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Romanians

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with Romani people, Romans or Aromanians.
For information on the population of Romania, see Demographics of Romania.
For Romani people living in Romania, see Romani people in Romania.

Romanians (Romanian: români, pronounced [roˈmɨnʲ]; dated exonym Vlachs) are a Romance-speaking[56][57][58] ethnic group and nation native to Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe.[59] Sharing a common culture and ancestry, they speak the Romanian language and live primarily in Romania and Moldova. The 2021 Romanian census found that 89.3% of Romania's citizens identified themselves as ethnic Romanians.[60]

Romanians
Români
Ethnic distribution of Romanians around the world
Total population
c. 22.8–24.8 million[1] (including Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups living abroad)
Regions with significant populations
 Romania 19,053,815 (2022 Romanian census)[2]
 Moldova 192,800 (2014 Moldovan census; additional 2,068,058 Moldovans)[3][4]
Other countries
Europe
 Italy1,206,938 migrants from Romania, of all ethnic groups[5]
 Germany866,000 (2022) migrants from Romania of all ethnic groups, including a wide range of Romanian Germans as well[6]
 Spain535,935 (2022)[7]-1,079,726[8][9]
 United Kingdom329,000 Romanian-born residents (2022)[10]
 France200,000–500,000 (2022)[11] Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[12]
 Ukraine150,989 (additional 258,619 Moldovans)[13]
 Austria131,788 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups, including many Transylvanian Saxons as well[14]
 Belgium92,746 migrants from Romania, of all ethnic groups[15]
 Greece46,523 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[16]
 Netherlands39,654 migrants from Romania, of all ethnic groups[17]
 Portugal39,000 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[18]
 Hungary36,506[19]
 Denmark34,960 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[20]
 Sweden32,294 born in Romania, of all ethnic groups[21]
 Ireland29,186 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[22]
Cyprus24,376 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[23]
 Serbia23,044 (additional 21,013 Timok Vlachs)[24]
  Switzerland21,593 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[25]
 Norway18,877 migrants of Romania, of all ethnic groups[26]
 Czech Republic14,684 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[27][28]
 Turkey14,411 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[29]
 Luxembourg5,209 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[30]
 Polandc. 5,000[31]
 Slovakia4,941 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[32]
 Finland4,902 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[33]
 Russia3,201[34]
 Malta2,000[citation needed]
 Iceland1,463 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[35]
 Bulgaria891[36]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina100[37]
North America
 United States518,653–1,400,000 (incl. mixed origin, Romanian Germans and Romanian Jews)[38][39][40][41][42]
 Canada204,625–400,000 (incl. mixed origin)[43][44]
 Mexico569[45]
South America
 Brazil200,000 migrants from Romania and Romanian citizens, of all ethnic groups[46]
 Venezuela10,000 migrants from Romania, of all ethnic groups[47]
 Argentina10,000 of Romanian origin, including Romanian Jews and Romanian Romani[48]
 Colombia350[49]
 Uruguay200[49]
 Peru174[49]
Oceania
 Australia20,998 first and second generation migrants from Romania, of all ethnic groups[50]
 New Zealand3,100[51]
Asia
 Israel100,823[52] (mostly Romanian Jews)
 Japan2,708[53]
 Kazakhstan421[54][55]
 Vietnam100[49]
Africa
 South Africa2,828[52]
 Egypt420[49]
Languages
Romanian
Religion
Predominantly Orthodox Christianity
(Romanian Orthodox Church),
also Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic, and Protestant
Related ethnic groups
Other Eastern Romance-speaking peoples
(most notably Moldovans, Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians)

In one interpretation of the 1989 census results in Moldova, the majority of Moldovans were counted as ethnic Romanians as well.[61][62] Romanians also form an ethnic minority in several nearby countries situated in Central, Southeastern, and Eastern Europe, most notably in Hungary, Serbia (including Timok), and Ukraine.

Estimates of the number of Romanian people worldwide vary from minimum 24 to maximum 30 million, in part depending on whether the definition of the term "Romanian" includes natives of both Romania and Moldova, their respective diasporas, and native speakers of both Romanian and other Eastern Romance languages. Other speakers of the latter languages are the Aromanians, the Megleno-Romanians, and the Istro-Romanians (native to Istria), all of them unevenly distributed throughout the Balkan Peninsula, which may be considered either Romanian subgroups or separated but related ethnicities.

History edit

Main article: History of Romania

Antiquity edit

Main articles: Dacia and Roman Dacia
 
Map showing the area where Dacian was spoken. The blue area shows the Dacian lands conquered by the Roman Empire. The orange area was inhabited by Free Dacian tribes and others.

The territories of modern-day Romania and Moldova were inhabited by the ancient Getae and Dacian tribes. King Burebista who reigned from 82/61 BC to 45/44 BC, was the first king who successfully unified the tribes of the Dacian kingdom, which comprised the area located between the Danube, Tisza, and Dniester rivers. King Decebalus who reigned from 87 to 106 AD was the last king of the Dacian kingdom before it was conquered by the Roman Empire in 106,[63] after two wars between Decebalus' army and Trajan's army. Prior to the two wars, Decebalus defeated a Roman invasion during the reign of Domitian between 86 and 88 AD.[64]

The Roman administration retreated from Dacia between 271 and 275 AD, during the reign of emperor Aurelian under the pressure of the Goths and the Dacian Carpi tribe. The later Roman province Dacia Aureliana, was organized inside former Moesia Superior.[65] It was reorganized as Dacia Ripensis (as a military province, devastated by an Avars invasion in 586) [66] and Dacia Mediterranea (as a civil province, devastated by an Avar invasion in 602).

 
Map showing the area where the Latin language was spoken in pink during the Roman Empire between the 4th and 7th century (including the territory of present-day Romania)

The Diocese of Dacia (circa 337–602) was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, in the area of modern-day Balkans.[67] The Diocese of Dacia was composed of five provinces, the northernmost provinces were Dacia Ripensis (the Danubian portion of Dacia Aureliana, one of the cities of Dacia Ripensis in today Romania is Sucidava) and Moesia Prima (today in Serbia, near the border between Romania and Serbia).[68] The territory of the diocese was devastated by the Huns in the middle of 5th century and finally overrun by the Avars and Slavs in late 6th and early 7th century.[69]

Scythia Minor (c. 290 – c. 680) was a Roman province corresponding to the lands between the Danube and the Black Sea, today's Dobruja divided between Romania and Bulgaria.[70][71] The capital of the province was Tomis (today Constanța).[70] According to the Laterculus Veronensis of c. 314 and the Notitia Dignitatum of c. 400, Scythia belonged to the Diocese of Thrace.[72] The indigenous population of Scythia Minor was Dacian and their material culture is apparent archaeologically into the sixth century.[70] Roman fortifications mostly date to the Tetrarchy or the Constantinian dynasty. The province ceased to exist around 679–681, when the region was overrun by the Bulgars, which the Emperor Constantine IV was forced to recognize in 681.[73]

Early Middle Ages to Late Middle Ages edit

See also: Romania in the Middle Ages and Vlachs

During the Middle Ages Romanians were mostly known as Vlachs, a blanket term ultimately of Germanic origin, from the word Walha, used by ancient Germanic peoples to refer to Romance-speaking and Celtic neighbours. Besides the separation of some groups (Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians) during the Age of Migration, many Vlachs could be found all over the Balkans, in Transylvania,[74] across Carpathian Mountains[75] as far north as Poland and as far west as the regions of Moravia (part of the modern Czech Republic), some went as far east as Volhynia of western Ukraine, and the present-day Croatia where the Morlachs gradually disappeared, while the Catholic and Orthodox Vlachs took Croat and Serb national identity.[76]

The first written record about a Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages in the Balkans, near the Haemus Mons is from 587 AD. A Vlach muleteer accompanying the Byzantine army noticed that the load was falling from one of the animals and shouted to a companion Torna, torna, fratre! (meaning "Return, return, brother!"). Theophanes the Confessor recorded it as part of a 6th-century military expedition by Comentiolus and Priscus against the Avars. Historian Gheorghe I. Brătianu considers that these words "represent an expression from the Romanian language, as it was formed at that time in the Balkan and Danube regions"; "they probably belong to one and the most significant of the substrates on which our (Romanian) language was built".[77]

The first definite document mentioning Romanians (Vlachs) is from the 8th century from the Konstamonitou Monastery in Mount Athos, in Greece and talks about the Vlachs of the Rynchos river (present-day North Macedonia).[78] According to the early 13th century medieval Hungarian book Gesta Hungarorum the invading Magyars of King Árpád (c. 845 – c. 907) waged wars against three dukes—Glad, Menumorut and the Vlach Gelou—for Banat, Crișana and Transylvania. [79][80] Gesta Hungarorum also mentions the Slavs, Bulgarians, Vlachs and the shepherds of the Romans inhabiting the Carpathian Basin: "sclauij, Bulgarij et Blachij, ac pastores romanorum".[81] Most researchers identify the Blachij with the Vlachs.[82][83][84] However the document was written between 1200 and 1230, around 300 years after the described events and some modern historians have reservations about it and find it unreliable.

Another important document mentioning Romanians (Vlachs) from the South of the Balkan Peninsula dates back to 980. That year, the governor of Servia, Nikulitsa received the position of leader (archon) of the Vlachs from Hellas from Emperor Basil II. The function received by Nikulitsa might have been as a commander of a Vlach army. Byzantine historians usually described foreign rulers as archontes.[85] The document signed by Basil II to give the position of archon of the Vlachs to Nekulitsa is mentioned in Strategikon of Kekaumenos (written between 1075 and 1078 AD).[86]

 
First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018) around 850

After the Avar Khaganate collapsed in the 790s, the First Bulgarian Empire became the dominant power of the region, occupying lands as far as the river Tisa.[87] The First Bulgarian Empire had a mixed population consisting of the Bulgar conquerors, Slavs and Vlachs (Romanians) but the Slavicisation of the Bulgar elite had already begun in the 9th century. Following the conquest of Southern and Central Transylvania around 830, people from the Bulgar Empire mined salt from mines in Turda, Ocna Mureș, Sărățeni and Ocnița. They traded and transported salt throughout the Bulgar Empire.[88]

A series of Arab historians from the 10th century are some of the first to mention Vlachs in Eastern/South Eastern Europe: Mutahhar al-Maqdisi (c.945-991) writes: "They say that in the Turkic neighbourhood there are the Khazars, Russians, Slavs, Waladj (Vlachs), Alans, Greeks and many other peoples".[89] Ibn al-Nadīm (early 932–998) published in 998 the work Kitāb al-Fihrist mentioning "Turks, Bulgars and Vlahs" (using Blagha for Vlachs).[90][91]

A series of Byzantine historians, such as George Kedrenos (circa 1000), Kekaumenos (circa 1000), John Skylitzes (early 1040s – after 1101), Anna Komnene (1083-1153), John Kinnamos (1143-1185) and Niketas Choniates (1155-1217) were some of the first to write about the Vlachs.[92] John Skylitzes mentions the Vlachs around 976 AD, as guides and guards of Byzantine caravans in the Balkans. Between Prespa and Kastoria, they met and fought with a Bulgarian rebel named David. The Vlachs killed David in their first documented battle.[93] Kekaumenos's father-in-law was Nikulitzas Delphinas, a lord of Larissa who took part in the revolt of Bulgarians and Vlachs in Thessaly in 1066 AD.[67] The 11th-century scholar Kekaumenos wrote of a Vlach homeland situated "near the Danube and [...] the Sava, where the Serbians lived more recently".[94][95] He associated the Vlachs with the Dacians and the Bessi.[96] [97][98] Accordingly, historians have located this homeland in several places, including Pannonia Inferior (Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu) and Dacia Aureliana (Mátyás Gyóni).[99][94][100]

The princess and chronicler Anna Komnene reports that in April 1091, on the eve of the decisive Byzantine-Pecheneg Battle of Levounion, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1057-1118) was assisted by "a number of 5,000 brave mountaineers and ready to attack, passed by his side, to fight alongside him". Most of the specialists who have addressed these aspects have identified those " bold mountaineers ", with the 'Vlachs.[101] Anna Komnene reports that in 1094, on the occasion of the Cumans' campaign south of the Danube, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos was informed about the movements of the "Turanians", who had crossed the Danube by "a certain Pudilos, a Vlach noble".[101]

The Byzantine chronicler Niketas Choniates writes that in 1164, Andronikos I Komnenos, the emperor Manuel I Komnenos's cousin, tried without success, to usurp the throne. Failing in his attempt, the Byzantine prince sought refuge in Halych but Andronikos I Komnenos was "captured by the Vlachs, to whom the rumor of his escape had reached, he was taken back to the emperor".[102][103][104]

The Byzantine chronicler John Kinnamos, presenting the campaign of Manuel I Komnenos against Hungary in 1166, reports that General Leon Vatatzes had under his command "a great multitude of Vlachs, who are said to be ancient colonies of those in Italy", an army that attacked the Hungarian possessions "about the lands near the Pontus called the Euxine", respectively the southeastern regions of Transylvania, "destroyed everything without sparing and trampled everything it encountered in its passage".[105][106][107][108]

By the 9th and 10th centuries, the nomadic Pechenegs conquered much of the steppes of Southeast Europe and the Crimean Peninsula.The Pecheneg wars against the Kievan Rus' caused some of the Slavs and Vlachs from North of the Danube to gradually migrate north of the Dniestr in the 10th and 11th centuries.[109]

The Second Bulgarian Empire founded by the Asen dynasty consisting of Bulgarians and Vlachs was founded in 1185 and lasted until 1396. Early rulers from the Asen dynasty (particularly Kaloyan) referred to themselves as "Emperors of Bulgarians and Vlachs". Later rulers, especially Ivan Asen II, styled themselves "Tsars (Emperors) of Bulgarians and Romans". An alternative name used in connection with the pre-mid Second Bulgarian Empire 13th century period is the Empire of Vlachs and Bulgarians;[110] variant names include the "Vlach–Bulgarian Empire", the "Bulgarian–Wallachian Empire".[111]

Royal charters wrote of the "Vlachs' land" in southern Transylvania in the early 13th century, indicating the existence of autonomous Romanian communities.[112] Papal correspondence mentions the activities of Orthodox prelates among the Romanians in Muntenia in the 1230s.[113] Béla IV of Hungary's land grant to the Knights Hospitallers in Oltenia and Muntenia shows that the local Vlach rulers were subject to the king's authority in 1247.[114][115]

 
Map depicting historical Romanian/Vlach pastoral transhumance (a seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures) in Eastern and Southeastern Europe (including the territory of Romania today) during the 18th and 19th centuries

The late 13th-century Hungarian chronicler Simon of Kéza states that the Vlachs were "shepherds and husbandmen" who "remained in Pannonia".[116][117] An unknown author's Description of Eastern Europe from 1308 likewise states that the Vlachs "were once the shepherds of the Romans" who "had over them ten powerful kings in the entire Messia and Pannonia".[118][119]

Additionally, in medieval times there were other lands known by the name 'Vlach' such as Great Vlachia, situated between Thessaly and the western Pindus mountains, of the Despotate of Epirus between the 12th-15th century. Originally within the Byzantine Empire, but after the 13th century autonomous or semi-independent. In the 12th century, the Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela, who toured the area in 1166 called the region of Thessaly "Vlachia".[120] [121] The contemporary Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates however distinguishes "Great Vlachia" as a district near Meteora.[122] "Vlachia", "Great Vlachia", and the other variants began to fall out of use for Thessaly at the turn of the 14th century, and with the emergence of the Principality of Wallachia north of the Danube in the 14th century, from the 15th century the name was reserved for it.[122][123] White Wallachia, a Byzantine denomination for the region between the Danube River and the Balkans; Moravian Wallachia, a region in south-eastern Czech Republic). The names derive from the Vlachs, who had lived across much of these regions.

