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Nawab

March 31, 2023

This article is about the honorific title. For the nawab butterfly, see Polyura.
"Naib" redirects here. For other uses, see Naib (disambiguation).

Nawab (Balochi, Pashto: نواب; Arabic: نواب; Bengali: নবাব/নওয়াব; Hindi: नवाब; Punjabi (Gurmukhi): ਨਵਾਬ; Persian, Punjabi (Shahmukhi), Sindhi, Urdu: نواب), also spelled Nawaab, Navaab, Navab, Nowab, Nabob, Nawaabshah, Nawabshah or Nobab, is a Royal title indicating a sovereign ruler, often of a South Asian state, in many ways comparable to the western title of Prince. The relationship of a Nawab to the Emperor of India has been compared to that of the Kings of Saxony to the German Emperor.[1] In earlier times the title was ratified and bestowed by the reigning Mughal emperor to semi-autonomous Muslim rulers of subdivisions or princely states in the Indian subcontinent loyal to the Mughal Empire, for example the Nawabs of Bengal. The title is common among Muslim rulers of South Asia as an equivalent to the title Maharaja.

"Nawab" usually refers to males and literally means Viceroy; the female equivalent is "Begum" or "Nawab Begum". The primary duty of a Nawab was to uphold the sovereignty of the Mughal emperor along with the administration of a certain province.

The title of "nawabi" was also awarded as a personal distinction by the paramount power, similar to a British peerage, to persons and families who ruled a princely state for various services to the government of British India. In some cases, the titles were also accompanied by jagir grants, either in cash revenues and allowances or land-holdings. During the British Raj, some of the chiefs, or sardars, of large or important tribes were also given the title, in addition to traditional titles already held by virtue of chieftainship.

The term "Zamindari" was originally used for the subahdar (provincial governor) or viceroy of a subah (province) or regions of the Mughal empire.

History

 
Robert Clive, meeting with Nawab Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey, by Francis Hayman

Nawab is a Hindustani term, used in Urdu, Hindi, Bengali, Pashto and many other North-Indian languages, borrowed via Persian from the Arabic honorific plural of naib, or "deputy." In some areas, especially Bengal, the term is pronounced nobab. This later variation has also entered English and other foreign languages as nabob.

 
The winter diwan of a Mughal nawab

The term "Nawaab" is often used to refer to any Muslim ruler in north or south India while the term "nizam" is preferred for a senior official—it literally means "governor of region". The Nizam of Hyderabad had several nawabs under him: Nawabs of Cuddapah, Sira, Rajahmundry, Kurnool, Chicacole, et al. "Nizam" was his personal title, awarded by the Mughal Government and based on the term "Nazim" as meaning "senior officer". "Nazim" is still used for a district collector in many parts of India. The term "nawab" is still technically imprecise, as the title was also awarded to Hindus and Sikhs, as well, and large zamindars and not necessarily to all Muslim rulers. With the decline of that empire, the title, and the powers that went with it, became hereditary in the ruling families in the various provinces.

Under later British rule, nawabs continued to rule various princely states of Amb, Bahawalpur, Balasinor, Baoni, Banganapalle, Bhopal, Cambay, Jaora, Junagadh, Kurnool (the main city of Deccan), Kurwai, Mamdot, Multan, Palanpur, Pataudi, Radhanpur, Rampur, Malerkotla, Sachin, and Tonk. Other former rulers bearing the title, such as the nawabs of Bengal and Awadh, had been deprived by the British or others by the time the Mughal dynasty finally ended in 1857.

Some princes became Nawab by promotion, e.g. the ruler of Palanpur was "diwan" until 1910, then "nawab sahib". Other nawabs were promoted are restyled to another princely style, or to and back, e.g. in Rajgarh a single rawat (rajah) went by nawab.

The style for a nawab's queen is begum. Most of the nawab dynasties were male primogenitures, although several ruling Begums of Bhopal were a notable exception.

Before the incorporation of the Subcontinent into the British Empire, nawabs ruled the kingdoms of Awadh (or Oudh, encouraged by the British to shed the Mughal suzerainty and assume the imperial style of Badshah), Bengal, Arcot and Bhopal.

Ruling nawab families

 
The Procession of Yusef Ali Khan, a painting depicting Yusef Khan on his way to an encampment for the durbar held at Fatehgarh in 1859

Families ruling when acceding to India

Former dynasties of princely states in India abolished before independence

Families ruling when acceding to Pakistan

Families ruling when acceding to Bangladesh

Former dynasties which became political pensioners

also imperial Wazir of all Mughal India, both hereditary

Rohilla Confederation[2]

All of these states were at some point under the authority of the Nawab of Rohilkhand, later made the Nawab of Rampur. Most of these states were annexed at the close of the First Rohilla War.

