Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
| Fourth Anglo-Mysore War | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Anglo-Mysore Wars | |||||||
A map of the war thereafter | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
| Mysore | Maratha Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
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| Strength | |||||||
| c. 37,000[4] | East India Company: 4 infantry battalions[3] 10,000 cavalry[2] | ||||||
The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War was a conflict in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore against the British East India Company and the Hyderabad Deccan in 1798–99.[5]
This was the final conflict of the four Anglo-Mysore Wars. The British captured the capital of Mysore. The ruler Tipu Sultan was killed in the battle. Britain took indirect control of Mysore, restoring the Wadiyar dynasty to the Mysore throne (with a British commissioner to advise him on all issues). Tipu Sultan's young heir, Fateh Ali, was sent into exile. The Kingdom of Mysore became a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with British India covering parts of present Kerala–Karnataka and ceded Coimbatore, Dakshina Kannada and Uttara Kannada to the British.
Background
Napoleon Bonaparte's landing in Ottoman Egypt in 1798 was intended to further the capture of the British possessions in India, and the Kingdom of Mysore was a key to that next step, as the ruler of Mysore, Tipu Sultan, sought France as an ally and his letter to Napoleon resulted in the following reply, "You have already been informed of my arrival on the borders of the Red Sea, with an innumerable and invincible army, full of the desire of releasing and relieving you from the iron yoke of England." Additionally, General Malartic, French Governor of Mauritius, issued the Malartic Proclamation seeking volunteers to assist Tipu. Horatio Nelson ended any possibility of help from Napoleon after the Battle of the Nile. However, Lord Wellesley had already set in motion a response to prevent any alliance between Tipu Sultan and France.[6]
Invasion and British victory
Three armies, one from Bombay and two British (one of which contained a division that was commanded by Colonel Arthur Wellesley, the future 1st Duke of Wellington), marched into Mysore in 1799 and besieged the capital, Srirangapatnam, after some engagements with Tipu. On 8 March, a forward force managed to hold off an advance by Tipu at the Battle of Seedaseer.
One notable military advance championed by Tipu Sultan was the use of mass attacks with iron-cased rocket brigades in the army. The effect of the Mysorean rockets on the British during the Third and Fourth Mysore Wars was sufficiently impressive to inspire William Congreve to develop the Congreve rockets for Napoleonic Wars.[7]
During the war, rockets were used on several occasions. One of these involved Colonel Arthur Wellesley. At the Battle of Sultanpet Tope, Wellesley's assault on the first day was soundly repulsed by Tipu's Diwan, Purnaiah. Quoting Forrest,
At this point (near the village of Sultanpet, Figure 5) there was a large tope, or grove, which gave shelter to Tipu's rocketmen and had obviously to be cleaned out before the siege could be pressed closer to Srirangapattana island. The commander chosen for this operation was Col. Wellesley, but advancing towards the tope after dark on the 5 April 1799, he was set upon with rockets and musket-fires, lost his way and, as Beatson politely puts it, had to "postpone the attack" until a more favourable opportunity should offer.[8][page needed]
The following day, Wellesley launched a fresh attack with a larger force, and took the whole position without losing a single man.[9] On 22 April 1799, twelve days before the main battle, rocketeers worked their way around to the rear of the British encampment, then "threw a great number of rockets at the same instant" to signal the beginning of an assault by 6,000 Indian infantry and a corps of Frenchmen, all directed by Mir Golam Hussain and Mohomed Hulleen Mir Miran. The rockets had a range of about 1,000 yards. Some burst in the air like shells. Others, called ground rockets, would rise again on striking the ground and bound along in a serpentine motion until their force was spent. According to one British observer, a young English officer named Bayly: "So pestered were we with the rocket boys that there was no moving without danger from the destructive missiles ...". He continued:
The rockets and musketry from 20,000 of the enemy were incessant. No hail could be thicker. Every illumination of blue lights was accompanied by a shower of rockets, some of which entered the head of the column, passing through to the rear, causing death, wounds, and dreadful lacerations from the long bamboos of twenty or thirty feet which are invariably attached to them.