In the 14th century the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia emerged to fight the Ottoman Empire. During the late Middle Ages, prominent medieval Romanian monarchs such as Bogdan of Moldavia, Stephen the Great, Mircea the Elder, Michael the Brave, or Vlad the Impaler took part actively in the history of Central Europe by waging tumultuous wars and leading noteworthy crusades against the then continuously expanding Ottoman Empire, at times allied with either the Kingdom of Poland or the Kingdom of Hungary in these causes.

Early Modern Age to Late Modern Age edit

Eventually the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by the Ottoman Empire. However, Moldavia and Wallachia (extending to Dobruja and Bulgaria) were not entirely subdued by the Ottomans as both principalities became autonomous (which was not the case of other Ottoman territorial possessions in Europe). Transylvania, a third region inhabited by an important majority of Romanian speakers, was a vassal state of the Ottomans until 1687, when the principality became part of the Habsburg possessions. The three principalities were united for several months in 1600 under the authority of Wallachian Prince Michael the Brave.[124]

Up until 1541, Transylvania was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, later (due to the conquest of Hungary by the Ottoman Empire) was a self-governed Principality governed by the Hungarian nobility. In 1699 it became a part of the Habsburg lands. By the end of the 18th century, the Austrian Empire was awarded by the Ottomans with the region of Bukovina and, in 1812, the Russians occupied the eastern half of Moldavia, known as Bessarabia through the Treaty of Bucharest of 1812.[125]

 
Animated history of Romania's borders (mid 19th century–present)
 
Romanians in the Kingdom of Hungary, according to the 1890 census
 
Map depicting the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia between 1859 and 1878

In the context of the 1848 Romanticist and liberal revolutions across Europe, the events that took place in the Grand Principality of Transylvania were the first of their kind to unfold in the Romanian-speaking territories. On the one hand, the Transylvanian Saxons and the Transylvanian Romanians (with consistent support on behalf of the Austrian Empire) successfully managed to oppose the goals of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, with the two noteworthy historical figures leading the common Romanian-Saxon side at the time being Avram Iancu and Stephan Ludwig Roth.

On the other hand, the Wallachian revolutions of 1821 and 1848 as well as the Moldavian Revolution of 1848, which aimed for independence from Ottoman and Russian foreign rulership, represented important impacts in the process of spreading the liberal ideology in the eastern and southern Romanian lands, in spite of the fact that all three eventually failed. Nonetheless, in 1859, Moldavia and Wallachia elected the same ruler, namely Alexander John Cuza (who reigned as Domnitor) and were thus unified de facto, resulting in the United Romanian Principalities for the period between 1859 and 1881.

During the 1870s, the United Romanian Principalities (then led by Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Domnitor Carol I) fought a War of Independence against the Ottomans, with Romania's independence being formally recognised in 1878 at the Treaty of Berlin.

Although the relatively newly founded Kingdom of Romania initially allied with Austria-Hungary, Romania refused to enter World War I on the side of the Central Powers, because it was obliged to wage war only if Austria-Hungary was attacked. In 1916, Romania joined the war on the side of the Triple Entente.

As a result, at the end of the war, Transylvania, Bessarabia, and Bukovina were awarded to Romania, through a series of international peace treaties, resulting in an enlarged and far more powerful kingdom under King Ferdinand I. As of 1920, the Romanian people was believed to number over 15 million solely in the region of the Romanian kingdom, a figure larger than the populations of Sweden, Denmark, and the Netherlands combined.[126]

During the interwar period, two additional monarchs came to the Romanian throne, namely Carol II and Michael I. This short-lived period was marked, at times, by political instabilities and efforts of maintaining a constitutional monarchy in favour of other, totalitarian regimes such as an absolute monarchy or a military dictatorship.

Contemporary Era edit

During World War II, the Kingdom of Romania lost territory both to the east and west, as Northern Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary through the Second Vienna Award, while Bessarabia and northern Bukovina were taken by the Soviets and included in the Moldavian SSR, respectively Ukrainian SSR. The eastern territory losses were facilitated by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact.

After the end of the war, the Romanian Kingdom managed to regain territories lost westward but was nonetheless not given Bessarabia and northern Bukovina back, the aforementioned regions being forcefully incorporated into the Soviet Union (USSR). Subsequently, the Soviet Union imposed a communist government and King Michael was forced to abdicate and leave for exile, subsequently settling in Switzerland, while Petru Groza remained the head of the government of the Socialist Republic of Romania (RSR). Nicolae Ceaușescu became the head of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) in 1965 and his severe rule of the 1980s was ended by the Romanian Revolution of 1989.

The chaos of the 1989 revolution brought to power the dissident communist Ion Iliescu as president (largely supported by the FSN). Iliescu remained in power as head of state until 1996, when he was defeated by CDR-supported Emil Constantinescu in the 1996 general elections, the first in post-communist Romania that saw a peaceful transition of power. Following Constantinescu's single term as president from 1996 to 2000, Iliescu was re-elected in late 2000 for another term of four years. In 2004, Traian Băsescu, the PNL-PD candidate of the Justice and Truth Alliance (DA), was elected president. Five years later, Băsescu (solely supported by the PDL this time) was narrowly re-elected for a second term in the 2009 presidential elections.

In 2014, the PNL-PDL candidate (as part of the larger Christian Liberal Alliance or ACL for short; also endorsed by the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania, FDGR/DFDR for short respectively) Klaus Iohannis won a surprise victory over former Prime Minister and PSD-supported contender Victor Ponta in the second round of the 2014 presidential elections. Thus, Iohannis became the first Romanian president stemming from an ethnic minority of the country (as he belongs to the Romanian-German community, being a Transylvanian Saxon). In 2019, the PNL-supported Iohannis was re-elected for a second term as president after a second round landslide victory in the 2019 Romanian presidential election (being also supported in that round by PMP and USR as well as by the FDGR/DFDR in both rounds).

In the meantime, Romania's major foreign policy achievements were the alignment with Western Europe and the United States by joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) back in 2004 and the European Union three years later, in 2007. Current national objectives of Romania include adhering to the Schengen Area, the Eurozone as well as the OECD (i.e. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development).

Language edit

Main article: Romanian language
 
Neacșu's letter to Johannes Benkner (former Transylvanian Saxon mayor of Kronstadt/Brașov) is the oldest document written in Romanian discovered to date.

During the Middle Ages, Romanian was isolated from the other Romance languages, and borrowed words from the nearby Slavic languages (see Slavic influence on Romanian). Later on, it borrowed a number of words from German, Hungarian, and Turkish.[127] During the modern era, most neologisms were borrowed from French and Italian, though the language has increasingly begun to adopt English borrowings.

The origins of the Romanian language, a Romance language, can be traced back to the Roman colonisation of the region. The basic vocabulary is of Latin origin,[126] although there are some substratum words that are assumed to be of Dacian origin. It is the most spoken Eastern Romance language and is closely related to Aromanian, Megeleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian, all three part of the same sub-branch of Romance languages.

 
Romanian language, as part of the Eastern Romance sub-branch of Romance languages, alongside and related to Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian.

The Moldovan language, in its official form, is practically identical to Romanian, although there are some differences in colloquial speech. In the de facto independent (but internationally unrecognised) region of Transnistria, the official script used to write Moldovan is Cyrillic.

Since 2013, the Romanian Language Day is officially celebrated on 31 August in Romania.[128] In Moldova, it is officially celebrated on the same day since 2023.[129]

As of 2017, an Ethnologue estimation puts the (worldwide) number of Romanian speakers at approximately 24.15 million.[130] The 24.15 million, however, represent only speakers of Romanian, not all of whom are necessarily ethnic Romanians. Also, this number does not include ethnic-Romanians who no longer speak the Romanian language.

Names for Romanians edit

In English, Romanians are usually called Romanians and very rarely Rumanians or Roumanians, except in some historical texts, where they are called Roumans or Vlachs.

Etymology of the name Romanian (român) edit

Main article: Name of Romania
 
Romanian revolutionaries of 1848 waving the tricolor flag

The name Romanian is derived from Latin romanus, meaning "Roman".[131] Under regular phonetical changes that are typical to the Romanian language, the name romanus over the centuries transformed into rumân [ruˈmɨn]. An older form of român was still in use in some regions. Socio-linguistic evolutions in the late 18th century led to a gradual preponderance of the român spelling form, which was then generalised during the National awakening of Romania of early 19th century.[132] Several historical sources show the use of the term "Romanian" among the medieval or early modern Romanian population. One of the earliest examples comes from the Nibelungenlied, a German epic poem from before 1200 in which a "Duke Ramunc from the land of Vlachs (Wallachia)" is mentioned. "Vlach" was an exonym used almost exclusively for the Romanians during the Middle Ages. It has been argued by some Romanian researchers that "Ramunc" was not the name of the duke, but a name that highlighted his ethnicity. Other old documents, especially Byzantine or Hungarian ones, make a correlation between the old Romanians as Romans or their descendants.[133] Several other documents, notably from Italian travelers into Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, speak of the self-identification, language and culture of the Romanians, showing that they designated themselves as "Romans" or related to them in up to 30 works.[134] One example is Tranquillo Andronico's 1534 writing that states that the Vlachs "now call themselves Romans".[135] Another one is Francesco della Valle's 1532 manuscripts that state that the Romanians from Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania preserved the name "Roman" and cites the sentence "Sti Rominest?" (știi românește?, "do you speak Romanian?").[136] Authors that travelled to modern Romania who wrote about it in 1574,[137] 1575[138] and 1666 also noted the use of the term "Romanian".[139] From the Middle Ages, Romanians bore two names, the exonym (one given to them by foreigners) Wallachians or Vlachs, under its various forms (vlah, valah, valach, voloh, blac, olăh, vlas, ilac, ulah, etc.), and the endonym (the name they used for themselves) Romanians (Rumâni/Români).[140]

Other researchers have expressed a different point of view and have doubted or denied the continuity of the ethonym "Romanian" from "Roman", at least on an ethnic sense. For example, Onoriu Colăcel considers that the terms "Romania" and "Romanian" would only have appeared during the 19th century.[141] According to Vladimír Baar and Daniel Jakubek, typically pro-Russian authors in Moldova tend to argue that "Romanian" as an ethnonym is only a mere recent product from Romanian nationalist historical myths despite the attestation of this name in old documents.[132] Examples of this would include Petr Shornikov,[142] Mikhail Guboglo and Valentin Dergachev.[132] According to Tomasz Kamusella, at the time of the rise of Romanian nationalism during the early 19th century, the political leaders of Wallachia and Moldavia were aware that the name România was identical to Romania, a name that had been used for the former Byzantine Empire by its inhabitants. Kamusella continues by stating that they preferred this ethnonym in order to stress their presumed link with Ancient Rome and that it became more popular as a nationalistic form of referring to all Romanian-language speakers as a distinct and separate nation during the 1820s.[143] Raymond Detrez asserts that român, derived from the Latin Romanus, acquired at a certain point the same meaning of the Greek Romaios; that of Orthodox Christian.[144] Wolfgang Dahmen claims that the meaning of romanus (Roman) as "Christian", as opposed to "pagan", which used to mean "non-Roman", may have contributed to the preservation of this word as an ethonym of the Romanian people, under the meaning of "Christian".[145]

Daco-Romanian edit

To distinguish Romanians from the other Romanic peoples of the Balkans (Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians), the term Daco-Romanian is sometimes used to refer to those who speak the standard Romanian language and live in the former territory of ancient Dacia (today comprising mostly Romania and Moldova) and its surroundings (such as Dobruja or the Timok Valley, the latter region part of the former Roman province of Dacia Ripensis).[146][147]

Etymology of the term Vlach edit

The name of "Vlachs" is an exonym that was used by Slavs to refer to all Romanized natives of the Balkans. It holds its origin from ancient Germanic—being a cognate to "Welsh" and "Walloon"—and perhaps even further back in time, from the Roman name Volcae, which was originally a Celtic tribe. From the Slavs, it was passed on to other peoples, such as the Hungarians (Oláh) and Greeks (Vlachoi) (see the Etymology section of Vlachs). Wallachia, the Southern region of Romania, takes its name from the same source.