Miscellaneous nawabs

Personal nawabs

The title nawab was also awarded as a personal distinction by the paramount power, similarly to a British peerage, to persons and families who never ruled a princely state. For the Muslim elite various Mughal-type titles were introduced, including nawab. Among the noted British creations of this type were Nawab Hashim Ali Khan (1858–1940), Nawab Khwaja Abdul Ghani (1813–1896), Nawab Abdul Latif (1828–1893), Nawab Faizunnesa Choudhurani (1834–1904), Nawab Ali Chowdhury (1863–1929), Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda (1862–1922), Nawab Sirajul Islam (1848–1923), Nawab Alam yar jung Bahadur, M.A, Madras, B.A., B.C.L., Barr-At-Law (1890–1974). There also were the Nawabs of Dhanbari, Nawabs of Ratanpur, Nawabs of Baroda and such others.

Nawab as a court rank

 
A picture of whom is believed to be the first ever "Nawab" of Mughal Empire, "Saadat Ali Khan I" of Awadh.

Nawab was also the rank title—again not an office—of a much lower class of Muslim nobles—in fact retainers—at the court of the Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar State, ranking only above Khan Bahadur and Khan, but under (in ascending order) Jang, Daula, Mulk, Umara and Jah; the equivalent for Hindu courtiers was Raja Bahadur.

Derived titles

Nawabzada

This style, adding the Persian suffix -zada which means son (or other male descendants; see other cases in prince), etymologically fits a nawab’s sons, but in actual practice various dynasties established other customs.

For example, in Bahawalpur only the nawbab's heir apparent used nawabzada before his personal name, then Khan Abassi, finally Wali Ahad Bahadur (an enhancement of Wali Ehed), while the other sons of the ruling nawab used the style sahibzada before the personal name and only Khan Abassi behind. "Nawabzadi" implies daughters of the reigning nawbab.

Elsewhere, there were rulers who were not styled nawbab yet awarded a title nawabzada to others.

Naib (Ottoman, Iranian, Arabic title)

See also: Dar Niaba

The word naib (Arabic: نائب) has been historically used to refer to any suzerain leader, feudatory, or regent in some parts of the Ottoman Empire, successive early modern Persianate kingdoms (Safavids, etc.), and in the eastern Caucasus (e.g. during Caucasian Imamate). In the Sultanate of Morocco, the Naib was the Sultan's emissary to the foreign legations in Tangier between 1848 and 1923, when the creation of the Tangier International Zone led to its replacement by the office of the Mendoub.

Today, the word is used to refer to directly elected legislators in lower houses of parliament in many Arabic-speaking areas to contrast them against officers of upper houses (or Shura). The term Majlis al-Nuwwab (Arabic: مجلس النواب, literally council of deputies) has been adopted as the name of several legislative lower houses and unicameral legislatures.

"Naib" has also been used in the Malay language (especially of the Malaysian variant) to translate the component of "deputy" or "vice" in certain titles (e.g "Vice President" - Naib Presiden)[3] aside from timbalan and wakil (latter predominant in the Indonesian variant).

"Nabob", derived colloquial term

For other uses, see Nabob (disambiguation).

In colloquial usage in English (since 1612),[4] adopted in other Western languages, the transliteration "nabob" refers to commoners: a merchant-leader of high social status and wealth. "Nabob" derives from the Bengali pronunciation of "nawab": Bengali: নবাব nôbab.

During the 18th century in particular, it was widely used as a disparaging term for British merchants or administrators who, having made a fortune in India, returned to Britain and aspired to be recognised as having the higher social status that their new wealth would enable them to maintain. Jos Sedley in Thackeray's Vanity Fair is probably the best known example in fiction.

From this specific usage it came to be sometimes used for ostentatiously rich businesspeople in general.

"Nabob" can also be used metaphorically for people who have a grandiose sense of their own importance, as in the famous alliterative dismissal of the news media as "nattering nabobs of negativism" in a speech that was delivered by Nixon's vice president Spiro Agnew and written by William Safire.[5]

Gallery

Indian states formerly ruled by Nawabs

See also

References

  1. ^ Sir Robert, Lethbridge (1893). The Golden Handbook of India. p. x.
  2. ^ Hamilton, Charles. An Historical Relation of the origin, progress and final dissolution of the Rohilla Afghans in the northern provinces of Hindostan. pp. 90–92.
  3. ^ "vice - Kamus Bahasa Inggeris". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  4. ^ Origin of NABOB 3 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  5. ^ "nattering nabobs of negativism" 10 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, PoliticalDictionary.com. Retrieved 7 April 2015.

