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Hindu mythology

February 25, 2023

Hindu mythology is the body of myths and literature attributed to, and espoused by, the adherents of the Hindu religion, found in Sanskrit texts such as the Vedic literature,[1] epics like Mahabharata and Ramayana,[2] the Puranas,[3] and myths specific to a particular ethnolinguistic group like the Tamil Periya Puranam and Divya Prabandham, and the Mangal Kavya of Bengal. Hindu myths are also found in widely translated popular texts such as the fables of the Panchatantra and the Hitopadesha, as well as in Southeast Asian texts.[4][5]

The Trimurti (Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva) seated on lotuses with their consorts, the Tridevi (Saraswati, Lakshmi, and Parvati).

Krishna elopes with Princess Rukmini
Vishnu's Matsya avatar, a prominent Hindu myth.

Primary sources

Origins and development

Indus Valley Civilisation

See also: Religion of the Indus Valley civilization

According to Joseph Campbell, the Indus Valley (2600-1900 BCE) may have left traces in the beliefs and traditions of Hinduism. Artefacts have revealed motifs that are also employed and revered by Hindus today, such as primary male deities worshipped by a ruling elite, mother goddesses, nature spirits, snake worship, as well as the reverence of other theriomorphic (animal-shaped) beings.[6] These themes would be maintained by the Dravidian folk religion even after the decline of its parent civilisation around 1800 BCE.[7]

Vedic Period

Main article: Historical Vedic religion

A major factor in the development of Hinduism was the Vedic religion. The Indo-Aryan migration brought their distinct beliefs to the Indian subcontinent, where the Vedas were composed around 1500 BCE. The Indo-Aryans Vedic pantheon of deities included the chief god Indra, the sun deity Surya, Ushas, as well as Agni.[8][9]

Brahmanical Period

Main article: Brahminism

This period saw the composition of commentaries referred to as the Brahmanas.[10]

Upanishad Period

See also: Upanishads

According to Williams, from 900 - 600 BCE, the protests of the populace against sacrifices made towards the Vedic gods and rebellions against the Brahmin class led to the embrace of reform by the latter and the composition of the fourth Veda and the Vedanta texts. About half of the Upanishads were mystical and unitive, speaking of experiencing the divine as the one (ekam), while the other half promoted devotion to one or more deities. New gods and goddesses were celebrated, and devotional practices began to be introduced.[11]

Sramanic movements

Elements such as those emerging from Buddhism and Jainism made their “heteroprax” contributions to later Hindu mythology, such as temples, indoor shrines, and rituals modeled after service to a divine king. Renunciate traditions contributed elements that questioned sacrifices and the killing of animals, and promoted asceticism and vegetarianism. All of these themes would be incorporated by the Brahmin classes into the later Hindu synthesis, which developed in response to the sramanic movements between ca. 500-300 BCE and 500 CE, and also found their way into Hindu mythology.[11]

Epic Period

Main articles: Ramayana and Mahabharata

The era from 400 BCE to 400 CE was the period of the compilation of India’s great epics, the Mahabharata and Ramayana. These were central manifestations of the newly developing Hindu synthesis, contributing to a specific Hindu mythology, emphasising divine action on earth in Vishnu's incarnations and other divine manifestations. The lore of the devas and the asuras expanded. Epic mythology foreshadowed the rich polytheism of the next two periods. The Mahabharata contained two appendices that were extremely important sources for later mythological development, the Bhagavad Gîta and the Harivamsa.

Puranic Period

Main article: Puranas

According to Williams, the mythology of the Puranas can be broken into three periods (300–500; 500–1000; 1000–1800), or the whole period may simply be referred to as the Hindu middle ages. This age saw the composition of the major Puranic texts of the faith, along with the rise of sectarianism, with followers amassing around the cults of Vishnu, Shiva, or Devi. The three denominations within this period help locate in time historical developments within the sectarian communities, the rise and decline of Tantrism and its influence on mainstream mythology, the tendencies in Puranic mythologising of subordinating Vedic gods and past heroes to ever-increasing moral weaknesses, going on to be identified as a period of exuberant polytheism. However, this was also accompanied with the belief in monotheism, the idea that all paths lead to the Ultimate Reality, Brahman.[11]

Tantric Period

See also: Tantras (Hinduism)