Nowadays, the term Vlach is more often used to refer to the Romanized populations of the Balkans who speak Daco-Romanian, Aromanian, Istro-Romanian, and Megleno-Romanian.

Romanians outside Romania edit

Main article: Romanian diaspora
 
Countries with a significant Romanian population and descendants from Romanians:
  Romania
  +1,000,000
  +100,000
  +10,000
  +1,000
 
Charts depicting share of Romanians living abroad within other states of the European Union

Most Romanians live in Romania, where they constitute a majority; Romanians also constitute a minority in the countries that neighbour Romania. Romanians can also be found in many countries, notably in the other EU countries, particularly in Italy, Spain, Germany, the United Kingdom and France; in North America in the United States and Canada; in Israel; as well as in Brazil, Australia, Argentina, and New Zealand among many other countries. Italy and Spain have been popular emigration destinations, due to a relatively low language barrier, and both are each now home to about a million Romanians. With respect to geopolitical identity, many individuals of Romanian ethnicity in Moldova prefer to identify themselves as Moldovans.[61][62]

The contemporary total population of ethnic Romanians cannot be stated with any degree of certainty. A disparity can be observed between official sources (such as census counts) where they exist, and estimates which come from non-official sources and interested groups. Several inhibiting factors (not unique to this particular case) contribute towards this uncertainty, which may include:

  • A degree of overlap may exist or be shared between Romanian and other ethnic identities in certain situations, and census or survey respondents may elect to identify with one particular ancestry but not another, or instead identify with multiple ancestries;[148]
  • Counts and estimates may inconsistently distinguish between Romanian nationality and Romanian ethnicity (i.e. not all Romanian nationals identify with Romanian ethnicity, and vice versa);[148]
  • The measurements and methodologies employed by governments to enumerate and describe the ethnicity and ancestry of their citizens vary from country to country. Thus the census definition of "Romanian" might variously mean Romanian-born, of Romanian parentage, or also include other ethnic identities as Romanian which otherwise are identified separately in other contexts.[148]
 
Romanians of Zakarpattia Oblast in Carpathian Ruthenia, western Ukraine, performing a traditional dance.

For example, the decennial US Census of 2000 calculated (based on a statistical sampling of household data) that there were 367,310 respondents indicating Romanian ancestry (roughly 0.1% of the total population).[149]

The actual total recorded number of foreign-born Romanians was only 136,000.[150] However, some non-specialist organisations have produced estimates which are considerably higher: a 2002 study by the Romanian-American Network Inc. mentions an estimated figure of 1,200,000[42] for the number of Romanian Americans. Which makes the United States home to the largest Romanian community outside Romania.

This estimate notes however that "...other immigrants of Romanian national minority groups have been included such as: Armenians, Germans, Gypsies, Hungarians, Jews, and Ukrainians". It also includes an unspecified allowance for second- and third-generation Romanians, and an indeterminate number living in Canada. An error range for the estimate is not provided. For the United States 2000 Census figures, almost 20% of the total population did not classify or report an ancestry, and the census is also subject to undercounting, an incomplete (67%) response rate, and sampling error in general.

In Republika Srpska, one of the two entities constituting Bosnia and Herzegovina together with the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romanians are legally recognized as an ethnic minority.[151]

Culture edit

Main article: Culture of Romania

Contributions to contemporary culture edit

Main article: List of Romanians

Romanians have played and contributed a major role in the advancement of the arts, culture, sciences, technology and engineering.

In the history of aviation, Traian Vuia and Aurel Vlaicu built and tested some of the earliest aircraft designs, while Henri Coandă discovered the Coandă effect of fluidics. Victor Babeș discovered more than 50 germs and a cure for a disease named after him, babesiosis; biologist Nicolae Paulescu was among the first scientists to identify insulin. Another biologist, Emil Palade, received the Nobel Prize for his contributions to cell biology. George Constantinescu created the theory of sonics, while mathematician Ștefan Odobleja has been claimed as "the ideological father behind cybernetics" – his work The Consonantist Psychology (Paris, 1938) was supposedly the main source of inspiration for N. Wiener's Cybernetics (Paris, 1948). Lazăr Edeleanu was the first chemist to synthesize amphetamine and also invented the modern method of refining crude oil.

In the arts and culture, prominent figures were George Enescu (music composer, violinist, professor of Sir Yehudi Menuhin), Constantin Brâncuși (sculptor), Eugène Ionesco (playwright), Mircea Eliade (historian of religion and novelist), Emil Cioran (essayist, Prix de l'Institut Français for stylism) and Angela Gheorghiu (soprano). More recently, filmmakers such as Cristi Puiu and Cristian Mungiu have attracted international acclaim, as has fashion designer Ioana Ciolacu.

In sports, Romanians have excelled in a variety of fields, such as football (Gheorghe Hagi), gymnastics (Nadia Comăneci, Lavinia Miloșovici etc.), tennis (Ilie Năstase, Ion Țiriac, Simona Halep), rowing (Ivan Patzaichin) and handball (four times men's World Cup winners). Count Dracula is a worldwide icon of Romania. This character was created by the Irish fiction writer Bram Stoker, based on some stories spread in the late Middle Ages by the frustrated German tradesmen of Kronstadt (Brașov) and on some vampire folk tales about the historic Romanian figure of Prince Vlad Țepeș.

Religion edit

Main article: Religion in Romania

Almost 90% of all Romanians consider themselves religious.[152] The vast majority are Eastern Orthodox Christians, belonging to the Romanian Orthodox Church (a branch of Eastern Orthodoxy, or Eastern Orthodox Church, together with the Greek Orthodox, Orthodox Church of Georgia and Russian Orthodox Churches, among others). Romanians form the third largest ethno-linguistic group among Eastern Orthodox in the world.[153][154]

According to the 2011 census, 93.6% of ethnic Romanians in Romania identified themselves as Romanian Orthodox (in comparison to 81% of Romania's total population, including other ethnic groups).[155] However, the actual rate of church attendance is significantly lower and many Romanians are only nominally believers. For example, according to a 2006 Eurobarometer poll, only 23% of Romanians attend church once a week or more.[156] A 2006 poll conducted by the Open Society Foundations found that only 33% of Romanians attended church once a month or more.[157]

Romanian Catholics are present in Transylvania, Banat, Bukovina, Bucharest, and parts of Moldavia, belonging to both the Roman Catholic Church (297,246 members) and the Romanian Greek Catholic Church (124,563 members). According to the 2011 Romanian census, 2.5% of ethnic Romanians in Romania identified themselves as Catholic (in comparison to 5% of Romania's total population, including other ethnic groups). Around 1.6% of ethnic Romanians in Romania identify themselves as Pentecostal, with the population numbering 276,678 members. Smaller percentages are Protestant, Jews, Muslims, agnostic, atheist, or practice a traditional religion.

There are no official dates for the adoption of religions by the Romanians. Based on linguistic and archaeological findings, historians suggest that the Romanians' ancestors acquired polytheistic religions in the Roman era, later adopting Christianity, most likely by the 4th century AD when decreed by Emperor Constantine the Great as the official religion of the Roman Empire.[158] Like in all other Romance languages, the basic Romanian words related to Christianity are inherited from Latin, such as God (Dumnezeu < Domine Deus), church (biserică < basilica), cross (cruce < crux, -cis), angel (înger < angelus), saint (regional: sfân(t) < sanctus), Christmas (Crăciun < creatio, -onis), Christian (creștin < christianus), Easter (paște < paschae), sin (păcat < peccatum), to baptise (a boteza < batizare), priest (preot < presbiterum), to pray (a ruga < rogare), faith (credință < credentia), and so on.

After the Roman Catholic-Eastern Orthodox Schism of 1054, there existed a Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania for a short period of time, from 1228 to 1241. However, this seems to be the exception, rather than the rule, as in both Wallachia and Moldavia the state religion was Eastern Orthodox. Until the 17th century, the official language of the liturgy was Old Church Slavonic (a.k.a. Middle Bulgarian). Then, it gradually changed to Romanian.

Symbols edit

 
 
National symbols of Romania: the flag (left) and the coat of arms (right)

In addition to the colours of the Romanian flag, each historical province of Romania has its own characteristic symbol:

The coat of arms of Romania combines these together.

Customs edit

Main article: Folklore of Romania

Traditional costumes edit

  •  
    Romanians from Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania, in traditional folk costumes, dancing on the occasion of the Mărțișor holiday (2006).
  •  
    Painting of Transylvanian Romanian peasants from Abrud by Ion Theodorescu-Sion
  •  
    Traditional Romanian peasant costumes to the left, followed from left to right by Hungarian, Slavic, and German ones
  •  
    Romanian peasant costume from Bukovina, early 20th century
  •  
    Romanians from Bukovina, early 20th century postcard
  •  
    Painting of a young Wallachian shepherd in the early 20th century by Ipolit Strâmbu
  •  
    Romanian immigrants in New York City, late 19th century

Relationship to other ethnic groups edit

The closest ethnic groups to the Romanians are the other Romanic peoples of Southeastern Europe: the Aromanians (Macedo-Romanians), the Megleno-Romanians, and the Istro-Romanians. The Istro-Romanians are the closest ethnic group to the Romanians, and it is believed they left Maramureș, Transylvania about a thousand years ago and settled in Istria, Croatia.[159] Numbering about 500 people still living in the original villages of Istria while the majority left for other countries after World War II (mainly to Italy, United States, Canada, Spain, Germany, France, Sweden, Switzerland, Romania, and Australia), they speak the Istro-Romanian language, the closest living relative of Romanian. On the other hand, the Aromanians and the Megleno-Romanians are Romance peoples who live south of the Danube, mainly in Greece, Albania, North Macedonia and Bulgaria although some of them migrated to Romania in the 20th century. It is believed that they diverged from the Romanians in the 7th to 9th century, and currently speak the Aromanian language and Megleno-Romanian language, both of which are Eastern Romance languages, like Romanian, and are sometimes considered by traditional Romanian linguists to be dialects of Romanian.

Genetics and ethnogenesis edit

Main article: Origin of the Romanians
See also: Genetic history of Europe
 
Main Y-DNA haplogroups for average Romanian population and per historical regions.[160]

Three theories account for the ethnogenesis of the Romanian people. One, known as the Daco-Roman continuity theory, posits that they are descendants of Romans and Romanized indigenous peoples (Dacians) living in the Roman Province of Dacia, while the other posits that the Romanians are descendants of Romans and Romanized indigenous populations of the former Roman provinces of Illyricum, Moesia, Thracia, and Macedonia, and the ancestors of Romanians later migrated from these Roman provinces south of the Danube into the area which they inhabit today. The third theory also known as the admigration theory, proposed by Dimitrie Onciul (1856–1923), posits that the formation of the Romanian people occurred in the former "Dacia Traiana" province, and in the central regions of the Balkan Peninsula.[161][162][163] However, the Balkan Vlachs' northward migration ensured that these centers remained in close contact for centuries.[161][164] This theory is a compromise between the immigrationist and the continuity theories.[161]

According to a triple analysis – autosomal, mitochondrial and paternal — of available data from large-scale studies, the whole genome SNP data situates Romanians are most closely related to Bulgarians, Macedonians, followed by other European populations, which form a coherent cluster among worldwide populations.[165] Most West Slavs-East Slavs, Hungarians, and Austrians were found to share as many identical by-descent DNA segments with South Slavs as with Romanians, Torbeshi and Gagauzes.[166] According to 2023 archaeogenetic study autosomal qpAdm modelling, the modern-day Romanians are 55.4% of Central-Eastern European early medieval (mostly Slavic) ancestry, 24.6% of Bulgaria-Early Iron Age like ancestry, 11.4% West Anatolia ancestry and 8.6% Croatia-Serbia Roman-Anatolian like ancestry.[167]

The prevailing Y-chromosome in Wallachia (Ploiești, Dolj), Moldavia (Piatra Neamț, Buhuși), Dobruja (Constanța), and northern Republic of Moldova is recorded to be Haplogroup I.[168][169] Subclades I1 and I2 can be found in most present-day European populations, with peaks in some Northern European and Southeastern European countries. Haplogroup I occurs at 32% in Romanians.[170] The frequency of I2a1 (I-P37) in the Balkans today is owed to indigenous European tribes, and was present before the Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe.[166] A similar result was cited in a study investigating the genetic pool of people from Republic of Moldova, concluded about the representative samples taken for comparison from Romanians from the towns of Piatra-Neamț and Buhuși that "the most common Y haplogroup in this population was I-M423 (40.7%). This is the highest frequency of the I-M423 haplogroup reported so far outside of the northwest Balkans. The next most frequent among Romanian males was haplogroup R-M17* (16.7%), followed by R-M405 (7.4%), E-v13 and R-M412* (both 5.6%)."[171] The I-M423 haplogroup is a subclade of I2a, a haplogroup prosperous in the Starcevo culture and its possible offshoot Cucuteni–Trypillia culture (4800-3000 BCE). The high concentration of I2a1b-L621, the main subclade, is attributed to Bronze Age and Early Iron Age migrations (Dacians, Thracians, Illyrians) and the medieval Slavic migrations.[172]

 
Procrustes-transformed PCA plot of genetic variation of European populations. (A) Geographic coordinates of 37 populations. (B) Procrustes-transformed PCA plot of genetic variation. The Procrustes analysis is based on the unprojected latitude-longitude coordinates and PC1-PC2 coordinates of 1378 individuals.[173]

According to a Y-chromosome analysis of 335 sampled Romanians, 15% of them belong to R1a.[174] Haplogroup R1a, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup which is distributed in a large region in Eurasia, extending from Scandinavia and Central Europe to southern Siberia and South Asia.[175][176] Haplogroup R1a among Romanians is entirely from the Eastern European variety Z282 and may be a result of Baltic, Thracian or Slavic descent. 12% of the Romanians belong to Haplogroup R1b, the Alpino-Italic branch of R1b is at 2% a lower frequency recorded than other Balkan peoples.[177] The eastern branches of R1b represent 7%, they prevail in parts of Eastern and Central Europe as a result of Ancient Greek colonisation – in parts of Sicily as well.[177][178] Other studies analyzing the haplogroup frequency among Romanians came to similar results.[169]