Further reading

March 31, 2023
nawab, this, article, about, honorific, title, nawab, butterfly, polyura, naib, redirects, here, other, uses, naib, disambiguation, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, . This article is about the honorific title For the nawab butterfly see Polyura Naib redirects here For other uses see Naib disambiguation This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations September 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message Nawab Balochi Pashto نواب Arabic نواب Bengali নব ব নওয ব Hindi नव ब Punjabi Gurmukhi ਨਵ ਬ Persian Punjabi Shahmukhi Sindhi Urdu نواب also spelled Nawaab Navaab Navab Nowab Nabob Nawaabshah Nawabshah or Nobab is a Royal title indicating a sovereign ruler often of a South Asian state in many ways comparable to the western title of Prince The relationship of a Nawab to the Emperor of India has been compared to that of the Kings of Saxony to the German Emperor 1 In earlier times the title was ratified and bestowed by the reigning Mughal emperor to semi autonomous Muslim rulers of subdivisions or princely states in the Indian subcontinent loyal to the Mughal Empire for example the Nawabs of Bengal The title is common among Muslim rulers of South Asia as an equivalent to the title Maharaja Nawab usually refers to males and literally means Viceroy the female equivalent is Begum or Nawab Begum The primary duty of a Nawab was to uphold the sovereignty of the Mughal emperor along with the administration of a certain province The title of nawabi was also awarded as a personal distinction by the paramount power similar to a British peerage to persons and families who ruled a princely state for various services to the government of British India In some cases the titles were also accompanied by jagir grants either in cash revenues and allowances or land holdings During the British Raj some of the chiefs or sardars of large or important tribes were also given the title in addition to traditional titles already held by virtue of chieftainship The term Zamindari was originally used for the subahdar provincial governor or viceroy of a subah province or regions of the Mughal empire Contents 1 History 2 Ruling nawab families 2 1 Families ruling when acceding to India 2 2 Former dynasties of princely states in India abolished before independence 2 3 Families ruling when acceding to Pakistan 2 4 Families ruling when acceding to Bangladesh 2 5 Former dynasties which became political pensioners 2 6 Rohilla Confederation 2 3 Miscellaneous nawabs 3 1 Personal nawabs 3 2 Nawab as a court rank 4 Derived titles 4 1 Nawabzada 4 2 Naib Ottoman Iranian Arabic title 5 Nabob derived colloquial term 6 Gallery 7 Indian states formerly ruled by Nawabs 8 See also 9 References 10 Further readingHistory Edit Robert Clive meeting with Nawab Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey by Francis Hayman General Nawab Sir Sadeq Mohammad Khan V the last ruling Nawab of Bahawalpur Nawab is a Hindustani term used in Urdu Hindi Bengali Pashto and many other North Indian languages borrowed via Persian from the Arabic honorific plural of naib or deputy In some areas especially Bengal the term is pronounced nobab This later variation has also entered English and other foreign languages as nabob The winter diwan of a Mughal nawab The term Nawaab is often used to refer to any Muslim ruler in north or south India while the term nizam is preferred for a senior official it literally means governor of region The Nizam of Hyderabad had several nawabs under him Nawabs of Cuddapah Sira Rajahmundry Kurnool Chicacole et al Nizam was his personal title awarded by the Mughal Government and based on the term Nazim as meaning senior officer Nazim is still used for a district collector in many parts of India The term nawab is still technically imprecise as the title was also awarded to Hindus and Sikhs as well and large zamindars and not necessarily to all Muslim rulers With the decline of that empire the title and the powers that went with it became hereditary in the ruling families in the various provinces Under later British rule nawabs continued to rule various princely states of Amb Bahawalpur Balasinor Baoni Banganapalle Bhopal Cambay Jaora Junagadh Kurnool the main city of Deccan Kurwai Mamdot Multan Palanpur Pataudi Radhanpur Rampur Malerkotla Sachin and Tonk Other former rulers bearing the title such as the nawabs of Bengal and Awadh had been deprived by the British or others by the time the Mughal dynasty finally ended in 1857 Some princes became Nawab by promotion e g the ruler of Palanpur was diwan until 1910 then nawab sahib Other nawabs were promoted are restyled to another princely style or