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Military exercise

A military exercise, training exercise, or war game is the employment of military resources in training for military operations. Military exercises are conducted to explore the effects of warfare or test tactics and strategies without actual combat. They also ensure the combat readiness of garrisoned or deployable forces prior to deployment from a home base.

Soldiers moving between cover during a bilateral military exercise between the United States Marine Corps and Italian Armed Forces, 2019

While both war games and military exercises aim to simulate real conditions and scenarios for the purpose of preparing and analyzing those scenarios, the distinction between a war game and a military exercise is determined, primarily, by the involvement of actual military forces within the simulation, or lack thereof. Military exercises focus on the simulation of real, full-scale military operations in controlled hostile conditions in attempts to reproduce war time decisions and activities for training purposes or to analyze the outcome of possible war time decisions. War games, however, can be much smaller than full-scale military operations, do not typically include the use of functional military equipment, and decisions and actions are carried out by artificial players to simulate possible decisions and actions within an artificial scenario which usually represents a model of a real-world scenario. Additionally, mathematical modeling is used in the simulation of war games to provide a quantifiable method of deduction. However, it is rare that a war game is depended upon for quantitative results, and the use of war games is more often found in situations where qualitative factors of the simulated scenario are needed to be determined.[1]

The actual use of war games and the results that they can provide are limited by possibilities. War games cannot be used to achieve predictive results, as the nature of war and the scenarios that war games aim to simulate are not deterministic. Therefore, war games are primarily used to consider multiple possible outcomes of any given decision, or number of decisions, made in the simulated scenario. These possible outcomes are analyzed and compared, and cause-and-effect relationships are typically sought for the unknown factors within the simulation. It is typically the relationships between visual aspects of the simulation that aid in the assessment of the problems that are simulated within war games, like geographic locations and positionings that would be difficult to discern or analyze at full-scale and for complex environments.[2]

Military exercises involving multiple branches of the same military are known as joint exercises, while military exercises involving two or more countries are known as combined, coalition, bilateral, or multilateral exercises, depending on the nature of the relationship between the countries and the number of them involved. These exercises allow for better coordination between militaries and observation of enemy tactics, and serve as a visible show of strength and cooperation for the participating countries.[3] According to a 2021 study, joint military exercises within well-defined alliances usually deter adversaries without producing a moral hazard because of the narrow scope of the alliance, while joint military exercises outside of an alliance (which are extremely rare) usually lead to conflict escalation.[4]

Exercises in the 20th and 21st centuries have often been identified by a unique code name, such as Cobra Gold, in the same manner as military contingency operations and combat operations like Operation Phantom Fury.

Military exercises are sometimes used as cover for the build up to an actual invasion, as in the cases of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, or it can provoke opponents at peace to perceive it as such, as in the case of Able Archer 83.

Military exercise in Ystad, Sweden in 2015

Types

Command post

A Command Post Exercise (CPX) typically focuses on the battle readiness of staffs such as a particular Unified Combatant Command or one of its components at any level. It may run in parallel with an FTX or its equivalent, or as a stand-alone event for headquarters staff only with heavy emphasis on simulated events.

Field

 
British Army soldiers with a Covenanter tank during a World War II military exercise, 1942

Historical names for the field exercise, or the full-scale rehearsal of military maneuvers as practice for warfare in the military services of the British Commonwealth include "schemes", while those of the military services United States are known as Field Training Exercises (FTX), or, in the case of naval forces, Fleet Exercises (FLEETEX). In a field exercise or fleet exercise, the two sides in the simulated battle are typically called "red" (simulating the enemy forces) and "blue", to avoid naming a particular adversary.[5] This naming convention originates with the inventors of the table-top war-game (the "Kriegsspiel"), the Prussian Georg von Reisswitz; their army wore Prussian blue, so friendly forces were depicted by the color blue.

Multiple forces

 

Several different armed forces of the same nation training together are described as having a joint exercise. Those involving forces of multiple nations are described as having a combined exercise or coalition exercise. These are called a bilateral exercise if based on security agreements between two nations, or a multilateral exercise if the agreement is between multiple nations.

