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Children's film

January 13, 2023

"Family film" redirects here. For the 2015 film, see Family Film.

A children's film, or family film, is a film genre that contains children or relates to them in the context of home and family. Children's films are made specifically for children and not necessarily for a general audience, while family films are made for a wider appeal with a general audience in mind.[1][2] Children's films come in several major genres like realism, fantasy, adventure, war, musicals, comedy, and literary adaptations.[3]

Psychological aspects

Children are born with certain innate biological dispositions as a product of long evolutionary history. This provides an underlying biological framework for what may fascinate a child and also impose limitations on the same. These can be seen in certain universal features shared in children's films.[4] According to Grodal, films like Finding Nemo (2003), Bambi (1942), or Hayao Miyazaki's Spirited Away (2001) are based on certain strong emotions like fear, that lead to the activation of what Boyer and Lienard called the hazard-precaution system.[5] This enables the brain to take precautions in case of danger.[4] Children's films such as these explore various topics such as: attachment to parenting agency; the development of friendship; reciprocal relationships between individuals; or deal with the necessity or need in children and young people to explore and to engage in play.[6] Thus these diverse films deal with certain aspects that are not mere social constructions, but rather emotions relevant to all children and therefore have an appeal to a wider universal audience. While cultural aspects shape how various films are created, these films refer to underlying universal aspects that are innate and biological.[4] University of Melbourne scholar Timothy Laurie criticises the emphasis placed on children's innate psychic tendencies, noting that "pedagogical norms have been tirelessly heaped onto children's media", and that rather than deriving from hardwired biology, "the quality of childhood is more likely shaped by social policy, political opportunism, pedagogical institutions, and youth-specific market segmentation".[7]

Family films versus children's films

In both the United States and Europe, the idea of children's films began to gain relative prominence in the 1930s. According to Bazalgette and Staples, the term "family film" is essentially an American expression while "children's film" is considered to be a European expression.[8] However, the difference between the two terms can be seen in casting methods adopted by American and European films respectively. In American family films, the search for a child protagonist involves casting children that meet a specific criterion or standard for physical appearance. In contrast, European children's films look to cast children who appear "ordinary".[9] Similarly, in American family films, the adult cast can be composed of well known actors or actresses in an effort to attract a wider audience, presenting narratives from an adult or parental perspective. This is shown through the casting, content of the plot, editing, and even mise-en-scène.[9] According to Bazalgette and Staples, a fine example of a family film is Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (1989), which if it were a European children's film with a similar plot, the title would be Sis, Dad Shrunk Us, explaining that European children's films are told from the child's perspective, portraying the story through the various emotions and experiences of the child.[10] Because of these differences, American family films are more easily marketable toward domestic and international viewing audiences while European children's films are better received domestically with limited appeal to international audiences.[11]

United States

Early years

The Walt Disney Company made animated adaptations of Grimms' Fairy Tales before World War II, beginning with Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). The period immediately before and during World War II saw the release of three significant family films in the U.S. These were Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs by Disney, Gulliver's Travels by Fleischer Studios, and Pinocchio (1940), also by Disney.[12] All of these were loose adaptations of literary sources.[12]

After the war, Disney continued to make animated features that could be classified as family films given the scope of its content.[13] According to Wojcik, the most important film adaptations of children's literature in the immediate post-World War II period were the motion pictures The Diary of Anne Frank by George Stevens (1959), Treasure Island (1950) by Byron Haskin and Luigi Comencini's 1952 motion picture Heidi.[14]

1960s to 1990s

In the 1960s, motion pictures such as To Kill a Mockingbird (1962) and Oliver! (1968), directed by Carol Reed, portrayed children as naturally innocent.[15] Other films of the 1960s that involved children include The Sound of Music (1965) by Robert Wise and The Miracle Worker (1962).[16] These were very successful musical motion picture that were in the genre of family films. Four of the top ten highest-grossing films of the decade were family films: The Sound of Music, One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), The Jungle Book (1967), and Mary Poppins (1964).[17] Hollywood also released motion pictures starring children though these were not commercially successful and they were literary adaptations nonetheless. These include ...And Now Miguel (1966), Doctor Dolittle (1967), and The Learning Tree (1969).[18][19] Other family/children films of the decade include Pollyanna (1960), Swiss Family Robinson (1960), In Search of the Castaways (1962), The Sword in the Stone (1963), That Darn Cat! (1965), Up the Down Staircase (1967), To Sir, With Love (1967), Yours, Mine and Ours (1968), and The Parent Trap (1961).[20]

