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A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

June 04, 2023

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam BR (/ˈɑːbdəl kəˈlɑːm/ (listen); 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was an Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who served as the 11th president of India from 2002 to 2007. He was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu and studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts.[1] He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.[2][3][4] He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.[5]

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Official portrait, 2002
11th President of India
In office
25 July 2002 – 25 July 2007
Prime MinisterAtal Bihari Vajpayee
Manmohan Singh
Vice PresidentKrishan Kant
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
Preceded byK. R. Narayanan
Succeeded byPratibha Patil
1st Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India
In office
November 1999 – November 2001
PresidentK. R. Narayanan
Prime MinisterAtal Bihari Vajpayee
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byRajagopala Chidambaram
Personal details
Born(1931-10-15)15 October 1931
Rameswaram, Ramanathapuram district,Tamil Nadu)
Died27 July 2015(2015-07-27) (aged 83)
Shillong, Meghalaya, India
Resting placeDr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Desiya Ninaivagam, Pei Karumbu, Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, India
Political partyIndependent[fn 1]
Alma mater
Profession
AwardsFull list
Notable work(s)
Signature
WebsiteOfficial Website
Scientific career
FieldsAerospace engineering
Institutions

Kalam was elected as the 11th president of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the "People's President",[6] he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service after a single term. He was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.

While delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015, aged 83.[7] Thousands, including national-level dignitaries, attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameswaram, where he was buried with full state honours.[8]

Early life and education

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931, to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on Pamban Island, then in the Madras Presidency and now in the State of Tamil Nadu. His father Jainulabdeen Marakayar was a boat owner and imam of a local mosque;[9] his mother Ashiamma was a housewife.[10][11][12][13] His father owned a ferry that took Hindu pilgrims back and forth between Rameswaram and the now uninhabited Dhanushkodi.[14][15] Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and one sister in his family.[16][17][18] His ancestors had been wealthy Marakayar traders and landowners, with numerous properties and large tracts of land. Marakayar are a Muslim ethnic group found in coastal Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka who claim descent from Arab traders and local women. The family business had involved trading groceries between the mainland and the island and to and from Sri Lanka, as well as ferrying pilgrims between the mainland and Pamban. With the opening of the Pamban Bridge to the mainland in 1914, however, the businesses failed and the family fortune and properties were lost by the 1920s, apart from the ancestral home. The family was poverty-stricken by the time Kalam was born. As a young boy he had to sell newspapers to add to the family's meager income. [19][20][21]

In his school years, Kalam had average grades but was described as a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn. He spent hours on his studies, especially Mathematics.[21] After completing his education at the Schwartz Higher Secondary School, Ramanathapuram, Kalam went on to attend Saint Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli, then affiliated with the University of Madras, from where he graduated in physics in 1954.[22] He moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering in Madras Institute of Technology.[13] While Kalam was working on a senior class project, the Dean was dissatisfied with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three days. Kalam met the deadline, impressing the Dean, who later said to him, "I was putting you under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline."[23] He narrowly missed achieving his dream of becoming a fighter pilot, as he placed ninth in qualifiers, and only eight positions were available in the IAF.[24]

Career as a scientist

This was my first stage, in which I learnt leadership from three great teachers—Dr Vikram Sarabhai, Prof Satish Dhawan and Dr Brahm Prakash. This was the time of learning and acquisition of knowledge for me.

A P J Abdul Kalam[25]

After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, Kalam joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (by Press Information Bureau, Government of India) as a scientist after becoming a member of the Defence Research & Development Service (DRDS). He started his career by designing a small hovercraft, but remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at DRDO.[26] Kalam joined the INCOSPAR, working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned space scientist.[13] He was interviewed and recruited into ISRO by H. G. S. Murthy, the first Director of Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS).[27] In 1969, Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) where he was the project director of India's first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980; Kalam had first started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.[1] In 1969, Kalam received the government's approval and expanded the programme to include more engineers.[25]

 
Kalam addresses engineering students at IIT Guwahati

In 1963 to 1964, he visited NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia; Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland; and Wallops Flight Facility.[11][28] Between the 1970s and 1990s, Kalam made an effort to develop the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and SLV-III projects, both of which proved to be successful.

Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the country's first nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the representative of TBRL, even though he had not participated in its development. In the 1970s, Kalam also directed two projects, Project Devil and Project Valiant, which sought to develop ballistic missiles from the technology of the successful SLV programme.[29] Despite the disapproval of the Union Cabinet, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi allotted secret funds for these aerospace projects through her discretionary powers under Kalam's directorship.[29] Kalam played an integral role convincing the Union Cabinet to conceal the true nature of these classified aerospace projects.[29] His research and educational leadership brought him great laurels and prestige in the 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate an advanced missile programme under his directorship.[29] Kalam and Dr V S Arunachalam, metallurgist and scientific adviser to the Defence Minister, worked on the suggestion by the then Defence Minister, R. Venkataraman on a proposal for simultaneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one after another.[30] R Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating ₹ 3.88 billion for the mission, named Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) and appointed Kalam as the chief executive.[30] Kalam played a major part in developing many missiles under the mission including Agni, an intermediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi, the tactical surface-to-surface missile, although the projects have been criticised for mismanagement and cost and time overruns.[30][31]

Kalam served as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and Secretary of the Defence Research and Development Organisation from July 1992 to December 1999. The Pokhran-II nuclear tests were conducted during this period in which he played an intensive political and technological role. Kalam served as the Chief Project Coordinator, along with Rajagopala Chidambaram, during the testing phase.[11][32] Media coverage of Kalam during this period made him the country's best known nuclear scientist.[33] However, the director of the site test, K Santhanam, said that the thermonuclear bomb had been a "fizzle" and criticised Kalam for issuing an incorrect report.[34] Both Kalam and Chidambaram dismissed the claims.[35]

In 1998, along with cardiologist Soma Raju, Kalam developed a low cost coronary stent, named the "Kalam-Raju Stent".[36][37] In 2012, the duo designed a rugged tablet computer for health care in rural areas, which was named the "Kalam-Raju Tablet".[38]

Presidency

Presidential styles of
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
 
Spoken stylePresident Abdul Kalam
Alternative styleMr. President

Kalam served as the 11th president of India, succeeding K. R. Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential election with an electoral vote of 922,884, surpassing the 107,366 votes won by Lakshmi Sahgal. His term lasted from 25 July 2002, to 25 July 2007.[39]

On 10 June 2002, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which was in power at the time, expressed that they would nominate Kalam for the post of President,[40][41] and both the Samajwadi Party and the Nationalist Congress Party backed his candidacy.[42][43] After the Samajwadi Party announced its support for Kalam, Narayanan chose not to seek a second term in office, leaving the field clear.[44] Kalam said of the announcement of his candidature:

I am really overwhelmed. Everywhere both in Internet and in other media, I have been asked for a message. I was thinking what message I can give to the people of the country at this juncture.[45]

On 18 June, Kalam filed his nomination papers in the Indian Parliament, accompanied by Vajpayee and his senior Cabinet colleagues.[46]

 
Kalam along with Vladimir Putin and Manmohan Singh during his presidency

The polling for the presidential election began on 15 July 2002, in Parliament and the state assemblies, with the media claiming that the election was a one-sided affair and Kalam's victory was a foregone conclusion; the count was held on 18 July.[47] Kalam became the 11th president of the Republic of India in an easy victory,[48] and moved into the Rashtrapati Bhavan after he was sworn in on 25 July.[49] Kalam was the third President of India to have been honoured with a Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour, before becoming the President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1954) and Zakir Hussain (1963) were the earlier recipients of Bharat Ratna who later became the President of India.[50] He was also the first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan.[51]

During his term as president, he was affectionately known as the People's President,[52][53][54] saying that signing the Office of Profit Bill was the toughest decision he had taken during his tenure.[55][56][57] Kalam was criticised for his inaction in deciding the fate of 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions submitted to him during his tenure.[58] Article 72 of the Constitution of India empowers the President of India to grant pardons, and suspend or commute the death sentence of convicts on death row.[58][59] Kalam acted on only one mercy plea in his five-year tenure as president, rejecting the plea of rapist Dhananjoy Chatterjee, who was later hanged.[58] Perhaps the most notable plea was from Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri terrorist who was convicted of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament and was sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of India in 2004.[59] While the sentence was scheduled to be carried out on 20 October 2006, the pending action on his mercy plea resulted in him remaining on death row.[59] He also took the controversial decision to impose President's Rule in Bihar in 2005.[60]

In September 2003, in an interactive session in PGI Chandigarh, Kalam supported the need of Uniform Civil Code in India, keeping in view the population of the country.[61][62][63][64]

At the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed his willingness to consider a second term in office provided there was certainty about his victory in the 2007 presidential election.[65] However, two days later, he decided not to contest the Presidential election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving Rashtrapati Bhavan from any political processes.[66] He was proposed by third front named United National Progressive Alliance leader J. Jayalalithaa and coordinator Chandrababu Naidu other leaders Mulayam Singh Yadav and Om Prakash Chautala, but he did not have the support of the left parties, Shiv Sena and UPA constituents, to receive a renewed mandate.[67][68]

Nearing the expiry of the term of the 12th President Pratibha Patil on 24 July 2012, media reports in April claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term.[69][70][71] After the reports, social networking sites witnessed a number of people supporting his candidature.[72][73] The BJP potentially backed his nomination[failed verification], saying that the party would lend their support if the Trinamool Congress, Samajwadi Party and Indian National Congress proposed him for the 2012 presidential election.[74][75] A month ahead of the election, Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mamata Banerjee also expressed their support for Kalam.[76] Days afterwards, Mulayam Singh Yadav backed out, leaving Mamata Banerjee as the solitary supporter.[77] On 18 June 2012, Kalam declined to contest the 2012 presidential poll. He said of his decision not to do so:

Many, many citizens have also expressed the same wish. It only reflects their love and affection for me and the aspiration of the people. I am really overwhelmed by this support. This being their wish, I respect it. I want to thank them for the trust they have in me.[78]

Post-presidency

After leaving office, Kalam became a visiting professor at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, and the Indian Institute of Management Indore; an honorary fellow of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore;[79] chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram; professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University; and an adjunct at many other academic and research institutions across India. He taught information technology at the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, and technology at Banaras Hindu University and Anna University.[80]

In 2011, Kalam was criticised by civil groups over his stand on the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant; he supported the establishment of the nuclear power plant and was accused of not speaking with the local people.[81] The protesters were hostile to his visit as they saw him as a pro-nuclear scientist and were unimpressed by the assurances he provided regarding the safety features of the plant.[82]

In May 2012, Kalam launched a programme for the youth of India called the What Can I Give Movement, with a central theme of defeating corruption.[83][84]

