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Battle cry

January 30, 2023

For other uses, see Battle cry (disambiguation) and War cry (disambiguation).
"War chant" redirects here. For the stallion with the same name, see War Chant. For other uses, see war song.

A battle cry or war cry is a yell or chant taken up in battle, usually by members of the same combatant group. Battle cries are not necessarily articulate (e.g. "Eulaliaaaa!", "Alala"..), although they often aim to invoke patriotic or religious sentiment. Their purpose is a combination of arousing aggression and esprit de corps on one's own side and causing intimidation on the hostile side. Battle cries are a universal form of display behaviour (i.e., threat display) aiming at competitive advantage, ideally by overstating one's own aggressive potential to a point where the enemy prefers to avoid confrontation altogether and opts to flee. In order to overstate one's potential for aggression, battle cries need to be as loud as possible, and have historically often been amplified by acoustic devices such as horns, drums, conches, carnyxes, bagpipes, bugles, etc. (see also martial music).

An artist performing a battle cry on a folk festival
Soldiers performing a battle cry
All Blacks performing a Haka, 1:39 min

Battle cries are closely related to other behavioral patterns of human aggression, such as war dances and taunting, performed during the "warming up" phase preceding the escalation of physical violence. From the Middle Ages, many cries appeared on speech scrolls in standards or coat of arms as slogans (see slogan (heraldry)) and were adopted as mottoes, an example being the motto "Dieu et mon droit" ("God and my right") of the English kings. It is said that this was Edward III's rallying cry during the Battle of Crécy. The word "slogan" originally derives from sluagh-gairm or sluagh-ghairm (sluagh = "people", "army", and gairm = "call", "proclamation"), the Scottish Gaelic word for "gathering-cry" and in times of war for "battle-cry". The Gaelic word was borrowed into English as slughorn, sluggorne, "slogum", and slogan.

History

Antiquity

Middle Ages

  • During the Scottish wars of independence, Scottish soldiers used Alba gu bràth as a battle-cry, a phrase that means 'Scotland for ever' (literally, 'Scotland until judgement'.) This was depicted in the film 'Braveheart' during which Mel Gibson, playing William Wallace, shouts the phrase to rally his soldiers just before a battle commenced.
  • Each Turkic tribe and tribal union had its distinct tamga (seal), totemic ongon bird, and distinct uran (battle cry) (hence the Slavic urah "battle cry").[7][8] While tamgas and ongons could be distinct down to individuals, the hue of horses and uran battle cries belonged to each tribe, were passed down from generation to generation, and some modern battle cries were recorded in antiquity. On split of the tribe, their unique distinction passed to a new political entity, endowing different modern states with the same uran battle cries of the split tribes, for example Kipchak battle cry among Kazakhs, Kirgizes, Turkmens, and Uzbeks. Some larger tribes' uran battle cries:
    • Kipchak – "ay-bas" ("lunar head").[9]
    • Kangly (Kangars) – "bai-terek" ("sacred tree").[10]
    • Oguzes – "teke" ("mount")[11]
  • Desperta ferro! ("Awake iron!" in Catalan) was the most characteristic cry of the Almogavar warriors, during the Reconquista.
  • Deus vult! ("God wills it!" in Latin) was the battle cry of the Crusaders.
  • Montjoie Saint Denis!: battle cry of the Kings of France since the 12th century.
  • Santiago y cierra, España! was a war cry of Spanish troops during the Reconquista, and of the Spanish Empire.
  • On 14 August 1431, the whole Holy Roman Empire army (of the 4th anti-Hussite crusade) was defeated by the Hussites in the Battle of Domažlice. Attacking imperial units started to retreat after hearing Ktož jsú boží bojovníci ("Ye Who Are Warriors of God") choral and were annihilated shortly after.
  • Allāhu akbar (الله أكبر, "God is [the] greatest") and Allāhu allāh (الله الله,"God! God!") were used by Muslim armies throughout history. Al-naṣr aw al-shahāda (النصر أو الشهادة, "Victory or martyrdom") was also a common battle cry; the At-Tawbah 9:52 says that God has promised to the righteous Muslim warrior one of these two glorious ideals.[original research?]
  • Óðinn á yðr alla (Odin owns you all) – A reference to Odin's self sacrifice at Yggdrasil. Attributed to Eric the Victorious.