According to Williams, during the Tantric period from 900 - 1600 CE, the mythology of Tantra and Shaktism revived and enriched blood sacrifice and the pursuit of pleasure as central themes. Tantra’s stories differed radically in meaning from those of epic mythology, which favored devotion, asceticism, and duty. There was either a revival or emphasis that was placed on the shakti or the cosmic energy of goddesses, a concept that had emerged during the Indus Valley Civilisation.[11]

Modern Period

In the contemporary era, the mythologies of the dominant traditions of Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Shaktism prevail.[12] Several myths were found or invented to make tribals or former “outcastes” Hindus and bring them within the cultural whole of a reconstructed Hindu mythological community.

Mythical themes and types

 
Depictions of episodes from Hindu mythology

Academic studies of mythology often define mythology as deeply valued stories that explain a society's existence and world order: those narratives of a society's creation, the society's origins and foundations, their god(s), their original heroes, mankind's connection to the "divine", and their narratives of eschatology (what happens in the "after-life"). This is a very general outline of some of the basic sacred stories with those themes. In its broadest academic sense, the word myth simply means a traditional story. However, many scholars restrict the term "myth" to sacred stories.[13] Folklorists often go further, defining myths as "tales believed as true, usually sacred, set in the distant past or other worlds or parts of the world, and with extra-human, inhuman, or heroic characters".[14]

In classical Greek, muthos, from which the English word myth derives, meant "story, narrative." Hindu mythology does not often have a consistent, monolithic structure. The same myth typically appears in various versions, and can be represented differently across different regional and socio-religious traditions.[15] Many of these legends evolve across these texts, where the character names change or the story is embellished with greater details.[15][16] According to Suthren Hirst, these myths have been given a complex range of interpretations.[15] While according to Doniger O'Flaherty, the central message and moral values remain the same.[16] They have been modified by various philosophical schools over time, and are taken to have deeper, often symbolic, meaning.[15]

Cosmology

  • Brahman The Ultimate Reality in Hinduism
  • Satyaloka The abode of Brahma
  • Hiranyagarbha The golden egg from which creation emerges
  • Vaikuntha The abode of Vishnu
  • Goloka The abode of Radha Krishna
  • Kailasa The abode of Shiva
  • Bhumi The Hindu name for Earth.
  • Patala The netherworld
  • Svarga The Hindu concept of "heaven", but not strictly related to afterlife, but more like "utopia" in real world.
  • Naraka The Hindu concept of "hell", but not a site of permanent damnation

Deities

Monotheism

Brahman The Ultimate Reality

Vaishnavism (Vishnu-centric)

Vishnu The God of Preservation

Lakshmi The Goddess of Prosperity

Dashavatara Ten incarnations of Vishnu, chiefly Krishna and Rama

Shaivism (Shiva-centric)

Shiva The God of Destruction

Parvati The Goddess of Power

Ganesha The God of Auspiciousness

Kartikeya The God of Victory and War

Shaktism (Goddess-centric)

Mahadevi Supreme Goddess

Saraswati Goddess of Wisdom

Lakshmi Goddess of Prosperity

Parvati Goddess of Power

Henotheism and Polytheism

Dravidian folk religion (Indigenous Dravidian faith)

Connections to other belief systems

Hinduism shares mythemes with Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism.

See also

Citations

  1. ^ Macdonell 1978, p. 1–9.
  2. ^ Washburn Hopkins 1986, pp. 1–3.
  3. ^ Bonnefoy 1993, p. 90–101.
  4. ^ Olivelle 1999, p. xii–xiii.
  5. ^ Waldau & Patton 2009, p. 186, 680.
  6. ^ Opler, Morris E.; Campbell, Joseph (January 1962). "The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology". The Journal of American Folklore. 75 (295): 82. doi:10.2307/537862. ISSN 0021-8715. JSTOR 537862.
  7. ^ "Decline of the Indus River Valley Civilization (c. 3300-1300 BCE)". Climate in Arts and History. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  8. ^ Williams 2003, pp. 6–7.
  9. ^ Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1974). Vedic mythology (Reprint, 1995 ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 0-8426-0674-2. OCLC 1951729.
  10. ^ Williams 2003, p. 7.
  11. ^ a b c d Handbook of Hindu mythology. 1 May 2004. p. 10.
  12. ^ Bishara, Azmi (1 August 2021), "Ibn Khaldun's 'Asabiyya and Sects", Sectarianism without Sects, Oxford University Press, pp. 199–220, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197602744.003.0007, ISBN 978-0-19-760274-4, retrieved 31 July 2022
  13. ^ . Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2007.
  14. ^ . Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2007.
  15. ^ a b c d Suthren Hirst 1998.
  16. ^ a b Doniger O'Flaherty 1975, p. 11, 21–22.

