributed to the Sluzhba Bezbeky SB the anti espionage wing of the UPA In a typical incident in the Lviv region in front of horrified villagers UPA troops gouged out the eyes of two entire families suspected of reporting on insurgent movements to Soviet authorities before hacking their bodies to pieces Due to public outrage concerning these violent punitive acts the UPA stopped the practice of killing the families of collaborators by mid 1945 Other victims of the UPA included Soviet activists sent to Galicia from other parts of the Soviet Union heads of village Soviets those sheltering or feeding Red Army personnel and even people turning food into collective farms The effect of such terrorist acts was such that people refused to take posts as village heads and until the late 1940s villages chose single men with no dependants as their leaders 77 109 The UPA also proved to be especially adept at assassinating key Soviet administrative officials According to NKVD data between February 1944 and December 1946 11 725 Soviet officers agents and collaborators were assassinated and 2 401 were missing presumed kidnapped in Western Ukraine 77 113 114 In one county in Lviv region alone from August 1944 until January 1945 Ukrainian rebels killed 10 members of the Soviet active and a secretary of the county Communist party and also kidnapped four other officials The UPA travelled at will throughout the area In this county there were no courts no prosecutor s office and the local NKVD only had three staff members 77 113 114 According to a 1946 report by Khrushchev s deputy for West Ukrainian affairs A A Stoiantsev out of 42 175 operations and ambushes against the UPA by Destruction battalions in Western Ukraine only 10 percent had positive results in the vast majority there was either no contact or the individual unit was disarmed and pro Soviet leaders murdered or kidnapped 77 123 Morale amongst the NKVD in Western Ukraine was particularly low Even within the dangerous context of Soviet state service in the late Stalin era West Ukraine was considered to be a hardship post and personnel files reveal higher rates of transfer requests alcoholism nervous breakdowns and refusal to serve among NKVD field agents there at that time 77 120 The first success of the Soviet authorities came in early 1946 in the Carpathians which were blockaded from 11 January until 10 April The UPA operating there ceased to exist as a combat unit 111 The continuous heavy casualties elsewhere forced the UPA to split into small units consisting of 100 soldiers Many of the troops demobilized and returned home when the Soviet Union offered three amnesties during 1947 1948 97 By 1946 the UPA was reduced to a core group of 5 10 thousand fighters and large scale UPA activity shifted to the Soviet Polish border Here in 1947 they killed the Polish Communist deputy defence minister General Karol Swierczewski In spring 1946 the OUN UPA established contacts with the Intelligence services of France Great Britain and the USA 112 End of UPA resistance Guerilla war in UkrainePart of World War II from 1944 1945 and the Eastern European anti Communist insurgencies from 1945 onwardsDate1944 1953LocationWestern UkraineResultSoviet victory Defeat of national partisansBelligerents Soviet Union Polish People s Republic Ukrainian Insurgent ArmyCommanders and leaders Joseph Stalin Boleslaw Bierut Dmytro Klyachkivsky Roman Shukhevych Vasyl KukStrengthVariable 100 000 partisans peak 300 000 partisans total 113 Casualties and losses Soviet Union Source 1 8 788 dead5 587 paramilitaries3 199 regular soldiers 114 Source 2 12 000 dead and 2 600 missing in late 1944 to early 1945 alone 103 Polish People s Republic Unknown153 000 dead134 000 arrested Soviet claim 115 21 888 civilians killed by insurgents 116 Unknown number of civilians killed by SovietsThe turning point in the struggle against the UPA came in 1947 when the Soviets established an intelligence gathering network within the UPA and shifted the focus of their actions from mass terror to infiltration and espionage After 1947 the UPA s activity began to subside On May 30 1947 Shukhevych issued instructions for joining the OUN and UPA in underground warfare 117 In 1947 1948 UPA resistance was weakened enough to allow the Soviets to begin implementation of large scale collectivization throughout Western Ukraine 25 In 1948 the Soviet central authorities purged local officials who had mistreated peasants and engaged in vicious methods At the same time Soviet agents planted within the UPA had taken their toll on morale and on the UPA s effectiveness According to the writing of one slain Ukrainian rebel the Bolsheviks tried to take us from within you can never know exactly in whose hands you will find yourself From such a network of spies the work of whole teams is often penetrated In November 1948 the work of Soviet agents led to two important victories against the UPA the defeat and deaths of the heads of the most active UPA network in Western Ukraine and the removal of Myron the head of the UPA s counter intelligence SB unit 77 125 130 The Soviet authorities tried to win over the local population by making a significant economic investments in Western Ukraine citation needed and by setting up rapid reaction groups in many regions to combat the UPA According to one retired MVD major By 1948 ideologically we had the support of most of the population 97 The UPA s leader Roman Shukhevych was killed during an ambush near Lviv on 5 March 1950 Although sporadic UPA activity continued until the mid 1950s after Shukhevich s death the UPA rapidly lost its fighting capability An assessment of UPA manpower by Soviet authorities on 17 April 1952 claimed that UPA OUN had only 84 fighting units consisting of 252 persons The UPA s last commander Vasyl Kuk was captured on 24 May 1954 Despite the existence of some insurgent groups according to a report by the MGB of the Ukrainian SSR the liquidation of armed units and OUN underground was accomplished by the beginning of 1956 117 NKVD units dressed as UPA fighters 118 are known to have committed atrocities against the civilian population in order to discredit the UPA 119 Among these NKVD units were those composed of former UPA fighters working for the NKVD 120 The Security Service of Ukraine SBU recently published information that about 150 such special groups consisting of 1 800 people operated until 1954 121 Prominent people killed by UPA insurgents during the anti Soviet struggle included Metropolitan Oleksiy Hromadsky of the Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church killed while travelling in a German convoy 122 and pro Soviet writer Yaroslav Halan 97 In 1951 CIA covert operations chief Frank Wisner estimated that some 35 000 Soviet police troops and Communist party cadres had been eliminated by guerrillas affiliated with the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the period after the end of World War II Official Soviet figures for the losses inflicted by all types of Ukrainian nationalists during the period 1944 1953 referred to 30 676 persons amongst them were 687 NKGB MGB personnel 1 864 NKVD MVD personnel 3 199 Soviet Army Border Guards and NKVD MVD troops 241 communist party leaders 205 komsomol leaders and 2 590 members of self defence units According to Soviet data the remaining losses were among civilians including 15 355 peasants and kolkhozniks 123 Soviet archives state that between February 1944 and January 1946 the Soviet forces conducted 39 778 operations against the UPA during which they killed a total of 103 313 captured a total of 8 370 OUN members and captured a total of 15 959 active insurgents 124 Many UPA members were imprisoned in the Gulag They actively participated in Gulag uprisings Kengir uprising Norilsk uprising Vorkuta uprising Soviet infiltration In 1944 1945 the NKVD carried out 26 693 operations against the Ukrainian underground These resulted in the deaths of 22 474 Ukrainian soldiers and the capture of 62 142 prisoners During this time the NKVD formed special groups known as