Pre-modern

  • When putting out peasants' rebellions in Germany and Scandinavia around 1500, such as in the Battle of Hemmingstedt, the Dutch mercenaries of the Black Guard yelled Wahr di buer, die garde kumt ("Beware, peasants, the guards are coming"). When the peasants counterattacked, they responded with Wahr di, Garr, de Buer de kumt ("Beware, Guard, of the farmer, [who is] coming").
  • The Spanish cried Santiago ("Saint James") both when reconquering Spain from the Moors and during conquest in early colonial America.
  • Polish "Winged Hussars" used to shout Jezus Maria ("Jesus, Mary") or Matka Boska ("Mother of God") during their charges.
  • King Henry IV of France (1553–1610), a pleasure-loving and cynical military leader, famed for wearing a striking white plume in his helmet and for his war cry: Ralliez-vous à mon panache blanc! ("Follow my white plume!").
  • Burmese soldiers of the Konbaung Dynasty under Alaungpaya were recorded to shout Shwebo-Thar (Sons of Shwebo) during the Konbaung-Hanthawady War.
  • Most of the Jaikaras were popularized by Guru Gobind Singh. The Sikhs have a number of battle cries or jaikara the most popular ones being as follows:
    • Bolna ji (utter) – Waheguru (wondrous enlightener)
    • Deg Teg Fateh (the kettle and the sword are un-conquerable) – Panth ki jit (the entire Sikh society is victorious)
    • Bole So Nihal...Sat Sri Akaal ("Shout Aloud in Ecstasy... True is the Great Timeless One"),
    • Nanak naam charhdi kalaa (Nanaak may Thy name be exalted) – Tere bhaanae sarbatt daa bhalaa (and all people prosper by Thy grace)
    • Waheguru ji ka Khalsa (the brotherhood of pure ones belongs to the wondrous enlightener) – Waheguru ji ki Fateh (victory belongs to the wondrous enlightener)
    • Raj Karega Khalsa – (The Khalsa rules) Aaki Koye Na Hoye (And no one else)
    • Gaj ke jaikara gajaave fateh paave nihaal ho jaavae, Sat Sri Akaal gurbaar akaal hee akaal|| (excerpt from ardas of Buddha Dal prayerbook gutka praising the blessing of uttering jaikara proclaiming supreme truth).
  • The Pashtun soldiers' war cry against the Mughals was Hu, Hu.[12]
  • The Gurkha (Gorkha) soldiers' battle cry was, and still is, "Jai Mahakali, Ayo Gorkhali!" ("Victory to Goddess Mahakali, the Gurkhas are coming!")[13][14]
  • The "rebel yell" was a battle cry used by Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War.
  • Finnish light cavalry troops in the Swedish army in the 17th and 18th centuries, would use the battle cry "Hakkaa päälle!" ("Cut them down!" in Finnish), lending them the name Hackapell.
  • Irish Regiments of various Armies used and continue to use Gaelic war cries, "Faugh a Ballagh" ("Clear the way!") or "Erin go Bragh" ("Ireland Forever")
  • The Swedish army in the 18th and 19th century would be issued with the command to attack with "För Fäderneslandet, gå på, Hurra!" ("For the Fatherland, onwards, Hurrah!")[15]
  • Argentine general José de San Martín is known in South America for his war cry: "Seamos libres, que lo demás no importa nada!" ("Let's be free, nothing else matters!").
  • In the Texas Revolution, following the Battle of Goliad and the Battle of the Alamo, Texan soldiers would use the battle cry "Remember Goliad! Remember the Alamo!"
  • In the Battle of Dybbøl in 1864, both Danish and German forces used "Hurrah" as a war cry.
  • During World War I in the Italian Front of 1915. Before battle, Italian Soldiers would yell "Savoia" or "Avanti Savoia", which is "Come on Savoy!" or "Onwards Savoy!" in Italian (compare "For the king!" among British soldiers of the same era).