General sources

  • Williams, George M. (2003). Handbook of Hindu Mythology. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533261-2.

Further reading

  • Bhairav, J Furcifer; Rakesh Khanna (2020). Ghosts, Monsters, and Demons of India. Blaft Publications Private Limited. ISBN 9789380636467. OCLC 1259298225.
  • Brockington, J. L. (1998). The Sanskrit Epics. BRILL Academic. ISBN 90-04-10260-4.
  • Buitenen, J. A. B. van; Dimmitt, Cornelia (1978). Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 0-87722-122-7.
  • Campbell, Joseph (2003). Myths of Light: Eastern Metaphors of the Eternal. Novato, Calif.: New World Library. ISBN 1-57731-403-4.
  • Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  • Dallapiccola, Anna L. (2002). Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend. ISBN 0-500-51088-1.
  • Dimitrova, Stefania (2017). The Day of Brahma: The Myths of India—Epics of Human Destiny. Alpha-Omega. ISBN 978-954-9694-27-7.
  • Dowson, John (1888). A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature. London: Trubner & Co.
  • Krishna, Nanditha (2009). The Book of Vishnu. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-306762-7.
  • Krishna, Nanditha (2010). Sacred Animals of India. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-306619-4.
  • Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1995). Vedic Mythology. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1113-5.
  • Pattanaik, Devdutt (2003). Indian Mythology: Tales, Symbols, and Rituals from the Heart of the Subcontinent. Inner Traditions/Bear & Company. ISBN 0-89281-870-0.
  • Rao, T. A. Gopinatha (1914). Elements of Hindu Iconography. Vol. 1: Part I. Madras: Law Printing House.
  • Walker, Benjamin (1968). Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. London: Allen & Unwin.
  • Wilkins, W. J. (1882). Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Purānic. Thacker, Spink & Co.

External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Hindu mythology.
  • Clay Sanskrit Library publishes classical Indian literature, including the Mahabharata and Ramayana, with facing-page text and translation. Also offers searchable corpus and downloadable materials.
  • Sanskrit Documents Collection: Documents in ITX format of Upanishads, Stotras etc.