Simulation

 
Royal Artillery soldiers training in a virtually simulated area, 2015

Other types of exercise include the Tactical Exercise Without Troops (TEWT), also known as a sand table, map, cloth model, or computer simulation exercise. These allow commanders to manipulate models through possible scenarios in military planning. This is also called warfare simulation, or in some instances a virtual battlefield, and in the past has been described as "wargames". Such examples of modern military wargames include DARWARS, a serious game developed since 2003 by DARPA with BBN Technologies, a defense contractor which was involved in the development of packet switching, used for ARPANET, and which developed the first computer modem in 1963.

Military operations and training have included different scenarios a soldier might encounter with morals and different ethics. In one military operation soldiers are frequently asked to engage in combat, humanitarian, and stabilization roles. These increase the ambiguity of a role one may encounter and challenge of ethics. This will also lead the military personnel to have to make a difficult call in challenging circumstances.[6] Even in difficult situations and conditions, military personnel still has to follow rules and regulations such as: 1) when the right thing to do is not immediately clear; 2) when two or more important principles or values support different actions, and 3) when some harm will result, regardless of the actions taken (Defense Ethics Program, Department of National Defense, 2012). These simulations involve crude living conditions, sleep deprivations, time limit, and either lack or ambiguous amount of information.

A subset of simulated exercises is the Table Top Exercise (TTX), typically limited to senior personnel stepping through the decision-making processes they would employ in a crisis, a contingency, or general warfare.

History

 
German pre-World War I military exercise Herbstmanöver in southern Germany, autumn 1909 (Emperor Wilhelm II second on the left)

The use of military exercises and war games can be found to date back to as early as the early 19th century, wherein it was the officers of the Prussian Army who created the contemporary, tactical form of wargames that have since been more widely used and developed by other military conglomerations throughout the world. Non-tactical forms of wargames have existed for much longer, however, in the forms of tabletop games such as chess and Go.[7]

The modern use of military exercises grew out of the military need to study warfare and to reenact old battles for learning purposes. During the age of Kabinettskriege (Cabinet wars), Frederick the Great, King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, "put together his armies as a well-oiled clockwork mechanism whose components were robot-like warriors. No individual initiative was allowed to Frederick's soldiers; their only role was to cooperate in the creation of walls of projectiles through synchronized firepower."[8] This was in the pursuit of a more effective army, and such practices made it easier to look at war from a top-down perspective. Disciplined troops should respond predictably, allowing study to be confined to maneuvers and command.

Prussia's victory over the Second French Empire in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) is sometimes partly credited to the training of Prussian officers with the wargame Kriegsspiel, which was invented around 1811 and gained popularity with many officers in the Prussian army. These first wargames were played with dice which represented "friction", or the intrusion of less than ideal circumstances during a real war (including morale, meteorology, the fog of war, etc.).

21st century militaries still use wargames to simulate future wars and model their reaction. According to Manuel de Landa, after World War II the Command, Control and Communications (C3) was transferred from the military staff to the RAND Corporation, the first think tank. Around the mid to late 20th century, computer simulated war games were created to replace traditional war gaming methods with the goal of optimizing and speeding up the process and making it possible to analyze more complex scenarios with greater ease. In 1958, the Naval War college installed a computer war game system where their traditional war gaming activities were held. The system was called the Navy Electronic Warfare System, and cost over $10 million to install.[9] The change from traditional war gaming methods to electronic computer simulated ones meant that the value and accuracy of a war game simulation was less dependent on skill and individual experiences, and more dependent on quantitative data and complicated analysis methods.[10]

Von Neumann was employed by the RAND Corporation, and his game theory was used in wargames to model nuclear dissuasion during the Cold War. Thus, the U.S. nuclear strategy was defined using wargames, "SAM" representing the U.S. and "IVAN" representing the Soviet Union.