Death

See also: Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Memorial
 
Kalam at Bijnor a week before his death

On 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled to Shillong to deliver a lecture on "Creating a Livable Planet Earth" at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong. While climbing a flight of stairs, he experienced some discomfort, but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief rest.[85] At around 6:35 p.m. IST, only five minutes into his lecture, he collapsed.[86][87] He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical condition; upon arrival, he lacked a pulse or any other signs of life.[86] Despite being placed in the intensive care unit, Kalam was confirmed dead of a sudden cardiac arrest at 7:45 p.m. IST.[86][88][89] His last words, to his aide Srijan Pal Singh, were reportedly: "Funny guy! Are you doing well?"[90]

Following his death, Kalam's body was airlifted in an Indian Air Force helicopter from Shillong to Guwahati, from where it was flown to New Delhi on the morning of 28 July in an air force C-130J Hercules. The flight landed at Palam Air Base that afternoon and was received by the President, the vice-president, the Prime Minister, Chief Minister of Delhi Arvind Kejriwal, and the three service chiefs of the Indian Armed Forces, who laid wreaths on Kalam's body.[91] His body was then placed on a gun carriage draped with the Indian flag and taken to his Delhi residence at 10 Rajaji Marg; there, the public and numerous dignitaries paid homage, including former prime minister Manmohan Singh, Congress President Sonia Gandhi and Vice-president Rahul Gandhi, and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav.[92]

On the morning of 29 July, Kalam's body, wrapped in the Indian flag, was taken to Palam Air Base and flown to Madurai in an air force C-130J aircraft, arriving at Madurai Airport that afternoon. His body was received at the airport by the three service chiefs and national and state dignitaries, including cabinet ministers Manohar Parrikar, Venkaiah Naidu, Pon Radhakrishnan and the governors of Tamil Nadu and Meghalaya, K Rosaiah and V. Shanmuganathan. After a brief ceremony, Kalam's body was flown by air force helicopter to the town of Mandapam, from where it was taken in an army truck to his hometown of Rameswaram. Upon arriving at Rameswaram, his body was displayed in an open area in front of the local bus station to allow the public to pay their final respects until 8 p.m. that evening.[93][94]

On 30 July 2015, the former president was laid to rest at Rameswaram's Pei Karumbu Ground with full state honours. Over 350,000 people attended the last rites, including the Prime Minister, the governor of Tamil Nadu and the chief ministers of Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh.[95][96]

Reactions

India reacted to Kalam's death with an outpouring of grief; numerous tributes were paid to the former president across the nation and on social media.[97] The Government of India declared a seven-day state mourning period as a mark of respect.[98] President Pranab Mukherjee, Vice-president Hamid Ansari, Home Minister Rajnath Singh, and other leaders condoled the former President's demise.[88] Prime Minister Narendra Modi said "Kalam's death is a great loss to the scientific community. He took India to great heights. He showed the way."[99] Former Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh, who had served as prime minister under Kalam, said, "our country has lost a great human being who made phenomenal contributions to the promotion of self-reliance in defence technologies. I worked very closely with Dr. Kalam as prime minister and I greatly benefited from his advice as president of our country. His life and work will be remembered for generations to come."[100] ISRO chairman A. S. Kiran Kumar called his former colleague "a great personality and a gentleman", while former chairman G. Madhavan Nair described Kalam as "a global leader" for whom "the downtrodden and poor people were his priority. He always had a passion to convey what is in his mind to the young generation", adding that his death left a vacuum which none could fill.[101][102]

South Asian leaders expressed condolences and lauded the late statesman. The Bhutanese government ordered the country's flags to fly at half-staff to mourn Kalam's death and lit 1000 butter lamps in homage. Bhutanese Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay expressed deep sadness, saying Kalam "was a leader greatly admired by all people, especially the youth of India who have referred to him as the people's President".[103] Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina described Kalam as "a rare combination of a great statesman, acclaimed scientist, and a source of inspiration to the young generation of South Asia" and termed his death an "irreparable loss to India and beyond". Bangladesh Nationalist Party chief Khaleda Zia said "as a nuclear scientist, he engaged himself in the welfare of the people". Ashraf Ghani, the President of Afghanistan, called Kalam "an inspirational figure to millions of people," noting that "we have a lot to learn from his life". Nepalese Prime Minister Sushil Koirala recalled Kalam's scientific contributions to India: "Nepal has lost a good friend and I have lost an honoured and ideal personality." The President of Pakistan, Mamnoon Hussain, and Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif also expressed their grief and condolences on his death.[104][105][106] The President of Sri Lanka, Maithripala Sirisena, also expressed his condolences. "Dr. Kalam was a man of firm conviction and indomitable spirit, and I saw him as an outstanding statesman of the world. His death is an irreparable loss not only to India but to the entire world."[107] Maldivian President Abdulla Yameen and Vice-president Ahmed Adeeb condoled Kalam's death, with Yameen naming him as a close friend of the Maldives who would continue to be an inspiration to Indians and generations of South Asians. Former President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, who had made an official visit to India during Kalam's presidency, termed his demise as a great loss to all of humankind.[108] The Commander-in-Chief of the Myanmar Armed Forces, Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, expressed condolences on behalf of the Myanmar government.[109] The Dalai Lama expressed his sadness and offered condolences and prayers, calling Kalam's death "an irreparable loss".[110]

Kathleen Wynne, the Premier of Ontario, which Kalam had visited on numerous occasions, expressed "deepest condolences ... as a respected scientist, he played a critical role in the development of the Indian space programme. As a committed educator, he inspired millions of young people to achieve their very best. And as a devoted leader, he gained support both at home and abroad, becoming known as 'the people's President'. I join our Indo–Canadian families, friends, and neighbours in mourning the passing of this respected leader."[111] United States President Barack Obama extended "deepest condolences to the people of India on the passing of former Indian President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam", and highlighted his achievements as a scientist and as a statesman, notably his role in strengthening US–India relations and increasing space co-operation between the two nations. "Suitably named 'the People's President', Dr. Kalam's humility and dedication to public service served as an inspiration to millions of Indians and admirers around the world."[112] Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed sincere condolences and conveyed his sympathy and support "to the near and dear ones of the deceased leader, to the government, and entire people of India". He remarked on Kalam's outstanding "personal contribution to the social, economic, scientific, and technical progress of India and in ensuring its national security," adding that Kalam would be remembered as a "consistent exponent of closer friendly relations between our nations, who has done a lot for cementing mutually beneficial Russian–Indian cooperation."[113] Other international leaders—including former Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak, Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, President of the United Arab Emirates Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and vice-president and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates and emir of Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum—also paid tribute to Kalam.[114][115] In a special gesture, Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon visited the Permanent Mission of India to the UN and signed a condolence book. "The outpouring of grief around the world is a testament of the respect and inspiration he has garnered during and after his presidency. The UN joins the people of India in sending our deepest condolences for this great statesman. May he rest in peace and eternity", Ban wrote in his message.[116]

Memorial

The Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam National Memorial[117] was built in memory of Kalam by the DRDO in Pei Karumbu, in the island town of Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in July 2017.[118][119] On display are the replicas of rockets and missiles which Kalam had worked with. Acrylic paintings about his life are also displayed along with hundreds of portraits depicting the life of the mass leader. There is a statue of Kalam in the entrance showing him playing the Veena. There are two other smaller statues of the leader in sitting and standing posture.[120]

Personal life

Kalam was the youngest of five siblings, the eldest of whom was a sister, Asim Zohra (d. 1997), followed by three elder brothers: Mohammed Muthu Meera Lebbai Maraikayar (5 November 1916 – 7 March 2021),[121][122] Mustafa Kalam (d. 1999) and Kasim Mohammed (d. 1995).[123] He was extremely close to his elder siblings and their extended families throughout his life, and would regularly send small sums of money to his older relations, himself remaining a lifelong bachelor.[123][124]

Kalam was noted for his integrity and his simple lifestyle.[124][125] He never owned a television, and was in the habit of rising at 6:30 or 7 a.m. and sleeping by 2 a.m.[126] His few personal possessions included his books, his veena, some articles of clothing, a CD player and a laptop; at his death, he left no will, and his possessions went to his eldest brother, who survived him.[127][128]

Religious and spiritual views

Religion and spirituality were very important to Kalam throughout his life.[129] He made his own spiritual journey the subject of his final book, Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji.[130][131]

Islam

A proud and practising Sunni Muslim, daily namaz and fasting during Ramadan were integral to Kalam's life.[9][132][133] His father, the imam of a mosque in his hometown of Rameswaram, had strictly instilled these Islamic customs in his children.[9] His father had also impressed upon the young Kalam the value of interfaith respect and dialogue. As Kalam recalled: "Every evening, my father A. P. Jainulabdeen, an imam, Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry, the head priest of the Ramanathaswamy Hindu temple, and a church priest used to sit with hot tea and discuss the issues concerning the island."[130][134] Such early exposure convinced Kalam that the answers to India's multitudinous issues lay in "dialogue and cooperation" among the country's religious, social, and political leaders.[132] Moreover, since Kalam believed that "respect for other faiths" was one of the key cornerstones of Islam, he was fond of saying: "For great men, religion is a way of making friends; small people make religion a fighting tool."[135]

Syncretism

One component of Kalam's widespread popularity among diverse groups in India, and an enduring aspect of his legacy, is the syncretism he embodied in appreciating various elements of the many spiritual and cultural traditions of India.[132][133][136][137] In addition to his faith in the Quran and Islamic practice, Kalam was well-versed in Hindu traditions; he learnt Sanskrit,[138][139] read the Bhagavad Gita[140][141] and he was a vegetarian.[142] Kalam also enjoyed writing Tamil poetry, playing the veena (an Indian string instrument),[143] and listening to Carnatic devotional music every day.[133] In 2002, in one of his early speeches to Parliament after becoming president, he reiterated his desire for a more united India, stating that "during the last one year I met a number of spiritual leaders of all religions ... and I would like to endeavour to work for bringing about unity of minds among the divergent traditions of our country".[136] Describing Kalam as a unifier of diverse traditions, Congress leader Shashi Tharoor stated, "Kalam was a complete Indian, an embodiment of the eclecticism of India's heritage of diversity".[133] BJP leader L. K. Advani concurred that Kalam was "the best exemplar of the Idea of India, one who embodied the best of all the cultural and spiritual traditions that signify India's unity in immense diversity. This was most strikingly evident in the second-to-last book he published, presciently titled Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swami".[137]

Pramukh Swami as Guru

Kalam's desire to meet spiritual leaders to help create a more prosperous, spiritual, and unified India was what initially led him to meet Pramukh Swami, the Hindu guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya, who Kalam would come to consider his ultimate spiritual teacher and guru.[130][132] The first of eight meetings between Kalam and Pramukh Swami over a fourteen-year period took place on 30 June 2001, in New Delhi, during which Kalam described being immediately drawn to Pramukh Swami's simplicity and spiritual purity.[144] Kalam stated that he was inspired by Pramukh Swami throughout their numerous interactions. One such incident occurred the day following the terrorist attack on BAPS' Akshardham, Gandhinagar complex in September 2002; Pramukh Swami prayed for, and sprinkled holy water upon, the sites of all of the deceased, including the terrorists, demonstrating the view that all human life is sacred. Kalam recalled being moved by Pramukh Swami's equanimity and compassion, citing this incident as one of his motivations for writing Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji.[145] Summarising the effect that Pramukh Swami had on him, Kalam stated that "[Pramukh Swami] has indeed transformed me. He is the ultimate stage of the spiritual ascent in my life ... Pramukh Swamiji has put me in a God-synchronous orbit. No manoeuvres are required any more, as I am placed in my final position in eternity."[132][146] Following Kalam's death a month after his final book was released, co-author Arun Tiwari pointed to this passage as potentially prophetic and premonitory of Kalam's death.[147]

Writings

 
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam delivering a speech

In his book India 2020, Kalam strongly advocated an action plan to develop India into a "knowledge superpower" and a developed nation by 2020. He regarded his work on India's nuclear weapons programme as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower.[148]

I have identified five areas where India has a core competence for integrated action: (1) agriculture and food processing; (2) education and healthcare; (3) information and communication technology; (4) infrastructure, reliable and quality electric power, surface transport and infrastructure for all parts of the country; and (5) self-reliance in critical technologies. These five areas are closely inter-related and if advanced in a coordinated way, will lead to food, economic and national security.