Delving into the regional differences of Mitochondrial DNA of Romanians, a 2014 study emphasised the different position of North and South Romanian populations (ie inside and outside of the Carpathian range) in terms of mitochondrial haplotype variability. The population within the Carpathian range was found to have haplogroup H at 59.7% frequency, U at 11.3%, K and HV at 3.23% each, and M, X and A at 1.61% each. The South Romanian population also showed the highest frequency in haplogroup H at 47% (lower than in the sample from the North of Romania), haplogroup U showed a noticeable frequency at 17% (higher than in the sample from North Romania), haplogroups HV and K at 10.61% and 7.58%, respectively, while haplogroups M, X and A were absent. Comparing the results to European and international samples, the study proposes a weak differentiated distribution of mitochondrial haplogroups between inner and outer Carpathian population (rather than North-South boundary) based on higher frequency for the haplogroup J and haplogroup K2a in the Southern Romanian sample - considered as markers of the Neolithic expansion in Europe from the Near East, the absence of K2a and the presence of haplogroup M in Northern Romanian sample - with higher frequency in Western and Southern Asia, and the inclusion of both Romanian populations within the range of the European mitochondrial variability, rather than being closer to the Near Eastern populations. The North Romanian sample was also found to be slightly separated from the other samples included in the study.[179]

A 2017 paper concentrated on the Mitochondrial DNA of Romanians, showed how Romania has been "a major crossroads between Asia and Europe" and thus "experienced continuous migration and invasion episodes"; while stating that previous studies show Romanians "exhibit genetic similarity with other Europeans". The paper also mentions how "signals of Asian maternal lineages were observed in all Romanian historical provinces, indicating gene flow along the migration routes through East Asia and Europe, during different time periods, namely, the Upper Paleolithic period and/or, with a likely greater preponderance, the Middle Ages", at low frequency (2.24%). The study analysed 714 samples, representative to the 41 counties of Romania, and grouped them in 4 categories corresponding to historical Romanian provinces: Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania, and Dobruja. The majority was classified within 9 Eurasian mitochondrial haplogroups (H, U, K, T, J, HV, V, W, and X), while also finding sequences that belonged to the most frequent Asian haplogroups (haplogroups A, C, D, I - at 2.24% overall frequency, and M and N) and African haplogroup L (two samples in Wallachia and one in Dobruja). The H, V, and X haplogroups were detected at higher frequencies in Transylvania, while the frequency of U and N was lower, with M being absent, interpreted as an indicator of genetic proximity of Transylvania to Central European populations, in contrast to the other three provinces, which showed resemblance to Balkan populations. The Dobrujan samples showed a larger contribution of genes from Southwestern Asia which the authors attributed to a larger Asian influence historically and/or its smaller sample size compared to that of the other populations included.[180]

Demographics edit

The largest ethnic group in Romania is ethnic Romanians, followed by Hungarians and Romani people.[181]

Maps edit

  •  
    Mid-19th century French map depicting Romanians in Central and Eastern Europe
  •  
    Modern distribution of the Eastern Romance-speaking ethnic groups (including, most notably, the Romanians)
  •  
    Romanians in Central Europe (coloured in blue), 1880
  •  
    Ethnic map of Austria-Hungary and Romania, 1892
  •  
    British map depicting territories inhabited by Eastern Romance peoples before the outbreak of World War I
  •  
    Romanian speakers in Central and Eastern Europe, early 20th century
  •  
    Map of the Kingdom of Romania at its greatest extent (1920–1940)
  •  
    Geographic distribution of ethnic Romanians in the early 21st century
  •  
    Notable regions with inhabited by Eastern Romance speakers at the beginning of the 21st century
  •  
    Map highlighting the three main sub-groups of Daco-Romanians
  •  
    Geographic distribution of Romanians in Romania (coloured in purple) at commune level (2011 census)
  •  
    Geographic distribution of Romanian in Romania (coloured in purple) at county level (2011 census)

See also edit

Notes and references edit

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    • "Vlach - History, Language & Culture". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023. Although the origin of Aromanian and Meglenoromanian (and Romanian) from Balkan Latin is beyond question, it is unclear to what extent contemporary Balkan Romance speakers are descended from Roman colonists or from indigenous pre-Roman Balkan populations who shifted to Latin. [...] Nationalist historians deploy one or the other scenario to justify modern territorial claims or claims to indigeneity. Thus, Hungarian (Magyar) claims to Transylvania assume a complete Roman exodus from Dacia, while Romanian claims assume that Romance continued to be spoken by Romanized Dacians. Most scholars who are not nationally affiliated assume the second scenario.
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Bibliography edit

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  • Jones, C. P. (1988). "An Epigram from Ratiaria". The American Journal of Philology. 109 (2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 231–38. doi:10.2307/294583. JSTOR 294583.
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  • Madgearu, Alexandru (2005). The Romanians in the Anonymous "Gesta Hungarorum" : truth and fiction. Cluj-Napoca: Center for Transylvanian Studies, Romanian Cultural Institute. ISBN 973-7784-01-4.
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  • Schramm, Gottfried (1997). Ein Damm bricht. Die römische Donaugrenze und die Invasionen des 5-7. Jahrhunderts in Lichte der Namen und Wörter [=A Dam Breaks: The Roman Danube frontier and the Invasions of the 5th-7th Centuries in the Light of Names and Words] (in German). R. Oldenbourg Verlag. ISBN 978-3-486-56262-0.
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External links edit

 
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  • The Romanian nation in the beginning of the 20th century