Children's films in the 1970s from the United States include animated films such as The Aristocats (1970), Charlotte's Web (1973), Robin Hood (1973), The Rescuers (1977), and The Hobbit (1977).[21] The decade also had live action children's films like Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971), Sounder (1972), Benji (1974), Tuck Everlasting (1976), The Bad News Bears (1976), Freaky Friday (1976), and A Hero Ain't Nothin' but a Sandwich (1978),[21] the divorce drama involving a child Kramer vs. Kramer (1978), and The Muppet Movie (1979).[22] There were also combination live action/animation films such as 1971's Bedknobs and Broomsticks and Pete's Dragon (1977). This trend of films inspired the 1980s and 1990s productions of classic children's films from America including Beauty and the Beast (1991) and Matilda (1996).[21]

American children's and family films of the 1980s include Popeye (1980), The Fox and the Hound (1981), Steven Spielberg's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), The Great Mouse Detective (1986), and The Little Mermaid (1989).[23] Spielberg portrays children realistically, having to cope with issues.[24] This is seen in E.T. the Extra Terrestrial,[22] where the children have to cope with the issues of single parenting and divorce, as well as separation from their father. Also, in the motion picture Empire of the Sun (1987),[25] the protagonist child Jim Graham has to deal with separation from his parents for years, to the point where he is unable to even remember what his mother looked like. He is wounded not by bullets, but by the madness and cruelty of war and separation from his parents.[25] According to Robin Wood, in their films, Lucas and Spielberg both reconstruct "... the adult spectator as a child ..." or "... an adult who would like to be a child".[26][27] Other important children's films from the U.S. in the late 1970s include Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977).[24] Live action films like Superman (1978)[28] and Superman II[29] are also important children's and family films. They have been ranked as some of the best family entertainment over the past generation. The 1970s and 1980s also include several films and their sequels as classics of family films, including: Star Wars (1977) and its sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983).[30] Other similar movies and sequels include Robert Zemeckis's film Back to the Future (1985) and its sequels Back to the Future Part II (1989) and Back to the Future Part III (1990).[30]

"Since the resurgence of Disney feature films with The Little Mermaid (1989)", writes Laurie, "high-budget animations have become part of the Hollywood box office furniture, with phenomenal successes from Pixar Studios, DreamWorks animations and more recently, Blue Sky Studios".[7] Important animated family films of the 1990s include Disney titles such as Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992), The Lion King (1994), Mulan (1998), The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996), and the Pixar computer animated films Toy Story (1995), its sequel Toy Story 2 (1999), and A Bug's Life (1998).[31] This decade introduced the modern fairy tale film Edward Scissorhands (1990),[32] depicting an isolated, artificially created young man with human emotions and childlike qualities who is ultimately rejected by society while the female protagonist holds on to his memory. The 1990s also saw additional live-action family films such as Back to the Future Part III (1990), which brought the Back to the Future franchise into this decade, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990), Home Alone (1990) and its sequel Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992), Hook (1991), Alan & Naomi (1992), Jurassic Park (1993), Steve Zaillian's Searching for Bobby Fischer (1993), Super Mario Bros. (1993), Mrs. Doubtfire (1993), The Flintstones (1994), Babe (1995), Jumanji (1995), 101 Dalmatians (1996), Fly Away Home (1996), Vegas Vacation (1997), and October Sky (1999).[33] Films such as A Little Princess (1995) were more successful in the home video market than in theaters. Direct-to-video became important for both animated and live-action films, such as The Return of Jafar (1994) and those starring Mary Kate and Ashley Olsen.[34]