Kalam describes a "transformative moment" in his life when he asked Pramukh Swami, the guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya, how India might realise this five-pronged vision of development.  Pramukh Swami's answer—to add a sixth area developing faith in God and spirituality to overcome the current climate of crime and corruption—became the spiritual vision for the next 15 years Kalam's life, which he describes in his final book, Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji, published just a month before his death.[144]

It was reported that there was considerable demand in South Korea for translated versions of books authored by him.[149]

Kalam took an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology, including a research programme for developing biomedical implants. He also supported open source technology over proprietary software, predicting that the use of free software on a large scale would bring the benefits of information technology to more people.[150]

Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students during the two years after his resignation from the post of scientific adviser in 1999.[21] He explained, "I feel comfortable in the company of young people, particularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend to share with them experiences, helping them to ignite their imagination and preparing them to work for a developed India for which the road map is already available." His dream is to let every student to light up the sky with victory using their latent fire in the heart.[21]

Awards and honours

Main article: List of honors and awards received by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Kalam received 7 honorary doctorates from 40 universities.[151][152] The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 for his work with ISRO and DRDO and his role as a scientific advisor to the Government.[153] In 1997, Kalam received India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, for his contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of defence technology in India.[154] In 2013, he was the recipient of the Von Braun Award from the National Space Society "to recognize excellence in the management and leadership of a space-related project".[155]

In 2012, Kalam was ranked number 2 in Outlook India's poll of the Greatest Indian.[156]

Following his death, Kalam received numerous tributes. The Tamil Nadu state government announced that his birthday, 15 October, would be observed across the state as "Youth Renaissance Day;" the state government further instituted the "Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Award", constituting an 8-gram gold medal, a certificate and ₹500,000 (US$6,300). The award will be awarded annually on Independence Day, beginning in 2015, to residents of the state with achievements in promoting scientific growth, the humanities or the welfare of students.[157]

On the anniversary of Kalam's birth in 2015 the CBSE set topics on his name in the CBSE expression series.[158]

Prime Minister Narendra Modi ceremonially released postage stamps commemorating Kalam at DRDO Bhawan in New Delhi on 15 October 2015, the 84th anniversary of Kalam's birth.

Researchers at the NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) had discovered a new bacterium on the filters of the International Space Station (ISS) and named it Solibacillus kalamii to honour the late president Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.[159]

Several educational and scientific institutions and other locations were renamed or named in honour of Kalam following his death.

  • Kerala Technological University, headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram where Kalam lived for years, was renamed to A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University after his death.
  • An agricultural college at Kishanganj, Bihar, was renamed the "Dr. Kalam Agricultural College, Kishanganj" by the Bihar state government on the day of Kalam's funeral. The state government also announced it would name a proposed science city after Kalam.[160]
  • India's First Medical Tech Institute named as Kalam Institute of Health Technology located at Visakhapatnam.[161]
  • Uttar Pradesh Technical University (UPTU) was renamed A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University by the Uttar Pradesh state government.[162]
  • A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial Travancore Institute of Digestive Diseases, a new research institute in Kollam city, Kerala attached to the Travancore Medical College Hospital.[163]
  • A new academic complex at Mahatma Gandhi University in Kerala.[164]
  • Construction of Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Science City started in Patna in February 2019.[165]
  • A new science centre and planetarium in Lawspet, Puducherry.[166]
  • India and the US have launched the Fulbright-Kalam Climate Fellowship in September 2014. The first call for applicants was announced on Friday, 12 March 2016, for the fellowship which will enable up to 6 Indian PhD students and post-doctoral researchers to work with US host institutions for a period of 6–12 months. The fellowship will be operated by the binational US-India Educational Foundation (USIEF) under the Fulbright programme.[167]
  • Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Planetarium in Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha was named after him.

Island

Wheeler Island, a national missile test site in Odisha, was renamed Abdul Kalam Island in September 2015.[168]

Road

A prominent road in New Delhi was renamed from Aurangzeb Road to Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road[169][170] in August 2015.[171]

Plant species

In February 2018, scientists from the Botanical Survey of India named a newly found plant species as Drypetes kalamii, in his honour.[172]

Other awards and honours

Year of award or honour Name of award or honour Awarding organisation
2014 Honorary professor Beijing University, China[173]
2014 Doctor of Science Edinburgh University, UK[174]
2013 Von Braun Award National Space Society[175]
2012 Doctor of Laws (Honoris Causa) Simon Fraser University[176]
2011 IEEE Honorary Membership IEEE[177]
2010 Doctor of Engineering University of Waterloo[178]
2009 Honorary Doctorate Oakland University[179]
2009 Hoover Medal ASME Foundation, USA[180]
2009 International von Kármán Wings Award California Institute of Technology, USA[181]
2008 Doctor of Science Universiti Sains Malaysia[182]
2008 Doctor of Engineering (Honoris Causa) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore[183]
2008 Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh[184][185]
2007 Honorary Doctorate of Science and Technology Carnegie Mellon University[186]
2007 King Charles II Medal Royal Society, UK[187][188][189]
2007 Honorary Doctorate of Science University of Wolverhampton, UK[190]
2000 Ramanujan Award Alwars Research Centre, Chennai[191]
1998 Veer Savarkar Award Government of India[13]
1997 Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration Indian National Congress[13][191]
1997 Bharat Ratna President of India[191][192]
1995 Honorary Fellow National Academy of Medical Sciences,[193]
1994 Distinguished Fellow Institute of Directors (India)[194]
1990 Padma Vibhushan Government of India[191][195]
1981 Padma Bhushan Government of India[191][195]

Legacy

Main article: List of things named after A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Books, documentaries and popular culture

Kalam's writings
  • Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology by A P J Abdul Kalam and Roddam Narasimha; Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988.[196]
  • India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium by A P J Abdul Kalam, Y. S. Rajan; New York, 1998.[197]
  • Wings of Fire: An Autobiography by A P J Abdul Kalam, Arun Tiwari; Universities Press, 1999.[11]
  • Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within India by A P J Abdul Kalam; Viking, 2002.[198]
  • The Luminous Sparks by A P J Abdul Kalam, by; Punya Publishing Pvt Ltd., 2004.[199]
  • Mission India by A P J Abdul Kalam, Paintings by Manav Gupta; Penguin Books, 2005[200]
  • Inspiring Thoughts by A P J Abdul Kalam; Rajpal & Sons, 2007[201]
  • Indomitable Spirit by A P J Abdul Kalam; Rajpal & Sons Publishing[202]
  • Envisioning an Empowered Nation by A P J Abdul Kalam with A Sivathanu Pillai; Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi[203]
  • You Are Born To Blossom: Take My Journey Beyond by A P J Abdul Kalam and Arun Tiwari; Ocean Books, 2011.[204]
  • Turning Points: A journey through challenges by A P J Abdul Kalam; HarperCollins India, 2012.[205]
  • Target 3 Billion by A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh; December 2011 (Publisher: Penguin Books).
  • My Journey: Transforming Dreams into Actions by A P J Abdul Kalam; 2014 by the Rupa Publication.[206]
  • A Manifesto for Change: A Sequel to India 2020 by A P J Abdul Kalam and V Ponraj; July 2014 by HarperCollins.[207]
  • Forge your Future: Candid, Forthright, Inspiring by A P J Abdul Kalam; by Rajpal & Sons, 29 October 2014.[208]
  • Reignited: Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Future by A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh; by Penguin India, 14 May 2015.[209]
  • Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji by A P J Abdul Kalam with Arun Tiwari; HarperCollins Publishers, June 2015[210]
  • Advantage India: From Challenge to Opportunity by A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh; HarperCollins Publishers,15 October 2015.[211]
Biographies
  • Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr Kalam by S Chandra; Pentagon Publishers, 2002.[212]
  • President A P J Abdul Kalam by R K Pruthi; Anmol Publications, 2002.[213]
  • A P J Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India by K Bhushan, G Katyal; A P H Pub Corp, 2002.[214]
  • A Little Dream (documentary film) by P. Dhanapal; Minveli Media Works Private Limited, 2008.[215]
  • The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President by P M Nair; HarperCollins, 2008.[216]
  • My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam by Fr A K George; Novel Corporation, 2009.[217]
  • A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: A Life by Arun Tiwari; Harper Collins, 2015.[218]
  • The People's President: Dr A P J Abdul Kalam by S M Khan; Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016.[219]
Popular culture

See also

References

Footnotes
  1. ^ Appointed for 2002 Presidential Elections as an Independent Candidate; in coalition with NDA, during Vajpayee Government
Citations
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External links

  • Official website
  • Website of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam during his tenureship as the President of India, hosted by the National Informatics Centre
  • A. P. J. Abdul Kalam at IMDb
Political offices
Preceded by President of India
2002 - 2007 		Succeeded by
Government offices
New title
First holder
 Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India
1999 - 2002 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Director General Defence Research and Development Organisation
1992 - 1999 		Succeeded by