to and back e g in Rajgarh a single rawat rajah went by nawab The style for a nawab s queen is begum Most of the nawab dynasties were male primogenitures although several ruling Begums of Bhopal were a notable exception Before the incorporation of the Subcontinent into the British Empire nawabs ruled the kingdoms of Awadh or Oudh encouraged by the British to shed the Mughal suzerainty and assume the imperial style of Badshah Bengal Arcot and Bhopal Ruling nawab families Edit The Procession of Yusef Ali Khan a painting depicting Yusef Khan on his way to an encampment for the durbar held at Fatehgarh in 1859 Families ruling when acceding to India Edit Nawab of Akbarpur Asmatara Farida Begum Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad Nawab of Ashwath Nawab Babi of Balasinor Nawab of Banganapalle previously Masulipatam Nawab of Baoni Nawab of Lucknow Late Nawab B B Agnihotri Nawab of Basai Nawab Khwaja Muhammad Khan Nawab of Berar styled Mirza of Berar under the Nizam of Hyderabad Nawab of Bhikampur and Datawali Aligarh Nawab of Bhopal female rulers were known as Nawab Begum of Bhopal Nawabs of Cambay the former Nawabs of the Carnatic restyled Princes of Arcot Nawab of Dujana Nawab of Farrukhabad Nawab of Jaora Nawab Sahib of Junagadh Nawab of Maler Kotla Nawab of Muhammadgar Nawab Sahib of Palanpur till 1910 styled Diwan Nawab of Awadh Nawab of Pathari Nawab of Radhanpur Nawab of Rampur Nawab of Sachin Nawab of Sardhana Nawab of Tonk India Nawab of Ghazipur Former dynasties of princely states in India abolished before independence Edit Nawab of Kurwai Nawab of Pataudi Nawab of Savanur Nawab of Mamdot Nawab of Tarakote State Nawab of Farukhnagar Nawab of Jhajjar Nawab of SuratFamilies ruling when acceding to Pakistan Edit Nawab of Kalabagh Nawab of Amb Nawab of Bahawalpur Nawab of Dir Nawab Sahib of Junagadh Nawab of Kharan Nawab of Maler Kotla Nawab of Jogezai Nawab of Bugti Nawab of Marri tribe Families ruling when acceding to Bangladesh Edit Nawab of Bengal Nawab of Dhaka Nawab of Longla Sylhet Former dynasties which became political pensioners Edit Padshah i Oudh formerly Nawab Wazir of Awadh also imperial Wazir of all Mughal India both hereditary dd Nawabs of Bengal as Nawabs of Murshidabad Nawab of Marauli Nawab of Patna Nawab of Surat Nawab of Longla Sylhet Rohilla Confederation 2 Edit All of these states were at some point under the authority of the Nawab of Rohilkhand later made the Nawab of Rampur Most of these states were annexed at the close of the First Rohilla War Nawab of Badaun Nawab of Moradabad Nawab of Bareilly Nawab of Najibabad Nawab of Philibit Nawab of Farrukhabad Nawab of BisolleeMiscellaneous nawabs EditPersonal nawabs Edit The title nawab was also awarded as a personal distinction by the paramount power similarly to a British peerage to persons and families who never ruled a princely state For the Muslim elite various Mughal type titles were introduced including nawab Among the noted British creations of this type were Nawab Hashim Ali Khan 1858 1940 Nawab Khwaja Abdul Ghani 1813 1896 Nawab Abdul Latif 1828 1893 Nawab Faizunnesa Choudhurani 1834 1904 Nawab Ali Chowdhury 1863 1929 Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda 1862 1922 Nawab Sirajul Islam 1848 1923 Nawab Alam yar jung Bahadur M A Madras B A B C L Barr At Law 1890 1974 There also were the Nawabs of Dhanbari Nawabs of Ratanpur Nawabs of Baroda and such others Nawab as a court rank Edit A picture of whom is believed to be the first ever Nawab of Mughal Empire Saadat Ali Khan I of Awadh Nawab was also the rank title again not an office of a much lower class of Muslim nobles in fact retainers at the court of the Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar State ranking only above Khan Bahadur and Khan but under in ascending order Jang Daula Mulk Umara and Jah the equivalent for Hindu courtiers was Raja Bahadur Derived titles EditNawabzada Edit The Nawab of Bengal Mir Qasim 1757 This style adding the Persian suffix zada which means son or other male descendants see other cases in prince etymologically fits a nawab s sons but in actual practice various dynasties established other customs For example in Bahawalpur only the nawbab s heir apparent used nawabzada before his personal name then Khan Abassi finally Wali Ahad Bahadur an enhancement of Wali Ehed while the other sons of the ruling nawab used the style sahibzada before the personal name and only Khan Abassi behind Nawabzadi implies daughters of the reigning nawbab Elsewhere there were rulers who were not styled nawbab yet awarded a title nawabzada to others Naib Ottoman Iranian Arabic title Edit See also Dar Niaba The word naib Arabic نائب has been historically