 
A wargame at the U.S. Marine Corps War College, 2019

Early game theory included only zero-sum games, which means that when one player won, the other automatically lost. The prisoner's dilemma, which models the situation of two prisoners in which each one is given the choice to betray or not the other, gave three alternatives to the game:

  • Neither prisoners betrays the other, and both are given short-term sentences
  • One prisoner betrays the other, and is freed, while the other gets a long sentence
  • Both prisoners betray each other, and both are given mid-sized sentences

This model gave the basis for the massive retaliation nuclear doctrine. The zero-sum fallacy and cooperative games would be theorized only later, while the evolution of nuclear technology and missiles made the massive retaliation nuclear strategy obsolete.[11]

List of military exercises

Current and recurring

Name Host Type Focus First held Frequency
Anatolian Eagle Turkey Multilateral Aerial warfare 2001 No fixed schedule
AMAN Pakistan Multilateral Maritime security 2007 Biannual
Balikatan Philippines Bilateral Combined arms 1991 Annual
BALTOPS NATO Multilateral Naval warfare 1971 Annual
Blue Flag Israel Bilateral Aerial warfare 2013 No fixed schedule
Bright Star Egypt Bilateral Combined arms 1980 Biannual
Cobra Gold Thailand Multilateral Combined arms; military simulation; humanitarian aid and disaster relief 1982 Annual
Cold Response NATO (Norway) Multilateral Defense readiness 2006 Biannual
Croix du Sud France Multilateral Humanitarian aid and disaster relief 2002 Biannual
Dynamic Manta NATO Multilateral Naval warfare 2006 Annual
Garuda Shield Indonesia Multilateral Combined arms; command post; humanitarian aid and disaster relief 2007 Annual
Green Dagger United States Multilateral Infantry combat 2019 Annual
Malabar India Multilateral Naval warfare; maritime security 1992 Annual
Maple Flag Canada Multilateral Aerial combat 1978 Annual
Red Flag United States Multilateral Aerial combat 1975 Triannual/bimonthly
Red Flag – Alaska United States Multilateral Aerial warfare 2006 Triannual/quadannual
Resolute Dragon Japan Bilateral Defense readiness; command and control 2021 Annual
RIMPAC United States Multilateral Naval warfare 1971 Biannual
Saif Sareea Oman Bilateral Combined arms 1986 No fixed schedule
Talisman Saber Australia, United States Bilateral Combined arms; combat readiness 2005 Biannual
Varuna India Bilateral Naval warfare 1993 Annual
Zapad Russia, Soviet Union Joint Varying focuses 1981 No fixed schedule

Former, significant

Name Host Type Focus Held Frequency Significance
Fleet problem United States Joint Naval warfare 1923–1941, 2014–2021 No fixed schedule Bulk of U.S. Navy exercises in the interwar period until World War II
Carolina Maneuvers United States Joint Warfare strategy 1941 Standalone Involved approximately 350,000 soldiers
Louisiana Maneuvers United States Joint Warfare strategy 1941 Standalone Involved approximately 400,000 soldiers, including several officers who would become prominent military leaders during World War II
Reforger NATO (West Germany) Multilateral Combat readiness 1969–1988, 1990–1993 Annual Display of preparedness in the event of war between NATO and the Warsaw Pact
North China Military Exercise China Joint Unknown 1981 Standalone Involved over 114,000 soldiers; the largest Chinese military exercise up to that point
Able Archer NATO Multilateral; command post Combat readiness; nuclear warfare Unknown Annual Able Archer 83 was mistakenly perceived by the Soviet Union to be genuine NATO war preparations
Brasstacks India Joint Combined arms 1986–1987 Standalone Involved approximately 500,000 soldiers; the largest military exercise on the Indian subcontinent in history
Millennium Challenge United States Simulation Warfare strategy 2002 Standalone Restarted after Blueforce (representing the U.S.) was quickly defeated by Redforce (representing Iran or Iraq), with a new rule limiting Redforce's capabilities and favoring Blueforce; caused controversy when Blueforce won
Caucasus 2009 Russia Joint Combat readiness 2009 Standalone Conducted as a show of force against Georgia after the Russo-Georgian War
Vostok 2010 Russia Joint Combat readiness; command and control 2010 Standalone One of the largest military exercises in Russia since the dissolution of the Soviet Union; intended to test Russian military modernization
Vostok 2018 Russia Multilateral Combat readiness; command and control 2018 Standalone Included China and Mongolia, the first countries outside the former Soviet Union to join Russia's Vostok Exercises
Union Resolve 2022 Russia Bilateral Combined arms; warfare strategy 2022 Standalone Considered a cover for Russian mobilization prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2022 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan China, Taiwan Joint (not involving Taiwan) Naval warfare; combined arms 2022 Standalone Conducted as a show of force against the U.S. to deter American influence in Taiwan, shortly after U.S. Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi's visit to Taiwan