Europe

In the 1930s and 1940s, a children's film studio was set up in Moscow. Several films were imported from this studio to the United Kingdom including The Magic Fish, The Land of Toys, and The Humpbacked Horse.[35] Post World War II children's films include the Italian neorealist film Bicycle Thieves, by Vittorio De Sica (1948).[36] According to Goldstein and Zornow, Clement's French film, Forbidden Games (1952), features children in the scenario of war, and shows the gap between children and adults.[37] This period also includes the Czech children's film Journey to the Beginning of Time (1955), directed by Karel Zeman. In the 1960s, important European children's films include the British-Italian romance film Romeo and Juliet (1968), and the French film L'Enfant sauvage (1969). French film directors Louis Malle and François Truffaut made significant contributions to children's films. Louis Malle made the films Zazie dans Le Metro (1960), Murmur of the Heart (1971), and Pretty Baby (1978). The works of Truffaut include The 400 Blows (1959), The Wild Child (1970) and Small Change (1976).[38] The film making style of Malle and Truffaunt inspired present day directors in making children's films; including Ponette (1996) directed by Jacques Doillon, which deals with the emotional and psychological pain and hurt that children experience "... while living without parental love and care".[39] Other important European children's cinema in the 1960s include The Christmas Tree (1969), which tells the story of a child coping with his imminent death due to leukemia, and Robert Bresson's film Mouchette (1964), which deals with the suicide of a 14-year-old girl. According to Wojcik, the contrast between films like Mary Poppins and Mouchette shows the ambiguous or schizoid nature of the depiction of children in the 1960s.[40]

European children's films from the 1970s and 1980s include: the German film directed by Wim Wenders, Alice in den Städten (1974); the Spanish film The Spirit of the Beehive (1973); Fanny & Alexander directed by Ingmar Bergman; the Danish film Pelle the Conqueror (1988); The NeverEnding Story (1984), directed by German director Wolfgang Petersen;[24] the Danish film, Me and Mamma Mia (1989);[11] and the Hungarian film Love, Mother (1987).[41] Autumn Sonata by Ingmar Bergman is also an important cinema in the genre of family films, although it deals with issues between parent and child which the child expresses after reaching adulthood. The 1990s include the important Russian films Burnt by the Sun (1994) and The Thief (1997), both of which are set in post-revolutionary Russia of 1917.[42] In the 2000s, important European children's films include the Finnish film Mother of Mine (2005), the Italian short film Il supplente ("The Substitute") (2007), and the Polish animated film Peter and the Wolf (2006). In 2010s the Belgian, French language film, The Kid with a Bike (2011) stands as an important children's film.[43]

Britain

In the 1960s, the UK made motion pictures dealing with children that are now regarded as classics.[30] These films include The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (1962), Lord of the Flies (1963), Born Free (1966), To Sir, with Love (1967) (based on E. R. Braithwaite's real experiences), and if.... (1968).[44] The list also includes the film Kes (1969). Some children's motion pictures belong to the category of Avant Garde films because of the unconventional and often controversial treatment of the subject.[45] According to film scholars; an important example of an Avant Garde children's film is the British film Pink Floyd The Wall (1982).[46][47] Pink Floyd The Wall is an unconventional and controversial motion picture that has a haunting and powerful nightmarish depiction of alienated childhood, boarding school separation, maternal deprivation, separation anxiety, war, and consumerist greed that affects a child and further affects his relationships and experiences in adulthood. It shows the child with non traditional images and the social changes that has occurred with family.[47] In Pink Floyd The Wall the representation of child and family "stresses confrontation, confusion, dysfunctionality and history".[47]

Asia

In the 1960s, important children's films from Japan include Bad Boys (1960), based on the lives of children in a reform school for juvenile delinquents, and Boy (1969).[38] In the 1960s, important children's films from Asia include the motion picture Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (1969) by Satyajit Ray.[13] South India gave us the children's film Daisy (1988), depicting children in a boarding school and their experience of separation and longing. Other children's films from this region also include Abhayam (1991), which is also known by the alternative title, Shelter, by Sivan. It was awarded the Silver Elephant and Special International Jury & CIFEJ Jury Awards at the 7th International Children's Film Festival.[48] India also has a neo-realist children's film about street children in Mumbai, Salaam Bombay (1988) by Mira Nair. It depicts the cruel way in which adults treat children in India by showing the hard life of street children in Mumbai (also called as Bombay).[49] Important children's films from India also include the Bollywood films Masoom (1983) and Mr. India (1987); both directed by Shekhar Kapoor. Other important children's films include the reproduction of the German Fairy tales of the Grimm brothers by the Israeli film companies Golan Globus and Cannon Films in their series called Cannon Movie Tales, which includes: The Frog Prince (1986), starring Aileen Quinn, Helen Hunt, and John Paragon; Beauty and the Beast (1987), starring John Savage; and Puss in Boots (1988), starring Christopher Walken. From Japan, Miyazaki's Spirited Away was voted as the number one film that must be seen by 14 years of age. That list also included the Maori motion picture Whale Rider (2002). Another important children's film is Son of Mary (1998), directed by Hamid Jebeli and set in Azerbaijan. It deals with the relationship between a Muslim boy and an Armenian priest.[49]