Modern

See also

References

  • Guilhem Pepin, ‘Les cris de guerre " Guyenne ! " et " Saint George ! ". L’expression d’une identité politique du duché d’Aquitaine anglo-gascon’, Le Moyen Age, cxii (2006) pp 263–281
  1. ^ Burkert, Walter, 1992. The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influences on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age, p 39f.
  2. ^ Per Hesiod, Penguin Edition of Works and Days
  3. ^ T.J. Craughwell, 2008, The Vikings, Vandals, Huns, Mongols, Goths, and Tartars who Razed the Old World and Formed the New, Fair Winds Press, p. 41, ISBN 978-1-59233-303-5
  4. ^ "Har Har Mahadev Meaning – English Translations and Meaning of Hindi songs – KrazyLyrics". 21 September 2016.
  5. ^ Kalki R. Krishnamurthy's Ponniyin Selvan: The first floods, Macmillan India Limited, 2000, p. 300[ISBN missing]
  6. ^ https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/-vetrivel-veeravel-slogan-entrance-madukkarai-army-battalion-complex-row-1828528-2021-07-15 Department of Defence's Public Relations Officer's statement on Veeravel vetrivel warcry.
  7. ^ Shipova E.N., 1976, Dictionary of Türkisms in Russian Language, Alma-Ata, "Science", p. 349
  8. ^ Dal V.I., Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language, vol. 4, p. 507, Diamant, Sankt Peterburg, 1998 (reprint of 1882 edition by M.O.Wolf Publisher), (In Russian)
  9. ^ Zuev Yu. , 2002, Early Türks: Essays of history and ideology, Almaty, Daik-Press, p. 76, ISBN 9985-4-4152-9
  10. ^ Zuev Yu., 2002, Early Türks, p. 73
  11. ^ Karpovdun G.I., Тіркмöн uruuluk en tamgalary. maalymattarynyn negizinde, in Karataev O.K., 2003, Kyrgyz-Oguz History (Кыргыз-Огуз Тарыхый – Этникалык Байланыштары), Kyrgyz Utuluk university, pp. 199–207
  12. ^ M. I. Borah (1936). Baharistan-I-Ghaybi – Volume 1. p. 177.
  13. ^ Kanwal, Gurmeet (20 November 2011). "Ayo Gorkhali! The war cry that has done us proud". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  14. ^ "'Ayo Gorkhali!'; 'The Gurkhas are upon you!' Is the battle cry of one of the world's famous hands of fighting men: Nepal's 'happy warriors.' (Published 1964)". The New York Times. 18 October 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  15. ^ "Reglemente – Westgiötha Gustavianer". gustavianer.com.
  16. ^ p.3, The Cambridge history of Japan, by John Whitney Hall, 1988 Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-22352-0
  17. ^ 鬨・鯨波（読み）とき Kotobank
  18. ^ えいえいおう（読み）エイエイオウ Kotobank
  19. ^ Til Valhall – Norwegian Soldiers Battle Cry. 5 May 2011 – via YouTube.[dead YouTube link]

External links

  • Philip Rance, – Roman battle cries
  • Ross Cowan, The Clashing of Weapons and Silent Advances in Roman Battles – battle cries and the drumming of weapons in Roman warfare