June 04, 2023
abdul, kalam, avul, pakir, jainulabdeen, abdul, kalam, ɑː, ɑː, listen, october, 1931, july, 2015, indian, aerospace, scientist, statesman, served, 11th, president, india, from, 2002, 2007, born, raised, rameswaram, tamil, nadu, studied, physics, aerospace, eng. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam BR ˈ ɑː b d el k e ˈ l ɑː m listen 15 October 1931 27 July 2015 was an Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who served as the 11th president of India from 2002 to 2007 He was born and raised in Rameswaram Tamil Nadu and studied physics and aerospace engineering He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation DRDO and Indian Space Research Organisation ISRO and was intimately involved in India s civilian space programme and military missile development efforts 1 He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology 2 3 4 He also played a pivotal organisational technical and political role in India s Pokhran II nuclear tests in 1998 the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974 5 A P J Abdul KalamOfficial portrait 200211th President of IndiaIn office 25 July 2002 25 July 2007Prime MinisterAtal Bihari VajpayeeManmohan SinghVice PresidentKrishan KantBhairon Singh ShekhawatPreceded byK R NarayananSucceeded byPratibha Patil1st Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of IndiaIn office November 1999 November 2001PresidentK R NarayananPrime MinisterAtal Bihari VajpayeePreceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byRajagopala ChidambaramPersonal detailsBorn 1931 10 15 15 October 1931Rameswaram Ramanathapuram district Tamil Nadu Died27 July 2015 2015 07 27 aged 83 Shillong Meghalaya IndiaResting placeDr A P J Abdul Kalam Desiya Ninaivagam Pei Karumbu Rameswaram Tamil Nadu IndiaPolitical partyIndependent fn 1 Alma materSt Joseph s College Tiruchirappalli BEng Madras Institute of Technology MEng ProfessionAerospace ScientistAuthorAwardsFull listNotable work s Wings of Fire India 2020 Ignited Minds Indomitable Spirit Transcendence My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh SwamijiSignatureWebsiteOfficial WebsiteScientific careerFieldsAerospace engineeringInstitutionsDefence Research and Development Organisation Indian Space Research OrganisationKalam was elected as the 11th president of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then opposition Indian National Congress Widely referred to as the People s President 6 he returned to his civilian life of education writing and public service after a single term He was a recipient of several prestigious awards including the Bharat Ratna India s highest civilian honour While delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015 aged 83 7 Thousands including national level dignitaries attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameswaram where he was buried with full state honours 8 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career as a scientist 3 Presidency 4 Post presidency 5 Death 5 1 Reactions 5 2 Memorial 6 Personal life 7 Religious and spiritual views 7 1 Islam 7 2 Syncretism 7 3 Pramukh Swami as Guru 8 Writings 9 Awards and honours 9 1 Island 9 2 Road 9 3 Plant species 9 4 Other awards and honours 10 Legacy 11 Books documentaries and popular culture 12 See also 13 References 14 External linksEarly life and educationAvul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on Pamban Island then in the Madras Presidency and now in the State of Tamil Nadu His father Jainulabdeen Marakayar was a boat owner and imam of a local mosque 9 his mother Ashiamma was a housewife 10 11 12 13 His father owned a ferry that took Hindu pilgrims back and forth between Rameswaram and the now uninhabited Dhanushkodi 14 15 Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and one sister in his family 16 17 18 His ancestors had been wealthy Marakayar traders and landowners with numerous properties and large tracts of land Marakayar are a Muslim ethnic group found in coastal Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka who claim descent from Arab traders and local women The family business had involved trading groceries between the mainland and the island and to and from Sri Lanka as well as ferrying pilgrims between the mainland and Pamban With the opening of the Pamban Bridge to the mainland in 1914 however the businesses failed and the family fortune and properties were lost by the 1920s apart from the ancestral home The family was poverty stricken by the time Kalam was born As a young boy he had to sell newspapers to add to the family s meager income 19 20 21 In his school years Kalam had average grades but was described as a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn He spent hours on his studies especially Mathematics 21 After completing his education at the Schwartz Higher Secondary School Ramanathapuram Kalam went on to attend Saint Joseph s College Tiruchirappalli then affiliated with the University of Madras from where he graduated in physics in 1954 22 He moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering in Madras Institute of Technology 13 While Kalam was working on a senior class project the Dean was dissatisfied with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three days Kalam met the deadline impressing the Dean who later said to him I was putting you under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline 23 He narrowly missed achieving his dream of becoming a fighter pilot as he placed ninth in qualifiers and only eight positions were available in the IAF 24 Career as a scientistThis was my first stage in which I learnt leadership from three great teachers Dr Vikram Sarabhai Prof Satish Dhawan and Dr Brahm Prakash This was the time of learning and acquisition of knowledge for me A P J Abdul Kalam 25 After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960 Kalam joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation by Press Information Bureau Government of India as a scientist after becoming a member of the Defence Research amp Development Service DRDS He started his career by designing a small hovercraft but remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at DRDO 26 Kalam joined the INCOSPAR working under Vikram Sarabhai the renowned space scientist 13 He was interviewed and recruited into ISRO by H G S Murthy the first Director of Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station TERLS 27 In 1969 Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation ISRO where he was the project director of India s first Satellite Launch Vehicle SLV III which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near earth orbit in July 1980 Kalam had first started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965 1 In 1969 Kalam received the government s approval and expanded the programme to include more engineers 25 Kalam addresses engineering students at IIT Guwahati In 1963 to 1964 he visited NASA s Langley Research Center in Hampton Virginia Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt Maryland and Wallops Flight Facility 11 28 Between the 1970s and 1990s Kalam made an effort to develop the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV and SLV III projects both of which proved to be successful Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the country s first nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the representative of TBRL even though he had not participated in its development In the 1970s Kalam also directed two projects Project Devil and Project Valiant which sought to develop ballistic missiles from the technology of the successful SLV programme 29 Despite the disapproval of the Union Cabinet Prime Minister Indira Gandhi allotted secret funds for these aerospace projects through her discretionary powers under Kalam s directorship 29 Kalam played an integral role convincing the Union Cabinet to conceal the true nature of these classified aerospace projects 29 His research and educational leadership brought him great laurels and prestige in the 1980s which prompted the government to initiate an advanced missile programme under his directorship 29 Kalam and Dr V S Arunachalam metallurgist and scientific adviser to the Defence Minister worked on the suggestion by the then Defence Minister R Venkataraman on a proposal for simultaneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one after another 30 R Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating 3 88 billion for the mission named Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme IGMDP and appointed Kalam as the chief executive 30 Kalam played a major part in developing many missiles under the mission including Agni an intermediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi the tactical surface to surface missile although the projects have been criticised for mismanagement and cost and time overruns 30 31 Kalam served as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and Secretary of the Defence Research and Development Organisation from July 1992 to December 1999 The Pokhran II nuclear tests were conducted during this period in which he played an intensive political and technological role Kalam served as the Chief Project Coordinator along with Rajagopala Chidambaram during the testing phase 11 32 Media coverage of Kalam during this period made him the country s best known nuclear scientist 33 However the director of the site test K Santhanam said that the thermonuclear bomb had been a fizzle and criticised Kalam for issuing an incorrect report 34 Both Kalam and Chidambaram dismissed the claims 35 In 1998 along with cardiologist Soma Raju Kalam developed a low cost coronary stent named the Kalam Raju Stent 36 37 In 2012 the duo designed a rugged tablet computer for health care in rural areas which was named the Kalam Raju Tablet 38 PresidencyPresidential styles of A P J Abdul Kalam Spoken stylePresident Abdul KalamAlternative styleMr PresidentKalam served as the 11th president of India succeeding K R Narayanan He won the 2002 presidential election with an electoral vote of 922 884 surpassing the 107 366 votes won by Lakshmi Sahgal His term lasted from 25 July 2002 to 25 July 2007 39 On 10 June 2002 the National Democratic Alliance NDA which was in power at the time expressed that they would nominate Kalam for the post of President 40 41 and both the Samajwadi Party and the Nationalist Congress Party backed his candidacy 42 43 After the Samajwadi Party announced its support for Kalam Narayanan chose not to seek a second term in office leaving the field clear 44 Kalam said of the announcement of his candidature I am really overwhelmed Everywhere both in Internet and in other media I have been asked for a message I was thinking what message I can give to the people of the country at this juncture 45 On 18 June Kalam filed his nomination papers in the Indian Parliament accompanied by Vajpayee and his senior Cabinet colleagues 46 Kalam along with Vladimir Putin and Manmohan Singh during his presidency The polling for the presidential election began on 15 July 2002 in Parliament and the state assemblies with the media claiming that the election was a one sided affair and Kalam s victory was a foregone conclusion the count was held on 18 July 47 Kalam became the 11th president of the Republic of India in an easy victory 48 and moved into the Rashtrapati Bhavan after he was sworn in on 25 July 49 Kalam was the third President of India to have been honoured with a Bharat Ratna India s highest civilian honour before becoming the President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 1954 and Zakir Hussain 1963 were the earlier recipients of Bharat Ratna who later became the President of India 50 He was also the first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan 51 During his term as president he was affectionately known as the People s President 52 53 54 saying that signing the Office of Profit Bill was the toughest decision he had taken during his tenure 55 56 57 Kalam was criticised for his inaction in deciding the fate of 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions submitted to him during his tenure 58 Article 72 of the Constitution of India empowers the President of India to grant pardons and suspend or commute the death sentence of convicts on death row 58 59 Kalam acted on only one mercy plea in his five year tenure as president rejecting the plea of rapist Dhananjoy Chatterjee who was later hanged 58 Perhaps the most notable plea was from Afzal Guru a Kashmiri terrorist who was convicted of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament and was sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of India in 2004 59 While the sentence was scheduled to be carried out on 20 October 2006 the pending action on his mercy plea resulted in him remaining on death row 59 He also took the controversial decision to impose President s Rule in Bihar in 2005 60 In September 2003 in an interactive session in PGI Chandigarh Kalam supported the need of Uniform Civil Code in India keeping