Other world regions

Important children's films from Africa include Tsotsi (2006).[50] Another collection of family films is the anthology of 20 Canadian and European motion picture productions titled Tales for All. This includes the Canadian children's film Bach and Broccoli (Bach et Bottine) (1986) and the Argentine film Summer of the Colt (1990), directed by André Mélancon.[51]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Bazalgette 1995, p. 92.
  2. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, pp. 4–5.
  3. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 161.
  4. ^ a b c Grodal Torben (2009) Embodied Visions, Oxford University Press. P 27
  5. ^ Boyer, Pascal; Liénard, Pierre (2006). "Why ritualized behavior? Precaution Systems and action parsing in developmental, pathological and cultural rituals". The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 29 (6): 1–56. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.473.3819. doi:10.1017/s0140525x06009332. ISSN 0140-525X. PMID 17918647. S2CID 9395265.
  6. ^ Panksepp, Jaak (September 3, 1998). Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199884353.
  7. ^ a b Laurie, Timothy (2015). "Becoming-Animal Is A Trap For Humans". Deleuze and the Non-Human. eds. Hannah Stark and Jon Roffe.
  8. ^ Bazalgette 1995, p. 94.
  9. ^ a b Bazalgette 1995, p. 95.
  10. ^ Bazalgette 1995, p. 96.
  11. ^ a b Bazalgette 1995, pp. 92–108.
  12. ^ a b Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 66.
  13. ^ a b Wojcik-Andrews 2000, pp. 55–122.
  14. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 77.
  15. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 87.
  16. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, pp. 88–89.
  17. ^ . AMC Filmsite. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015.
  18. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 89.
  19. ^ "The History of Film — The 1960s". AMC Filmsite. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  20. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 92.
  21. ^ a b c Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 96.
  22. ^ a b Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 106.
  23. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 100.
  24. ^ a b c Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 101.
  25. ^ a b Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 163.
  26. ^ Wood, Robin (January 1986). Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 163. ISBN 9780231057776.
  27. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 104.
  28. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 173.
  29. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 105.
  30. ^ a b c Wojcik-Andrews 2000, pp. 104–105.
  31. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 119.
  32. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 102.
  33. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 110.
  34. ^ Matzer, Marla (April 16, 1997). "Direct-to-Video Family Films Are Hitting Home". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
  35. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 72.
  36. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, pp. 117–118.
  37. ^ Goldstein, Ruth M.; Zornow, Edith (September 1, 1980). The screen image of youth: movies about children and adolescents. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. p. 211. ISBN 9780810813168.
  38. ^ a b Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 94.
  39. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, pp. 94, 116.
  40. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 95.
  41. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, pp. 98–99.
  42. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 115.
  43. ^ "The Kid with a Bike – review". the Guardian. March 22, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  44. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, pp. 92–93.
  45. ^ Wojcik-Andrews 2000, pp. 190–191.
  46. ^ Giannetti Louis (1987) Understanding Movies. 4th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 332–339
  47. ^ a b c Wojcik-Andrews 2000, pp. 168–169, 191.
  48. ^ "Abhayam (Main Phir Aaunga) (Shelter)". Children's Film Society, India.
  49. ^ a b Wojcik-Andrews 2000, p. 108.
  50. ^ Bradshaw, Peter (March 16, 2006). "Tsotsi". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
  51. ^ Alice Duncan (2014). . Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014.

External links

  • IMDB Family Movie Genre
  • Rotten Tomatoes Top Kids Family Movies
  • UNICEF Kid Power Family Movies for Kids List
  • Kids Movies List
  • Family Movies List

References

  • Bazalgette, Cary (1995). "Unshrinking the kids: Children's Cinema and the Family Film". In front of the children: screen entertainment and young audiences. British Film Institute. ISBN 9780851704524.
  • Brown, Noel (2012). The Hollywood Family Film: A History, from Shirley Temple to Harry Potter. Cinema and Society. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1780762708.
  • Brown, Noel (2017). The Children's Film: Genre, Nation and Narrative. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231182694.
  • Brown, Noel, and Babington, Bruce (eds.) (2015). Family Films in Global Cinema: The World Beyond Disney. Cinema and Society. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1784530082. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  • Wojcik-Andrews, Ian (2000). Children's films: history, ideology, pedagogy, theory. Garland reference library of the humanities ; Children's literature and culture. New York: Garland Pub. ISBN 978-0815330745.