January 30, 2023
battle, other, uses, disambiguation, disambiguation, chant, redirects, here, stallion, with, same, name, chant, other, uses, song, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sou. For other uses see Battle cry disambiguation and War cry disambiguation War chant redirects here For the stallion with the same name see War Chant For other uses see war song This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Battle cry news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message A battle cry or war cry is a yell or chant taken up in battle usually by members of the same combatant group Battle cries are not necessarily articulate e g Eulaliaaaa Alala although they often aim to invoke patriotic or religious sentiment Their purpose is a combination of arousing aggression and esprit de corps on one s own side and causing intimidation on the hostile side Battle cries are a universal form of display behaviour i e threat display aiming at competitive advantage ideally by overstating one s own aggressive potential to a point where the enemy prefers to avoid confrontation altogether and opts to flee In order to overstate one s potential for aggression battle cries need to be as loud as possible and have historically often been amplified by acoustic devices such as horns drums conches carnyxes bagpipes bugles etc see also martial music An artist performing a battle cry on a folk festival Soldiers performing a battle cry source source source source source source source source source source source source All Blacks performing a Haka 1 39 min Battle cries are closely related to other behavioral patterns of human aggression such as war dances and taunting performed during the warming up phase preceding the escalation of physical violence From the Middle Ages many cries appeared on speech scrolls in standards or coat of arms as slogans see slogan heraldry and were adopted as mottoes an example being the motto Dieu et mon droit God and my right of the English kings It is said that this was Edward III s rallying cry during the Battle of Crecy The word slogan originally derives from sluagh gairm or sluagh ghairm sluagh people army and gairm call proclamation the Scottish Gaelic word for gathering cry and in times of war for battle cry The Gaelic word was borrowed into English as slughorn sluggorne slogum and slogan Contents 1 History 1 1 Antiquity 1 2 Middle Ages 1 3 Pre modern 1 4 Modern 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksHistory EditAntiquity Edit The war cry is an aspect of epic battle in Homer in the Iliad Diomedes is conventionally called Diomedes of the loud war cry Hellenes and Akkadians alike uttered the onomatopoeic cry alala in battle 1 The troops of ancient Athens during the Medic Wars and the Peloponnesian War were noted for going into battle shouting Alala or Alale which was supposed to emulate the cry of the owl the bird of their patron goddess Athena 2 The Western Huns attacked with terrifying battle cries 3 One of the common Hindu war cries was Har Har Mahadev meaning Hail to Mahadev 4 A common war cry used in ancient Tamilakam was Vetrivel Veeravel meaning Victorious Vel Courageous Vel Vel is the holy spear of Murugan the Hindu war deity At present The Battle cry Vetrivel Veeravel is being used in 191 Field Regiment of Indian Army based in Madukkarai Coimbatore 5 6 Middle Ages Edit During the Scottish wars of independence Scottish soldiers used Alba gu brath as a battle cry a phrase that means Scotland for ever literally Scotland until judgement This was depicted in the film Braveheart during which Mel Gibson playing William Wallace shouts the phrase to rally his soldiers just before a battle commenced Each Turkic tribe and tribal union had its distinct tamga seal totemic ongon bird and distinct uran battle cry hence the Slavic urah battle cry 7 8 While tamgas and ongons could be distinct down to individuals the hue of horses and uran battle cries belonged to each tribe were passed down from generation to generation and some modern battle cries were recorded in antiquity On split of the tribe their unique distinction passed to a new political entity endowing different modern states with the same uran battle cries of the split tribes for example Kipchak battle cry among Kazakhs Kirgizes Turkmens and Uzbeks Some larger tribes uran battle cries Kipchak ay bas lunar head 9 Kangly Kangars bai terek sacred tree 10 Oguzes teke mount 11 Desperta ferro Awake iron in Catalan was the most characteristic cry of the Almogavar warriors during the Reconquista Deus vult God wills it in Latin was the battle cry of the Crusaders Montjoie Saint Denis battle cry of the Kings of France since the 12th century Santiago y cierra Espana was a war cry of Spanish troops during the Reconquista and of the Spanish Empire On 14 August 1431 the whole Holy Roman Empire army of the 4th anti Hussite crusade was defeated by the Hussites in the Battle of Domazlice Attacking imperial units started to retreat after hearing Ktoz jsu bozi