in view the population of the country 61 62 63 64 At the end of his term on 20 June 2007 Kalam expressed his willingness to consider a second term in office provided there was certainty about his victory in the 2007 presidential election 65 However two days later he decided not to contest the Presidential election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving Rashtrapati Bhavan from any political processes 66 He was proposed by third front named United National Progressive Alliance leader J Jayalalithaa and coordinator Chandrababu Naidu other leaders Mulayam Singh Yadav and Om Prakash Chautala but he did not have the support of the left parties Shiv Sena and UPA constituents to receive a renewed mandate 67 68 Nearing the expiry of the term of the 12th President Pratibha Patil on 24 July 2012 media reports in April claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term 69 70 71 After the reports social networking sites witnessed a number of people supporting his candidature 72 73 The BJP potentially backed his nomination failed verification saying that the party would lend their support if the Trinamool Congress Samajwadi Party and Indian National Congress proposed him for the 2012 presidential election 74 75 A month ahead of the election Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mamata Banerjee also expressed their support for Kalam 76 Days afterwards Mulayam Singh Yadav backed out leaving Mamata Banerjee as the solitary supporter 77 On 18 June 2012 Kalam declined to contest the 2012 presidential poll He said of his decision not to do so Many many citizens have also expressed the same wish It only reflects their love and affection for me and the aspiration of the people I am really overwhelmed by this support This being their wish I respect it I want to thank them for the trust they have in me 78 Post presidencyAfter leaving office Kalam became a visiting professor at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad and the Indian Institute of Management Indore an honorary fellow of Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 79 chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University and an adjunct at many other academic and research institutions across India He taught information technology at the International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad and technology at Banaras Hindu University and Anna University 80 In 2011 Kalam was criticised by civil groups over his stand on the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant he supported the establishment of the nuclear power plant and was accused of not speaking with the local people 81 The protesters were hostile to his visit as they saw him as a pro nuclear scientist and were unimpressed by the assurances he provided regarding the safety features of the plant 82 In May 2012 Kalam launched a programme for the youth of India called the What Can I Give Movement with a central theme of defeating corruption 83 84 DeathSee also Dr A P J Abdul Kalam Memorial Kalam at Bijnor a week before his death On 27 July 2015 Kalam travelled to Shillong to deliver a lecture on Creating a Livable Planet Earth at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong While climbing a flight of stairs he experienced some discomfort but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief rest 85 At around 6 35 p m IST only five minutes into his lecture he collapsed 86 87 He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical condition upon arrival he lacked a pulse or any other signs of life 86 Despite being placed in the intensive care unit Kalam was confirmed dead of a sudden cardiac arrest at 7 45 p m IST 86 88 89 His last words to his aide Srijan Pal Singh were reportedly Funny guy Are you doing well 90 Following his death Kalam s body was airlifted in an Indian Air Force helicopter from Shillong to Guwahati from where it was flown to New Delhi on the morning of 28 July in an air force C 130J Hercules The flight landed at Palam Air Base that afternoon and was received by the President the vice president the Prime Minister Chief Minister of Delhi Arvind Kejriwal and the three service chiefs of the Indian Armed Forces who laid wreaths on Kalam s body 91 His body was then placed on a gun carriage draped with the Indian flag and taken to his Delhi residence at 10 Rajaji Marg there the public and numerous dignitaries paid homage including former prime minister Manmohan Singh Congress President Sonia Gandhi and Vice president Rahul Gandhi and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav 92 On the morning of 29 July Kalam s body wrapped in the Indian flag was taken to Palam Air Base and flown to Madurai in an air force C 130J aircraft arriving at Madurai Airport that afternoon His body was received at the airport by the three service chiefs and national and state dignitaries including cabinet ministers Manohar Parrikar Venkaiah Naidu Pon Radhakrishnan and the governors of Tamil Nadu and Meghalaya K Rosaiah and V Shanmuganathan After a brief ceremony Kalam s body was flown by air force helicopter to the town of Mandapam from where it was taken in an army truck to his hometown of Rameswaram Upon arriving at Rameswaram his body was displayed in an open area in front of the local bus station to allow the public to pay their final respects until 8 p m that evening 93 94 On 30 July 2015 the former president was laid to rest at Rameswaram s Pei Karumbu Ground with full state honours Over 350 000 people attended the last rites including the Prime Minister the governor of Tamil Nadu and the chief ministers of Karnataka Kerala and Andhra Pradesh 95 96 Reactions India reacted to Kalam s death with an outpouring of grief numerous tributes were paid to the former president across the nation and on social media 97 The Government of India declared a seven day state mourning period as a mark of respect 98 President Pranab Mukherjee Vice president Hamid Ansari Home Minister Rajnath Singh and other leaders condoled the former President s demise 88 Prime Minister Narendra Modi said Kalam s death is a great loss to the scientific community He took India to great heights He showed the way 99 Former Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh who had served as prime minister under Kalam said our country has lost a great human being who made phenomenal contributions to the promotion of self reliance in defence technologies I worked very closely with Dr Kalam as prime minister and I greatly benefited from his advice as president of our country His life and work will be remembered for generations to come 100 ISRO chairman A S Kiran Kumar called his former colleague a great personality and a gentleman while former chairman G Madhavan Nair described Kalam as a global leader for whom the downtrodden and poor people were his priority He always had a passion to convey what is in his mind to the young generation adding that his death left a vacuum which none could fill 101 102 South Asian leaders expressed condolences and lauded the late statesman The Bhutanese government ordered the country s flags to fly at half staff to mourn Kalam s death and lit 1000 butter lamps in homage Bhutanese Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay expressed deep sadness saying Kalam was a leader greatly admired by all people especially the youth of India who have referred to him as the people s President 103 Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina described Kalam as a rare combination of a great statesman acclaimed scientist and a source of inspiration to the young generation of South Asia and termed his death an irreparable loss to India and beyond Bangladesh Nationalist Party chief Khaleda Zia said as a nuclear scientist he engaged himself in the welfare of the people Ashraf Ghani the President of Afghanistan called Kalam an inspirational figure to millions of people noting that we have a lot to learn from his life Nepalese Prime Minister Sushil Koirala recalled Kalam s scientific contributions to India Nepal has lost a good friend and I have lost an honoured and ideal personality The President of Pakistan Mamnoon Hussain and Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif also expressed their grief and condolences on his death 104 105 106 The President of Sri Lanka Maithripala Sirisena also expressed his condolences Dr Kalam was a man of firm conviction and indomitable spirit and I saw him as an outstanding statesman of the world His death is an irreparable loss not only to India but to the entire world 107 Maldivian President Abdulla Yameen and Vice president Ahmed Adeeb condoled Kalam s death with Yameen naming him as a close friend of the Maldives who would continue to be an inspiration to Indians and generations of South Asians Former President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom who had made an official visit to India during Kalam s presidency termed his demise as a great loss to all of humankind 108 The Commander in Chief of the Myanmar Armed Forces Senior General Min Aung Hlaing expressed condolences on behalf of the Myanmar government 109 The Dalai Lama expressed his sadness and offered condolences and prayers calling Kalam s death an irreparable loss 110 Kathleen Wynne the Premier of Ontario which Kalam had visited on numerous occasions expressed deepest condolences as a respected scientist he played a critical role in the development of the Indian space programme As a committed educator he inspired millions of young people to achieve their very best And as a devoted leader he gained support both at home and abroad becoming known as the people s President I join our Indo Canadian families friends and neighbours in mourning the passing of this respected leader 111 United States President Barack Obama extended deepest condolences to the people of India on the passing of former Indian President Dr APJ Abdul Kalam and highlighted his achievements as a scientist and as a statesman notably his role in strengthening US India relations and increasing space co operation between the two nations Suitably named the People s President Dr Kalam s humility and dedication to public service served as an inspiration to millions of Indians and admirers around the world 112 Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed sincere condolences and conveyed his sympathy and support to the near and dear ones of the deceased leader to the government and entire people of India He remarked on Kalam s outstanding personal contribution to the social economic scientific and technical progress of India and in ensuring its national security adding that Kalam would be remembered as a consistent exponent of closer friendly relations between our nations who has done a lot for cementing mutually beneficial Russian Indian cooperation 113 Other international leaders including former Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong President of the United Arab Emirates Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan and vice president and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates and emir of Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum also paid tribute to Kalam 114 115 In a special gesture Secretary General of the United Nations Ban Ki moon visited the Permanent Mission of India to the UN and signed a condolence book The outpouring of grief around the world is a testament of the respect and inspiration he has garnered during and after his presidency The UN joins the people of India in sending our deepest condolences for this great statesman May he rest in peace and eternity Ban wrote in his message 116 Memorial The Dr A P J Abdul Kalam National Memorial 117 was built in memory of Kalam by the DRDO in Pei Karumbu in the island town of Rameswaram Tamil Nadu It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in July 2017 118 119 On display are the replicas of rockets and missiles which Kalam had worked with Acrylic paintings about his life are also displayed along with hundreds of portraits depicting the life of the mass leader There is a statue of Kalam in the entrance showing him playing the Veena There are two other smaller statues of the leader in sitting and standing posture 120 Personal lifeKalam was the youngest of five siblings the eldest of whom was a sister Asim Zohra d 1997 followed by three elder brothers Mohammed Muthu Meera Lebbai Maraikayar 5 November 1916 7 March 2021 121 122 Mustafa Kalam d 1999 and Kasim Mohammed d 1995 123 He was extremely close to his elder siblings and their extended families throughout his life and would regularly send small sums of money to his older relations himself remaining a lifelong bachelor 123 124 Kalam was noted for his integrity and his simple lifestyle 124 125 He never owned a television and was in the habit of rising at 6 30 or 7 a m and sleeping by 2 a m 126 His few personal possessions included his books his veena some articles of clothing a CD player and a laptop at his death he left no will and his possessions went to his eldest brother who survived him 127 128 