January 13, 2023
children, film, family, film, redirects, here, 2015, film, family, film, children, film, family, film, film, genre, that, contains, children, relates, them, context, home, family, made, specifically, children, necessarily, general, audience, while, family, fil. Family film redirects here For the 2015 film see Family Film A children s film or family film is a film genre that contains children or relates to them in the context of home and family Children s films are made specifically for children and not necessarily for a general audience while family films are made for a wider appeal with a general audience in mind 1 2 Children s films come in several major genres like realism fantasy adventure war musicals comedy and literary adaptations 3 Contents 1 Psychological aspects 2 Family films versus children s films 3 United States 3 1 Early years 3 2 1960s to 1990s 4 Europe 4 1 Britain 5 Asia 6 Other world regions 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links 10 ReferencesPsychological aspects EditChildren are born with certain innate biological dispositions as a product of long evolutionary history This provides an underlying biological framework for what may fascinate a child and also impose limitations on the same These can be seen in certain universal features shared in children s films 4 According to Grodal films like Finding Nemo 2003 Bambi 1942 or Hayao Miyazaki s Spirited Away 2001 are based on certain strong emotions like fear that lead to the activation of what Boyer and Lienard called the hazard precaution system 5 This enables the brain to take precautions in case of danger 4 Children s films such as these explore various topics such as attachment to parenting agency the development of friendship reciprocal relationships between individuals or deal with the necessity or need in children and young people to explore and to engage in play 6 Thus these diverse films deal with certain aspects that are not mere social constructions but rather emotions relevant to all children and therefore have an appeal to a wider universal audience While cultural aspects shape how various films are created these films refer to underlying universal aspects that are innate and biological 4 University of Melbourne scholar Timothy Laurie criticises the emphasis placed on children s innate psychic tendencies noting that pedagogical norms have been tirelessly heaped onto children s media and that rather than deriving from hardwired biology the quality of childhood is more likely shaped by social policy political opportunism pedagogical institutions and youth specific market segmentation 7 Family films versus children s films EditIn both the United States and Europe the idea of children s films began to gain relative prominence in the 1930s According to Bazalgette and Staples the term family film is essentially an American expression while children s film is considered to be a European expression 8 However the difference between the two terms can be seen in casting methods adopted by American and European films respectively In American family films the search for a child protagonist involves casting children that meet a specific criterion or standard for physical appearance In contrast European children s films look to cast children who appear ordinary 9 Similarly in American family films the adult cast can be composed of well known actors or actresses in an effort to attract a wider audience presenting narratives from an adult or parental perspective This is shown through the casting content of the plot editing and even mise en scene 9 According to Bazalgette and Staples a fine example of a family film is Honey I Shrunk the Kids 1989 which if it were a European children s film with a similar plot the title would be Sis Dad Shrunk Us explaining that European children s films are told from the child s perspective portraying the story through the various emotions and experiences of the child 10 Because of these differences American family films are more easily marketable toward domestic and international viewing audiences while European children s films are better received domestically with limited appeal to international audiences 11 United States EditEarly years Edit The Walt Disney Company made animated adaptations of Grimms Fairy Tales before World War II beginning with Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1937 The period immediately before and during World War II saw the release of three significant family films in the U S These were Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs by Disney Gulliver s Travels by Fleischer Studios and Pinocchio 1940 also by Disney 12 All of these were loose adaptations of literary sources 12 After the war Disney continued to make animated features that could be classified as family films given the scope of its content 13 According to Wojcik the most important film adaptations of children s literature in the immediate post World War II period were the motion pictures The Diary of Anne Frank by George Stevens 1959 Treasure Island 1950 by Byron Haskin and Luigi Comencini s 1952 motion picture Heidi 14 1960s to 1990s Edit In the 1960s motion pictures such as To Kill a Mockingbird 1962 and Oliver 1968 directed by Carol Reed portrayed children as naturally innocent 15 Other films of