spetshrupy made up of former Soviet partisans The goal of these groups was to discredit and disorganize the OUN and UPA In August 1944 Sydir Kovpak was placed under NKVD authority Posing as Ukrainian insurgents these special formations used violence against the civilian population of Western Ukraine In June 1945 there were 156 such special groups with 1 783 members 115 better source needed From December 1945 to 1946 15 562 operations were carried out in which 4 200 were killed and more than 9 400 were arrested From 1944 to 1953 the Soviets killed 153 000 and arrested 134 000 members of the UPA 66 000 families 204 000 people were forcibly deported to Siberia and half a million people were subject to repression In the same period Polish communist authorities deported 450 000 people 115 Soviet infiltration of British intelligence also meant that MI6 assisted in training some of the guerrillas in parachuting and unmarked planes used to drop them into Ukraine from bases in Cyprus and Malta were counter acted by the fact that one MI6 agent with knowledge of the operation was Kim Philby Working with Anthony Blunt he alerted Soviet security forces about planned drops Ukrainian guerrillas were intercepted and most were executed 125 HolocaustThe neutrality of this section is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met November 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Ukrainian Insurgent Army September 1944 Instruction abstract Text in Ukrainian Jewish question No actions against Jews to be taken Jewish issue is no longer a problem only few of them remain This does not apply to those who stand out against us actively The OUN pursued a policy of infiltrating the German police to obtain weapons and training for fighters In that role it helped the Germans to carry out the Holocaust The Ukrainian auxiliary police working for the Germans played a crucial supporting role in the murder of 200 000 Jews in Volhynia in the second half of 1942 126 Most of the police deserted in the following spring and joined UPA 126 Numerous accounts ascribe to the UPA a role in the killing of Ukrainian Jews under the German occupation 127 128 According to Ray Brandon co editor of The Shoah in Ukraine Jews in hiding in Volhynia saw the UPA as a threat 129 With the first antisemitic ideology and acts traced back to the Russian Civil War vague by 1940 41 the publications of Ukrainian terrorist organizations vague became explicitly antisemitic 130 German documents of the period give the impression that Ukrainian ultranationalists vague were indifferent to the plight of the Jews and would either kill them or help them whichever was more appropriate for their political goals 131 According to John Paul Himka OUN militias were responsible for a wave of anti Jewish pogroms in Lviv in 1941 in what it was at the time occupied Poland and other areas that claimed thousands of lives The OUN had repudiated pogroms but changed its stand when the Germans with whom the OUN sought an alliance demanded participation in them 132 According to Unian net recently declassified documents have shown that the OUN Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists was most likely not strongly involved in anti Jewish activities in 1941 133 Jews played an important role in the Soviet partisan movement in Volhynia citation needed and participated in its actions citation needed According to Timothy D Snyder the Soviet partisans were known for their brutality by retaliating against entire villages suspected of working with the Germans killing individuals deemed to be collaborators and provoking the Germans to attack villages citation needed UPA would later attempt to match that brutality 134 By early 1943 the OUN had entered into open armed conflict with Nazi Germany According to Ukrainian historian and former UPA soldier Lew Shankowsky immediately upon assuming the position of commander of the UPA in August 1943 Roman Shukhevych issued an order banning participation in anti Jewish activities No written record of this order however has been found 135 In 1944 the OUN formally rejected racial and ethnic exclusivity 104 474 Nevertheless Jews hiding from the Germans with Poles in Polish villages were often killed by UPA along with their Polish saviors although in at least one case they were spared as the Poles were murdered 134 Despite the earlier anti Jewish statements by the OUN and its involvement in the killing of some Jews there were cases of Jewish participation within the ranks of the UPA some of whom held high positions According to journalist and former fighter Leo Heiman some Jews fought for the UPA 136 and others included medical personal 137 These included Dr Margosh who headed UPA West s medical service Dr Marksymovich who was the Chief Physician of the UPA s officer school and Dr Abraham Kum the director of an underground hospital in the Carpathians The latter individual was the recipient of the UPA s Golden Cross of Merit citation needed Some Jews who fled the ghettos for the forests were killed by members of the UPA 138 According to Filip Friedman many Jews particularly those whose skills were useful to UPA were sheltered by them 139 It has been claimed that the UPA sometimes executed its Jewish personnel but Friedman evaluated such claims as either uncorroborated or mistaken 140 However it has been said by the historian Daniel Romanovsky that in late 1943 the commander of the UPA Shukhevych announced a verbal order to destroy the Poles Jews and Gypsies with the exception to medical personnel and later fighters executed personnel at the approach of the Soviet Army 141 According to Herbert Romerstein Soviet propaganda complained about Zionist membership in the UPA 142 and during the persecution of Jews in the early 1950s they described the alleged connection between Jewish and Ukrainian nationalists 143 One well known claimed example of Jewish participation in the UPA was most likely a hoax according to sources such as Friedman 144 145 According to the report Stella Krenzbach the daughter of a rabbi and a Zionist joined the UPA as a nurse and intelligence agent She is alleged to have written I attribute the fact that I am alive today and devoting all the strength of my thirty eight years to a free Israel only to God and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army I became a member of the heroic UPA on 7 November 1943 In our group I counted twelve Jews eight of whom were doctors 146 Later Friedman concluded that Krenzbach was a fictional character as the only evidence for her existence was in an OUN paper No one knew of such an employee at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs where she supposedly worked after the war A Jew Leiba Dubrovskii pretended to be Ukrainian 147 ReconciliationThe neutrality of this section is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met July 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message During the following years the UPA was officially taboo in the Soviet Union mentioned only as a terrorist organization 148 Since Ukraine s independence in 1991 there have been heated debates about the possible award of official recognition to former UPA members as legitimate combatants with the accompanying pensions and benefits due to war veterans 148 UPA veterans have also striven to hold parades and commemorations of their own especially in Western Ukraine This in turn led to opposition from Soviet Army veterans and some Ukrainian politicians particularly from the south and east of the country 148 Recently attempts to reconcile former Armia Krajowa and UPA soldiers have been made by both the Ukrainian and Polish sides Individual former UPA members have expressed their readiness for a mutual apology Some of the past soldiers of both organisations have met and asked for forgiveness for their past misdeeds 149 Restorations of graves and cemeteries in Poland where fallen UPA soldiers were buried have been agreed to by the Polish side 150 2019 official veteran statusIn late March 2019 former members