Religious and spiritual viewsReligion and spirituality were very important to Kalam throughout his life 129 He made his own spiritual journey the subject of his final book Transcendence My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji 130 131 Islam A proud and practising Sunni Muslim daily namaz and fasting during Ramadan were integral to Kalam s life 9 132 133 His father the imam of a mosque in his hometown of Rameswaram had strictly instilled these Islamic customs in his children 9 His father had also impressed upon the young Kalam the value of interfaith respect and dialogue As Kalam recalled Every evening my father A P Jainulabdeen an imam Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry the head priest of the Ramanathaswamy Hindu temple and a church priest used to sit with hot tea and discuss the issues concerning the island 130 134 Such early exposure convinced Kalam that the answers to India s multitudinous issues lay in dialogue and cooperation among the country s religious social and political leaders 132 Moreover since Kalam believed that respect for other faiths was one of the key cornerstones of Islam he was fond of saying For great men religion is a way of making friends small people make religion a fighting tool 135 Syncretism One component of Kalam s widespread popularity among diverse groups in India and an enduring aspect of his legacy is the syncretism he embodied in appreciating various elements of the many spiritual and cultural traditions of India 132 133 136 137 In addition to his faith in the Quran and Islamic practice Kalam was well versed in Hindu traditions he learnt Sanskrit 138 139 read the Bhagavad Gita 140 141 and he was a vegetarian 142 Kalam also enjoyed writing Tamil poetry playing the veena an Indian string instrument 143 and listening to Carnatic devotional music every day 133 In 2002 in one of his early speeches to Parliament after becoming president he reiterated his desire for a more united India stating that during the last one year I met a number of spiritual leaders of all religions and I would like to endeavour to work for bringing about unity of minds among the divergent traditions of our country 136 Describing Kalam as a unifier of diverse traditions Congress leader Shashi Tharoor stated Kalam was a complete Indian an embodiment of the eclecticism of India s heritage of diversity 133 BJP leader L K Advani concurred that Kalam was the best exemplar of the Idea of India one who embodied the best of all the cultural and spiritual traditions that signify India s unity in immense diversity This was most strikingly evident in the second to last book he published presciently titled Transcendence My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swami 137 Pramukh Swami as Guru Kalam s desire to meet spiritual leaders to help create a more prosperous spiritual and unified India was what initially led him to meet Pramukh Swami the Hindu guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya who Kalam would come to consider his ultimate spiritual teacher and guru 130 132 The first of eight meetings between Kalam and Pramukh Swami over a fourteen year period took place on 30 June 2001 in New Delhi during which Kalam described being immediately drawn to Pramukh Swami s simplicity and spiritual purity 144 Kalam stated that he was inspired by Pramukh Swami throughout their numerous interactions One such incident occurred the day following the terrorist attack on BAPS Akshardham Gandhinagar complex in September 2002 Pramukh Swami prayed for and sprinkled holy water upon the sites of all of the deceased including the terrorists demonstrating the view that all human life is sacred Kalam recalled being moved by Pramukh Swami s equanimity and compassion citing this incident as one of his motivations for writing Transcendence My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji 145 Summarising the effect that Pramukh Swami had on him Kalam stated that Pramukh Swami has indeed transformed me He is the ultimate stage of the spiritual ascent in my life Pramukh Swamiji has put me in a God synchronous orbit No manoeuvres are required any more as I am placed in my final position in eternity 132 146 Following Kalam s death a month after his final book was released co author Arun Tiwari pointed to this passage as potentially prophetic and premonitory of Kalam s death 147 Writings A P J Abdul Kalam delivering a speech In his book India 2020 Kalam strongly advocated an action plan to develop India into a knowledge superpower and a developed nation by 2020 He regarded his work on India s nuclear weapons programme as a way to assert India s place as a future superpower 148 I have identified five areas where India has a core competence for integrated action 1 agriculture and food processing 2 education and healthcare 3 information and communication technology 4 infrastructure reliable and quality electric power surface transport and infrastructure for all parts of the country and 5 self reliance in critical technologies These five areas are closely inter related and if advanced in a coordinated way will lead to food economic and national security Kalam describes a transformative moment in his life when he asked Pramukh Swami the guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya how India might realise this five pronged vision of development Pramukh Swami s answer to add a sixth area developing faith in God and spirituality to overcome the current climate of crime and corruption became the spiritual vision for the next 15 years Kalam s life which he describes in his final book Transcendence My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji published just a month before his death 144 It was reported that there was considerable demand in South Korea for translated versions of books authored by him 149 Kalam took an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology including a research programme for developing biomedical implants He also supported open source technology over proprietary software predicting that the use of free software on a large scale would bring the benefits of information technology to more people 150 Kalam set a target of interacting with 100 000 students during the two years after his resignation from the post of scientific adviser in 1999 21 He explained I feel comfortable in the company of young people particularly high school students Henceforth I intend to share with them experiences helping them to ignite their imagination and preparing them to work for a developed India for which the road map is already available His dream is to let every student to light up the sky with victory using their latent fire in the heart 21 Awards and honoursMain article List of honors and awards received by A P J Abdul Kalam Kalam received 7 honorary doctorates from 40 universities 151 152 The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 for his work with ISRO and DRDO and his role as a scientific advisor to the Government 153 In 1997 Kalam received India s highest civilian honour the Bharat Ratna for his contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of defence technology in India 154 In 2013 he was the recipient of the Von Braun Award from the National Space Society to recognize excellence in the management and leadership of a space related project 155 In 2012 Kalam was ranked number 2 in Outlook India s poll of the Greatest Indian 156 Following his death Kalam received numerous tributes The Tamil Nadu state government announced that his birthday 15 October would be observed across the state as Youth Renaissance Day the state government further instituted the Dr A P J Abdul Kalam Award constituting an 8 gram gold medal a certificate and 500 000 US 6 300 The award will be awarded annually on Independence Day beginning in 2015 to residents of the state with achievements in promoting scientific growth the humanities or the welfare of students 157 On the anniversary of Kalam s birth in 2015 the CBSE set topics on his name in the CBSE expression series 158 Prime Minister Narendra Modi ceremonially released postage stamps commemorating Kalam at DRDO Bhawan in New Delhi on 15 October 2015 the 84th anniversary of Kalam s birth Researchers at the NASA s Jet Propulsion Laboratory JPL had discovered a new bacterium on the filters of the International Space Station ISS and named it Solibacillus kalamii to honour the late president Dr A P J Abdul Kalam 159 Several educational and scientific institutions and other locations were renamed or named in honour of Kalam following his death Kerala Technological University headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram where Kalam lived for years was renamed to A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University after his death An agricultural college at Kishanganj Bihar was renamed the Dr Kalam Agricultural College Kishanganj by the Bihar state government on the day of Kalam s funeral The state government also announced it would name a proposed science city after Kalam 160 India s First Medical Tech Institute named as Kalam Institute of Health Technology located at Visakhapatnam 161 Uttar Pradesh Technical University UPTU was renamed A P J Abdul Kalam Technical University by the Uttar Pradesh state government 162 A P J Abdul Kalam Memorial Travancore Institute of Digestive Diseases a new research institute in Kollam city Kerala attached to the Travancore Medical College Hospital 163 A new academic complex at Mahatma Gandhi University in Kerala 164 Construction of Dr A P J Abdul Kalam Science City started in Patna in February 2019 165 A new science centre and planetarium in Lawspet Puducherry 166 India and the US have launched the Fulbright Kalam Climate Fellowship in September 2014 The first call for applicants was announced on Friday 12 March 2016 for the fellowship which will enable up to 6 Indian PhD students and post doctoral researchers to work with US host institutions for a period of 6 12 months The fellowship will be operated by the binational US India Educational Foundation USIEF under the Fulbright programme 167 Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Planetarium in Burla Sambalpur Odisha was named after him Island Wheeler Island a national missile test site in Odisha was renamed Abdul Kalam Island in September 2015 168 Road A prominent road in New Delhi was renamed from Aurangzeb Road to Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road 169 170 in August 2015 171 Plant species In February 2018 scientists from the Botanical Survey of India named a newly found plant species as Drypetes kalamii in his honour 172 Other awards and honours Year of award or honour Name of award or honour Awarding organisation2014 Honorary professor Beijing University China 173 2014 Doctor of Science Edinburgh University UK 174 2013 Von Braun Award National Space Society 175 2012 Doctor of Laws Honoris Causa Simon Fraser University 176 2011 IEEE Honorary Membership IEEE 177 2010 Doctor of Engineering University of Waterloo 178 2009 Honorary Doctorate Oakland University 179 2009 Hoover Medal ASME Foundation USA 180 2009 International von Karman Wings Award California Institute of Technology USA 181 2008 Doctor of Science Universiti Sains Malaysia 182 2008 Doctor of Engineering Honoris Causa Nanyang Technological University Singapore 183 2008 Doctor of Science Honoris Causa Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh 184 185 2007 Honorary Doctorate of Science and Technology Carnegie Mellon University 186 2007 King Charles II Medal Royal Society UK 187 188 189 2007 Honorary Doctorate of Science University of Wolverhampton UK 190 2000 Ramanujan Award Alwars Research Centre Chennai 191 1998 Veer Savarkar Award Government of India 13 1997 Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration Indian National Congress 13 191 1997 Bharat Ratna President of India 191 192 1995 Honorary Fellow National Academy of Medical Sciences 193 1994 Distinguished Fellow Institute of Directors India 194 1990 Padma Vibhushan Government of India 191 195 1981 Padma Bhushan Government of India 191 195 LegacyMain article List of things named after A P J Abdul KalamBooks documentaries and popular cultureKalam s writingsDevelopments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology by A P J Abdul Kalam and Roddam Narasimha Indian Academy of Sciences 1988 196 India 2020 A Vision for the New Millennium by A P J Abdul Kalam Y S Rajan New York 1998 197 Wings of Fire An Autobiography by A P J Abdul Kalam Arun Tiwari Universities Press 1999 11 Ignited Minds Unleashing the Power Within India by A P J Abdul Kalam Viking 2002 198 The Luminous Sparks by A P J Abdul Kalam by Punya Publishing Pvt Ltd 2004 199 Mission India by A P J Abdul Kalam Paintings by Manav Gupta Penguin Books 2005 200 Inspiring Thoughts by A P J Abdul Kalam Rajpal amp Sons 2007 201 Indomitable Spirit by A P J Abdul Kalam Rajpal amp Sons Publishing 202 Envisioning an Empowered Nation by A P J Abdul Kalam with A Sivathanu Pillai Tata McGraw Hill New Delhi 203 You Are Born To Blossom Take