See also

References

  1. ^ Perla, Peter P. (1987). "War Games, Analyses, and Exercises". Naval War College Review. 40 (2): 44–52. ISSN 0028-1484. JSTOR 44636822.
  2. ^ Rubel, Robert C. (2006). "The Epistemology of War Gaming". Naval War College Review. 59 (2): 108–128. ISSN 0028-1484. JSTOR 26396724.
  3. ^ "Why Russia and China's joint military exercises should worry the West". The Economist. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  4. ^ Kuo, Raymond; Blankenship, Brian Dylan (2021). "Deterrence and Restraint: Do Joint Military Exercises Escalate Conflict?". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 66: 3–31. doi:10.1177/00220027211023147. ISSN 0022-0027. S2CID 237734258.
  5. ^ . Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-11-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ Thompson, Megan M.; Jetly, Rakesh (2014-08-01). "Battlefield ethics training: integrating ethical scenarios in high-intensity military field exercises". European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 5 (s2): 23668. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.23668. ISSN 2000-8198. PMC 4138704. PMID 25206947.
  7. ^ Glick, Stephen P.; Charters, L. Ian (1983). "War, Games, and Military History". Journal of Contemporary History. 18 (4): 567–582. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 260304.
  8. ^ Manuel de Landa, War in the Age of Intelligent Machines, p.127, Swerve Editions, New York, 1991
  9. ^ Derian, James Der (1990). "The Simulation Syndrome: From War Games to Game Wars". Social Text (24): 187–192. doi:10.2307/827835. ISSN 0164-2472. JSTOR 827835.
  10. ^ Ghamari-Tabrizi, Sharon (2000). "Simulating the Unthinkable: Gaming Future War in the 1950s and 1960s". Social Studies of Science. 30 (2): 163–223. doi:10.1177/030631200030002001. ISSN 0306-3127. JSTOR 285834. S2CID 143079407.
  11. ^ Concerning the use of military wargames, see Manuel de Landa, War in the Age of Intelligent Machines