bojovnici Ye Who Are Warriors of God choral and were annihilated shortly after Allahu akbar الله أكبر God is the greatest and Allahu allah الله الله God God were used by Muslim armies throughout history Al naṣr aw al shahada النصر أو الشهادة Victory or martyrdom was also a common battle cry the At Tawbah 9 52 says that God has promised to the righteous Muslim warrior one of these two glorious ideals original research odinn a ydr alla Odin owns you all A reference to Odin s self sacrifice at Yggdrasil Attributed to Eric the Victorious Pre modern Edit When putting out peasants rebellions in Germany and Scandinavia around 1500 such as in the Battle of Hemmingstedt the Dutch mercenaries of the Black Guard yelled Wahr di buer die garde kumt Beware peasants the guards are coming When the peasants counterattacked they responded with Wahr di Garr de Buer de kumt Beware Guard of the farmer who is coming The Spanish cried Santiago Saint James both when reconquering Spain from the Moors and during conquest in early colonial America Polish Winged Hussars used to shout Jezus Maria Jesus Mary or Matka Boska Mother of God during their charges King Henry IV of France 1553 1610 a pleasure loving and cynical military leader famed for wearing a striking white plume in his helmet and for his war cry Ralliez vous a mon panache blanc Follow my white plume Burmese soldiers of the Konbaung Dynasty under Alaungpaya were recorded to shout Shwebo Thar Sons of Shwebo during the Konbaung Hanthawady War Most of the Jaikaras were popularized by Guru Gobind Singh The Sikhs have a number of battle cries or jaikara the most popular ones being as follows Bolna ji utter Waheguru wondrous enlightener Deg Teg Fateh the kettle and the sword are un conquerable Panth ki jit the entire Sikh society is victorious Bole So Nihal Sat Sri Akaal Shout Aloud in Ecstasy True is the Great Timeless One Nanak naam charhdi kalaa Nanaak may Thy name be exalted Tere bhaanae sarbatt daa bhalaa and all people prosper by Thy grace Waheguru ji ka Khalsa the brotherhood of pure ones belongs to the wondrous enlightener Waheguru ji ki Fateh victory belongs to the wondrous enlightener Raj Karega Khalsa The Khalsa rules Aaki Koye Na Hoye And no one else Gaj ke jaikara gajaave fateh paave nihaal ho jaavae Sat Sri Akaal gurbaar akaal hee akaal excerpt from ardas of Buddha Dal prayerbook gutka praising the blessing of uttering jaikara proclaiming supreme truth The Pashtun soldiers war cry against the Mughals was Hu Hu 12 The Gurkha Gorkha soldiers battle cry was and still is Jai Mahakali Ayo Gorkhali Victory to Goddess Mahakali the Gurkhas are coming 13 14 The rebel yell was a battle cry used by Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War Finnish light cavalry troops in the Swedish army in the 17th and 18th centuries would use the battle cry Hakkaa paalle Cut them down in Finnish lending them the name Hackapell Irish Regiments of various Armies used and continue to use Gaelic war cries Faugh a Ballagh Clear the way or Erin go Bragh Ireland Forever The Swedish army in the 18th and 19th century would be issued with the command to attack with For Faderneslandet ga pa Hurra For the Fatherland onwards Hurrah 15 Argentine general Jose de San Martin is known in South America for his war cry Seamos libres que lo demas no importa nada Let s be free nothing else matters In the Texas Revolution following the Battle of Goliad and the Battle of the Alamo Texan soldiers would use the battle cry Remember Goliad Remember the Alamo In the Battle of Dybbol in 1864 both Danish and German forces used Hurrah as a war cry During World War I in the Italian Front of 1915 Before battle Italian Soldiers would yell Savoia or Avanti Savoia which is Come on Savoy or Onwards Savoy in Italian compare For the king among British soldiers of the same era Modern Edit During World War II Tennōheika Banzai 天皇陛下万歳 May the Emperor live for ten thousand years served as a battle cry of sorts for Japanese soldiers particularly in a banzai charge 16 The most popular battle cry is Ei ei oh エイエイオー which is usually used at the start of battle 17 18 Avanti Savoia English Go Savoy was the patriotic battle cry of the Italian Royal Army during World War I and to a lesser extent World War II Infantrymen would scream this motto when launching an offensive attack namely against the Austro Hungarians During the Greco Italian war in WWII the Greeks would shout Aera wind as their battle cry During the Korean War the Korean People s Army used the phrase 김일성 수령님 만세 transliterated gim ilseong sulyeongnim manse translated as Long live the Great Leader Kim Il sung Hooah is the war cry of the United States Army the United States Air Force and the United States Space Force Oorah is the war cry used by United States Marine Corps Hooyah is the war cry of the United States Navy and the United States Coast Guard The Slavic version Ura has been used by the Imperial Russian Army the Red Army and the Russian Ground Forces alongside many more Eastern European armed forces It was