of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and other living former members of Ukrainian irregular nationalist armed groups that were active during World War II and the first decade after the war were officially granted the status of veterans 151 This meant that for the first time they could receive veteran benefits including free public transport subsidized medical services annual monetary aid and public utility discounts and will enjoy the same social benefits as former Ukrainian soldiers who served in the Red Army of the Soviet Union 151 There had been several previous attempts to provide former Ukrainian nationalist fighters with official veteran status especially during the 2005 2009 administration of President Viktor Yushenko but all failed 151 Prior to December 2018 legally only former UPA members who participated in hostilities against Nazi invaders in occupied Ukraine in 1941 1944 who did not commit crimes against humanity and were rehabilitated were recognized as war veterans 152 Monuments for combatantsWithout waiting for official notice from Kyiv many regional authorities have already decided to approach the UPA s history on their own In many western cities and villages monuments memorials and plaques to the leaders and troops of the UPA have been erected including a monument to Stepan Bandera himself which opened in October 2007 In eastern Ukraine s city of Kharkiv a memorial to the soldiers of the UPA was erected in 1992 153 In late 2006 the Lviv city administration announced the future transference of the tombs of Stepan Bandera Yevhen Konovalets Andriy Melnyk and other key leaders of the OUN UPA to a new area of Lychakiv Cemetery specifically dedicated to Ukrainian nationalists 154 In response many southern and eastern provinces although the UPA had not operated in those regions have responded by opening memorials of their own dedicated to the UPA s victims The first one The Shot in the Back was unveiled by the Communist Party of Ukraine in Simferopol Crimea in September 2007 155 In 2008 one was erected in Svatove Luhansk oblast and another in Luhansk on 8 May 2010 by the city deputy Arsen Klinchaev and the Party of Regions 156 The unveiling ceremony was attended by Vice Prime Minister Viktor Tykhonov the leader of the parliamentary faction of the Pro Russian Party of Regions Oleksandr Yefremov Russian State Duma deputy Konstantin Zatulin Luhansk Regional Governor Valerii Holenko and Luhansk Mayor Serhii Kravchenko 156 Monument to UPA veterans at St Volodymyr Cemetery Oakville Ontario Monument to soldiers of UPA Skole Lviv Oblast Ukraine Cemetery of UPA soldiers Antonivci Ternopil Oblast Ukraine Monument to the soldiers of UPA Berezhany Ternopil Oblast Ukraine Monument to senior UPA commander Dmytro Klyachkivsky near Orzhiv Ukraine Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and other UPA graves in the Ukrainian Orthodox Cemetery in South Bound Brook New Jersey Memorial for UPA soldiers Kharkiv UkraineMonuments commemorating Polish victimsPolish survivors from Wolyn and Galicia who lived through the massacres constructed monuments and memorial tables in the places where they settled after the war such as Warsaw Wroclaw Sanok and Klodzko 157 Monument to Polish soldiers killed by UPA in Jasiel south eastern Poland in 1946 Poland Monument to the Polish victims of UPA in Klodzko Poland Wolyn 1943 exhibition Sanok Poland Monument to the Polish victims killed by UPA Borownica Podkarpackie Voivodeship Poland Monument to Polish border guards who fell 1945 1947 fighting with UPA in Sanok Poland Monument in Warsaw PolandCommemoration in Ukraine March of UPA veterans through Przemysl Ultras of FC Karpaty Lviv and FC Dynamo Kyiv wave the UPA flag in May 2011 According to John Armstrong If one takes into account the duration geographical extent and intensity of activity the UPA very probably is the most important example of forceful resistance to an established Communist regime prior to the decade of fierce Afghan resistance beginning in 1979 the Hungarian revolution of 1956 was of course far more important involving to some degree a population of nine million however it lasted only a few weeks In contrast the more or less effective anti Communist activity of the Ukrainian resistance forces lasted from mid 1944 until 1950 158 On 10 January 2008 Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko submitted a draft law on the official Status of Fighters for Ukraine s Independence from the 1920s to the 1990s Under the draft persons who took part in political guerrilla underground and combat activities for the freedom and independence of Ukraine from 1920 to 1990 as part of or assisting the following Ukrainian Military Organization UVO Karpatska Sich OUN UPA Ukrainian Main Liberation ArmyThey will be recognised as war veterans 159 Ukrainian postage stamp honoring Roman Shukhevych on 100th anniversary 2007 of his birth Golden Cross 25th anniversary of UPA of Albert Hasenbroekx pl uk 1967 In 2007 the Security Service of Ukraine SBU set up a special working group to study archive documents of the activity of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists OUN and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army UPA to make public original sources 160 Since 2006 the SBU has been actively involved in declassifying documents relating to the operations of Soviet security services and the history of the liberation movement in Ukraine The SBU Information Centre provides an opportunity for scholars to get acquainted with electronic copies of archive documents The documents are arranged by topics 1932 1933 Holodomor OUN UPA Activities Repression in Ukraine Movement of Dissident 161 Since September 2009 Ukrainian schoolchildren take a more extensive course of the history of the Holodomor and the fighters of the OUN and the UPA fighters 162 Yushchenko took part in the celebration of the 67th anniversary of the UPA and the 65th anniversary of Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council on 14 October 2009 163 To commemorate National Unity Day on 22 January 2010 Yushchenko awarded Bandera the Hero of Ukraine honor posthumously A district administrative court in Donetsk cancelled the presidential decree granting the honor to Bandera on 2 April 2010 The lawyer Vladimir Olentsevych argued in a lawsuit that the honor is the highest state award that is granted exclusively to citizens of Ukraine Bandera was not a Ukrainian citizen as he was killed in exile in 1959 before the 1991 Declaration of Independence of Ukraine 164 165 On 16 January 2012 the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine upheld the presidential decree of 28 January 2010 About recognition of OUN members and soldiers of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army as participants in the struggle for independence of Ukraine after it was challenged by the leader of the Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Nataliya Vitrenko recognising the UPA as war combatants 166 167 On 10 October 2014 the date of 14 October as Defenders of Ukraine Day was confirmed by Presidential decree officially granting state sanction to the date of the anniversary of the raising of the Insurgent Army which has been celebrated in the past by Ukrainian Cossacks as the Feast of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary On 15 May 2015 Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko signed a bill into law that provides public recognition to anyone who fought for Ukrainian independence in the 20th century including Ukrainian Insurgent Army combatants 168 In Kyiv Lviv Ivano Frankivsk and Zhytomyr the UPA flag may be displayed on government buildings on certain holidays 169 In June 2017 the Kyiv City Council renamed the city s General Vatutin Avenue into Roman Shukhevych Avenue 170 171 In December 2018 Poroshenko confirmed the status of veterans and combatants for independence of Ukraine for UPA fighters 172 In late 2018 the Lviv Oblast Council decided to declare the year of 2019 to be the year of Bandera 173 On 5 March 2021 the Ternopil City Council