January 01, 1970
romanians, confused, with, romani, people, romans, aromanians, information, population, romania, demographics, romania, romani, people, living, romania, romani, people, romania, romanian, români, pronounced, roˈmɨnʲ, dated, exonym, vlachs, romance, speaking, e. Not to be confused with Romani people Romans or Aromanians For information on the population of Romania see Demographics of Romania For Romani people living in Romania see Romani people in Romania Romanians Romanian romani pronounced roˈmɨnʲ dated exonym Vlachs are a Romance speaking 56 57 58 ethnic group and nation native to Central Eastern and Southeastern Europe 59 Sharing a common culture and ancestry they speak the Romanian language and live primarily in Romania and Moldova The 2021 Romanian census found that 89 3 of Romania s citizens identified themselves as ethnic Romanians 60 RomaniansRomaniEthnic distribution of Romanians around the worldTotal populationc 22 8 24 8 million 1 including Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups living abroad Regions with significant populations Romania 19 053 815 2022 Romanian census 2 Moldova 192 800 2014 Moldovan census additional 2 068 058 Moldovans 3 4 Other countriesEurope Italy1 206 938 migrants from Romania of all ethnic groups 5 Germany866 000 2022 migrants from Romania of all ethnic groups including a wide range of Romanian Germans as well 6 Spain535 935 2022 7 1 079 726 8 9 United Kingdom329 000 Romanian born residents 2022 10 France200 000 500 000 2022 11 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups 12 Ukraine150 989 additional 258 619 Moldovans 13 Austria131 788 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups including many Transylvanian Saxons as well 14 Belgium92 746 migrants from Romania of all ethnic groups 15 Greece46 523 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups 16 Netherlands39 654 migrants from Romania of all ethnic groups 17 Portugal39 000 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups 18 Hungary36 506 19 Denmark34 960 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups 20 Sweden32 294 born in Romania of all ethnic groups 21 Ireland29 186 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups 22 Cyprus24 376 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups 23 Serbia23 044 additional 21 013 Timok Vlachs 24 Switzerland21 593 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups 25 Norway18 877 migrants of Romania of all ethnic groups 26 Czech Republic14 684 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups 27 28 Turkey14 411 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups 29 Luxembourg5 209 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups 30 Polandc 5 000 31 Slovakia4 941 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups 32 Finland4 902 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups 33 Russia3 201 34 Malta2 000 citation needed Iceland1 463 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups 35 Bulgaria891 36 Bosnia and Herzegovina100 37 North America United States518 653 1 400 000 incl mixed origin Romanian Germans and Romanian Jews 38 39 40 41 42 Canada204 625 400 000 incl mixed origin 43 44 Mexico569 45 South America Brazil200 000 migrants from Romania and Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups 46 Venezuela10 000 migrants from Romania of all ethnic groups 47 Argentina10 000 of Romanian origin including Romanian Jews and Romanian Romani 48 Colombia350 49 Uruguay200 49 Peru174 49 Oceania Australia20 998 first and second generation migrants from Romania of all ethnic groups 50 New Zealand3 100 51 Asia Israel100 823 52 mostly Romanian Jews Japan2 708 53 Kazakhstan421 54 55 Vietnam100 49 Africa South Africa2 828 52 Egypt420 49 LanguagesRomanianReligionPredominantly Orthodox Christianity Romanian Orthodox Church also Roman Catholic Greek Catholic and ProtestantRelated ethnic groupsOther Eastern Romance speaking peoples most notably Moldovans Aromanians Megleno Romanians and Istro Romanians In one interpretation of the 1989 census results in Moldova the majority of Moldovans were counted as ethnic Romanians as well 61 62 Romanians also form an ethnic minority in several nearby countries situated in Central Southeastern and Eastern Europe most notably in Hungary Serbia including Timok and Ukraine Estimates of the number of Romanian people worldwide vary from minimum 24 to maximum 30 million in part depending on whether the definition of the term Romanian includes natives of both Romania and Moldova their respective diasporas and native speakers of both Romanian and other Eastern Romance languages Other speakers of the latter languages are the Aromanians the Megleno Romanians and the Istro Romanians native to Istria all of them unevenly distributed throughout the Balkan Peninsula which may be considered either Romanian subgroups or separated but related ethnicities Contents 1 History 1 1 Antiquity 1 2 Early Middle Ages to Late Middle Ages 1 3 Early Modern Age to Late Modern Age 1 4 Contemporary Era 2 Language 3 Names for Romanians 3 1 Etymology of the name Romanian roman 3 1 1 Daco Romanian 3 2 Etymology of the term Vlach 4 Romanians outside Romania 5 Culture 5 1 Contributions to contemporary culture 5 2 Religion 5 3 Symbols 5 4 Customs 5 4 1 Traditional costumes 6 Relationship to other ethnic groups 7 Genetics and ethnogenesis 8 Demographics 9 Maps 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Bibliography 13 External linksHistory editMain article History of Romania Antiquity edit Main articles Dacia and Roman Dacia nbsp Map showing the area where Dacian was spoken The blue area shows the Dacian lands conquered by the Roman Empire The orange area was inhabited by Free Dacian tribes and others The territories of modern day Romania and Moldova were inhabited by the ancient Getae and Dacian tribes King Burebista who reigned from 82 61 BC to 45 44 BC was the first king who successfully unified the tribes of the Dacian kingdom which comprised the area located between the Danube Tisza and Dniester rivers King Decebalus who reigned from 87 to 106 AD was the last king of the Dacian kingdom before it was conquered by the Roman Empire in 106 63 after two wars between Decebalus army and Trajan s army Prior to the two wars Decebalus defeated a Roman invasion during the reign of Domitian between 86 and 88 AD 64 The Roman administration retreated from Dacia between 271 and 275 AD during the reign of emperor Aurelian under the pressure of the Goths and the Dacian Carpi tribe The later Roman province Dacia Aureliana was organized inside former Moesia Superior 65 It was reorganized as Dacia Ripensis as a military province devastated by an Avars invasion in 586 66 and Dacia Mediterranea as a civil province devastated by an Avar invasion in 602 nbsp Map showing the area where the Latin language was spoken in pink during the Roman Empire between the 4th and 7th century including the territory of present day Romania The Diocese of Dacia circa 337 602 was a diocese of the later Roman Empire in the area of modern day Balkans 67 The Diocese of Dacia was composed of five provinces the northernmost provinces were Dacia Ripensis the Danubian portion of Dacia Aureliana one of the cities of Dacia Ripensis in today Romania is Sucidava and Moesia Prima today in Serbia near the border between Romania and Serbia 68 The territory of the diocese was devastated by the Huns in the middle of 5th century and finally overrun by the Avars and Slavs in late 6th and early 7th century 69 Scythia Minor c 290 c 680 was a Roman province corresponding to the lands between the Danube and the Black Sea today s Dobruja divided between Romania and Bulgaria 70 71 The capital of the province was Tomis today Constanța 70 According to the Laterculus Veronensis of c 314 and the Notitia Dignitatum of c 400 Scythia belonged to the Diocese of Thrace 72 The indigenous population of Scythia Minor was Dacian and their material culture is apparent archaeologically into the sixth century 70 Roman fortifications mostly date to the Tetrarchy or the Constantinian dynasty The province ceased to exist around 679 681 when the region was overrun by the Bulgars which the Emperor Constantine IV was forced to recognize in 681 73 Early Middle Ages to Late Middle Ages edit See also Romania in the Middle Ages and Vlachs During the Middle Ages Romanians were mostly known as Vlachs a blanket term ultimately of Germanic origin from the word Walha used by ancient Germanic peoples to refer to Romance speaking and Celtic neighbours Besides the separation of some groups Aromanians Megleno Romanians and Istro Romanians during the Age of Migration many Vlachs could be found all over the Balkans in Transylvania 74 across Carpathian Mountains 75 as far north as Poland and as far west as the regions of Moravia part of the modern Czech Republic some went as far east as Volhynia of western Ukraine and the present day Croatia where the Morlachs gradually disappeared while the Catholic and Orthodox Vlachs took Croat and Serb national identity 76 The first written record about a Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages in the Balkans near the Haemus Mons is from 587 AD A Vlach muleteer accompanying the Byzantine army noticed that the load was falling from one of the animals and shouted to a companion Torna torna fratre meaning Return return brother Theophanes the Confessor recorded it as part of a 6th century military expedition by Comentiolus and Priscus against the Avars Historian Gheorghe I Brătianu considers that these words represent an expression from the Romanian language as it was formed at that time in the Balkan and Danube regions they probably belong to one and the most significant of the substrates on which our Romanian language was built 77 The first definite document mentioning Romanians Vlachs is from the 8th century from the Konstamonitou Monastery in Mount Athos in Greece and talks about the Vlachs of the Rynchos river present day North Macedonia 78 According to the early 13th century medieval Hungarian book Gesta Hungarorum the invading Magyars of King Arpad c 845 c 907 waged wars against three dukes Glad Menumorut and the Vlach Gelou for Banat Crișana and Transylvania 79 80 Gesta Hungarorum also mentions the Slavs Bulgarians Vlachs and the shepherds of the Romans inhabiting the Carpathian Basin sclauij Bulgarij et Blachij ac pastores romanorum 81 Most researchers identify the Blachij with the Vlachs 82 83 84 However the document was written between 1200 and 1230 around 300 years after the described events and some modern historians have reservations about it and find it unreliable Another important document mentioning Romanians Vlachs from the South of the Balkan Peninsula dates back to 980 That year the governor of Servia Nikulitsa received the position of leader archon of the Vlachs from Hellas from Emperor Basil II The function received by Nikulitsa might have been as a commander of a Vlach army Byzantine historians usually described foreign rulers as archontes 85 The document signed by Basil II to give the position of archon of the Vlachs to Nekulitsa is mentioned in Strategikon of Kekaumenos written between 1075 and 1078 AD 86 nbsp First Bulgarian Empire 681 1018 around 850 After the Avar Khaganate collapsed in the 790s the First Bulgarian Empire became the dominant power of the region occupying lands as far as the river Tisa 87 The First Bulgarian Empire had a mixed population consisting of the Bulgar conquerors Slavs and Vlachs Romanians but the Slavicisation of the Bulgar elite had already begun in the 9th century Following the conquest of Southern and Central Transylvania around 830 people from the Bulgar Empire mined salt from mines in Turda Ocna Mureș Sărățeni and Ocnița They traded and transported salt throughout the Bulgar Empire 88 A series of Arab historians from the 10th century are some of the first to mention Vlachs in Eastern South Eastern Europe Mutahhar al Maqdisi c 945 991 writes They say that in the Turkic neighbourhood there are the Khazars Russians Slavs Waladj Vlachs Alans Greeks and many other peoples 89 Ibn al Nadim early 932 998 published in 998 the work Kitab al Fihrist mentioning Turks Bulgars and Vlahs using Blagha for Vlachs 90 91 A series of Byzantine historians such as George Kedrenos circa 1000 Kekaumenos circa 1000 John Skylitzes early 1040s after 1101 Anna Komnene 1083 1153 John Kinnamos 1143 1185 and Niketas Choniates 1155 1217 were some of the first to write about the Vlachs 92 John Skylitzes mentions the Vlachs around 976 AD as guides and guards of Byzantine caravans in the Balkans Between Prespa and Kastoria they met and fought with a Bulgarian rebel named David The Vlachs killed David in their first documented battle 93 Kekaumenos s father in law was Nikulitzas Delphinas a lord of Larissa who took part in the revolt of Bulgarians and Vlachs in Thessaly in 1066 AD 67 The 11th century scholar Kekaumenos wrote of a Vlach homeland situated near the Danube and the Sava where the Serbians lived more recently 94 95 He associated the Vlachs with the Dacians and the Bessi 96 97 98 Accordingly historians have located this homeland in several places including Pannonia Inferior Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu and Dacia Aureliana Matyas Gyoni 99 94 100 The princess and chronicler Anna Komnene reports that in April 1091 on the eve of the decisive Byzantine Pecheneg Battle of Levounion Emperor Alexios I Komnenos 1057 1118 was assisted by a number of 5 000 brave mountaineers and ready to attack passed by his side to fight alongside him Most of the specialists who have addressed these aspects have identified those bold mountaineers with the Vlachs 101 Anna Komnene reports that in 1094 on the occasion of the Cumans campaign south of the Danube Emperor Alexios I Komnenos was informed about the movements of the Turanians who had crossed the Danube by a certain Pudilos a Vlach noble 101 The Byzantine chronicler Niketas Choniates writes that in 1164 Andronikos I Komnenos the emperor Manuel I Komnenos s cousin tried without success to usurp the throne Failing in his attempt the Byzantine prince sought refuge in Halych but Andronikos I Komnenos was captured by the Vlachs to whom the rumor of his escape had reached he was taken back to the emperor 102 103 104 The Byzantine chronicler John Kinnamos presenting the campaign of Manuel I Komnenos against Hungary in 1166 reports that General Leon Vatatzes had under his command a great multitude of Vlachs who are said to be ancient colonies of those in Italy an army that attacked the Hungarian possessions about the lands near the Pontus called the Euxine respectively the southeastern regions of Transylvania destroyed everything without sparing and trampled everything it encountered in its passage 105 106 107 108 By the 9th and 10th centuries the nomadic Pechenegs conquered much of the steppes of Southeast Europe and the Crimean Peninsula The Pecheneg wars against the Kievan Rus caused some of the Slavs and Vlachs from North of the Danube to gradually migrate north of the Dniestr in the 10th and 11th centuries 109 The Second Bulgarian Empire founded by the Asen dynasty consisting of Bulgarians and Vlachs was founded in 1185 and lasted until 1396 Early rulers from the Asen dynasty particularly Kaloyan referred to themselves as Emperors of Bulgarians and Vlachs Later rulers especially Ivan Asen II styled themselves Tsars Emperors of Bulgarians and Romans An alternative name used in connection with the pre mid Second Bulgarian Empire 13th century period is the Empire of Vlachs and Bulgarians 110 variant names include the Vlach Bulgarian Empire the Bulgarian Wallachian Empire 111 Royal charters wrote of the Vlachs land in southern Transylvania in the early 13th century indicating the existence of autonomous Romanian communities 112 Papal correspondence mentions the activities of Orthodox prelates among the Romanians in Muntenia in the 1230s 113 Bela IV of Hungary s land grant to the Knights Hospitallers in Oltenia and Muntenia shows that the local Vlach rulers were subject to the king s authority in 1247 114 115 nbsp Map depicting historical Romanian Vlach pastoral transhumance a seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures in Eastern and Southeastern Europe including the territory of Romania today during the 18th and 19th centuries The late 13th century Hungarian chronicler Simon of Keza states that the Vlachs were shepherds and husbandmen who remained in Pannonia 116 117 An unknown author s Description of Eastern Europe from 1308 likewise states that the Vlachs were once the shepherds of the Romans who had over them ten powerful kings in the entire Messia and Pannonia 118 119 Additionally in medieval times there were other lands known by the name Vlach such as Great Vlachia situated between Thessaly and the western Pindus mountains of the Despotate of Epirus between the 12th 15th century Originally within the Byzantine Empire but after the 13th century autonomous or semi independent In the 12th century the Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela who toured the area in 1166 called the region of Thessaly Vlachia 120 121 The contemporary Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates however distinguishes Great Vlachia as a district near Meteora 122 Vlachia Great Vlachia and the other variants began to fall out of use for Thessaly at the turn of the 14th century and with the emergence of the Principality of Wallachia north of the Danube in the 14th century from the 15th century the name was reserved for it 122 123 White Wallachia a Byzantine denomination for the region between the Danube River and the Balkans Moravian Wallachia a region in south eastern Czech Republic The names derive from the Vlachs who had lived across much of these regions In the 14th century the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia emerged to fight the Ottoman Empire During the late Middle Ages prominent medieval Romanian monarchs such as Bogdan of Moldavia Stephen the Great Mircea the Elder Michael the Brave or Vlad the Impaler took part actively in the history of Central Europe by waging tumultuous wars and leading noteworthy crusades against the then continuously expanding