External links

  • Center for Cooperative Research—Military exercises up to 9/11


military, exercise, civilian, hobby, wargame, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, book. For the civilian hobby see Wargame This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Military exercise news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message A military exercise training exercise or war game is the employment of military resources in training for military operations Military exercises are conducted to explore the effects of warfare or test tactics and strategies without actual combat They also ensure the combat readiness of garrisoned or deployable forces prior to deployment from a home base Soldiers moving between cover during a bilateral military exercise between the United States Marine Corps and Italian Armed Forces 2019 While both war games and military exercises aim to simulate real conditions and scenarios for the purpose of preparing and analyzing those scenarios the distinction between a war game and a military exercise is determined primarily by the involvement of actual military forces within the simulation or lack thereof Military exercises focus on the simulation of real full scale military operations in controlled hostile conditions in attempts to reproduce war time decisions and activities for training purposes or to analyze the outcome of possible war time decisions War games however can be much smaller than full scale military operations do not typically include the use of functional military equipment and decisions and actions are carried out by artificial players to simulate possible decisions and actions within an artificial scenario which usually represents a model of a real world scenario Additionally mathematical modeling is used in the simulation of war games to provide a quantifiable method of deduction However it is rare that a war game is depended upon for quantitative results and the use of war games is more often found in situations where qualitative factors of the simulated scenario are needed to be determined 1 The actual use of war games and the results that they can provide are limited by possibilities War games cannot be used to achieve predictive results as the nature of war and the scenarios that war games aim to simulate are not deterministic Therefore war games are primarily used to consider multiple possible outcomes of any given decision or number of decisions made in the simulated scenario These possible outcomes are analyzed and compared and cause and effect relationships are typically sought for the unknown factors within the simulation It is typically the relationships between visual aspects of the simulation that aid in the assessment of the problems that are simulated within war games like geographic locations and positionings that would be difficult to discern or analyze at full scale and for complex environments 2 Military exercises involving multiple branches of the same military are known as joint exercises while military exercises involving two or more countries are known as combined coalition bilateral or multilateral exercises depending on the nature of the relationship between the countries and the number of them involved These exercises allow for better coordination between militaries and observation of enemy tactics and serve as a visible show of strength and cooperation for the participating countries 3 According to a 2021 study joint military exercises within well defined alliances usually deter adversaries without producing a moral hazard because of the narrow scope of the alliance while joint military exercises outside of an alliance which are extremely rare usually lead to conflict escalation 4 Exercises in the 20th and 21st centuries have often been identified by a unique code name such as Cobra Gold in the same manner as military contingency operations and combat operations like Operation Phantom Fury Military exercises are sometimes used as cover for the build up to an actual invasion as in the cases of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine or it can provoke opponents at peace to perceive it as such as in the case of Able Archer 83 source source source source source source source source source source Military exercise in Ystad Sweden in 2015 Contents 1 Types 1 1 Command post 1 2 Field 1 3 Multiple forces 1 4 Simulation 2 History 3 List of military exercises 3 1 Current and recurring 3 2 Former significant 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksTypes EditCommand post Edit A Command Post Exercise CPX typically focuses on the battle readiness of staffs such as a particular Unified Combatant Command or one of its components at any level It may run in parallel with an FTX or its equivalent or as a stand alone event for headquarters staff only with heavy emphasis on simulated events Field Edit British Army soldiers with a Covenanter tank during a World War II military exercise 1942 Historical names for the field exercise or the full scale rehearsal of military maneuvers as practice for warfare in the military services of the British Commonwealth include schemes while those of the military services United States are known as Field Training Exercises FTX or in the case of naval forces Fleet Exercises FLEETEX In a field exercise or fleet exercise the two sides in the simulated battle are typically called red simulating the enemy forces and blue to avoid naming a particular adversary 5 This naming convention originates with the inventors of the table top war game the Kriegsspiel the Prussian Georg von Reisswitz their army wore Prussian blue so friendly forces were depicted by the color blue Multiple forces Edit A joint naval exercise between the Indian Navy United States Navy Japan Maritime Self Defense Force and Royal Australian Navy in 2020 Several different armed forces of the same nation training together are described as having a joint exercise Those involving forces of multiple nations are described as having a combined exercise or coalition exercise These are called a bilateral exercise if based on security agreements between