the 1960s that involved children include The Sound of Music 1965 by Robert Wise and The Miracle Worker 1962 16 These were very successful musical motion picture that were in the genre of family films Four of the top ten highest grossing films of the decade were family films The Sound of Music One Hundred and One Dalmatians 1961 The Jungle Book 1967 and Mary Poppins 1964 17 Hollywood also released motion pictures starring children though these were not commercially successful and they were literary adaptations nonetheless These include And Now Miguel 1966 Doctor Dolittle 1967 and The Learning Tree 1969 18 19 Other family children films of the decade include Pollyanna 1960 Swiss Family Robinson 1960 In Search of the Castaways 1962 The Sword in the Stone 1963 That Darn Cat 1965 Up the Down Staircase 1967 To Sir With Love 1967 Yours Mine and Ours 1968 and The Parent Trap 1961 20 Children s films in the 1970s from the United States include animated films such as The Aristocats 1970 Charlotte s Web 1973 Robin Hood 1973 The Rescuers 1977 and The Hobbit 1977 21 The decade also had live action children s films like Willy Wonka amp the Chocolate Factory 1971 Sounder 1972 Benji 1974 Tuck Everlasting 1976 The Bad News Bears 1976 Freaky Friday 1976 and A Hero Ain t Nothin but a Sandwich 1978 21 the divorce drama involving a child Kramer vs Kramer 1978 and The Muppet Movie 1979 22 There were also combination live action animation films such as 1971 s Bedknobs and Broomsticks and Pete s Dragon 1977 This trend of films inspired the 1980s and 1990s productions of classic children s films from America including Beauty and the Beast 1991 and Matilda 1996 21 American children s and family films of the 1980s include Popeye 1980 The Fox and the Hound 1981 Steven Spielberg s E T the Extra Terrestrial 1982 The Great Mouse Detective 1986 and The Little Mermaid 1989 23 Spielberg portrays children realistically having to cope with issues 24 This is seen in E T the Extra Terrestrial 22 where the children have to cope with the issues of single parenting and divorce as well as separation from their father Also in the motion picture Empire of the Sun 1987 25 the protagonist child Jim Graham has to deal with separation from his parents for years to the point where he is unable to even remember what his mother looked like He is wounded not by bullets but by the madness and cruelty of war and separation from his parents 25 According to Robin Wood in their films Lucas and Spielberg both reconstruct the adult spectator as a child or an adult who would like to be a child 26 27 Other important children s films from the U S in the late 1970s include Close Encounters of the Third Kind 1977 24 Live action films like Superman 1978 28 and Superman II 29 are also important children s and family films They have been ranked as some of the best family entertainment over the past generation The 1970s and 1980s also include several films and their sequels as classics of family films including Star Wars 1977 and its sequels The Empire Strikes Back 1980 and Return of the Jedi 1983 30 Other similar movies and sequels include Robert Zemeckis s film Back to the Future 1985 and its sequels Back to the Future Part II 1989 and Back to the Future Part III 1990 30 Since the resurgence of Disney feature films with The Little Mermaid 1989 writes Laurie high budget animations have become part of the Hollywood box office furniture with phenomenal successes from Pixar Studios DreamWorks animations and more recently Blue Sky Studios 7 Important animated family films of the 1990s include Disney titles such as Beauty and the Beast 1991 Aladdin 1992 The Lion King 1994 Mulan 1998 The Hunchback of Notre Dame 1996 and the Pixar computer animated films Toy Story 1995 its sequel Toy Story 2 1999 and A Bug s Life 1998 31 This decade introduced the modern fairy tale film Edward Scissorhands 1990 32 depicting an isolated artificially created young man with human emotions and childlike qualities who is ultimately rejected by society while the female protagonist holds on to his memory The 1990s also saw additional live action family films such as Back to the Future Part III 1990 which brought the Back to the Future franchise into this decade Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1990 Home Alone 1990 and its sequel Home Alone 2 Lost in New York 1992 Hook 1991 Alan amp Naomi 1992 Jurassic Park 1993 Steve Zaillian s Searching for Bobby Fischer 1993 Super Mario Bros 1993 Mrs Doubtfire 1993 The Flintstones 1994 Babe 1995 Jumanji 1995 101 Dalmatians 1996 Fly Away Home 1996 Vegas Vacation 1997 and October Sky 1999 33 Films such as A Little Princess 1995 were more successful in the home video market than in theaters Direct to video became important for both animated and live action films such as The Return of Jafar 1994 and those starring Mary Kate and Ashley Olsen 34 Europe EditIn the 1930s and 1940s a children s film studio was set up in Moscow Several films were imported from this studio to the United Kingdom including The Magic Fish The Land of Toys and The Humpbacked Horse 35 Post World War II children s films include the Italian neorealist film Bicycle Thieves by Vittorio De Sica 1948 36 According to Goldstein and Zornow Clement s French film Forbidden Games 1952 features children in the scenario of war and