My Journey Beyond by A P J Abdul Kalam and Arun Tiwari Ocean Books 2011 204 Turning Points A journey through challenges by A P J Abdul Kalam HarperCollins India 2012 205 Target 3 Billion by A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh December 2011 Publisher Penguin Books My Journey Transforming Dreams into Actions by A P J Abdul Kalam 2014 by the Rupa Publication 206 A Manifesto for Change A Sequel to India 2020 by A P J Abdul Kalam and V Ponraj July 2014 by HarperCollins 207 Forge your Future Candid Forthright Inspiring by A P J Abdul Kalam by Rajpal amp Sons 29 October 2014 208 Reignited Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Future by A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh by Penguin India 14 May 2015 209 Transcendence My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji by A P J Abdul Kalam with Arun Tiwari HarperCollins Publishers June 2015 210 Advantage India From Challenge to Opportunity by A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh HarperCollins Publishers 15 October 2015 211 BiographiesEternal Quest Life and Times of Dr Kalam by S Chandra Pentagon Publishers 2002 212 President A P J Abdul Kalam by R K Pruthi Anmol Publications 2002 213 A P J Abdul Kalam The Visionary of India by K Bhushan G Katyal A P H Pub Corp 2002 214 A Little Dream documentary film by P Dhanapal Minveli Media Works Private Limited 2008 215 The Kalam Effect My Years with the President by P M Nair HarperCollins 2008 216 My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam by Fr A K George Novel Corporation 2009 217 A P J Abdul Kalam A Life by Arun Tiwari Harper Collins 2015 218 The People s President Dr A P J Abdul Kalam by S M Khan Bloomsbury Publishing 2016 219 Popular cultureIn the 2011 Hindi film I Am Kalam Kalam is portrayed as a positive influence on a poor but bright Rajasthani boy named Chhotu who renames himself Kalam in honour of his idol 220 My Hero Kalam is a 2018 Indian Kannada language biographical film by Shivu Hiremath which portrays his life from childhood to the Pokhran tests 221 People s President is a 2016 Indian documentary feature film directed by Pankaj Vyas which covers the life of Kalam It was produced by the Government of India s Films Division 222 Mega Icons 2018 2020 a documentary television series about prominent personalities of India which aired on National Geographic based the third episode APJ Abdul Kalam on Kalam s life and his ascendancy to India s presidency 223 Soorarai Pottru a 2020 film about the Indian aviation industry had a look alike of Kalam Sheik Maideen portraying him 224 Rocket Boys 225 an Indian Hindi language Biographical streaming television series on SonyLIV The character of Kalam was played by Arjun Radhakrishnan See also2002 Indian presidential election List of presidents of India Pokhran II The Greatest IndianReferencesFootnotes Appointed for 2002 Presidential Elections as an Independent Candidate in coalition with NDA during Vajpayee Government Citations a b 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Mulayam Mamata suggest APJ Kalam Manmohan Singh Somnath Chatterjee DNA India 13 June 2012 Retrieved 13 June 2012 Mamata turns to Facebook seeks support for Kalam The Times of India Kolkata India Press Trust of India 16 June 2012 Archived from the original on 17 June 2012 Retrieved 16 June 2012 Karthick S 18 June 2012 Abdul Kalam not to contest presidential poll 2012 The Times of India Chennai India Archived from the original on 22 June 2012 Retrieved 18 June 2012 Honorary Fellowship of IISc Iisc ernet in 27 May 2008 Archived from the original on 9 July 2013 Retrieved 10 July 2013 Kalam A P J Abdul 22 June 2012 Turning Points A Journey Through Challenges HarperCollins Publishers published 5 September 2012 pp 48 69 ISBN 978 9350295434 Archived from the original on 17 May 2016 Retrieved 30 June 2015 Dr Kalam s assurance on nuclear power plants draws flak Financial Magazine 7 November 2011 Archived from the original on 8 November 2011 Retrieved 11 November 2011 Kalam bats for Kudankulam but protesters unimpressed The Times of India 7 November 2011 Archived from the original on 23 May 2013 Retrieved 5 July 2012 About us What Can I Give Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 Retrieved 1 March 2012 Mallady Shastry 26 June 2011 Take part in movement against corruption Kalam The Hindu Chennai India Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 Retrieved 1 March 2012 Scott D J Walter 3 August 2015 Kalam had no property The Hindu Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 Retrieved 28 December 2015 a b c PTI 28 July 2015 Abdul Kalam showed no signs of life when brought to hospital Doctor IBN Live com Archived from the original on 29 July 2015 Retrieved 29 July 2015 Abdul Kalam former president of India passes away at 84 The Indian Express 27 July 2015 Archived from the original on 28 July 2015 Retrieved 27 July 2015 a b End of an era Missile man APJ Abdul Kalam passes away after cardiac arrest Firstpost 28 July 2015 Archived from the original on 28 July 2015 Retrieved 28 July 2015 Anindita Sanyal 27 July 2015 Former President APJ Abdul Kalam Dies at 83 NDTV com Archived from the original on 29 July 2015 Retrieved 28 July 2015 11 Last Words of Famous People That Reflect Exactly What Life Was To Them India Times 31 July 2015 Archived from the original on 3 August 2015 Guwahati 28 July 2015 Farewell Kalam Pranab Modi lead nation in paying homage Hindustan Times Archived from the original on 28 July 2015 Retrieved 28 July 2015 Live Kalam s body at Delhi house for people to pay tribute India Today 28 July 2015 Archived from the original on 28 July 2015 Retrieved 28 July 2015 Arunachalam Pon Vasanth 29 July 2015 Dignitaries Pay Respect to Kalam in Madurai Airport The New Indian Express Archived from the original on 1 August 2015 Retrieved 29 July 2015 Kalam s mortal remains reach Rameswaram The Hindu 29 July 2015 Archived from the original on 29 July 2015 Retrieved 29 July 2015 People s president Kalam laid to rest with full state honours Business Standard Archived from the original on 1 August 2015 Retrieved 30 July 2015 Nation bids adieu to Abdul Kalam The Hindu Retrieved 30 July 2015 People s president India mourns Abdul Kalam BBC 28 July 2015 Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 Retrieved 28 July 2015 Seven day state mourning but no holiday The Times of India 28 July 2015 Archived from the original on 31 July 2015 Retrieved 28 July 2015 Former President APJ Abdul Kalam has died aged 83 The Guardian Archived from the original on 21 August 2015 Retrieved 28 July 2015 A P J Abdul Kalam was great human being Manmohan Singh The Economic Times 28 July 2015 Archived from the original on 31 July 2015 Retrieved 28 July 2015 Abdul Kalam s Death Tremendous Loss to India ISRO Chief A S Kiran Kumar NDTV com 29 July 2015 Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 Retrieved 29 July 2015 Karmayogi Kalam s death a great loss for humanity says ex ISRO chief Business Standard 29 July 2015 Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 29 July 2015 Former Indian President APJ Abdul Kalam passes away Kuensel 28 July 2015 Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 Retrieved 28 July 2015 President condoles demise of former Indian President Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 Retrieved 29 July 2015 Dawn 19 February 2012 Dawn com Dawn Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 17 April 2017 PTI 28 July 2015 World leaders pay glowing tributes to inspirational Kalam Business Standard Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 28 July 2015 Sri Lankan President Condoles the Death of Dr A P J Abdul Kalam Asian Tribune 28 July 2015 Archived from the original on 29 July 2015 Retrieved 28 July 2015 Maldivian leaders condole Kalam s death IndiaTV News com 31 July 2015 Archived from the original on 1 August 2015 Retrieved 1 August 2015 Sr Gen U Min Aung Hliang Commander in Chief of Myanmar Defence Services calls on PM Business Standard 29 July 2015 Retrieved 29 July 2015 Choesang Yeshe 28 July 2015 HH the Dalai Lama expresses sadness over Abdul Kalam s demise Tibet Post International Archived from the original on 1 August 2015 Retrieved 28 July 2015 Statement Premier s Statement on the Passing of Former Indian President Dr A P J Abdul Kalam Government of Ontario 28 July 2015 Archived from the original on 11 August 2015 Retrieved 28 July 2015 Statement by the President on the Death of Former Indian President Dr APJ Abdul Kalam The White House Office of the Press Secretary 28 July 2015 Archived from the original on 11 February 2017 Retrieved 28 July 2015 ANI 28 July 2015 Putin condoles passing away of Dr Kalam Business Standard Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 28 July 2015 Rishi Iyengar 28 July 2015 India Pays Tribute to People s President A P J Abdul Kalam Time Archived from the original on 28 July 2015 Retrieved 28 July 2015 UAE Rulers offer condolences on death of former Indian president Emirates 24 7 Emirates247 com Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 Retrieved 17 April 2017 Kalam a great statesman UN secretary general Ban Ki moon Times of India Timesofindia indiatimes com 1 August 2015 Archived from the original on 13 August 2015 Retrieved 17 April 2017 Dr APJ Abdul Kalam National Memorial Foundation Stone Laying Ceremony Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Defence Archived from the original on 23 October 2016 Images of the Inauguration function published at the website of Defence Research amp Development Organisation Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 The Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi s web page with news and photos Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 What is the Abdul Kalam memorial row The Indian Express 31 July 2017 Archived from the original on 8 August 2018 Retrieved 8 August 2018 Kalam s elder brother dies at 104 The Hindu 7 March 2021 ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 8 March 2021 Abdul Kalam s elder brother turns 100 and APJ had bought a gift for him India Today 5 November 2016 Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 Retrieved 5 July 2017 a b We thought he would be with us for another decade Kalam s nephew Mid Day 29 July 2015 Archived from the original on 31 July 2015 Retrieved 3 August 2015 a b Man of integrity Kalam insulated family from trappings of power The Times of India 31 July 2015 Archived from the original on 3 August 2015 Retrieved 3 August 2015 Scott D j Walter 4 November 2016 Kalam s brother turns 100 says takes life as it comes The Hindu Archived from the original on 23 February 2020 Retrieved 23 February 2020 Kalam never accepted gifts when he attended functions and when Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Akilesh Yadav offered the perfumes he accepted saying his brother was fond of perfumes and he would gift the box on his 100th birthday Kalam paid a token sum before accepting the gift from Mr Yadav Kalam Tribute Sir Never Had a TV at Home Recalls Secretary of 24 Years NDTV com 28 July 2015 Archived from the original on 31 July 2015 Retrieved 3 August 2015 Kalam had no property The Hindu 3 August 2015 Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 Retrieved 3 August 2015 Guru Kalam s assets royalties to go to elder brother OneIndia com 3 August 2015 Archived from the original on 5 August 2015 Retrieved 3 August 2015 Lama The Office of His Holiness the 14th Dalai News The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama www dalailama com Archived from the original on 7 September 2015 Retrieved 4 August 2015 a b c Kalam A P J Abdul 2015 Transcendence My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji Noida HarperCollins India pp ix xi ISBN 978 93 5177 405 1 Transcending boundaries with Swamiji Ahmedabad Mirror Archived from the original on 17 August 2015 Retrieved 4 August 2015 a b c d e Dr Kalam India s Most Non Traditional President Archived from the original on 20 March 2016 a b c d Shashi Tharoor 28 June 2015 Abdul Kalam People s president extraordinary Indian BBC Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 Retrieved 28 June 2015 Ramzan amp Rameswaram His ties with the island The Times of India The Times of India Archived from the original on 23 August 2015 Retrieved 4 August 2015 APJ Abdul Kalam Not Hindu Not Muslim Death of an Indian 27 July 2015 Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 Retrieved 4 August 2015 a b Remembering Kalam Greatly beloved but he maybe missed being truly great Firstpost 28 July 2015 Archived from the original on 31 July 2015 Retrieved 4 August 2015 a b Kalam served India till last breath Advani 28 July 2015 Archived from the original on 14 October 2015 Retrieved 4 August 2015 Abdul Kalam or Abul Kalam the message is same The Times of India Archived from the original on 24 August 2016 Retrieved 8 August 2015 Kalam on why Sanskrit is important Archived from the original on 10 September 2007 Retrieved 8 August 2007 rediff com Special Muslims react to A P J Abdul