During the decisive British attack on Seringapatam on 2 May 1799, with the help of Marathas and Nizam, a British shot struck a magazine of rockets within Tipu Sultan's fort, causing it to explode and send a towering cloud of black smoke with cascades of exploding white light rising up from the battlements. On the afternoon of 4 May, when the final attack on the fort was led by Baird, he was met by "furious musket and rocket fire", but this did not help much; in about an hour's time the fort was taken; perhaps within another hour Tipu had been shot (the precise time of his death is not known), and the war was effectively over.[10] The death of Tipu Sultan led British General George Harris to exclaim "now India is ours".[11]
Aftermath
The victors, rather than partitioning the country, forced Tipu's family into exile and restored control of Mysore to the Wadiyars.
Many members of the East India Company believed that Umdat ul-Umara, the Nawab of Carnatic, secretly provided assistance to Tipu Sultan during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War; and they immediately sought his deposition after the end of the conflict.
The territory of the Nawab of Savanur was split among the English and Maratha forces.
The spot where Tipu's body was discovered under the eastern gate has been fenced off by the Archaeological Survey of India, and a plaque erected. The gate was later demolished during the 19th century to lay a wide road.
In popular culture
The war, specifically the Battle of Mallavelly and the siege of Seringapatam, with many of the key protagonists, is covered in the historical novel Sharpe's Tiger by Bernard Cornwell.[12]
Gallery
- Fall of Tipu Sultan (1799)
The Storming of Seringapatam by Giovanni Vendramini, 1802
The Last Effort of Tippoo Saib at Seringapatam by B. Clayton, 1840[13]
The Last Effort and Fall of Tippoo Sultaun by Henry Singleton, c. 1800
Finding of the Body of Tippoo Sultaun by Samuel William Reynolds, 1800
General Sir David Baird, Discovering the Body of the Sultaun Tippoo Saib, After Storming Seringapatam by David Wilkie, 1843
British Marker showing the location where Tipu's body was found
References
- ^ Sunderlal, Pandit (2018). How India Lost Her Freedom. SAGE Publications. p. 364. ISBN 978-93-5280-642-3. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
- ^ a b Dalrymple (2003), p. 180.
- ^ a b Dalrymple (2003), p. 179.
- ^ Dalrymple (2003), p. 191.
- ^ Kohn, George Childs (2013). Dictionary of Wars (Revised ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 322–323. ISBN 978-1-135-95494-9.
- ^ Naravane, M. S. (2014). Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 178–181. ISBN 978-81-313-0034-3.
- ^ Narasimha, Roddam (27 July 2011). (PDF). National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011.
- ^ Forrest, Denys (1970). Tiger of Mysore: The Life and Death of Tipu Sultan. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 0-7011-1581-5.
- ^ Holmes, Richard (2003). Wellington: The Iron Duke. London: HarperCollins. p. 58. ISBN 0-00-713750-8.
- ^ Narasimha, Roddam (May 1985). (PDF). Bangalore, India: National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2012.
- ^ Mohammad Moienuddin (2000). Sunset at Srirangapatam: After the Death of Tipu Sultan. Sangam Books. ISBN 978-0-86311-850-0. OCLC 48995204.
- ^ Cornwell, Bernard. . bernardcornwell.net. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ Corner, Julia (1840). The History of China & India, Pictorial & Descriptive. London: Dean & Co., Threadneedle St. p. 334.
Works cited
- Dalrymple, William (2003) [2002]. White Mughals: Love & Betrayal in Eighteenth-Century India. Flamingo. ISBN 978-0-00-655096-9.
Further reading
- Marshman, John Clark (1867). "Chapter XIX: Lord Wellesley's Administration—Fourth and Last Mysore War, 1798, 1799". The History of India, From the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie's Administration. Vol. II. London: Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer. pp. 71–102.
- Carter, Thomas (1861). "The Mysore War and Siege of Seringapatam". Medals of the British Army, and How They Were Won. London: Groombridge and Sons. pp. 2–6.
- Mill, James; Wilson, Horace Hayman (1858). "Chapter VIII: Lord Mornington Governor-General.—Agents of Tippoo at the Isle of France.—Governor-General resolves on immediate War.—Import of the Circumstances.—Opinions in India.—Nizam Ali receives more English Troops and dismisses the French.—Unfruitful Negotiations at Poonah.—Progression of Governor-General's Demands.—War begins.—Plan of the Campaign.—March of the Army.—Siege of Seringapatam.—Alarming Situation of the British Army in regard to Food.—Seringapatam taken, and the Sultan killed.—Division and Settlement of the conquered Country". The History of British India. Vol. VI (5th ed.). London: James Madden; Piper, Stephenson and Spence. pp. 50–121.