also used by Yugoslav Partisans as Juris Јurish Merdeka atau mati English Freedom or death Used by Indonesian national army and freedom fighters Indonesian Pedjoeang pejuang during Indonesian war of independence In Afghanistan Norwegian troops of the Telemark Battalion would sometimes use the battle cry Til Valhall To Valhalla followed by Oorah 19 Muslim Mujahideen and soldiers in the Middle East and North Africa shout Allahu Akbar God is the greatest During the Bangladesh Liberation War the Mukti Bahini would shout Joy Bangla Victory to Bengal Long live Bengal during their battles against the Pakistani military During the Indochina War in Vietnam the Viet Minh soldiers usually used Xung phong English Charge whenever attacking the enemy The same battle cry would be used later by PAVN and NLF forces during the Vietnam War Each individual regiment of the Indian Army has a unique war cry These chants are sonorous with the beliefs of individual clans from which the troops belong to Croatian armed forces during the Croatian War of Independence would use Za dom spremni One would start by saying Za dom and the rest would follow with Spremni It translates loosely to For home ready or For homeland ready It is similar to the Ukrainian Slava ukraini Leeroy sic Jenkins is an internet meme which has often served the purpose of an ironic or fatalistic parody of a battle cry originating from a famous video of a World of Warcraft clan creating an intricate battle plan before being party wiped as a result of Leeroy Jenkins who had been AFK at the time charging in head first This gave rise to the phrase in First Person Shooter Games where players will shout LEEROOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOY JEEEEEENKIIIIIIIIIINS as they charge at the enemy The phrase has gained notoriety making appearances in various non World of Warcraft media During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Slava Ukraini Slava Ukrayini English Glory to Ukraine often accompanied by a reply of Heroiam Slava Geroyam slava English Glory to the heroes became an internationally known battle cry not only among domestic forces but also among western mostly NATO allies See also EditGrito Mexican shout Alala Alarm call Battle Cry of Freedom Catchphrase Demoralization warfare Huzzah Kiai Military slang Mobbing call Slogan heraldry War danceReferences EditGuilhem Pepin Les cris de guerre Guyenne et Saint George L expression d une identite politique du duche d Aquitaine anglo gascon Le Moyen Age cxii 2006 pp 263 281 Burkert Walter 1992 The Orientalizing Revolution Near Eastern Influences on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age p 39f Per Hesiod Penguin Edition of Works and Days T J Craughwell 2008 The Vikings Vandals Huns Mongols Goths and Tartars who Razed the Old World and Formed the New Fair Winds Press p 41 ISBN 978 1 59233 303 5 Har Har Mahadev Meaning English Translations and Meaning of Hindi songs KrazyLyrics 21 September 2016 Kalki R Krishnamurthy s Ponniyin Selvan The first floods Macmillan India Limited 2000 p 300 ISBN missing https www indiatoday in india story vetrivel veeravel slogan entrance madukkarai army battalion complex row 1828528 2021 07 15 Department of Defence s Public Relations Officer s statement on Veeravel vetrivel warcry Shipova E N 1976 Dictionary of Turkisms in Russian Language Alma Ata Science p 349 Dal V I Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language vol 4 p 507 Diamant Sankt Peterburg 1998 reprint of 1882 edition by M O Wolf Publisher In Russian Zuev Yu 2002 Early Turks Essays of history and ideology Almaty Daik Press p 76 ISBN 9985 4 4152 9 Zuev Yu 2002 Early Turks p 73 Karpovdun G I Tirkmon uruuluk en tamgalary maalymattarynyn negizinde in Karataev O K 2003 Kyrgyz Oguz History Kyrgyz Oguz Taryhyj Etnikalyk Bajlanyshtary Kyrgyz Utuluk university pp 199 207 M I Borah 1936 Baharistan I Ghaybi Volume 1 p 177 Kanwal Gurmeet 20 November 2011 Ayo Gorkhali The war cry that has done us proud The Times of India Retrieved 14 December 2020 Ayo Gorkhali The Gurkhas are upon you Is the battle cry of one of the world s famous hands of fighting men Nepal s happy warriors Published 1964 The New York Times 18 October 1964 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 14 December 2020 Reglemente Westgiotha Gustavianer gustavianer com p 3 The Cambridge history of Japan by John Whitney Hall 1988 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 22352 0 鬨 鯨波 読み とき Kotobank えいえいおう 読み エイエイオウ Kotobank Til Valhall Norwegian Soldiers Battle Cry 5 May 2011 via YouTube dead YouTube link External links EditPhilip Rance War Cry in The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army Roman battle cries Ross Cowan The Clashing of Weapons and Silent Advances in Roman Battles battle cries and the drumming of weapons in Roman warfare Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Battle cry amp oldid 1132659201, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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