named the largest stadium in the city of Ternopil after Roman Shukhevych as the Roman Shukhevych Ternopil city stadium 174 On 16 March 2021 the Lviv Oblast Council approved the renaming of their largest stadium after Roman Shukhevych 174 Popular cultureThe Ukrainian black metal band Drudkh recorded a song entitled Ukrainian Insurgent Army on its 2006 release Krov u Nashih Krinicyah Blood in our wells dedicated to Stepan Bandera Ukrainian Neo Nazi black metal band Nokturnal Mortum have a song titled Hailed Be the Heroes Slava geroyam on the Weltanschauung Mirovozzrenie album which contains lyrics pertaining to World War II and Western Ukraine Galicia and its title Slava Heroyam is a traditional UPA salute Cross of Combat Merit Two Czech films by Frantisek Vlacil Shadows of the Hot Summer Stiny horkeho leta 1977 and The Little Shepherd Boy from the Valley Pasacek z doliny 1983 are set in 1947 and feature UPA guerrillas in significant supporting roles The first film resembles Sam Peckinpah s Straw Dogs 1971 in that it is about a farmer whose family is taken hostage by five UPA guerrillas and he has to resort to his own ingenuity plus reserves of violence that he never knew he possessed to defeat them In the second the shepherd boy actually a cowherd imagines that a group of UPA guerrillas is made up of fairytale characters of his grandfather s stories and that their leader is the Goblin King Also films such as Neskorenyi The Undefeated Zalizna Sotnia The Company of Heroes and Atentat Assassination An Autumn Murder in Munich feature more description about the role of UPA on their terrain The Undefeated is about the life of Roman Shuhevych and the hunt for him by both German and Soviet forces The Company of Heroes shows how UPA soldiers had everyday life as they fight against Armia Krajowa Assassination is about the life of Stepan Bandera and how KGB agents murdered him The rally on European Square in Kyiv 24 November 2013 Headquarters of the Euromaidan At the front entrance there is a portrait of Stepan Bandera a 20th century Ukrainian nationalist The red and black battle flag of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army was a popular symbol among Euromaidan protesters and the wartime insurgents have acted as a large inspiration for them 175 Serhy Yekelchyk of the University of Victoria says the use of UPA imagery and slogans was more of a potent symbol of protest against the current government and Russia rather than adulation for the insurgents themselves explaining The reason for the sudden prominence of UPA symbolism in Kyiv is that it is the strongest possible expression of protest against the pro Russian orientation of the current government 176 Films 1951 Akce B Czechoslovakia 1961 Ogniomistrz Kalen Polish People s Republic 1962 Zerwany most Polish People s Republic 1968 Annychka USSR 1970 The White Bird Marked with Black USSR 1976 The Troubled Month of Veresen USSR 1977 Shadows of the Hot Summer Czechoslovakia 1983 The Little Shepherd Boy from the Valley Czechoslovakia 1991 The Last Bunker Ukraine 1991 Carpathian Gold Ukraine 1992 Cherry Nights Ukraine 1993 Memories about UPA Ukraine 1994 Goodbye Girl Ukraine 1995 Assassination An Autumn Murder in Munich Ukraine 1995 Executed Dawns 177 Ukraine 2000 The Undefeated Ukraine 2004 One the soldier in the field Ukraine 2004 The Company of Heroes Ukraine 2004 Between Hitler and Stalin Canada 2006 Sobor on the Blood Ukraine 2006 OUN UPA war on two fronts Ukraine 2006 Freedom or death Ukraine 2007 UPA Third Force Ukraine 2010 We are from the Future 2 Russia 2010 Banderovci Czech Republic 2012 Security Service of OUN Closed Doors Ukraine 2016 Wolyn Poland Fiction Fire Poles Vognenni stovpi by Roman Ivanchuk 2006 Songs The most obvious characteristic of the insurgent songs genre is the theme of rising up against occupying powers enslavement and tyranny Insurgent songs express an open call to battle and to revenge against the enemies of Ukraine as well as love for the motherland and devotion to her revolutionary leaders Bandera Chuprynka and others UPA actions heroic deeds of individual soldiers the hard underground life longing for one s girl family or boy are also important subject of this genre 178 Taras Zhytynsky To sons of UPA 179 Tartak Not saying to anybody 180 Folk song To the source of Dniester 181 Drudkh Ukrainian Insurgent Army 182 See also Ukraine portal World War II portalBanderivtsi Defenders Day Ukraine Galicia Eastern Europe Zakerzonia Marianna Dolinska List of Nazi monuments in CanadaNotes The exact number of ethnic Polish fatal victims is unknown Most estimates vary from 50 000 79 to 100 000 80 81 82 83 depending on the source used though lower and higher numbers are occasionally cited too when different regions and perpetrators are included A neutral halfway point between the most often cited numbers that was mentioned in an IPN conference of Polish and Ukrainian scholars is 85 000 deaths 84 ReferencesCitations Petro Sodol 1993 Ukrainian Insurgent Army Encyclopedia of Ukraine Vol 5 Arad Yitzhak Arad Yitzchak 2010 In the Shadow of the Red Banner Soviet Jews in the War Against Nazi Gemany Gefen Publishing House Ltd p 189 ISBN 978 965 229 487 6 The first UPA unit was officially established on October 14 1942 The Ukrainian Insurgent Army Ukrainska Povstanska Armia UPA was an arm of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists Orhanizatsia Ukrainskikh Nationalistiv OUN Rudling Per A 2011 The OUN the UPA and the Holocaust A Study in the Manufacturing of Historical Myths The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies 2107 p 14 doi 10 5195 cbp 2011 164 While anti German sentiments were widespread according to captured activists at the time of the Third Extraordinary Congress of the OUN b held in August 1943 its anti German declarations were intended to mobilize support against the Soviets and stayed mostly on the paper a b Vedeneyev D Military Field Gendarmerie special body of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Voyenna Istoriya magazine 2002 Timothy Snyder A Fascist Hero in Democratic Kiev The New York Review of Books NYR Daily Bandera aimed to make of Ukraine a one party fascist dictatorship without national minorities UPA partisans murdered tens of thousands of Poles most of them women and children Some Jews who had taken shelter with Polish families were also killed McBride Jared 2016 Peasants into Perpetrators The OUN UPA and the Ethnic Cleansing of Volhynia 1943 1944 Slavic Review 75 3 630 654 doi 10 5612 slavicreview 75 3 0630 ISSN 0037 6779 Pawel Nalezniak 2013 Genocide in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 1943 1944 PDF CEJSH Cracow Poland The Institute of National Remembrance 3 2 29 49 via CEJSH the genocide committed by the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists Orhanizatsiya Ukrayins kykh Natsionalistiv OUN and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Ukrainska Povstanska Armiya UPA on the Polish inhabitants of Volhynia and Eastern Galicia between 1943 and 1944 remains a little known event Timothy Snyder mentions it in fragments in his fundamental work Bloodlands Europe Between Hitler and Stalin a b Motyka Grzegorz 2016 Czy zbrodnia wolynsko galicyjska 1943 1945 byla ludobojstwem Rocznik Polsko Niemiecki Deutsch Polnisches Jahrbuch in Polish 2 24 45 71 ISSN 1230 4360 The anti Polish purges carried out by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists Bandera OUN B and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army UPA which are known in Polish history as the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia claimed the lives of about 100 000 people These purges were among the bloodiest episodes in Poland s 20th century history and among the major mass killings of civilians during WW II Institute of Ukrainian History Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 3 pp 104 154 Myroslav Yurkevich Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists Orhanizatsiia ukrainskykh natsionalistiv This article originally appeared in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine vol 3 1993 Ukrayinska Povstanska Armiya Istoriya neskorenih Lviv 2007 p 28 in Ukrainian Shkandrij Myroslav 23 July 2019 Revolutionary Ukraine 1917 2017 History s Flashpoints and Today s Memory Wars Routledge ISBN 978 0 367 33376 8 the local Ukrainian population and the leadership of the OUN B which controlled the UPA after 1943 quote from the section Volhynia Holocaust and Fascism of this book Piotrowski Tadeusz 1998 Poland s holocaust Internet Archive McFarland p 234 ISBN 978 0 7864 0371 4 By October 1944 all of Eastern Poland lay in Soviet hands As the German army began its withdrawal the UPA began to attack its rearguard and seize its equipment The Germans reacted with raids on UPA positions On July 15 1944 the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council Ukrainska Holovna Vyzvolna Rada or UHVR an OUN B outfit was formed and at the end of that month signed an agreement with the Germans for a unified front against the Soviet threat This ended the UPA attacks as well as the German countermeasures In exchange for diversionary activities in the rear of the Soviet front Germans began providing the Ukrainian underground with supplies arms and training materials Institute of Ukrainian History Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 4 pp 193 199 Chapter 5 Norman Davies 1996 Europe a History Oxford Oxford University Press Aleksander V Prusin Ethnic Cleansing Poles from Western Ukraine In Matthew J Gibney Randall Hansen Immigration and asylum from 1900 to the present Vol 1 ABC CLIO 2005 pp 204 205 Timothy Snyder The reconstruction of nations Poland Ukraine Lithuania Belarus 1569 1999 Yale University Press 2003 pp 169 170 176 John Paul Himka Interventions Challenging the Myths of Twentieth Century Ukrainian History University of Alberta 2011 p 4 Grzegorz Rossolinski Liebe The Ukrainian National Revolution of 1941 Discourse and Practice of a Fascist Movement Kritika Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History Vol 12 No 1 Winter 2011 p 83 Timothy Snyder The reconstruction of nations Poland Ukraine Lithuania Belarus 1569 1999 Yale University Press 2003 p 192 Brooke James 29 January 2014 Russia Watch Don t Underestimate Ukraine Blogs voanews com Retrieved 31 March 2016 Patrikarakos David 6 May 2014 Yuppie Get Your Gun Harking back to the partisans of World War II young Ukrainians train for irregular combat against the Russians POLITICO Magazine Retrieved 31 March 2016 Subtelny Orest 1988 Ukraine A History Toronto University of Toronto Press pp 474 800 ISBN 978 0 8020 8390 6 a b 3 Strategiya dvofrontovoyi borotbi OUN i UPA 3 Strategy for the two front combat of the OUN and UPA PDF in Ukrainian history org ua Archived from the original PDF on 11 April 2008 a b c d e Zhukov Yuri 2007 Examining the Authoritarian Model of Counter insurgency The Soviet Campaign Against the Ukrainian Insurgent Army PDF Small Wars amp Insurgencies 18 3 439 466 doi 10 1080 09592310701674416 ISSN 0959 2318 S2CID 9491204 Retrieved 20 January 2016 a b c Institute of Ukrainian History Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 12 p 169 Shapoval Yuriy Vyedyenyeyev Dmytro 10 November 2006 Pastka dlya Shura 4 listopada odnomu z zasnovnikiv UPA Dmitrovi Klyachkivskomu vipovnilosya 95 rokiv Trap for the Rat 4 November marks 95 years since the birth of Dmytro Klyachkivsky one of the founders of UPA in Ukrainian 4 621 Dzerkalo Tyzhnia 4 Archived from the original on 2 May 2007 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help 2 Rozbudova teritorialnih struktur i shtabiv povstanskoyi armiyi 2 Development of the territorial structures and headquarters of the Insurgent Army PDF in Ukrainian Institute of Ukrainian History Academy of Sciences of Ukraine p 172 Retrieved 30 March 2016 a b Magoscy R 1996 A History of Ukraine Toronto University of Toronto Press Sodol Petro 1994 Ukrainian Insurgent Army 1943 1949 New York p 28 Armstrong John 1963 Ukrainian Nationalism New York Columbia University Press p 156 Grzegorz Rossolinski Liebe and Bastiaan Willems 24 February 2022 Putin s Abuse of History Ukrainian Nazis Genocide and a Fake Threat Scenario L I S A SCIENCE PORTAL GERDA HENKEL FOUNDATION Retrieved 9 December 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Taubman 2004 p 193 Petro Mirchuk Ukrayinska Povstanska Armiya 1942 1952 Myunhen 1953 233 234 st Ivan Katchanovski 2004 The Politics of World War II in Contemporary Ukraine The Journal of Slavic Military Studies p 214 Simvolika Ukrayinskih Nacionalistiv The symbolism of Ukrainian Nationalists in Ukrainian Virtual museum of Ukrainian phaleristics 22 June 2010 Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 Avramenko O M Shabelnykova L P Chapter 12 Riflemen songs Ukrainian literature Sixth grade textbook in Russian School xvatit com Retrieved 15 October 2013 Svobodovcy poslali Lukyanchenko krasno chernyj flag Donbass comments ua Donetsk comments ua Archived from the original on 13 April 2016 Retrieved 4 August 2014 Carlyl Christian 9 May 2014 In a Divided Ukraine Even Victory Over Hitler Isn t What It Used to Be Foreign Policy Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 Major Petro R Sodol USA ret UPA They Fought Hitler and Stalin New York 1987 p 34 Major Petro R Sodol USA ret UPA They Fought Hitler and Stalin New York 1987 p 36 a b c Motyka p 148 However it is not true that UPA had a Soviet T 35 tank Ivan Bilas Repressive punishment system in Ukraine 1917 1953 Vol 2 Kyiv Lybid Viysko Ukrainy 1994 ISBN 5 325 00599 5 p 585 in Ukrainian Ukrayinska Povstanska Armiya Istoriya neskorenih Lviv 2007 p 203 Institute of Ukrainian History Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 1 p 69 Institute of Ukrainian History Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 2 p 92 Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal Nuremberg 14 November 1945 1 October 1946 PDF Vol 39 Nuremberg The International Military Tribunal 1949 pp 269 270 Retrieved 31 March 2016 Institute of Ukrainian History Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 2 p 95 97 Shevchuk Dmytro 20 January 2006 Banderivci idut The Banderists are coming in Ukrainian ukrnationalism org ua Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 a b Rozdil 4 Dvofrontova borotba UPA 1943 persha polovina 1944 rr Chapter 4 The two front combat of the UPA 1943 first half of 1944 PDF in Ukrainian history org ua Archived from the original PDF on 11 April 2008 a b c d e f g h i Rozdil 4 4 Protinimeckij front OUN i UPA Chapter 4 4 Anti German front of the OUN and UPA PDF in Ukrainian history org ua Archived from the original PDF on 11 April 2008 Debriefing of General Kostring Department of the Army 3 November 1948 MSC 035 cited in Sodol Petro R 1987 UPA They Fought Hitler and Stalin New York Committee for the World Convention and Reunion of Soldiers in the UIA pg 58 Toynbee T R V 1954 Survey of International Affairs Hitler s Europe 1939 1945 Oxford Oxford University Press p page missing Yuriy Tys Krokhmaluk UPA Warfare in Ukraine New York N Y Society of Veterans of Ukrainian Insurgent Army Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72 80823 pp 58 59 Ivan Bilas Repressive punishment system in Ukraine 1917 1953 Vol 2 Kyiv Lybid Viysko Ukrainy 1994 ISBN 5 325 00599 5 p 384 p 391 James K Anderson Unknown Soldiers of an Unknown Army Army Magazine May 1968 p 63 Yuriy Tys Krokhmaluk UPA Warfare in Ukraine New York N Y Society of Veterans of Ukrainian Insurgent Army Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72 80823 p 238 239 Yuriy Tys Krokhmaluk UPA Warfare in Ukraine New York N Y Society of Veterans of Ukrainian Insurgent Army Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72 80823 pp 242 243 Mukovsky Ivan Lysenko Oleksander 2002 Ukrayinska povstanska armiya ta zbrojni formuvannya OUN u drugij svitovij vijni Ukrainian Insurgent Army and armed formations of the OUN in World War II Military History in Ukrainian 5 6 Retrieved 31 March 2016 Translation 35 clashes took place in July 24 in August 15 in September the insurgents lost 1 237 soldiers and officers enemy losses amounted