Kalam s candidature for President www rediff com Archived from the original on 30 August 2017 Retrieved 1 January 2020 Three books that influenced APJ Abdul Kalam deeply Firstpost 28 July 2015 Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 Retrieved 4 August 2015 Of Rasam and Rice The Humble Lifestyle of Former President Dr APJ Abdul Kalam NDTV Food Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 Retrieved 4 August 2015 India s A P J Abdul Kalam Time 30 November 1998 Archived from the original on 28 February 2012 Retrieved 1 March 2012 a b Kalam A P J Abdul Tiwari Arun 2015 Transcendence My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji Noida India HarperCollins India pp 3 6 ISBN 978 93 5177 405 1 Kalam APJ Abdul Tiwari Arun 2015 Transcendence My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji Noida HarperCollins India pp 14 18 ISBN 978 93 5177 405 1 Kalam APJ Abdul Tiwari Arun 2015 Transcendence My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji Noida HarperCollins India p 50 ISBN 978 93 5177 405 1 Did Kalam sense his end was near Arun Tiwari suspects The Hindu 30 July 2015 ISSN 0971 751X Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 Retrieved 4 August 2015 Kalam A P J Abdul 1 October 2011 IDG Session Address PDF NUJS Law Review Archived from the original PDF on 14 March 2014 Retrieved 1 January 2015 Kalam the author catching on in South Korea Outlook magazine 9 February 2006 Archived from the original on 11 May 2009 Retrieved 25 March 2012 Becker David 29 May 2003 India leader advocates open source CNET Archived from the original on 17 June 2011 Retrieved 17 July 2012 Dr Kalam s Page abdulKalam com Archived from the original on 24 April 2012 Retrieved 1 March 2012 Dayekh Ribal 16 April 2011 Dr Abdul Kalam former President of India arrives to Dubai Zawya Archived from the original on 4 June 2016 Retrieved 17 March 2012 Kalam receives honorary doctorate from Queen s University Belfast Oneindia in 11 June 2009 Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 Retrieved 13 March 2012 Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam Rediff com 26 November 1997 Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 Retrieved 13 March 2012 National Space Society NSS Von Braun Award Archived 2 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 10 February 2015 Sengupta Uttam 20 August 2012 A Measure of the Man outlookindia com Award in Kalam s name birthday to be observed as Youth Renaissance Day Economic Times 31 July 2015 Archived from the original on 23 August 2017 Retrieved 31 July 2015 APJ Abdul Kalam pdf PDF CBSE 16 October 2015 pp 1 4 6 Archived from the original PDF on 14 October 2015 Retrieved 16 October 2015 NASA pays tribute to APJ Abdul Kalam by naming new species after him International Business Times 21 May 2017 Archived from the original on 21 May 2017 Retrieved 21 May 2017 Bihar govt names college science city after People s President APJ Abdul Kalam The Hindu 30 July 2015 Archived from the original on 2 August 2015 Retrieved 28 August 2015 India s first medical tech institute pharmabiz com 26 July 2017 Archived from the original on 16 December 2018 Retrieved 16 December 2018 UPTU is now APJ Abdul Kalam Tech University Times of India 1 August 2015 Archived from the original on 5 August 2015 Retrieved 28 August 2015 Institute to be named after Kalam The Hindu 31 July 2015 Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 Retrieved 28 August 2015 Complex to be named after Abdul Kalam The Hindu 4 August 2015 Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 Retrieved 28 August 2015 Rumi Faryal 24 February 2019 Work on APJ Abdul Kalam Science City to begin this month Patna News Times of India The Times of India Archived from the original on 29 November 2019 Retrieved 31 October 2019 Science centre cum planetarium named after Abdul Kalam The Hindu 16 August 2015 Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 Retrieved 28 August 2015 India US Launch Fulbright Kalam Climate Fellowship Ndtv com 12 March 2016 Archived from the original on 17 February 2017 Retrieved 17 April 2017 Odisha s Wheeler Island to be renamed after APJ Abdul Kalam Hindustan Times 4 September 2015 Archived from the original on 9 September 2015 Retrieved 21 September 2015 Delhi exits cruel Aurangzeb Road for kind Abdul Kalam 29 August 2015 Archived from the original on 1 July 2017 Retrieved 27 February 2018 Nath Damini 4 September 2015 Aurangzeb Road is now Abdul Kalam Road The Hindu Archived from the original on 27 February 2018 Retrieved 27 February 2018 Aurangzeb Road Renamed After APJ Abdul Kalam Arvind Kejriwal Tweets Congrats Archived from the original on 28 February 2018 Retrieved 27 February 2018 Pacha Aswathi 24 February 2018 New plant species from West Bengal named after former President Abdul Kalam The Hindu Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 Retrieved 27 February 2018 印度前总统卡拉姆博士接受北京大学名誉教授称号 入选 大学堂 顶尖学者讲学计划 University of Beijing 14 November 2014 Archived from the original on 27 March 2019 Retrieved 27 March 2019 Ex President of India Abdul Kalam visits the Forum University of Edinburgh Archived from the original on 28 May 2014 Retrieved 27 May 2014 NSS Wernher Von Braun Memorial Award National Space Society 3 August 2017 Retrieved 24 July 2020 Honorary Degrees Convocation Simon Fraser University Archived from the original on 17 June 2012 Retrieved 31 August 2012 IEEE Honorary Membership Recipients PDF IEEE p 1 Archived from the original PDF on 29 June 2011 Retrieved 28 August 2011 Yet another honorary doctorate for Kalam Rediff com 6 October 2010 Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 Retrieved 13 March 2012 A P J Abdul Kalam Honorary Degree 2009 Oakland University Archived from the original on 7 January 2013 Former President Kalam chosen for Hoover Medal The Times of India New York 27 March 2009 Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 Retrieved 30 October 2010 Caltech GALCIT International von Karman Wings Award galcit caltech edu Archived from the original on 30 March 2012 Retrieved 1 March 2012 A P J Abdul Kalam Honorary Degree 2008 PDF Universiti Sains Malaysia Archived PDF from the original on 17 October 2021 Dr Abdul Kalam former President of India receives NTU Honorary Degree of Doctor of Engineering Nanyang Technological University 26 August 2008 Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 Retrieved 28 August 2011 AMU to honour Kalam with doctorate The Economics Times Archived from the original on 1 August 2015 Retrieved 28 August 2015 AMU to honour Kalam with doctorate Articles economictimes indiatimes com 5 June 2008 Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 17 April 2017 Carnegie Mellon University Awards Honorary Doctorate To Former India President A P J Abdul Kalam cmu edu Carnegie Mellon University 26 October 2015 Archived from the original on 6 May 2015 Retrieved 28 July 2015 King Charles II Medal for President The Hindu Chennai India 12 July 2007 Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 Retrieved 1 March 2012 King Charles II Medal for Kalam The Economic Times India 11 July 2007 Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 1 March 2012 Royal Society King Charles II Medal Royal Society Archived from the original on 3 October 2012 Retrieved 14 November 2012 Kalam conferred Honorary Doctorate of Science The Times of India India 23 October 2007 Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 Retrieved 1 March 2012 a b c d e Dr Abdul Kalam s Diverse Interests Prizes Awards Indian Institute of Technology Madras Archived from the original on 28 May 2012 Retrieved 1 March 2012 List of recipients of Bharat Ratna PDF Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India Archived from the original PDF on 31 January 2012 Retrieved 1 March 2012 List of Fellows NAMS PDF National Academy of Medical Sciences 2016 Archived PDF from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 19 March 2016 List of Distinguished Fellows Institute of Directors Archived from the original on 10 November 2014 Retrieved 9 November 2014 a b Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam Rediff com 26 November 1997 Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 Retrieved 1 March 2012 Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology National Informatics Centre Archived from the original on 30 January 2012 Retrieved 1 March 2012 Kalam A P J Abdul Y S Rajan 1998 India 2020 A Vision for the New Millennium New York ISBN 978 0 670 88271 7 Kalam A P J Abdul 2002 Ignited minds unleashing the power within India Viking ISBN 978 0 670 04928 8 Kalam A P J Abdul 2004 The luminous sparks a biography in verse and colours Bangalore Punya Pub ISBN 978 81 901897 8 1 Rajan A P J Abdul Kalam with Y S 2005 Mission India a vision for Indian youth New Delhi India Puffin Books ISBN 978 0 14 333499 6 Kalam A P J Abdul 2007 Inspiring thoughts Delhi Rajpal amp Sons ISBN 978 81 7028 684 4 Kalam A P J Abdul 2006 Indomitable Spirit Delhi Rajpal amp Sons ISBN 978 81 7028 654 7 Kalam Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Pillai A Sivathanu 2004 Envisioning an Empowered Nation Technology for Societal Transformation Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company ISBN 978 0 07 053154 3 Retrieved 24 July 2020 You Are Born To Blossom Take My Journey Beyond New Delhi India Ocean Books ISBN 81 8430 037 9 Turning Points A journey through challenges HarperCollins India Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 Kalam Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul 2014 My Journey Transforming Dreams Into Actions Rupa Publications India ISBN 978 81 291 2491 3 Retrieved 24 July 2020 Dr Abdul Kalam s new Book A Manifesto for Change to release on July 14 news biharprabha com Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 Retrieved 27 June 2014 Abdul Kalam A P J 29 October 2014 Forge Your Future Candid Forthright Inspiring Rajpal amp Sons ISBN 978 93 5064 279 5 ASIN 9350642794 Abdul Kalam A P J Pal Singh Srijan 14 May 2015 Reignited Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Future Penguin India ISBN 978 0 14 333354 8 ASIN 0143333542 Dr Abdul Kalam s new Book Transcendence My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji to release on 15 June HarperCollins India Publication ASIN 9351774058 A P J Abdul Kalam Srijan Pal Singh 20 October 2015 Advantage India From Challenge to Opportunity ISBN 978 9351776451 Rohde David 19 July 2002 Nuclear Scientist 70 a Folk Hero Is Elected India s President The New York Times Archived from the original on 9 November 2012 Retrieved 29 June 2012 Pruthi Raj 2003 President Apj Abdul Kalam Anmol Publications ISBN 978 81 261 1344 6 Archived from the original on 3 June 2016 Retrieved 9 October 2015 Bhushan K Katyal G 2002 A P J Abdul Kalam The Visionary of India APH Publishing ISBN 978 81 7648 380 3 Archived from the original on 7 May 2016 Retrieved 9 October 2015 Documentary on Kalam released The Hindu Chennai India 12 January 2008 Archived from the original on 11 May 2009 Retrieved 27 March 2009 Nair P M 2008 The Kalam Effect My Years with the President HarperCollins Publishers a joint venture with the India Today Group ISBN 978 81 7223 736 3 Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 Retrieved 9 October 2015 Fr A K George 2009 My Days with Mahatma Abdul Kalam Novel Corp ISBN 978 81 904529 5 3 Archived from the original on 13 May 2016 Retrieved 9 October 2015 Tiwari Arun 2015 A P J Abdul Kalam A Life HarperCollins ISBN 9789351776918 Archived from the original on 5 September 2019 Retrieved 5 September 2019 Khan S M 2016 The People s President Dr A P J Abdul Kalam Bloomsbury ISBN 9789386141521 I Am Kalam Movie Review The Times of India 4 August 2011 Archived from the original on 23 May 2013 Retrieved 3 March 2012 My Hero Kalam 2018 Indiancine ma Biopic to be streamed as tribute to Dr APJ Abdul Kalam PDF filmsdivision org 15 January 2021 Mega Icons Season 1 Episode 1 Disney Hotstar Retrieved 11 June 2021 Meet the man who s Kalam but not Kalam India Today 27 July 2016 Retrieved 29 April 2022 Rocket Boys Begins Well Then Turns Into Hagiography With a Blatantly Communal Touch The Wire Archived from the original on 4 March 2022 Retrieved 1 July 2022 External linksA P J Abdul Kalam at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Documentation from MediaWiki Official website Website of Dr APJ Abdul Kalam during his tenureship as the President of India hosted by the National Informatics Centre A P J Abdul Kalam at IMDbPolitical officesPreceded byK R Narayanan President of India2002 2007 Succeeded byPratibha PatilGovernment officesNew titleFirst holder Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India1999 2002 Succeeded byRajagopala ChidambaramPreceded byV S R Arunachalam Director General Defence Research and Development Organisation1992 1999 Succeeded byV K Aatre Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title A P J Abdul Kalam amp oldid 1157415276, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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