Ottoman Empire at times allied with either the Kingdom of Poland or the Kingdom of Hungary in these causes Early Modern Age to Late Modern Age edit Eventually the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by the Ottoman Empire However Moldavia and Wallachia extending to Dobruja and Bulgaria were not entirely subdued by the Ottomans as both principalities became autonomous which was not the case of other Ottoman territorial possessions in Europe Transylvania a third region inhabited by an important majority of Romanian speakers was a vassal state of the Ottomans until 1687 when the principality became part of the Habsburg possessions The three principalities were united for several months in 1600 under the authority of Wallachian Prince Michael the Brave 124 Up until 1541 Transylvania was part of the Kingdom of Hungary later due to the conquest of Hungary by the Ottoman Empire was a self governed Principality governed by the Hungarian nobility In 1699 it became a part of the Habsburg lands By the end of the 18th century the Austrian Empire was awarded by the Ottomans with the region of Bukovina and in 1812 the Russians occupied the eastern half of Moldavia known as Bessarabia through the Treaty of Bucharest of 1812 125 nbsp Animated history of Romania s borders mid 19th century present nbsp Romanians in the Kingdom of Hungary according to the 1890 census nbsp Map depicting the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia between 1859 and 1878In the context of the 1848 Romanticist and liberal revolutions across Europe the events that took place in the Grand Principality of Transylvania were the first of their kind to unfold in the Romanian speaking territories On the one hand the Transylvanian Saxons and the Transylvanian Romanians with consistent support on behalf of the Austrian Empire successfully managed to oppose the goals of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 with the two noteworthy historical figures leading the common Romanian Saxon side at the time being Avram Iancu and Stephan Ludwig Roth On the other hand the Wallachian revolutions of 1821 and 1848 as well as the Moldavian Revolution of 1848 which aimed for independence from Ottoman and Russian foreign rulership represented important impacts in the process of spreading the liberal ideology in the eastern and southern Romanian lands in spite of the fact that all three eventually failed Nonetheless in 1859 Moldavia and Wallachia elected the same ruler namely Alexander John Cuza who reigned as Domnitor and were thus unified de facto resulting in the United Romanian Principalities for the period between 1859 and 1881 During the 1870s the United Romanian Principalities then led by Hohenzollern Sigmaringen Domnitor Carol I fought a War of Independence against the Ottomans with Romania s independence being formally recognised in 1878 at the Treaty of Berlin Although the relatively newly founded Kingdom of Romania initially allied with Austria Hungary Romania refused to enter World War I on the side of the Central Powers because it was obliged to wage war only if Austria Hungary was attacked In 1916 Romania joined the war on the side of the Triple Entente As a result at the end of the war Transylvania Bessarabia and Bukovina were awarded to Romania through a series of international peace treaties resulting in an enlarged and far more powerful kingdom under King Ferdinand I As of 1920 the Romanian people was believed to number over 15 million solely in the region of the Romanian kingdom a figure larger than the populations of Sweden Denmark and the Netherlands combined 126 During the interwar period two additional monarchs came to the Romanian throne namely Carol II and Michael I This short lived period was marked at times by political instabilities and efforts of maintaining a constitutional monarchy in favour of other totalitarian regimes such as an absolute monarchy or a military dictatorship Contemporary Era edit During World War II the Kingdom of Romania lost territory both to the east and west as Northern Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary through the Second Vienna Award while Bessarabia and northern Bukovina were taken by the Soviets and included in the Moldavian SSR respectively Ukrainian SSR The eastern territory losses were facilitated by the Molotov Ribbentrop Nazi Soviet non aggression pact After the end of the war the Romanian Kingdom managed to regain territories lost westward but was nonetheless not given Bessarabia and northern Bukovina back the aforementioned regions being forcefully incorporated into the Soviet Union USSR Subsequently the Soviet Union imposed a communist government and King Michael was forced to abdicate and leave for exile subsequently settling in Switzerland while Petru Groza remained the head of the government of the Socialist Republic of Romania RSR Nicolae Ceaușescu became the head of the Romanian Communist Party PCR in 1965 and his severe rule of the 1980s was ended by the Romanian Revolution of 1989 The chaos of the 1989 revolution brought to power the dissident communist Ion Iliescu as president largely supported by the FSN Iliescu remained in power as head of state until 1996 when he was defeated by CDR supported Emil Constantinescu in the 1996 general elections the first in post communist Romania that saw a peaceful transition of power Following Constantinescu s single term as president from 1996 to 2000 Iliescu was re elected in late 2000 for another term of four years In 2004 Traian Băsescu the PNL PD candidate of the Justice and Truth Alliance DA was elected president Five years later Băsescu solely supported by the PDL this time was narrowly re elected for a second term in the 2009 presidential elections In 2014 the PNL PDL candidate as part of the larger Christian Liberal Alliance or ACL for short also endorsed by the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania FDGR DFDR for short respectively Klaus Iohannis won a surprise victory over former Prime Minister and PSD supported contender Victor Ponta in the second round of the 2014 presidential elections Thus Iohannis became the first Romanian president stemming from an ethnic minority of the country as he belongs to the Romanian German community being a Transylvanian Saxon In 2019 the PNL supported Iohannis was re elected for a second term as president after a second round landslide victory in the 2019 Romanian presidential election being also supported in that round by PMP and USR as well as by the FDGR DFDR in both rounds In the meantime Romania s major foreign policy achievements were the alignment with Western Europe and the United States by joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO back in 2004 and the European Union three years later in 2007 Current national objectives of Romania include adhering to the Schengen Area the Eurozone as well as the OECD i e Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development Language editMain article Romanian language nbsp Neacșu s letter to Johannes Benkner former Transylvanian Saxon mayor of Kronstadt Brașov is the oldest document written in Romanian discovered to date During the Middle Ages Romanian was isolated from the other Romance languages and borrowed words from the nearby Slavic languages see Slavic influence on Romanian Later on it borrowed a number of words from German Hungarian and Turkish 127 During the modern era most neologisms were borrowed from French and Italian though the language has increasingly begun to adopt English borrowings The origins of the Romanian language a Romance language can be traced back to the Roman colonisation of the region The basic vocabulary is of Latin origin 126 although there are some substratum words that are assumed to be of Dacian origin It is the most spoken Eastern Romance language and is closely related to Aromanian Megeleno Romanian and Istro Romanian all three part of the same sub branch of Romance languages nbsp Romanian language as part of the Eastern Romance sub branch of Romance languages alongside and related to Aromanian Megleno Romanian and Istro Romanian The Moldovan language in its official form is practically identical to Romanian although there are some differences in colloquial speech In the de facto independent but internationally unrecognised region of Transnistria the official script used to write Moldovan is Cyrillic Since 2013 the Romanian Language Day is officially celebrated on 31 August in Romania 128 In Moldova it is officially celebrated on the same day since 2023 129 As of 2017 an Ethnologue estimation puts the worldwide number of Romanian speakers at approximately 24 15 million 130 The 24 15 million however represent only speakers of Romanian not all of whom are necessarily ethnic Romanians Also this number does not include ethnic Romanians who no longer speak the Romanian language Names for Romanians editIn English Romanians are usually called Romanians and very rarely Rumanians or Roumanians except in some historical texts where they are called Roumans or Vlachs Etymology of the name Romanian roman edit Main article Name of Romania nbsp Romanian revolutionaries of 1848 waving the tricolor flag The name Romanian is derived from Latin romanus meaning Roman 131 Under regular phonetical changes that are typical to the Romanian language the name romanus over the centuries transformed into ruman ruˈmɨn An older form of roman was still in use in some regions Socio linguistic evolutions in the late 18th century led to a gradual preponderance of the roman spelling form which was then generalised during the National awakening of Romania of early 19th century 132 Several historical sources show the use of the term Romanian among the medieval or early modern Romanian population One of the earliest examples comes from the Nibelungenlied a German epic poem from before 1200 in which a Duke Ramunc from the land of Vlachs Wallachia is mentioned Vlach was an exonym used almost exclusively for the Romanians during the Middle Ages It has been argued by some Romanian researchers that Ramunc was not the name of the duke but a name that highlighted his ethnicity Other old documents especially Byzantine or Hungarian ones make a correlation between the old Romanians as Romans or their descendants 133 Several other documents notably from Italian travelers into Wallachia Moldavia and Transylvania speak of the self identification language and culture of the Romanians showing that they designated themselves as Romans or related to them in up to 30 works 134 One example is Tranquillo Andronico s 1534 writing that states that the Vlachs now call themselves Romans 135 Another one is Francesco della Valle s 1532 manuscripts that state that the Romanians from Wallachia Moldavia and Transylvania preserved the name Roman and cites the sentence Sti Rominest știi romanește do you speak Romanian 136 Authors that travelled to modern Romania who wrote about it in 1574 137 1575 138 and 1666 also noted the use of the term Romanian 139 From the Middle Ages Romanians bore two names the exonym one given to them by foreigners Wallachians or Vlachs under its various forms vlah valah valach voloh blac olăh vlas ilac ulah etc and the endonym the name they used for themselves Romanians Rumani Romani 140 Other researchers have expressed a different point of view and have doubted or denied the continuity of the ethonym Romanian from Roman at least on an ethnic sense For example Onoriu Colăcel considers that the terms Romania and Romanian would only have appeared during the 19th century 141 According to Vladimir Baar and Daniel Jakubek typically pro Russian authors in Moldova tend to argue that Romanian as an ethnonym is only a mere recent product from Romanian nationalist historical myths despite the attestation of this name in old documents 132 Examples of this would include Petr Shornikov 142 Mikhail Guboglo and Valentin Dergachev 132 According to Tomasz Kamusella at the time of the rise of Romanian nationalism during the early 19th century the political leaders of Wallachia and Moldavia were aware that the name Romania was identical to Romania a name that had been used for the former Byzantine Empire by its inhabitants Kamusella continues by stating that they preferred this ethnonym in order to stress their presumed link with Ancient Rome and that it became more popular as a nationalistic form of referring to all Romanian language speakers as a distinct and separate nation during the 1820s 143 Raymond Detrez asserts that roman derived from the Latin Romanus acquired at a certain point the same meaning of the Greek Romaios that of Orthodox Christian 144 Wolfgang Dahmen claims that the meaning of romanus Roman as Christian as opposed to pagan which used to mean non Roman may have contributed to the preservation of this word as an ethonym of the Romanian people under the meaning of Christian 145 Daco Romanian edit To distinguish Romanians from the other Romanic peoples of the Balkans Aromanians Megleno Romanians and Istro Romanians the term Daco Romanian is sometimes used to refer to those who speak the standard Romanian language and live in the former territory of ancient Dacia today comprising mostly Romania and Moldova and its surroundings such as Dobruja or the Timok Valley the latter region part of the former Roman province of Dacia Ripensis 146 147 Etymology of the term Vlach edit The name of Vlachs is an exonym that was used by Slavs to refer to all Romanized natives of the Balkans It holds its origin from ancient Germanic being a cognate to Welsh and Walloon and perhaps even further back in time from the Roman name Volcae which was originally a Celtic tribe From the Slavs it was passed on to other peoples such as the Hungarians Olah and Greeks Vlachoi see the Etymology section of Vlachs Wallachia the Southern region of Romania takes its name from the same source Nowadays the term Vlach is more often used to refer to the Romanized populations of the Balkans who speak Daco Romanian Aromanian Istro Romanian and Megleno Romanian Romanians outside Romania editMain article Romanian diaspora nbsp Countries with a significant Romanian population and descendants from Romanians Romania 1 000 000 100 000 10 000 1 000 nbsp Charts depicting share of Romanians living abroad within other states of the European Union Most Romanians live in Romania where they constitute a majority Romanians also constitute a minority in the countries that neighbour Romania Romanians can also be found in many countries notably in the other EU countries particularly in Italy Spain Germany the United Kingdom and France in North America in the United States and Canada in Israel as well as in Brazil Australia Argentina and New Zealand among many other countries Italy and Spain have been popular emigration destinations due to a relatively low language barrier and both are each now home to about a million Romanians With respect to geopolitical identity many individuals of Romanian ethnicity in Moldova prefer to identify themselves as Moldovans 61 62 The contemporary total population of ethnic Romanians cannot be stated with any degree of certainty A disparity can be observed between official sources such as census counts where they exist and estimates which come from non official sources and interested groups Several inhibiting factors not unique to this particular case contribute towards this uncertainty which may include A degree of overlap may exist or be shared between Romanian and other ethnic identities in certain situations and census or survey respondents may elect to identify with one particular ancestry but not another or instead identify with multiple ancestries 148 Counts and estimates may inconsistently distinguish between Romanian nationality and Romanian ethnicity i e not all Romanian nationals identify with Romanian ethnicity and vice versa 148 The measurements and methodologies employed by governments to enumerate and describe the ethnicity and ancestry of their citizens vary from country to country Thus the census definition of Romanian might variously mean Romanian born of Romanian parentage or also include other ethnic identities as Romanian which otherwise are identified separately in other contexts 148 nbsp Romanians of Zakarpattia Oblast in Carpathian Ruthenia western Ukraine performing a traditional dance For example the decennial US Census of 2000 calculated based on a statistical sampling of household data that there were 367 310 respondents indicating Romanian ancestry roughly 0 1 of the total population 149 The actual total recorded number of foreign born Romanians was only 136 000 150 However some non specialist organisations have produced estimates which are considerably higher a 2002 study by the Romanian American Network Inc mentions an estimated figure of 1 200 000 42 for the number of Romanian Americans Which makes the United States home to the largest Romanian community outside Romania This estimate notes however that other immigrants of Romanian national minority groups have been included such as Armenians Germans Gypsies Hungarians Jews and Ukrainians It also includes an unspecified allowance for second and third generation Romanians and an indeterminate number living in Canada An error range for the estimate is not provided For the United States 2000 Census figures almost 20 of the total population did not classify or report an ancestry and the census is also subject to undercounting an incomplete 67 response rate and sampling error in general In Republika Srpska one of the two entities constituting Bosnia and Herzegovina together with the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Romanians are legally recognized as an ethnic minority 151 Culture editMain article Culture of Romania Contributions to contemporary culture edit Main article List of Romanians Romanians have played and contributed a major role in the advancement of the arts culture sciences technology and engineering In the history of aviation Traian Vuia and Aurel Vlaicu built and tested some of the earliest aircraft designs while Henri Coandă discovered the Coandă effect of fluidics Victor Babeș discovered more than 50 germs and a cure for a disease named after him babesiosis biologist Nicolae Paulescu was