to 3000 people L Shankovskyy 1953 History of Ukrainian Army Istoriya ukrayinskogo vijska Winnipeg p 32 Yaroslav Hrytsak History of Ukraine 1772 1999 a b Burds Jeffrey Gender and Policing in Soviet West Ukraine 1944 1948 PDF history neu edu Archived from the original PDF on 27 January 2007 Martovych O The Ukrainian Insurgent Army UPA Munchen 1950 p 20 Rozdil 6 2 Samostijnickij ruh u 1944 r Chapter 6 2 Independence Movement in 1944 PDF in Ukrainian history org ua p 338 Retrieved 31 March 2016 Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 3 pp 179 180 Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 4 pp 179 180 Martin Terry December 1998 The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing PDF The Journal of Modern History The University of Chicago Press 70 4 820 doi 10 1086 235168 Retrieved 3 May 2018 a b c d Timothy Snyder The Reconstruction of Nations Poland Ukraine Lithuania Belarus 1569 1999 Yale University Press 2003 pp 168 170 176 Viktor Polishchuk Gorkaya Pravda Prestuplenya OUN UPA in Russian Sevdig sevastopol ws Retrieved on 11 July 2011 Karel Cornelis Berkhoff Harvest of Despair Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule Harvard University Press 2004 ISBN 0 674 01313 1 p 291 Polish report on the massacres article from Ukrainian webpage 16 PDF Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Institute of Ukrainian History Academy of Sciences of Ukraine pp 247 295 dead link Himka John Paul 2010 The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Unwelcome Elements of an Identity Project Ab Imperio 2010 4 83 101 96 doi 10 1353 imp 2010 0101 S2CID 130590374 Grzegorz Motyka Ukrainska Partyzantka 1942 1960 Warszawa 2006 p 329 11 Ukrayinsko polske protistoyannya 11 Ukrainian Polish confrontation PDF in Ukrainian Institute of Ukrainian History Academy of Sciences of Ukraine p 24 Archived from the original PDF on 28 August 2008 a b c d e f g h Burds Jeffrey 1996 Agentura Soviet Informants Networks amp the Ukrainian Underground in Galicia 1944 48 PDF East European Politics and Societies 11 1 89 130 doi 10 1177 0888325497011001003 ISSN 0888 3254 S2CID 144312569 Archived from the original PDF on 5 October 2003 Norman Davies Europe at War 1939 1945 No Simple Victory Publisher Pan Books November 2007 544 pages ISBN 978 0 330 35212 3 Snyder Timothy 1999 To Resolve the Ukrainian Problem Once and for All The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland 1943 1947 Journal of Cold War Studies 1 2 86 120 doi 10 1162 15203979952559531 S2CID 57564179 J P Himka Interventions Challenging the Myths of Twentieth Century Ukrainian history University of Alberta 28 March 2011 p 4 Massacre Volhynia The Effects of the Volhynian Massacres Volhynia Massacre Retrieved 10 March 2018 Pertti Ahonen 2008 Peoples on the Move Population Transfers and Ethnic Cleansing Policies During World War II and Its Aftermath Bloomsbury Academic p 99 Grzegorz Motyka Od rzezi wolynskiej do akcji Wisla Krakow 2011 p 447 Wolyn 1943 Rozliczenie PDF Konferencje IPN 41 27 30 2010 Rudling Per Anders 1 July 2012 They Defended Ukraine The 14 Waffen Grenadier Division der SS Galizische Nr 1 Revisited The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 25 3 329 368 doi 10 1080 13518046 2012 705633 ISSN 1351 8046 S2CID 144432759 In 1943 44 the OUN b and its armed wing the Ukrainian Insurgent Army UPA carried out a brutal campaign of mass murder of the Polish Jewish and other minorities in Volhynia and Galicia which claimed up to 100 000 lives Timothy Snyder A Fascist Hero in Democratic Kiev NYR Daily The New York Review of Books A Rudling Theory and Practice Historical representation of the wartime accounts of the activities of OUN UPA Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists Ukrainian Insurgent Army East European Jewish Affairs Vol 36 No 2 December 2006 pp 163 179 G Rossolinski Liebe Celebrating Fascism and War Criminality in Edmonton The Political Myth and Cult of Stepan Bandera in Multicultural Canada Kakanien Revisited 29 December 2010 Kataryna Wolczuk The Difficulties of Polish Ukrainian Historical Reconciliation Royal Institute of International Affairs London 2002 Radio Poland Polish MPs adopt resolution calling 1940s massacre genocide http www thenews pl 1 10 Artykul 263005 Polish MPs adopt resolution calling 1940s massacre genocide Archived 19 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine A fascist hero in democratic Kiev Timothy Snyder New York Review of Books 24 February 2010 a b c d Grzegorz Motyka W Kregu Lun w Bieszczadach Rytm Warsaw 2009 pg 12 14 43 Ukraine Poland history wars rage on Opendemocracy net 26 October 2011 Retrieved 4 August 2014 Partizanskoe dvizhenie na Ukraine The Partisan Movement in Ukraine All Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in Russian Archived from the original on 24 February 2008 Subtelny p 476 Ihor Sundiukov The Other Side of the Legend Nikolai Kuznetsov Revisited 24 January 2006 Retrieved on 18 December 2007 a b c d Sokolovskaia Yanina 13 October 2003 Poslednij Banderovec Komandir ukrainskih povstancev Vasil Kuk prekratil vojnu s Rossiej The last Banderovets Ukrainian rebel commander Vasyl Kuk stopped the war with Russia in Russian Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation Izvestia Archived from the original on 24 December 2007 a b Krokhmaluk Y 1972 UPA Warfare in Ukraine New York Vantage Press p 242 Grenkevich L 1999 The Soviet Partisan Movement 1941 1944 Critical analysis of Routledge p 134 Rozdil 4 5 Borotba OUN i UPA na protibilshovickomu fronti Chapter 4 5 Battle of the OUN and UPA on the Anti Bolshevik Front PDF in Ukrainian history org ua Archived from the original PDF on 11 April 2008 a b Bilas Ivan 1994 Represivno karalna sistema v Ukrayini 1917 1953 The Repressive Punitive System in Ukraine 1917 1953 in Ukrainian Vol 2 Kyiv Lybid pp 549 570 ISBN 5 325 00599 5 According to Soviet archives the NKVD units located in Western Ukraine were the 9th Rifle division 16 20 21 25 17 18 19 23rd brigades 1 cavalry regiment Sent to reinforce them 256 192nd regiments 1 battalion three armoured trains 45 26 42 The 42nd border guard regiment and another unit 27th were sent to reinforce them From Ivan Bilas Repressive punishment system in Ukraine 1917 1953 Vol 2 Kyiv Lybid Viysko Ukrainy 1994 ISBN 5 325 00599 5 P 478 482 a b Exact statistics of UPA casualties by the Soviets and Soviet casualties by UPA in specific time periods according to data compiled by the NKVD of the Ukrainian SRR during February December 1944 the UPA suffered the following casualties 57 405 killed 50 387 captured 15 990 surrendered During the period from 1 January 1945 until 1 May 1945 the following casualties were reported 31 157 killed 40 760 captured 23 156 surrendered The UPA s actions numbered 2 903 in 1944 and from 1 January 1945 until 1 May 1945 1 289 During February until December 1944 Soviet losses were 9 521 killed and hanged 3 494 wounded 2 131 MIA amongst them NKVD NKGB suffered 401 killed and hanged 227 wounded 98 MIA and captured From January 1 1945 until May 1 1945 the NKVD and Soviet Army troops suffered 2 513 killed 2 489 wounded 524 MIA and captured Soviet Authorities personnel suffered 1 225 killed or hanged 239 wounded 427 MIA or captured In addition 3 919 civilians were killed or hanged 320 wounded and 814 MIA or captured From Ivan Bilas Repressive punishment system in Ukraine 1917 1953 Vol 2 Kyiv Lybid Viysko Ukrainy 1994 ISBN 5 325 00599 5 pp 604 605 a b Subtelny Orest 2000 Ukraine A History University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 0 8020 8390 6 Retrieved 20 January 2016 4 Protistoyannya OUN ta UPA i radyanskoyi sistemi u 1945 r 4 The confrontation of the OUN and UPA and the Soviet system in 1945 PDF in Ukrainian history org ua Archived from the original PDF on 11 April 2008 Skladna dolya ukrayinskoyi diaspori The complicated fate of the Ukrainian diaspora Ukrainian World Coordinating Council in Ukrainian 2005 Archived from the original on 5 March 2007 Theses include deported 1944 47 families of OUN UPA members 15 040 families 37 145 persons