shows the gap between children and adults 37 This period also includes the Czech children s film Journey to the Beginning of Time 1955 directed by Karel Zeman In the 1960s important European children s films include the British Italian romance film Romeo and Juliet 1968 and the French film L Enfant sauvage 1969 French film directors Louis Malle and Francois Truffaut made significant contributions to children s films Louis Malle made the films Zazie dans Le Metro 1960 Murmur of the Heart 1971 and Pretty Baby 1978 The works of Truffaut include The 400 Blows 1959 The Wild Child 1970 and Small Change 1976 38 The film making style of Malle and Truffaunt inspired present day directors in making children s films including Ponette 1996 directed by Jacques Doillon which deals with the emotional and psychological pain and hurt that children experience while living without parental love and care 39 Other important European children s cinema in the 1960s include The Christmas Tree 1969 which tells the story of a child coping with his imminent death due to leukemia and Robert Bresson s film Mouchette 1964 which deals with the suicide of a 14 year old girl According to Wojcik the contrast between films like Mary Poppins and Mouchette shows the ambiguous or schizoid nature of the depiction of children in the 1960s 40 European children s films from the 1970s and 1980s include the German film directed by Wim Wenders Alice in den Stadten 1974 the Spanish film The Spirit of the Beehive 1973 Fanny amp Alexander directed by Ingmar Bergman the Danish film Pelle the Conqueror 1988 The NeverEnding Story 1984 directed by German director Wolfgang Petersen 24 the Danish film Me and Mamma Mia 1989 11 and the Hungarian film Love Mother 1987 41 Autumn Sonata by Ingmar Bergman is also an important cinema in the genre of family films although it deals with issues between parent and child which the child expresses after reaching adulthood The 1990s include the important Russian films Burnt by the Sun 1994 and The Thief 1997 both of which are set in post revolutionary Russia of 1917 42 In the 2000s important European children s films include the Finnish film Mother of Mine 2005 the Italian short film Il supplente The Substitute 2007 and the Polish animated film Peter and the Wolf 2006 In 2010s the Belgian French language film The Kid with a Bike 2011 stands as an important children s film 43 Britain Edit In the 1960s the UK made motion pictures dealing with children that are now regarded as classics 30 These films include The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner 1962 Lord of the Flies 1963 Born Free 1966 To Sir with Love 1967 based on E R Braithwaite s real experiences and if 1968 44 The list also includes the film Kes 1969 Some children s motion pictures belong to the category of Avant Garde films because of the unconventional and often controversial treatment of the subject 45 According to film scholars an important example of an Avant Garde children s film is the British film Pink Floyd The Wall 1982 46 47 Pink Floyd The Wall is an unconventional and controversial motion picture that has a haunting and powerful nightmarish depiction of alienated childhood boarding school separation maternal deprivation separation anxiety war and consumerist greed that affects a child and further affects his relationships and experiences in adulthood It shows the child with non traditional images and the social changes that has occurred with family 47 In Pink Floyd The Wall the representation of child and family stresses confrontation confusion dysfunctionality and history 47 Asia EditIn the 1960s important children s films from Japan include Bad Boys 1960 based on the lives of children in a reform school for juvenile delinquents and Boy 1969 38 In the 1960s important children s films from Asia include the motion picture Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne 1969 by Satyajit Ray 13 South India gave us the children s film Daisy 1988 depicting children in a boarding school and their experience of separation and longing Other children s films from this region also include Abhayam 1991 which is also known by the alternative title Shelter by Sivan It was awarded the Silver Elephant and Special International Jury amp CIFEJ Jury Awards at the 7th International Children s Film Festival 48 India also has a neo realist children s film about street children in Mumbai Salaam Bombay 1988 by Mira Nair It depicts the cruel way in which adults treat children in India by showing the hard life of street children in Mumbai also called as Bombay 49 Important children s films from India also include the Bollywood films Masoom 1983 and Mr India 1987 both directed by Shekhar Kapoor Other important children s films include the reproduction of the German Fairy tales of the Grimm brothers by the Israeli film companies Golan Globus and Cannon Films in their series called Cannon Movie Tales which includes The Frog Prince 1986 starring Aileen Quinn Helen Hunt and John Paragon Beauty and the Beast 1987 starring John Savage and Puss in Boots 1988 starring Christopher Walken From Japan Miyazaki s Spirited Away was voted as the number one film that must be seen by 14 years of age That list also included the Maori motion picture Whale Rider 2002 Another important children s film is Son of Mary 