two nations or a multilateral exercise if the agreement is between multiple nations Simulation Edit Main article Military simulation Royal Artillery soldiers training in a virtually simulated area 2015 Other types of exercise include the Tactical Exercise Without Troops TEWT also known as a sand table map cloth model or computer simulation exercise These allow commanders to manipulate models through possible scenarios in military planning This is also called warfare simulation or in some instances a virtual battlefield and in the past has been described as wargames Such examples of modern military wargames include DARWARS a serious game developed since 2003 by DARPA with BBN Technologies a defense contractor which was involved in the development of packet switching used for ARPANET and which developed the first computer modem in 1963 Military operations and training have included different scenarios a soldier might encounter with morals and different ethics In one military operation soldiers are frequently asked to engage in combat humanitarian and stabilization roles These increase the ambiguity of a role one may encounter and challenge of ethics This will also lead the military personnel to have to make a difficult call in challenging circumstances 6 Even in difficult situations and conditions military personnel still has to follow rules and regulations such as 1 when the right thing to do is not immediately clear 2 when two or more important principles or values support different actions and 3 when some harm will result regardless of the actions taken Defense Ethics Program Department of National Defense 2012 These simulations involve crude living conditions sleep deprivations time limit and either lack or ambiguous amount of information A subset of simulated exercises is the Table Top Exercise TTX typically limited to senior personnel stepping through the decision making processes they would employ in a crisis a contingency or general warfare History Edit German pre World War I military exercise Herbstmanover in southern Germany autumn 1909 Emperor Wilhelm II second on the left The use of military exercises and war games can be found to date back to as early as the early 19th century wherein it was the officers of the Prussian Army who created the contemporary tactical form of wargames that have since been more widely used and developed by other military conglomerations throughout the world Non tactical forms of wargames have existed for much longer however in the forms of tabletop games such as chess and Go 7 The modern use of military exercises grew out of the military need to study warfare and to reenact old battles for learning purposes During the age of Kabinettskriege Cabinet wars Frederick the Great King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786 put together his armies as a well oiled clockwork mechanism whose components were robot like warriors No individual initiative was allowed to Frederick s soldiers their only role was to cooperate in the creation of walls of projectiles through synchronized firepower 8 This was in the pursuit of a more effective army and such practices made it easier to look at war from a top down perspective Disciplined troops should respond predictably allowing study to be confined to maneuvers and command Prussia s victory over the Second French Empire in the Franco Prussian War 1870 71 is sometimes partly credited to the training of Prussian officers with the wargame Kriegsspiel which was invented around 1811 and gained popularity with many officers in the Prussian army These first wargames were played with dice which represented friction or the intrusion of less than ideal circumstances during a real war including morale meteorology the fog of war etc 21st century militaries still use wargames to simulate future wars and model their reaction According to Manuel de Landa after World War II the Command Control and Communications C3 was transferred from the military staff to the RAND Corporation the first think tank Around the mid to late 20th century computer simulated war games were created to replace traditional war gaming methods with the goal of optimizing and speeding up the process and making it possible to analyze more complex scenarios with greater ease In 1958 the Naval War college installed a computer war game system where their traditional war gaming activities were held The system was called the Navy Electronic Warfare System and cost over 10 million to install 9 The change from traditional war gaming methods to electronic computer simulated ones meant that the value and accuracy of a war game simulation was less dependent on skill and individual experiences and more dependent on quantitative data and complicated analysis methods 10 Von Neumann was employed by the RAND Corporation and his game theory was used in wargames to model nuclear dissuasion during the Cold War Thus the U S nuclear strategy was defined using wargames SAM representing the U S and IVAN representing the Soviet Union A wargame at the U S Marine Corps War College 2019 Early game theory included only zero sum games which means that when one player won the other automatically lost The prisoner s dilemma which models the situation of two prisoners in which each one is given the choice to betray or not the other gave three alternatives to the game Neither prisoners betrays the other and both are given short term sentences One prisoner betrays the other and is freed while the other gets a long sentence Both prisoners betray each other and both are given mid sized sentencesThis model gave the basis for the massive retaliation nuclear doctrine The zero sum fallacy and cooperative games would be theorized only later while the evolution of nuclear technology and missiles made the massive retaliation nuclear strategy obsolete 11 List of military exercises EditThis list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items April 2021 M113 armored personnel carriers passing civilian traffic in Herbstein West Germany during Exercise Reforger 83 Current and recurring Edit Name Host Type Focus First held FrequencyAnatolian