among the first scientists to identify insulin Another biologist Emil Palade received the Nobel Prize for his contributions to cell biology George Constantinescu created the theory of sonics while mathematician Ștefan Odobleja has been claimed as the ideological father behind cybernetics his work The Consonantist Psychology Paris 1938 was supposedly the main source of inspiration for N Wiener s Cybernetics Paris 1948 Lazăr Edeleanu was the first chemist to synthesize amphetamine and also invented the modern method of refining crude oil In the arts and culture prominent figures were George Enescu music composer violinist professor of Sir Yehudi Menuhin Constantin Brancuși sculptor Eugene Ionesco playwright Mircea Eliade historian of religion and novelist Emil Cioran essayist Prix de l Institut Francais for stylism and Angela Gheorghiu soprano More recently filmmakers such as Cristi Puiu and Cristian Mungiu have attracted international acclaim as has fashion designer Ioana Ciolacu In sports Romanians have excelled in a variety of fields such as football Gheorghe Hagi gymnastics Nadia Comăneci Lavinia Miloșovici etc tennis Ilie Năstase Ion Țiriac Simona Halep rowing Ivan Patzaichin and handball four times men s World Cup winners Count Dracula is a worldwide icon of Romania This character was created by the Irish fiction writer Bram Stoker based on some stories spread in the late Middle Ages by the frustrated German tradesmen of Kronstadt Brașov and on some vampire folk tales about the historic Romanian figure of Prince Vlad Țepeș Religion edit Main article Religion in Romania Almost 90 of all Romanians consider themselves religious 152 The vast majority are Eastern Orthodox Christians belonging to the Romanian Orthodox Church a branch of Eastern Orthodoxy or Eastern Orthodox Church together with the Greek Orthodox Orthodox Church of Georgia and Russian Orthodox Churches among others Romanians form the third largest ethno linguistic group among Eastern Orthodox in the world 153 154 According to the 2011 census 93 6 of ethnic Romanians in Romania identified themselves as Romanian Orthodox in comparison to 81 of Romania s total population including other ethnic groups 155 However the actual rate of church attendance is significantly lower and many Romanians are only nominally believers For example according to a 2006 Eurobarometer poll only 23 of Romanians attend church once a week or more 156 A 2006 poll conducted by the Open Society Foundations found that only 33 of Romanians attended church once a month or more 157 nbsp Romano Gothic Densuș Church Hunedoara Transylvania nbsp Romano Gothic Strei Church Hunedoara Transylvania nbsp St Nicholas Church Brașov Transylvania nbsp Nativity of St John the Baptist Church Piatra Neamț Moldavia nbsp Metropolitan Cathedral Iași Moldavia nbsp Putna Monastery Bukovina Romanian Catholics are present in Transylvania Banat Bukovina Bucharest and parts of Moldavia belonging to both the Roman Catholic Church 297 246 members and the Romanian Greek Catholic Church 124 563 members According to the 2011 Romanian census 2 5 of ethnic Romanians in Romania identified themselves as Catholic in comparison to 5 of Romania s total population including other ethnic groups Around 1 6 of ethnic Romanians in Romania identify themselves as Pentecostal with the population numbering 276 678 members Smaller percentages are Protestant Jews Muslims agnostic atheist or practice a traditional religion nbsp Roman Catholic Saint Joseph Cathedral Bucharest Wallachia nbsp Roman Catholic St Michael s Cathedral Alba Iulia Transylvania nbsp Greek Catholic Cathedral of the Holy Trinity Blaj Transylvania nbsp Greek Catholic Assumption of Mary Cathedral Baia Mare Transylvania nbsp Roman Catholic St John of Nepomuk Church Suceava Bukovina nbsp Roman Catholic St George Cathedral in Timișoara Banat There are no official dates for the adoption of religions by the Romanians Based on linguistic and archaeological findings historians suggest that the Romanians ancestors acquired polytheistic religions in the Roman era later adopting Christianity most likely by the 4th century AD when decreed by Emperor Constantine the Great as the official religion of the Roman Empire 158 Like in all other Romance languages the basic Romanian words related to Christianity are inherited from Latin such as God Dumnezeu lt Domine Deus church biserică lt basilica cross cruce lt crux cis angel inger lt angelus saint regional sfan t lt sanctus Christmas Crăciun lt creatio onis Christian creștin lt christianus Easter paște lt paschae sin păcat lt peccatum to baptise a boteza lt batizare priest preot lt presbiterum to pray a ruga lt rogare faith credință lt credentia and so on After the Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox Schism of 1054 there existed a Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania for a short period of time from 1228 to 1241 However this seems to be the exception rather than the rule as in both Wallachia and Moldavia the state religion was Eastern Orthodox Until the 17th century the official language of the liturgy was Old Church Slavonic a k a Middle Bulgarian Then it gradually changed to Romanian Symbols edit nbsp nbsp National symbols of Romania the flag left and the coat of arms right In addition to the colours of the Romanian flag each historical province of Romania has its own characteristic symbol Banat Trajan s Bridge Dobruja Dolphin Moldavia including Bukovina and Bessarabia Aurochs Wisent Oltenia Lion Transylvania including Crișana and Maramureș Black eagle or Turul Wallachia Eagle The coat of arms of Romania combines these together Customs edit Main article Folklore of Romania Traditional costumes edit nbsp Romanians from Cluj Napoca Cluj County Transylvania Romania in traditional folk costumes dancing on the occasion of the Mărțișor holiday 2006 nbsp Painting of Transylvanian Romanian peasants from Abrud by Ion Theodorescu Sion nbsp Traditional Romanian peasant costumes to the left followed from left to right by Hungarian Slavic and German ones nbsp Romanian peasant costume from Bukovina early 20th century nbsp Romanians from Bukovina early 20th century postcard nbsp Painting of a young Wallachian shepherd in the early 20th century by Ipolit Strambu nbsp Romanian immigrants in New York City late 19th centuryRelationship to other ethnic groups editThe closest ethnic groups to the Romanians are the other Romanic peoples of Southeastern Europe the Aromanians Macedo Romanians the Megleno Romanians and the Istro Romanians The Istro Romanians are the closest ethnic group to the Romanians and it is believed they left Maramureș Transylvania about a thousand years ago and settled in Istria Croatia 159 Numbering about 500 people still living in the original villages of Istria while the majority left for other countries after World War II mainly to Italy United States Canada Spain Germany France Sweden Switzerland Romania and Australia they speak the Istro Romanian language the closest living relative of Romanian On the other hand the Aromanians and the Megleno Romanians are Romance peoples who live south of the Danube mainly in Greece Albania North Macedonia and Bulgaria although some of them migrated to Romania in the 20th century It is believed that they diverged from the Romanians in the 7th to 9th century and currently speak the Aromanian language and Megleno Romanian language both of which are Eastern Romance languages like Romanian and are sometimes considered by traditional Romanian linguists to be dialects of Romanian Genetics and ethnogenesis editThis section relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources Find sources Romanians news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message Main article Origin of the Romanians See also Genetic history of Europe nbsp Main Y DNA haplogroups for average Romanian population and per historical regions 160 Three theories account for the ethnogenesis of the Romanian people One known as the Daco Roman continuity theory posits that they are descendants of Romans and Romanized indigenous peoples Dacians living in the Roman Province of Dacia while the other posits that the Romanians are descendants of Romans and Romanized indigenous populations of the former Roman provinces of Illyricum Moesia Thracia and Macedonia and the ancestors of Romanians later migrated from these Roman provinces south of the Danube into the area which they inhabit today The third theory also known as the admigration theory proposed by Dimitrie Onciul 1856 1923 posits that the formation of the Romanian people occurred in the former Dacia Traiana province and in the central regions of the Balkan Peninsula 161 162 163 However the Balkan Vlachs northward migration ensured that these centers remained in close contact for centuries 161 164 This theory is a compromise between the immigrationist and the continuity theories 161 According to a triple analysis autosomal mitochondrial and paternal of available data from large scale studies the whole genome SNP data situates Romanians are most closely related to Bulgarians Macedonians followed by other European populations which form a coherent cluster among worldwide populations 165 Most West Slavs East Slavs Hungarians and Austrians were found to share as many identical by descent DNA segments with South Slavs as with Romanians Torbeshi and Gagauzes 166 According to 2023 archaeogenetic study autosomal qpAdm modelling the modern day Romanians are 55 4 of Central Eastern European early medieval mostly Slavic ancestry 24 6 of Bulgaria Early Iron Age like ancestry 11 4 West Anatolia ancestry and 8 6 Croatia Serbia Roman Anatolian like ancestry 167 The prevailing Y chromosome in Wallachia Ploiești Dolj Moldavia Piatra Neamț Buhuși Dobruja Constanța and northern Republic of Moldova is recorded to be Haplogroup I 168 169 Subclades I1 and I2 can be found in most present day European populations with peaks in some Northern European and Southeastern European countries Haplogroup I occurs at 32 in Romanians 170 The frequency of I2a1 I P37 in the Balkans today is owed to indigenous European tribes and was present before the Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe 166 A similar result was cited in a study investigating the genetic pool of people from Republic of Moldova concluded about the representative samples taken for comparison from Romanians from the towns of Piatra Neamț and Buhuși that the most common Y haplogroup in this population was I M423 40 7 This is the highest frequency of the I M423 haplogroup reported so far outside of the northwest Balkans The next most frequent among Romanian males was haplogroup R M17 16 7 followed by R M405 7 4 E v13 and R M412 both 5 6 171 The I M423 haplogroup is a subclade of I2a a haplogroup prosperous in the Starcevo culture and its possible offshoot Cucuteni Trypillia culture 4800 3000 BCE The high concentration of I2a1b L621 the main subclade is attributed to Bronze Age and Early Iron Age migrations Dacians Thracians Illyrians and the medieval Slavic migrations 172 nbsp Procrustes transformed PCA plot of genetic variation of European populations A Geographic coordinates of 37 populations B Procrustes transformed PCA plot of genetic variation The Procrustes analysis is based on the unprojected latitude longitude coordinates and PC1 PC2 coordinates of 1378 individuals 173 According to a Y chromosome analysis of 335 sampled Romanians 15 of them belong to R1a 174 Haplogroup R1a is a human Y chromosome DNA haplogroup which is distributed in a large region in Eurasia extending from Scandinavia and Central Europe to southern Siberia and South Asia 175 176 Haplogroup R1a among Romanians is entirely from the Eastern European variety Z282 and may be a result of Baltic Thracian or Slavic descent 12 of the Romanians belong to Haplogroup R1b the Alpino Italic branch of R1b is at 2 a lower frequency recorded than other Balkan peoples 177 The eastern branches of R1b represent 7 they prevail in parts of Eastern and Central Europe as a result of Ancient Greek colonisation in parts of Sicily as well 177 178 Other studies analyzing the haplogroup frequency among Romanians came to similar results 169 Delving into the regional differences of Mitochondrial DNA of Romanians a 2014 study emphasised the different position of North and South Romanian populations ie inside and outside of the Carpathian range in terms of mitochondrial haplotype variability The population within the Carpathian range was found to have haplogroup H at 59 7 frequency U at 11 3 K and HV at 3 23 each and M X and A at 1 61 each The South Romanian population also showed the highest frequency in haplogroup H at 47 lower than in the sample from the North of Romania haplogroup U showed a noticeable frequency at 17 higher than in the sample from North Romania haplogroups HV and K at 10 61 and 7 58 respectively while haplogroups M X and A were absent Comparing the results to European and international samples the study proposes a weak differentiated distribution of mitochondrial haplogroups between inner and outer Carpathian population rather than North South boundary based on higher frequency for the haplogroup J and haplogroup K2a in the Southern Romanian sample considered as markers of the Neolithic expansion in Europe from the Near East the absence of K2a and the presence of haplogroup M in Northern Romanian sample with higher frequency in Western and Southern Asia and the inclusion of both Romanian populations within the range of the European mitochondrial variability rather than being closer to the Near Eastern populations The North Romanian sample was also found to be slightly separated from the other samples included in the study 179 A 2017 paper concentrated on the Mitochondrial DNA of Romanians showed how Romania has been a major crossroads between Asia and Europe and thus experienced continuous migration and invasion episodes while stating that previous studies show Romanians exhibit genetic similarity with other Europeans The paper also mentions how signals of Asian maternal lineages were observed in all Romanian historical provinces indicating gene flow along the migration routes through East Asia and Europe during different time periods namely the Upper Paleolithic period and or with a likely greater preponderance the Middle Ages at low frequency 2 24 The study analysed 714 samples representative to the 41 counties of Romania and grouped them in 4 categories corresponding to historical Romanian provinces Wallachia Moldavia Transylvania and Dobruja The majority was classified within 9 Eurasian mitochondrial haplogroups H U K T J HV V W and X while also finding sequences that belonged to the most frequent Asian haplogroups haplogroups A C D I at 2 24 overall frequency and M and N and African haplogroup L two samples in Wallachia and one in Dobruja The H V and X haplogroups were detected at higher frequencies in Transylvania while the frequency of U and N was lower with M being absent interpreted as an indicator of genetic proximity of Transylvania to Central European populations in contrast to the other three provinces which showed resemblance to Balkan populations The Dobrujan samples showed a larger contribution of genes from Southwestern Asia which the authors attributed to a larger Asian influence historically and or its smaller sample size compared to that of the other populations included 180 Demographics editThe largest ethnic group in Romania is ethnic Romanians followed by Hungarians and Romani people 181 Maps edit nbsp Mid 19th century French map depicting Romanians in Central and Eastern Europe nbsp Modern distribution of the Eastern Romance speaking ethnic groups including most notably the Romanians nbsp Romanians in Central Europe coloured in blue 1880 nbsp Ethnic map of Austria Hungary and Romania 1892 nbsp British map depicting territories inhabited by Eastern Romance peoples before the outbreak of World War I nbsp Romanian speakers in Central and Eastern Europe early 20th century nbsp Map of the Kingdom of Romania at its greatest extent 1920 1940 nbsp Geographic distribution of ethnic Romanians in the early 21st century nbsp Notable regions with inhabited by Eastern Romance speakers at the beginning of the 21st century nbsp Map highlighting the three main sub groups of Daco Romanians nbsp Geographic distribution of Romanians in Romania coloured in purple at commune level 2011 census nbsp Geographic distribution of Romanian in Romania coloured in purple at county level 2011 census See also edit nbsp Romania portal List of notable Romanians Romance languages Slavic influence on Romanian Legacy of the Roman Empire Romanian diaspora Romanians in Germany Romanian British Romanian French Romanians of Italy Romanians of Spain Romanian Australians Romanian Americans Romanian Canadians Romanians of Serbia Romanian language in Serbia Romanians of Ukraine Romanians of Hungary Romanians of Bulgaria History of Romania Origin of the Romanians Thraco Roman Daco Roman Brodnici Morlachs Gorals Moravian Wallachia Culture of Romania Art of Romania Geography of Romania Folklore of Romania Music of Romania Sport in Romania Name of Romania Romanian cuisine Romanian literature Minorities in Romania Romani people in RomaniaNotes and references edit 6 8 Million Romanians live outside Romania s borders Ziua Veche 13 December 2013 Archived from the original on 13 November 2014 Retrieved 13 November 2014 Population and housing census 2021 provisional results Archived from the original on 6 March 2023 Retrieved 29 May 2023 Statistică Biroul Naţional de 2 August 2013 Recensămintul populației și al locuințelor 2014 statistica gov md Archived from the original on 25 February 2021 Retrieved 23 February 2021 Includes additional 177 635 Moldovans in Transnistria as per the 2004 census in Transnistria 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Retrieved 5 February 2023 According to the Secretary of State Romanian Florin Carciu In France alone we have 500 000 Romanians more than what the French State declares today Adevarul 19 May 2022 Archived from the original on 31 January 2023 Retrieved 30 January 2023 Caţi romani muncesc in străinătate si unde sunt cei mai mulţi EWconomica net 30 November 2013 Archived from the