1998 directed by Hamid Jebeli and set in Azerbaijan It deals with the relationship between a Muslim boy and an Armenian priest 49 Other world regions EditImportant children s films from Africa include Tsotsi 2006 50 Another collection of family films is the anthology of 20 Canadian and European motion picture productions titled Tales for All This includes the Canadian children s film Bach and Broccoli Bach et Bottine 1986 and the Argentine film Summer of the Colt 1990 directed by Andre Melancon 51 See also EditList of children s films Children s BBC Children s literature Children s music Children s television seriesNotes Edit Bazalgette 1995 p 92 Wojcik Andrews 2000 pp 4 5 Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 161 a b c Grodal Torben 2009 Embodied Visions Oxford University Press P 27 Boyer Pascal Lienard Pierre 2006 Why ritualized behavior Precaution Systems and action parsing in developmental pathological and cultural rituals The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29 6 1 56 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 473 3819 doi 10 1017 s0140525x06009332 ISSN 0140 525X PMID 17918647 S2CID 9395265 Panksepp Jaak September 3 1998 Affective Neuroscience The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions New York Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199884353 a b Laurie Timothy 2015 Becoming Animal Is A Trap For Humans Deleuze and the Non Human eds Hannah Stark and Jon Roffe Bazalgette 1995 p 94 a b Bazalgette 1995 p 95 Bazalgette 1995 p 96 a b Bazalgette 1995 pp 92 108 a b Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 66 a b Wojcik Andrews 2000 pp 55 122 Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 77 Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 87 Wojcik Andrews 2000 pp 88 89 All Time Box Office Hits AMC Filmsite Archived from the original on November 21 2015 Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 89 The History of Film The 1960s AMC Filmsite Retrieved May 3 2014 Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 92 a b c Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 96 a b Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 106 Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 100 a b c Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 101 a b Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 163 Wood Robin January 1986 Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan New York Columbia University Press p 163 ISBN 9780231057776 Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 104 Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 173 Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 105 a b c Wojcik Andrews 2000 pp 104 105 Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 119 Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 102 Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 110 Matzer Marla April 16 1997 Direct to Video Family Films Are Hitting Home Los Angeles Times Retrieved June 4 2011 Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 72 Wojcik Andrews 2000 pp 117 118 Goldstein Ruth M Zornow Edith September 1 1980 The screen image of youth movies about children and adolescents Metuchen NJ Scarecrow Press p 211 ISBN 9780810813168 a b Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 94 Wojcik Andrews 2000 pp 94 116 Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 95 Wojcik Andrews 2000 pp 98 99 Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 115 The Kid with a Bike review the Guardian March 22 2012 Retrieved November 29 2022 Wojcik Andrews 2000 pp 92 93 Wojcik Andrews 2000 pp 190 191 Giannetti Louis 1987 Understanding Movies 4th ed New Jersey Prentice Hall pp 332 339 a b c Wojcik Andrews 2000 pp 168 169 191 Abhayam Main Phir Aaunga Shelter Children s Film Society India a b Wojcik Andrews 2000 p 108 Bradshaw Peter March 16 2006 Tsotsi The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Alice Duncan 2014 Summer of the Colt Movies amp TV Dept The New York Times Archived from the original on May 2 2014 External links EditIMDB Family Movie Genre Rotten Tomatoes Top Kids Family Movies UNICEF Kid Power Family Movies for Kids List Kids Movies List Family Movies ListReferences EditBazalgette Cary 1995 Unshrinking the kids Children s Cinema and the Family Film In front of the children screen entertainment and young audiences British Film Institute ISBN 9780851704524 Brown Noel 2012 The Hollywood Family Film A History from Shirley Temple to Harry Potter Cinema and Society London I B Tauris ISBN 978 1780762708 Brown Noel 2017 The Children s Film Genre Nation and Narrative New York Columbia University Press ISBN 0231182694 Brown Noel and Babington Bruce eds 2015 Family Films in Global Cinema The World Beyond Disney Cinema and Society London I B Tauris ISBN 978 1784530082 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a first has generic name help Wojcik Andrews Ian 2000 Children s films history ideology pedagogy theory Garland reference library of the humanities Children s literature and culture New York Garland Pub ISBN 978 0815330745 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Children 27s film amp oldid 1129503261 Family films versus children s films, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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