February 25, 2023
hindu, mythology, body, myths, literature, attributed, espoused, adherents, hindu, religion, found, sanskrit, texts, such, vedic, literature, epics, like, mahabharata, ramayana, puranas, myths, specific, particular, ethnolinguistic, group, like, tamil, periya,. Hindu mythology is the body of myths and literature attributed to and espoused by the adherents of the Hindu religion found in Sanskrit texts such as the Vedic literature 1 epics like Mahabharata and Ramayana 2 the Puranas 3 and myths specific to a particular ethnolinguistic group like the Tamil Periya Puranam and Divya Prabandham and the Mangal Kavya of Bengal Hindu myths are also found in widely translated popular texts such as the fables of the Panchatantra and the Hitopadesha as well as in Southeast Asian texts 4 5 The Trimurti Brahma Vishnu and Shiva seated on lotuses with their consorts the Tridevi Saraswati Lakshmi and Parvati Krishna elopes with Princess Rukmini Shiva slays Gajasura Vishnu s Matsya avatar a prominent Hindu myth Contents 1 Primary sources 2 Origins and development 2 1 Indus Valley Civilisation 2 2 Vedic Period 2 3 Brahmanical Period 2 4 Upanishad Period 2 5 Sramanic movements 2 6 Epic Period 2 7 Puranic Period 2 8 Tantric Period 2 9 Modern Period 3 Mythical themes and types 3 1 Cosmology 3 2 Deities 3 3 Connections to other belief systems 4 See also 5 Citations 6 General sources 7 Further reading 8 External linksPrimary sources EditThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it May 2021 Vedas Rig Sama Yajur Atharva Itihasa Ramayana Mahabharata Major Puranas Agni Purana Brahma Purana Brahmanda Purana Bhagavata Purana Brahma Vaivarta Purana Devi Bhagavata Purana Garuda Purana Kurma Purana Shiva Purana Skanda Purana Markandeya Purana Matsya Purana Narada Purana Linga Purana Padma Purana Varaha Purana Vayu Purana Vishnu Purana Bengali literature Mangal Kavya Tamil literature Divya Prabandham Tirumurai Five Great EpicsOrigins and development EditIndus Valley Civilisation Edit See also Religion of the Indus Valley civilization According to Joseph Campbell the Indus Valley 2600 1900 BCE may have left traces in the beliefs and traditions of Hinduism Artefacts have revealed motifs that are also employed and revered by Hindus today such as primary male deities worshipped by a ruling elite mother goddesses nature spirits snake worship as well as the reverence of other theriomorphic animal shaped beings 6 These themes would be maintained by the Dravidian folk religion even after the decline of its parent civilisation around 1800 BCE 7 Vedic Period Edit Main article Historical Vedic religion A major factor in the development of Hinduism was the Vedic religion The Indo Aryan migration brought their distinct beliefs to the Indian subcontinent where the Vedas were composed around 1500 BCE The Indo Aryans Vedic pantheon of deities included the chief god Indra the sun deity Surya Ushas as well as Agni 8 9 Brahmanical Period Edit Main article Brahminism This period saw the composition of commentaries referred to as the Brahmanas 10 Upanishad Period Edit See also Upanishads According to Williams from 900 600 BCE the protests of the populace against sacrifices made towards the Vedic gods and rebellions against the Brahmin class led to the embrace of reform by the latter and the composition of the fourth Veda and the Vedanta texts About half of the Upanishads were mystical and unitive speaking of experiencing the divine as the one ekam while the other half promoted devotion to one or more deities New gods and goddesses were celebrated and devotional practices began to be introduced 11 Sramanic movements Edit Elements such as those emerging from Buddhism and Jainism made their heteroprax contributions to later Hindu mythology such as temples indoor shrines and rituals modeled after service to a divine king Renunciate traditions contributed elements that questioned sacrifices and the killing of animals and promoted asceticism and vegetarianism All of these themes would be incorporated by the Brahmin classes into the later Hindu synthesis which developed in response to the sramanic movements between ca 500 300 BCE and 500 CE and also found their way into Hindu mythology 11 Epic Period Edit Main articles Ramayana and Mahabharata The era from 400 BCE to 400 CE was the period of the compilation of India s great epics the Mahabharata and Ramayana These were central manifestations of the newly developing Hindu synthesis contributing to a specific Hindu mythology emphasising divine action on earth in Vishnu s incarnations and other divine manifestations The lore of the devas and the asuras expanded Epic mythology foreshadowed the rich polytheism of the next two periods The Mahabharata contained two appendices that were extremely important sources for later mythological development the Bhagavad Gita and the Harivamsa Puranic Period Edit Main article Puranas According to Williams the mythology of the Puranas can be broken into three periods 300 500 500 1000 1000 1800 or the whole period may simply be referred to as the Hindu middle ages This age saw the composition of the major Puranic texts of the faith along with