Eagle Turkey Multilateral Aerial warfare 2001 No fixed scheduleAMAN Pakistan Multilateral Maritime security 2007 BiannualBalikatan Philippines Bilateral Combined arms 1991 AnnualBALTOPS NATO Multilateral Naval warfare 1971 AnnualBlue Flag Israel Bilateral Aerial warfare 2013 No fixed scheduleBright Star Egypt Bilateral Combined arms 1980 BiannualCobra Gold Thailand Multilateral Combined arms military simulation humanitarian aid and disaster relief 1982 AnnualCold Response NATO Norway Multilateral Defense readiness 2006 BiannualCroix du Sud France Multilateral Humanitarian aid and disaster relief 2002 BiannualDynamic Manta NATO Multilateral Naval warfare 2006 AnnualGaruda Shield Indonesia Multilateral Combined arms command post humanitarian aid and disaster relief 2007 AnnualGreen Dagger United States Multilateral Infantry combat 2019 AnnualMalabar India Multilateral Naval warfare maritime security 1992 AnnualMaple Flag Canada Multilateral Aerial combat 1978 AnnualRed Flag United States Multilateral Aerial combat 1975 Triannual bimonthlyRed Flag Alaska United States Multilateral Aerial warfare 2006 Triannual quadannualResolute Dragon Japan Bilateral Defense readiness command and control 2021 AnnualRIMPAC United States Multilateral Naval warfare 1971 BiannualSaif Sareea Oman Bilateral Combined arms 1986 No fixed scheduleTalisman Saber Australia United States Bilateral Combined arms combat readiness 2005 BiannualVaruna India Bilateral Naval warfare 1993 AnnualZapad Russia Soviet Union Joint Varying focuses 1981 No fixed scheduleFormer significant Edit Name Host Type Focus Held Frequency SignificanceFleet problem United States Joint Naval warfare 1923 1941 2014 2021 No fixed schedule Bulk of U S Navy exercises in the interwar period until World War IICarolina Maneuvers United States Joint Warfare strategy 1941 Standalone Involved approximately 350 000 soldiersLouisiana Maneuvers United States Joint Warfare strategy 1941 Standalone Involved approximately 400 000 soldiers including several officers who would become prominent military leaders during World War IIReforger NATO West Germany Multilateral Combat readiness 1969 1988 1990 1993 Annual Display of preparedness in the event of war between NATO and the Warsaw PactNorth China Military Exercise China Joint Unknown 1981 Standalone Involved over 114 000 soldiers the largest Chinese military exercise up to that pointAble Archer NATO Multilateral command post Combat readiness nuclear warfare Unknown Annual Able Archer 83 was mistakenly perceived by the Soviet Union to be genuine NATO war preparationsBrasstacks India Joint Combined arms 1986 1987 Standalone Involved approximately 500 000 soldiers the largest military exercise on the Indian subcontinent in historyMillennium Challenge United States Simulation Warfare strategy 2002 Standalone Restarted after Blueforce representing the U S was quickly defeated by Redforce representing Iran or Iraq with a new rule limiting Redforce s capabilities and favoring Blueforce caused controversy when Blueforce wonCaucasus 2009 Russia Joint Combat readiness 2009 Standalone Conducted as a show of force against Georgia after the Russo Georgian WarVostok 2010 Russia Joint Combat readiness command and control 2010 Standalone One of the largest military exercises in Russia since the dissolution of the Soviet Union intended to test Russian military modernizationVostok 2018 Russia Multilateral Combat readiness command and control 2018 Standalone Included China and Mongolia the first countries outside the former Soviet Union to join Russia s Vostok ExercisesUnion Resolve 2022 Russia Bilateral Combined arms warfare strategy 2022 Standalone Considered a cover for Russian mobilization prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine2022 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan China Taiwan Joint not involving Taiwan Naval warfare combined arms 2022 Standalone Conducted as a show of force against the U S to deter American influence in Taiwan shortly after U S Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi s visit to TaiwanSee also EditAggressor squadron Maneuver warfare Flanking maneuver Live fire exercise Pincer movement SimulationReferences Edit Perla Peter P 1987 War Games Analyses and Exercises Naval War College Review 40 2 44 52 ISSN 0028 1484 JSTOR 44636822 Rubel Robert C 2006 The Epistemology of War Gaming Naval War College Review 59 2 108 128 ISSN 0028 1484 JSTOR 26396724 Why Russia and China s joint military exercises should worry the West The Economist Retrieved 2018 09 13 Kuo Raymond Blankenship Brian Dylan 2021 Deterrence and Restraint Do Joint Military Exercises Escalate Conflict Journal of Conflict Resolution 66 3 31 doi 10 1177 00220027211023147 ISSN 0022 0027 S2CID 237734258 Archived copy Archived from the original on 2015 11 17 Retrieved 2015 11 15 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Thompson Megan M Jetly Rakesh 2014 08 01 Battlefield ethics training integrating ethical scenarios in high intensity military field exercises European Journal of Psychotraumatology 5 s2 23668 doi 10 3402 ejpt v5 23668 ISSN 2000 8198 PMC 4138704 PMID 25206947 Glick Stephen P Charters L Ian 1983 War Games and Military History Journal of Contemporary History 18 4 567 582 ISSN 0022 0094 JSTOR 260304 Manuel de Landa War in the Age of Intelligent Machines p 127 Swerve Editions New York 1991 Derian James Der 1990 The Simulation Syndrome From War Games to Game Wars Social Text 24 187 192 doi 10 2307 827835 ISSN 0164 2472 JSTOR 827835 Ghamari Tabrizi Sharon 2000 Simulating the Unthinkable Gaming Future War in the 1950s and 1960s Social Studies of Science 30 2 163 223 doi 10 1177 030631200030002001 ISSN 0306 3127 JSTOR 285834 S2CID 143079407 Concerning the use of military wargames see Manuel de Landa War in the Age of Intelligent MachinesExternal links EditComplete 911 Timeline Center for Cooperative Research Military exercises up to 9 11 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Military exercise amp oldid 1145767310, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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