OUN UPA underground families 26 332 77 791 persons taken from Ivan Bilas Repressive punishment system in Ukraine 1917 1953 Vol 2 Kyiv Lybid Viysko Ukrainy 1994 ISBN 5 325 00599 5 P 545 546 Subtelny p 489 Burds p 97 Taubman 2004 p 195 Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army PDF in Ukrainian Institute of Ukrainian History Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Archived from the original PDF on 29 May 2006 Retrieved 26 May 2013 Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army PDF in Ukrainian Institute of Ukrainian History Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Archived from the original PDF on 11 April 2008 Retrieved 26 May 2013 Going by Soviet claims of killed and arrested members Rozdil 7 3 Nacionalistichne pidpillya v 1949 1956 rr Chapter 7 3 Nationalist Underground During 1949 1956 PDF in Ukrainian history org ua p 439 Retrieved 31 March 2016 a b c Viatrovych V Hrytskiv R Dereviany I Zabily R Sova A Sodol P 2007 Viatrovych Volodymyr ed Ukrayinska Povstanska Armiya Istoriya neskorenih Ukrainian Insurgent Army History of the unconquered in Ukrainian Lviv Liberation Movement Research Centre pp 307 310 Rozdil 7 3 Nacionalistichne pidpillya v 1949 1956 rr Chapter 7 3 Nationalist Underground During 1949 1956 PDF in Ukrainian history org ua p 439 Retrieved 31 March 2016 a b Vladzimirsky Mykola Voyenna istoriya 5 6 za 2002 rik Vijna pislya vijni Warhistory ukrlife org Retrieved 15 October 2013 Wilson A 2005 Virtual Politics Faking Democracy in the Post Soviet World New Haven Yale University Press p 15 Kuzio Taras 28 July 2002 Ukrainian government prepares bill on recognition of OUN UPA The Ukrainian Weekly LXX 30 Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 Ivan Bilas Repressive punishment system in Ukraine 1917 1953 Vol 2 Kyiv Lybid Viysko Ukrainy 1994 ISBN 5 325 00599 5 P 460 464 470 477 SBU Unveils Documents About Operations Of Soviet Security Ministry s Special Groups In Western Ukraine In 1944 1954 Ukranews com 30 November 2007 Archived from the original on 3 December 2007 Retrieved 15 October 2013 John Armstrong 1963 Ukrainian Nationalism New York Columbia University Press pp 205 206 Rozdil 7 3 Nacionalistichne pidpillya v 1949 1956 rr Chapter 7 3 Nationalist Underground During 1949 1956 PDF in Ukrainian history org ua p 439 Retrieved 31 March 2016 Rozdil 6 5 Borotba radyanskih silovih struktur proti OUN i UPA v 1944 r Chapter 6 5 Combat of the Soviet power structures against the OUN and UPA in 1944 PDF in Ukrainian Institute of Ukrainian History Academy of Sciences of Ukraine pp 385 386 Archived from the original PDF on 11 April 2008 Ben McIntyre A Spy Amongst Friends pp 134 136 a b Timothy D Snyder 2004 The Reconstruction of Nations New Haven Yale University Press p 162 Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust Israel Gutman editor in chief New York Macmillan 1990 4 volumes ISBN 0 02 896090 4 Tadeusz Piotrowski sociologist Ukrainian Collaboration in Poland s Holocaust Ethnic Strife Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic 1918 1947 pp 220 59 McFarland amp Company 1998 ISBN 0 7864 0371 3 President Putin Has Called Ukraine a Hotbed of Anti Semites It s Not National Geographic May 30 2014 Barkan Elazar 2007 Shared History Divided Memory Jews and Others in Soviet Occupied Poland 1939 1941 Leipziger Universitatsverlag p 311 Himka John Paul 1997 Ukrainian Collaboration in the Extermination of the Jews during the Second World War Sorting Out the Long Term and Conjunctural Factors In Frankel Jonathan ed Studies in Contemporary Jewry Volume XIII The Fate of the European Jews 1939 1945 Continuity or Contingency Oxford University Press pp 170 189 ISBN 978 0 19 535325 9 Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 Retrieved 31 March 2016 Himka John Paul 23 September 2010 The Lviv pogrom of 1941 Kyiv Post Archived from the original on 25 September 2010 SBU declassifies documents proving OUN UPA not connected with anti Jewish actions Unian net 6 February 2008 Retrieved 20 January 2016 a b Timothy Snyder 2008 The life and death of Volhynian Jewry 1921 1945 In Brandon Lowler Eds The Shoah in Ukraine history testimony memorialization Indiana Indiana University Press p 101 Friedman Filip 1980 Ukrainian Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation In Roads to Extinction Essays on the Holocaust New York Conference on Jewish Social Studies 203 Leo Heiman We Fought for Ukraine The Story of Jews Within the UPA Ukrainian Quarterly Spring 1964 pp 33 44 Friedman Filip 1980 Ukrainian Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation In Roads to Extinction Essays on the Holocaust New York Conference on Jewish Social Studies 189 and footnotes pp 204 205 Friedman noted that he personally met one Jewish physician and his wife who had been with UPA and knew of another physician and his brother who also served in the UPA and settled near Tel Aviv after the war The World Reacts to the Holocaust edited by David S Wyman Charles H Rosenzveig s 320 Friedman Filip 1958 1959 Ukrainian Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science 12 259 296 Friedman gives the examples of two camps one numbering 100 Jews and another with 400 Jews Friedman Filip 1980 Ukrainian Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation In Roads to Extinction Essays on the Holocaust New York Conference on Jewish Social Studies 189 and footnotes pp 204 205 Friedman notes that claims by Eisenstein Keshev that UPA liquidated its physicians did not include any detailed data about this and reported that another claim is questionable Eisenstein claimed that at the approach of the Soviet army UPA liquidated the 400 Jews they had employed in Kudrynki in Volhynia only 17 of whom survived In reality Friedman notes that the camp did not disperse due to the advance of Soviet forces as erroneously written by Eisenstein but was overrun by a German motorized battalion Friedman notes that conceivably some of the Jewish inmates were left behind fell into the hands of the Germans and were exterminated Friedman noted that he personally met one Jewish physician and his wife who had been with the Bandera group and knew of another physician and his brother who also served in the UPA and settled near Tel Aviv after the war Romanovskiy Daniil March 2008 Kollaboranty ukrainskij nacionalizm i genocid evreev v Zapadnoj Ukraine Collaborators Ukrainian nationalism and the genocide of Jews in Western Ukraine in Russian lechaim ru Retrieved 31 March 2016 Romerstein Herbert 2004 Divide and Conquer the KGB Disinformation Campaign Against Ukrainians and Jews Ukrainian Quarterly Iwp edu Retrieved 31 March 2016 Koropecky Iwan S ed The Selected Works of Viacheslav Holubnychy Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press p 123 John Paul Himka Falsifying World War II history in Ukraine Himka notes that Bohdan Kordiuk an OUN member who had been incarcerated in Auschwitz described Krenzbach s memoirs as false in the newspaper Suchasna Ukraina no 15 194 20 July 1958 and he wrote None of the UPA men known to the author of these lines knows the legendary Stella Krenzbach or have heard of her The Jews do not know her either It is unlikely that anyone of the tens of thousands of Ukrainian refugees after the war met Stella Krenzbach Himka also noted that Friedman failed to find evidence of her existence Friedman Filip 1980 Ukrainian Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation In Roads to Extinction Essays on the Holocaust New York Conference on Jewish Social Studies 203 204 Moses Fishbein transcript of a delivered at the 26th Conference on Ukrainian Subjects at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 24 27 June 2009 posted on the website of the Association of Jewish Organizations and Communities of Ukraine McBride Jared 9 November 2017 Ukraine s Invented a Jewish Ukrainian Nationalist to Whitewash Its Nazi era Past Haaretz Retrieved 16 July 2018 a b c Pancake John 6 January 2010 In Ukraine movement to honor members of WWII underground sets off debate The Washington Post Retrieved 7 March 