original on 28 October 2016 Retrieved 11 April 2018 As per the 2001 Ukrainian National Census data ro Anzahl der Auslander in Osterreich nach den zehn wichtigsten Staatsangehorigkeiten am 1 Januar 2021 Statista Archived from the original on 30 November 2018 Retrieved 29 May 2017 V M 18 March 2016 Migratie in cijfers en in rechten 2018 PDF HotNews ro in Dutch Archived PDF from the original on 25 March 2023 Retrieved 19 February 2019 Announcement of the demographic and social characteristics of the Resident Population of Greece according to the 2011 Population Housing Census PDF Press release 23 August 2013 Archived 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Retrieved 25 February 2020 Census 2016 Summary Results Part 1 PDF Central Statistics Office 2016 Archived PDF from the original on 2 November 2019 Retrieved 19 February 2019 Cyprus 2011 census Cystat gov cy Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 Retrieved 11 April 2018 Stanovnishtvo prema nacionalnoј pripadnosti in Serbian Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia Archived PDF from the original on 14 June 2017 Retrieved 9 May 2023 Permanent and non permanent resident population by canton sex citizenship country of birth and age 2014 2015 Federal Statistical Office 26 August 2016 Archived from the original on 21 November 2016 Retrieved 29 May 2017 Immigrants and Norwegian born to immigrant parents 1 January 2022 Statistics Norway in Norwegian Archived from the original on 11 April 2016 Retrieved 14 February 2023 Mădălin Danciu 31 December 2018 Foreigners in the Czechia by citizenship CZSO Archived from the original on 15 November 2019 Retrieved 2 July 2020 Foreigners by 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romani sunt in Japonia Invazia dansatoarelor romance HotNews ro in Romanian Archived from the original on 4 April 2017 Retrieved 29 May 2017 Ethnic composition religion and language skills in the Republic of Kazakhstan www stat kz 2011 Archived from the original RAR on 11 May 2011 Socio economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan stat gov kz Archived from the original on 4 April 2017 Retrieved 29 May 2017 Pop Ioan Aurel 1996 Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th century Romanian Cultural Foundation ISBN 0 88033 440 1 Archived from the original on 27 September 2023 Retrieved 3 September 2019 We could say that contemporary Europe is made up of three large groups of peoples divided on the criteria of their origin and linguistic affiliation They are the following the Romanic or neo Latin peoples Italians Spaniards Portuguese French Romanians etc the Germanic peoples Germans proper English Dutch Danes Norwegians Swedes Icelanders etc and the Slavic peoples Russians Ukrainians Belorussians Poles Czechs Slovaks Bulgarians Serbs Croats Slovenians etc Minahan James 2000 One Europe Many Nations A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups Greenwood Publishing Group pp 548 776 ISBN 0 313 30984 1 Archived from the original on 16 January 2023 Retrieved 10 July 2018 The Romanians are a Latin nation Romance Latin nations Romanians Cole Jeffrey 2011 Ethnic Groups of Europe An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 59884 302 6 Archived from the original on 11 March 2023 Retrieved 3 September 2019 Romanians are the only Latin people to adopt Orthodoxy Vlach History Language amp Culture britannica com Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 23 April 2023 Retrieved 21 September 2023 Although the origin of Aromanian and Meglenoromanian and Romanian from Balkan Latin is beyond question it is unclear to what extent contemporary Balkan Romance speakers are descended from Roman colonists or from indigenous pre Roman Balkan populations who shifted to Latin Nationalist historians deploy one or the other scenario to justify modern territorial claims or claims to indigeneity Thus Hungarian Magyar claims to Transylvania assume a complete Roman exodus from Dacia while Romanian claims assume that Romance continued to be spoken by Romanized Dacians Most scholars who are not nationally affiliated assume the second scenario Dacia summary britannica com Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 20 February 2023 Retrieved 1 March 2024 Dacia Ancient country central Europe Roughly equivalent to modern Romania Bogdan Păcurar 30 December 2022 Recensămant 2022 Romania are 19 053 815 locuitori Țara noastră a pierdut peste un milion de locuitori față de acum 10 ani Digi24 ro in Romanian Archived from the original on 30 December 2022 Retrieved 30 December 2022 a b Ethnic Groups Worldwide A Ready Reference Handbook By David Levinson Published 1998 Greenwood Publishing Group a b At the time of the 1989 census Moldova s total population was 4 335 400 The largest nationality in the republic ethnic Romanians numbered 2 795 000 persons accounting for 64 5 percent of the population Source U S Library of Congress Archived 21 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine however it is one interpretation of census data results The subject of Moldovan vs Romanian ethnicity touches upon the sensitive topic of Moldova s national identity page 108 sqq Archived 6 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine Rita J Markel The Fall of the Roman Empire p 17 Twenty First Century Books 2007 Brian W Jones The Emperor Domitian London Routledge 1992 p 150 Hind 1984 p 191 The emperor Aurelian formed two provinces of Moesia Superior and Inferior In fact Dacia Ripensis was formed out of a stretch of the Danube between Moesia Superior and Inferior while Dacia Mediterranea was the old inland Balkan region of Dardania Jones 1988 p 231 When founded as a colony by Trajan Ratiaria was within Moesia Superior when Aurelian withdrew from the old Dacia north of the Danube and established a new province of the same name on the south Dacia Ripensis Ratiaria became the capital As such it was the seat of the military governor dux and the base of the legion XIII Gemina It flourished in the fourth and fifth centuries and according to the historian Priscus was megisth kai polyan8rwpos very great and with numerous inhabitants when it was captured by the Huns in the early 440s It appears to have recovered from this sack but was finally destroyed by the Avars in 586 though the name survives in the modern Arcar a b Curta 2006 Curta 2001 Jankovic 2004 p 39 61 a b c Kazhdan Alexander 1991 Scythia Minor In Kazhdan Alexander ed The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium Oxford and New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 504652 8 Rizos Efthymios 2018 Scythia Minor In Nicholson Oliver ed The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 866277 8 Wiewiorowski 2008 p 11 Zahariade 2006 p 236 Peoples of Europe Marshall Cavendish Corporation 2002 p 408 ISBN 0 7614 7378 5 vlachs maramures International Boundary Study Hungary Romania Rumania Boundary PDF Report Vol 47 US Office of the Geographer Bureau of Intelligence and Research 15 April 1965 Archived from the original PDF on 1 October 2015 Retrieved 10 January 2016 Hammel E A and Kenneth W Wachter The Slavonian Census of 1698 Part I Structure and Meaning European Journal of Population University of California Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 Retrieved 21 January 2010 Maria Cvasnii Cătănescu 1996 Limba romană origini și dezvoltare Humanitas p 64 ISBN 978 973 28 0659 3 Archived from the original on 27 September 2023 Retrieved 18 March 2023 Stelian Brezeanu O istorie a Bizanțului Editura Meronia București 2005 p 126 Hitchins 2014 p 20 Georgescu 1991 pp 14 15 Gesta Hungarorum Archived 4 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine a translation by Martyn Rady E g Armbruster Adolf 1972 Romanitatea romanilor Istoria unei idei Kristo Gyula 2002 Magyar historiografia I Tortenetiras a kozepkori Magyarorszagon Spinei 2009 Aksum an African civilisation of late antiquity By Stuart C Munro Hay Page 145 ISBN 0 7486 0209 7 Madgearu Alexandru 2001b Originea medievală a focarelor de conflict din Peninsula Balcanică The wars of the Balkan Peninsula Their medieval origins in Romanian Editura Corint pp 52 53 ISBN 973 653 191 0 Archived from the original on 27 September 2023 Retrieved 9 April 2023 Hitchins 2014 p 16 Bona Istvan 2001 Southern Transylvania under Bulgar Rule In Kopeczi Bela Barta Gabor Bona Istvan Makkai Laszlo Szasz Zoltan Borus Judit eds History of Transylvania Akademiai Kiado ISBN 0 88033 479 7 Archived from the original on 26 March 2023 Retrieved 13 April 2023 A Decei V Ciociltan La mention des Roumains Walah chez Al Maqdisi in Romano arabica I Bucharest 1974 pp 49 54 Ibn al Nadim al Fihrist English translation The Fihrist of al Nadim Editor și traducător B Dodge New York Columbia University Press 1970 p 37 with n 82 Spinei 2009 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Historiae Daco Romanae vol III Bucharest 1975 VI pp 3 Les Blachoi de Kinnamos et Choniates et la presence militaire byzantine au nord du Danube sous les Comnenes Stanescu Eugen 1971 In Revue des etudes sud est europeennes vol 9 1971 p 585 593 http opac regesta imperii de lang en anzeige php pk 337176 Archived 6 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine V Mărculeț The Vlachs in the military actions during the Comnen in Revista de Istorie Militară 2 60 2000 p 46 47 hereinafter The Vlachs during the Comnen Kristo Gyula 2003 Haboruk es hadviseles az Arpadok koraban Wars and Tactics under the Arpads in Hungarian Szukits Konyvkiado ISBN 963 9441 87 2 V Klyuchevsky The course of the Russian history v 1 Myslʹ 1987 ISBN 5 244 00072 1 Encyclopaedia Britannica Vlach Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 Retrieved 20 September 2011 Kolarz Walter 1972 Myths and Realities in Eastern Europe Kennikat Press p 217 ISBN 0 8046 1600 0 Archived from the original on 26 April 2023 Retrieved 9 April 2023 Bona 1994 p 189 Curta 2006 p 408 Curta 2006 pp 407 414 Pop Ioan Aurel 1999 p 44 Romanians and Romania A Brief History Boulder ISBN 978 0 88033 440 2 Simon of Keza January 1999 Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum Deeds of the Hungarians Central European University Press ISBN 978 963 9116 31 3 Archived from the original on 8 April 2023 Retrieved 9 April 2023 Madgearu 2005 pp 46 47 Madgearu 2005 pp 54 55 Spinei 2009 p 76 Madgearu 2001 p 54 J Koder F Hild P Soustal Tabula Imperii Bizantini 1 Hellas und Thessalia DAW 125 1976 https archive org details tabulaimperiibyz0000unse p 40 41 a b ODB Vlachia A Kazhdan p 2183 Soulis 1963 p 273 Stoica Vasile 1919 The Roumanian Question The Roumanians and their Lands Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Printing Company p 18 Archived from the original on 15 August 2018 Retrieved 7 October 2013 Treaty of Bucharest Russo Turkish history 1812 Encyclopedia Britannica Archived from the original on 14 February 2023 Retrieved 14 February 2023 a b Stoica Vasile 1919 The Roumanian Question The Roumanians and their Lands Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Printing Company p 50 Archived from the original on 29 December 2017 Retrieved 8 October 2013 Dr Ayfer AKTAS Turk Dili TDK 9 2007 s 484 495 Online turkoloji cu edu tr Archived 9 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine 31 august Ziua Limbii Romane Agerpres in Romanian 31 August 2020 Archived from the original on 25 October 2020 Retrieved 26 November 2020 Josan Andreea 31 August 2023 Depunere de flori program pentru copii și spectacol muzical Agenda completă a evenimentelor dedicate Zilei Limbii Romane TV8 in Romanian Archived from the original on 1 September 2023 Retrieved 1 September 2023 Romanian language Archived 25 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine on Ethnologue Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language 1998 New Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language 2002 in Romanian Dexonline ro Archived from the original on 17 May 2016 Retrieved 25 September 2010 a b c Vladimir Baar Daniel Jakubek 2017 Divided National Identity in Moldova Journal of Nationalism Memory amp Language Politics Volume 11 Issue 1 doi 10 1515 jnmlp 2017 0004 Drugaș Șerban George Paul 2016 The Wallachians in the Nibelungenlied and their Connection with the Eastern Romance Population in the Early Middle Ages Hiperboreea 3 1 71 124 doi 10 3406 hiper 2016 910 S2CID 149983312 Archived from the original on 10 August 2021 Retrieved 6 March 2021 Ioan Aurel Pop Italian Authors and the Romanian Identity in the 16th Century Revue Roumaine d Histoire XXXIX 1 4 p 39 49 Bucarest 2000 Connubia iunxit cum provincialibus ut hoc vinculo unam gentem ex duabus faceret brevi quasi in unum corpus coaluerunt et nunc se Romanos vocant sed nihil Romani habent praeter linguam et ipsam quidem vehementer depravatam et aliquot barbaricis idiomatibus permixtam in Magyar Tortenelmi Tar 4 sorozat 4 kotet 1903 REAL J Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine also see Endre Veress Fontes rerum transylvanicarum Erdelyi tortenelmi forrasok Tortenettudomanyi Intezet Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia Budapest 1914 Vol IV S 204 and also Maria Holban Călători străini in Țările Romane Editura Științifică București 1968 Vol 1 p 247 and also in Gabor Almasi I Valacchi visti dagli Italiani e il concetto di Barbaro nel Rinascimento Storia della Storiografia 52 2007 049 066 si dimandano in lingua loro Romei se alcuno dimanda se sano parlare in la lingua valacca dicono a questo in questo modo Sti Rominest Che vol dire Sai tu Romano and further pero al presente si dimandon Romei e questo e quanto da essi monacci potessimo esser instruiti in Claudio Isopescu Notizie intorno ai Romeni nella letteratura geografica italiana del Cinquecento in Bulletin de la Section Historique de l Academie Roumaine XIV 1929 p 1 90 and also in Maria Holban Călători străini in Țările Romane Editura Științifică București 1968 Vol 1 p 322 323 For the original text also see Magyar Tortenelmi Tar 1855 p 22 23 Archived 19 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine Tout ce pays la Wallachie et Moldavie et la plus part de la Transivanie a este peuple des colonie romaines du temps de Traian l empereur Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte c est a dire romain cited from Voyage fait par moy Pierre Lescalopier l an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople fol 48 in Paul Cernovodeanu Studii si materiale de istorie medievala IV 1960 p 444 Valachi i quali sono i piu antichi habitatori Anzi essi si chiamano romanesci e vogliono molti che erano mandati qui quei che erano dannati a cavar metalli in Maria Holban Călători străini despre Țările Romane vol II p 158 161 and also in Gabor Almasi Constructing the Wallach Other in the Late Renaissance in Balazs Trencseny Marton Zaszkaliczky edts Whose Love of Which Country Brill Leiden Boston 2010 p 127 Archived 5 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine and also in Gabor Almasi I Valacchi visti dagli Italiani e il concetto di Barbaro nel Rinascimento Storia della Storiografia 52 2007 049 066 p 65 Valachi autem hodierni quicunque lingua Valacha loquuntur se ipsos non dicunt Vlahos aut Valachos sed Rumenos et a Romanis ortos gloriantur Romanaque lingua loqui profitentur in Johannes Lucii De Regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae Amsteldaemi 1666 pag 284 Archived 11 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine Pop Ioan Aurel On the Significance of Certain Names Romanian Wallachian and Romania Wallachia PDF Archived PDF from the original on 28 February 2021 Retrieved 18 June 2018 In the grand scheme of history the ethnonym of Romania Romanian is rather new The pre modern self identification of the Romance speaking population indigenous to the three major historical principalities of current Romania seems to have been associated mostly with notions of religious denomination The attempt to signal the Roman ancestry of Wallachians Moldovians or Transylvanians was initiated by the academic and eventually by the political elite Romania surfaced on the map of Eastern Europe in 1859 with the union of the Danubian principalities and the ethnonym Romanian started to gain momentum with the state run primary schools set up by the government of the nation state throughout the country For more see Onoriu Colăcel The Romanian Cinema of Nationalism Historical Films as Propaganda and Spectacle McFarland 2018 ISBN 978 1 4766 6819 2 p 193 Moldavan ed M N Guboglo V A Dergachev Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology N N Miklouho Maclay Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Cultural Heritage of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova Moscow Nauka 2010 pp 137 177 ISBN 978 5 02 037574 1 p 8 128 in Russian T Kamusella The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe Springer 2008 ISBN 978 0 230 58347 4 p 208 452 In Romanian the ethnonym roman derived from Latin Romanus had acquired the same meaning as Greek Romaios in the sense of Orthodox Christian Obviously the Latin Romanus and Greek Romaios shared the same semantic development from an ethnic or rather political community to 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Koshel Sergey Zaporozhchenko Valery Atramentova Lubov Kucinskas Vaidutis Davydenko Oleg Goncharova Olga Evseeva Irina Churnosov Michail Pocheshchova Elvira Yunusbayev Bayazit Khusnutdinova Elza Marjanovic Damir Rudan Pavao Rootsi Siiri et al 2015 Genetic Heritage of the Balto Slavic Speaking Populations A Synthesis of Autosomal Mitochondrial and Y Chromosomal Data PLOS ONE 10 9 e0135820 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1035820K doi 10 1371 journal pone 0135820 PMC 4558026 PMID 26332464 Most South Slavs are separated from the rest of the Balto Slavic populations and form a sparse group of populations with internal differentiation into western Slovenians Croatians and Bosnians and eastern Macedonians and Bulgarians regions of the Balkan Peninsula with Serbians placed in between Furthermore Slovenians lie close to the non Slavic speaking Hungarians whereas eastern South Slavs group is located together with non Slavic speaking but geographically neighboring Romanians and to some extent with Greeks a b 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