the rise of sectarianism with followers amassing around the cults of Vishnu Shiva or Devi The three denominations within this period help locate in time historical developments within the sectarian communities the rise and decline of Tantrism and its influence on mainstream mythology the tendencies in Puranic mythologising of subordinating Vedic gods and past heroes to ever increasing moral weaknesses going on to be identified as a period of exuberant polytheism However this was also accompanied with the belief in monotheism the idea that all paths lead to the Ultimate Reality Brahman 11 Tantric Period Edit See also Tantras Hinduism According to Williams during the Tantric period from 900 1600 CE the mythology of Tantra and Shaktism revived and enriched blood sacrifice and the pursuit of pleasure as central themes Tantra s stories differed radically in meaning from those of epic mythology which favored devotion asceticism and duty There was either a revival or emphasis that was placed on the shakti or the cosmic energy of goddesses a concept that had emerged during the Indus Valley Civilisation 11 Modern Period Edit In the contemporary era the mythologies of the dominant traditions of Vaishnavism Shaivism and Shaktism prevail 12 Several myths were found or invented to make tribals or former outcastes Hindus and bring them within the cultural whole of a reconstructed Hindu mythological community Mythical themes and types Edit Depictions of episodes from Hindu mythology Academic studies of mythology often define mythology as deeply valued stories that explain a society s existence and world order those narratives of a society s creation the society s origins and foundations their god s their original heroes mankind s connection to the divine and their narratives of eschatology what happens in the after life This is a very general outline of some of the basic sacred stories with those themes In its broadest academic sense the word myth simply means a traditional story However many scholars restrict the term myth to sacred stories 13 Folklorists often go further defining myths as tales believed as true usually sacred set in the distant past or other worlds or parts of the world and with extra human inhuman or heroic characters 14 In classical Greek muthos from which the English word myth derives meant story narrative Hindu mythology does not often have a consistent monolithic structure The same myth typically appears in various versions and can be represented differently across different regional and socio religious traditions 15 Many of these legends evolve across these texts where the character names change or the story is embellished with greater details 15 16 According to Suthren Hirst these myths have been given a complex range of interpretations 15 While according to Doniger O Flaherty the central message and moral values remain the same 16 They have been modified by various philosophical schools over time and are taken to have deeper often symbolic meaning 15 Cosmology Edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it May 2021 Brahman The Ultimate Reality in Hinduism Satyaloka The abode of Brahma Hiranyagarbha The golden egg from which creation emerges Vaikuntha The abode of Vishnu Goloka The abode of Radha Krishna Kailasa The abode of Shiva Bhumi The Hindu name for Earth Patala The netherworld Svarga The Hindu concept of heaven but not strictly related to afterlife but more like utopia in real world Naraka The Hindu concept of hell but not a site of permanent damnation Deities Edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it July 2021 MonotheismBrahman The Ultimate RealityVaishnavism Vishnu centric Vishnu The God of PreservationLakshmi The Goddess of ProsperityDashavatara Ten incarnations of Vishnu chiefly Krishna and RamaShaivism Shiva centric Shiva The God of DestructionParvati The Goddess of PowerGanesha The God of AuspiciousnessKartikeya The God of Victory and WarShaktism Goddess centric Mahadevi Supreme GoddessSaraswati Goddess of WisdomLakshmi Goddess of ProsperityParvati Goddess of PowerHenotheism and Polytheism Brahma The God of Creation Vishnu The God of Preservation Shiva The God of Destruction Indra The King of the Devas and Svarga Saraswati The Goddess of Wisdom Lakshmi The Goddess of Prosperity Parvati The Goddess of Power Ganesha The God of Auspiciousness Krishna The God of love and protection Radha The goddess of love chief consort of Krishna Rukmini The first queen consort of Krishna in Dwarka Satyabhama Consort of Krishna in Dwarka Bhudevi Goddess Earth Kartikeya Murugan God of Victory and War Rama The seventh incarnation of Vishnu Kali A terrible aspect of Parvati Durga An incarnation of Parvati Ashvins Twin gods of medicine Agni God of Fire Rudra God of the storm Shakti Personification of power Vayu God of the wind Surya God of the Sun Varuna God of the oceans Lakshmana Younger Brother of Rama Hanuman Highest devotee of Rama Sita Consort of Rama and incarnation of Lakshmi Sati An incarnation of the goddess Shakti Kubera God of Wealth Parshurama The sixth incarnation of Vishnu Yama God of Death and the Underworld Chandra God Moon Balarama incarnation of