used to refer to any suzerain leader feudatory or regent in some parts of the Ottoman Empire successive early modern Persianate kingdoms Safavids etc and in the eastern Caucasus e g during Caucasian Imamate In the Sultanate of Morocco the Naib was the Sultan s emissary to the foreign legations in Tangier between 1848 and 1923 when the creation of the Tangier International Zone led to its replacement by the office of the Mendoub Today the word is used to refer to directly elected legislators in lower houses of parliament in many Arabic speaking areas to contrast them against officers of upper houses or Shura The term Majlis al Nuwwab Arabic مجلس النواب literally council of deputies has been adopted as the name of several legislative lower houses and unicameral legislatures Naib has also been used in the Malay language especially of the Malaysian variant to translate the component of deputy or vice in certain titles e g Vice President Naib Presiden 3 aside from timbalan and wakil latter predominant in the Indonesian variant Nabob derived colloquial term EditFor other uses see Nabob disambiguation In colloquial usage in English since 1612 4 adopted in other Western languages the transliteration nabob refers to commoners a merchant leader of high social status and wealth Nabob derives from the Bengali pronunciation of nawab Bengali নব ব nobab During the 18th century in particular it was widely used as a disparaging term for British merchants or administrators who having made a fortune in India returned to Britain and aspired to be recognised as having the higher social status that their new wealth would enable them to maintain Jos Sedley in Thackeray s Vanity Fair is probably the best known example in fiction From this specific usage it came to be sometimes used for ostentatiously rich businesspeople in general Nabob can also be used metaphorically for people who have a grandiose sense of their own importance as in the famous alliterative dismissal of the news media as nattering nabobs of negativism in a speech that was delivered by Nixon s vice president Spiro Agnew and written by William Safire 5 Gallery EditSome Nawabs of India Azim ud Daula Hyder Beg Khan of Awadh Nawabs hunting a blackbuck with their Asiatic cheetah Nawab of Awadh Nawabs and cheetahs Nawab Malik Amir Mohammad Khan The Nawab of Kalabagh and chief of the Awan tribe Afsharids and a Mughal nawab Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah the Nawab of Carnatic Shuja ud Daula the Nawab of Awadh Shuja ud Daula and his sons and relative Nawabs in battle during the Battle of Panipat 1761 Nawab of the Carnatic in battle A nawab during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan Shuja ud Din Muhammad Khan the Nawab of Bengal Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan the Nawab of the Carnatic Nawab of BengalIndian states formerly ruled by Nawabs EditAmb Tanoli Arcot Awadh Bahawalpur Balasinor Banganapalle Baoni Bengal Berar nominally under Nizam of Hyderabad Bhopal Cambay Dir Farrukhabad Uttar Pradesh India Farrukhnagar Hyderabad Jaora Junagadh Ghazipur Tarakote State Kurwai Kalabagh Malerkotla Mamdot Manavadar Warcha Palanpur Gujarat India Pataudi Radhanpur Rampur Sachin TonkSee also EditSubedar Mughal EmpireReferences Edit Sir Robert Lethbridge 1893 The Golden Handbook of India p x Hamilton Charles An Historical Relation of the origin progress and final dissolution of the Rohilla Afghans in the northern provinces of Hindostan pp 90 92 vice Kamus Bahasa Inggeris Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Archived from the original on 25 October 2021 Retrieved 25 May 2020 Origin of NABOB Archived 3 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine Merriam Webster com Retrieved 16 September 2010 nattering nabobs of negativism Archived 10 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine PoliticalDictionary com Retrieved 7 April 2015 Further reading EditAkbar M Ali 2012 Dhaka Nawab Estate In Islam Sirajul Jamal Ahmed A eds Banglapedia National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh Second ed Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Islam Sirajul 2012 Nawab In Islam Sirajul Jamal Ahmed A eds Banglapedia National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh Second ed Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Etymology OnLine This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Nawab Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 19 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 317 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nawab amp oldid 1144803419, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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