2017 Nowakowska Jadwiga 13 July 2003 Pojednanie na cmentarzu Reconciliation in the cemetery in Polish Wprost pl Archived from the original on 23 August 2004 Retrieved 15 October 2013 Przewoznik A w Polsce nie mozna stawiac pomnikow UPA UPA monuments cannot be erected in Poland in Polish Money pl Archived from the original on 11 February 2009 Retrieved 15 October 2013 a b c Former WWII nationalist guerrillas granted veteran status in Ukraine Kyiv Post 26 March 2019 in Ukrainian The Council recognized all the soldiers of the OUN UPA as combatants Ukrayinska Pravda 6 December 2018 Grishenko Aleksei 12 January 2015 V Harkove vosstanovyat pamyatnik UPA The monument to the UPA in Kharkov will be restored in Russian sq com ua Retrieved 7 March 2017 Lviv to bury the remains of NKVD victims at the Lychakivsky Cemetery on 7 November Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group 23 October 2006 Retrieved 7 March 2017 V Krymu otkryt monument zhertvam banderovcev In Crimea a monument to the victims of Bandera has opened in Russian Lenta ru 14 September 2007 Retrieved 7 March 2017 a b Luhansk unveils monument to victims of OUN UPA Kyiv Post 9 May 2010 Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 Pomnik ofiar Ukrainskiej Powstanczej Armii Monument to victims of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Monuments of Wroclaw in Polish 24 March 2012 Retrieved 31 March 2016 John Armstrong Ukrainian Nationalism 3rd edition Englewood Colorado Ukrainian Academic Press 1990 ISBN 0 87287 755 8 2nd edition New York Columbia University Press 1963 pp 223 224 Yushchenko pushes for official recognition of OUN UPA combatants Zik com ua 11 January 2008 Retrieved 7 March 2017 SBU to study archive documents on activity of Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists News NRCU Nrcu gov ua Archived from the original on 23 February 2012 Retrieved 15 October 2013 Articles Analysis of events in Ukraine Political and economical Ukraine ForUm En for ua com 15 October 2008 Archived from the original on 6 January 2009 Retrieved 15 October 2013 Schoolchildren to study in detail about Holodomor and OUN UPA UNIAN 12 June 2009 Archived from the original on 15 June 2009 President takes part in celebration of the 67th anniversary of the UPA Kyiv Post 14 October 2009 Archived from the original on 16 October 2009 Ukraine court strips Bandera of Hero of Ukraine title Top rbc ru 2 April 2010 Archived from the original on 5 April 2010 Ukraine court strips Bandera of Hero of Ukraine title because he wasn t citizen of Ukraine Gzt ru 3 April 2010 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Historic Pravda 2013 2 5 Rachkevych Mark 7 February 2013 High court upholds decree recognizing UPA partisans as World War II combatants Kyiv Post Archived from the original on 8 February 2013 Retrieved 15 October 2013 Poroshenko signed the laws about decomunization Ukrayinska Pravda 15 May 2015Poroshenko signs laws on denouncing Communist Nazi regimes Interfax Ukraine 15 May 20Poroshenko Time for Ukraine to resolutely get rid of Communist symbols UNIAN 17 May 2015Goodbye Lenin Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols BBC News 14 April 2015 Vinnitsa a deputy and an activist quarreled because of the banner of the flag in Russian RIA Novosti 30 March 2018 Retrieved 31 March 2018 Kyiv s General Vatutin Avenue renamed Roman Shukhevych Avenue Kyiv Post 1 June 2017 Court leaves avenues named after Bandera Shukhevych in Kyiv Kyiv Post 9 December 2019 Poroshenko enacts law granting fighters for Ukraine s independence in 20th century combatant status UNIAN 23 December 2018 2019 declared year of Stepan Bandera in Lviv region Kyiv Post 13 December 2018 a b Local governments name stadiums after Bandera and Shukhevych provoking protest from Israel and Poland The Ukrainian Weekly 19 March 2021 Ukraine Radicals Steer Violence as Nationalist Zeal Grows Bloomberg News 11 February 2014 UPA Controversial partisans who inspire Ukraine protesters New Straits Times 31 January 2014 Archived from the original on 3 March 2014 Retrieved 16 March 2014 Ukrayinski filmi Stracheni svitanki Ukrainian films Executed Dawns Nashformat ua Archived from the original on 16 March 2016 Retrieved 30 March 2016 Zenon Lavryshyn Songs of the UPA Toronto Litopys UPA 1996 p 19 Sinam UPA Taras Zhitinskij Sinam UPA Taras Zhytynsky in Ukrainian YouTube 11 February 2010 Archived from the original on 10 November 2021 Retrieved 15 October 2013 Ne kazhuchi nikomu Pisnya pro UPA Tartak avi Without telling anyone Song about the UPA Tartak avi in Ukrainian YouTube Archived from the original on 27 July 2013 Retrieved 15 October 2013 Do vitoku Dnistra Oj u lisi na polyanci UPA To the source of the Dniester Oh in the woods on the glade in Ukrainian YouTube 23 September 2009 Archived from the original on 10 November 2021 Retrieved 15 October 2013 Drudkh Ukrainian Insurgent Army YouTube 16 October 2015 Archived from the original on 10 November 2021 Retrieved 8 September 2017 Books English Davies Norman 2005 God s playground a history of Poland in two volumes Vol 2 Chapter 19 Oxford New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 925340 4 Subtelny Orest 1988 Ukraine A History Toronto University of Toronto Press ISBN 0 8020 5808 6 Taubman William 2004 Khrushchev The Man and His Era W W Norton amp Company ISBN 0 393 05144 7 Jeffrey Burds 1997 Agentura Soviet Informants Networks amp the Ukrainian Underground in Galicia 1944 48 East European Politics and Societies v 11 Volodymyr Viatrovych Roman Hrytskiv Ihor Derevianyj Ruslan Zabilyj Andrij Sova Petro Sodol The Ukrainian Insurgent Army A History of Ukraine s Unvanquished Freedom Fighters exhibition brochure Lviv 2009 Ukrainian Antonyuk Yaroslav Diyalnist SB OUN na Volini Luck Volinska kniga 2007 176 s Antonyuk Yaroslav Diyalnist SB OUN b na Volini ta Zahidnomu Polissi 1946 1951 rr Monografiya Luck Nadstir ya Klyuchi 2013 228 s UPA rozpochinaye aktivni protinimecki diyi UIA Start the Active anti German actions Za materialami zvitu robochoyi grupi istorikiv Institutu istoriyi NAN Ukrayini pid kerivnictvom prof Stanislava Kulchickogo Volodimir V yatrovich Igor Derev yanij Ruslan Zabilij Petro Solod Ukrayinska Povstanska Armiya Istoriya Neskorenih Tretye vidannya Lviv 2011 ISBN 978 966 1594 03 5 Petro Mirchuk Ukrayinska Povstanska Armiya 1942 1952 Lviv 1991 ISBN 5 7707 0602 3 Yurij Kirichuk Istoriya UPA Ternopil 1991 S F Hmel Ukrayinska partizanka Lviv 1993 Ivan Jovik Neskorena armiya Kiyiv 1995 ISBN 5 7707 8609 4 Anatol Bedrij OUN i UPA New York London Munich Toronto 1983 Litopys Online The website of the chronicles of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Various works V yatrovich V M Druga polsko ukrayinska vijna 1942 1947 Vid 2 e dop K Vid dim Kiyevo Mogilyanska akademiya 2012 368 s Polish Wolodymyr Wiatrowycz Druga wojna polsko ukrainska 1942 1947 Warszawa 2013 ISBN 978 83 935429 1 8 Za to ze jestes Ukraincem wspomnienia z lat 1944 1947 wybor oprac wstep i poslowie Bogdan Huk Koszalin etc Stowarzyszenie Ukraincow Wiezniow Politycznych i Represjonowanych w Polsce 2012 400 s il 23 cm ISBN 978 83 935479 0 6 Sowa Andrzej 1998 Stosunki polsko ukrainskie 1939 1947 Krakow OCLC 48053561 Motyka Grzegorz 2006 Ukrainska partyzantka 1942 1960 Warszawa ISP PAN RYTM ISBN 978 83 7399 163 7 Motyka Grzegorz Wnuk Rafal 1997 Pany i rezuny wspolpraca AK WiN i UPA 1945 1947 in Polish Warszawa Oficyna Wydawnicza Volumen ISBN 83 86857 72 2 1 Archived 20 April 2019 at the Wayback MachineExternal links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ukrainian Insurgent Army Electronic archive of ukrainian liberation movement UPA Ukrainian Insurgent Army Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine Ukrainian Insurgent Army Encyclopedia of Ukraine Chronicle of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army OUN UPA Legenda Sprotivu in Ukrainian Postcards of Ukrainian Insurgent Army Kyiv Toronto 2008 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ukrainian Insurgent Army amp oldid 1132104754, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.