Shesha Naag Prajapati Creator deity Kalki Prophesied final incarnation of Vishnu Dashavatara Ten Incarnations of Vishnu Narada Divine sage messenger of gods Sundaravalli Daughter of Vishnu consort of Murugan Devasena Daughter of Vishnu consort of Murugan Kamadeva The God of love and desire Rati The Goddess of love and desireDravidian folk religion Indigenous Dravidian faith Mariamman Mother goddess Ayyanar Guardian deity Ayyappan God of DharmaConnections to other belief systems Edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it July 2021 Hinduism shares mythemes with Buddhism Jainism and Sikhism See also EditDashavatara Greek mythology Hindu cosmology Hindu deities Hindu eschatology Hindu scriptures Meitei mythology Proto Indo European religion Proto Indo Iranian religion Puranic chronology Saga Vedic mythology India portal Hinduism portalCitations Edit Macdonell 1978 p 1 9 Washburn Hopkins 1986 pp 1 3 Bonnefoy 1993 p 90 101 Olivelle 1999 p xii xiii Waldau amp Patton 2009 p 186 680 Opler Morris E Campbell Joseph January 1962 The Masks of God Primitive Mythology The Journal of American Folklore 75 295 82 doi 10 2307 537862 ISSN 0021 8715 JSTOR 537862 Decline of the Indus River Valley Civilization c 3300 1300 BCE Climate in Arts and History Retrieved 31 July 2022 Williams 2003 pp 6 7 Macdonell Arthur Anthony 1974 Vedic mythology Reprint 1995 ed Delhi Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 0 8426 0674 2 OCLC 1951729 Williams 2003 p 7 a b c d Handbook of Hindu mythology 1 May 2004 p 10 Bishara Azmi 1 August 2021 Ibn Khaldun s Asabiyya and Sects Sectarianism without Sects Oxford University Press pp 199 220 doi 10 1093 oso 9780197602744 003 0007 ISBN 978 0 19 760274 4 retrieved 31 July 2022 What is a Myth Archived from the original on 7 August 2007 Retrieved 17 June 2007 Defining myth Archived from the original on 7 August 2007 Retrieved 17 June 2007 a b c d Suthren Hirst 1998 a b Doniger O Flaherty 1975 p 11 21 22 General sources EditBonnefoy Yves 1993 Asian Mythologies University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 06456 7 Doniger O Flaherty Wendy 1975 Hindu epics A Sourcebook translated from the Sanskrit Penguin ISBN 978 0140449907 Washburn Hopkins Edward 1986 Epic Mythology Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 0227 8 Macdonell Arthur Anthony 1978 Vedic Mythology reprint ed Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 1113 3 Olivelle Patrick 1999 Pancatantra The Book of India s Folk Wisdom Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 283988 6 Suthren Hirst Jacqueline 1998 Myth and history in Bowen Paul ed Themes and Issues in Hinduism Cassell Waldau Paul Patton Kimberley 2009 A Communion of Subjects Animals in Religion Science and Ethics Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 13643 3 Williams George M 2003 Handbook of Hindu Mythology New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 533261 2 Further reading EditBhairav J Furcifer Rakesh Khanna 2020 Ghosts Monsters and Demons of India Blaft Publications Private Limited ISBN 9789380636467 OCLC 1259298225 Brockington J L 1998 The Sanskrit Epics BRILL Academic ISBN 90 04 10260 4 Buitenen J A B van Dimmitt Cornelia 1978 Classical Hindu Mythology A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas Philadelphia Temple University Press ISBN 0 87722 122 7 Campbell Joseph 2003 Myths of Light Eastern Metaphors of the Eternal Novato Calif New World Library ISBN 1 57731 403 4 Dalal Roshen 2010 Hinduism An Alphabetical Guide Penguin Books India ISBN 978 0 14 341421 6 Dallapiccola Anna L 2002 Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend ISBN 0 500 51088 1 Dimitrova Stefania 2017 The Day of Brahma The Myths of India Epics of Human Destiny Alpha Omega ISBN 978 954 9694 27 7 Dowson John 1888 A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion Geography History and Literature London Trubner amp Co Krishna Nanditha 2009 The Book of Vishnu Penguin Books India ISBN 978 0 14 306762 7 Krishna Nanditha 2010 Sacred Animals of India Penguin Books India ISBN 978 0 14 306619 4 Macdonell Arthur Anthony 1995 Vedic Mythology Delhi Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 81 208 1113 5 Pattanaik Devdutt 2003 Indian Mythology Tales Symbols and Rituals from the Heart of the Subcontinent Inner Traditions Bear amp Company ISBN 0 89281 870 0 Rao T A Gopinatha 1914 Elements of Hindu Iconography Vol 1 Part I Madras Law Printing House Walker Benjamin 1968 Hindu World An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism London Allen amp Unwin Wilkins W J 1882 Hindu Mythology Vedic and Puranic Thacker Spink amp Co External links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Hindu mythology Clay Sanskrit Library publishes classical Indian literature including the Mahabharata and Ramayana with facing page text and translation Also offers searchable corpus and downloadable materials Sanskrit Documents Collection Documents in ITX format of Upanishads Stotras etc Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hindu mythology amp oldid 1141289382, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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