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Indo-Iranians

Indo-Iranian peoples, also known as Indo-Iranic peoples by scholars,[1][2][3] or as Arya or Aryans from their self-designation, were a group of Indo-European speaking peoples who brought the Indo-Iranian languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, to major parts of Eurasia in waves from the first part of the 2nd millennium BC onwards. They eventually branched out into Iranian peoples and Indo-Aryan peoples.

The Sintashta-Petrovka culture (red) expanded into the Andronovo culture (orange) in the 2nd millennium BC, overlapping the Oxus civilization (green) in the south; it includes the area of the earliest chariots (pink).

Nomenclature edit

The term Aryan has long been used to denote the Indo-Iranians, because Arya was the self-designation of the ancient speakers of the Indo-Iranian languages, specifically the Iranian and the Indo-Aryan peoples, collectively known as the Indo-Iranians.[4][5] Despite this, some scholars use the term Indo-Iranian to refer to this group, though the term "Aryan" remains widely used by most scholars, such as Josef Wiesehofer,[6] Will Durant,[7] and Jaakko Häkkinen.[8][9] Population geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, in his 1994 book The History and Geography of Human Genes, also uses the term Aryan to describe the Indo-Iranians.[10]

History edit

Origin edit

The Proto-Indo-Iranians are commonly identified with the descendants of the Proto-Indo-Europeans known as the Sintashta culture[11] and the subsequent Andronovo culture within the broader Andronovo horizon, and their homeland with an area of the Eurasian steppe that borders the Ural River on the west, the Tian Shan on the east (where the Indo-Iranians took over the area occupied by the earlier Afanasevo culture), and Transoxiana and the Hindu Kush on the south.[12]

Based on its use by Indo-Aryans in Mitanni and Vedic India, its prior absence in the Near East and Harappan India, and its 19th–20th century BC attestation at the Andronovo site of Sintashta, Kuzmina (1994) argues that the chariot corroborates the identification of Andronovo as Indo-Iranian.[note 1] Anthony & Vinogradov (1995) dated a chariot burial at Krivoye Lake to about 2000 BC, and a Bactria-Margiana burial that also contains a foal has recently been found, indicating further links with the steppes.[16]

Historical linguists broadly estimate that a continuum of Indo-Iranian languages probably began to diverge by 2000 BC,[17]: 38–39  preceding both the Vedic and Iranian cultures which emerged later. The earliest recorded forms of these languages, Vedic Sanskrit and Gathic Avestan, are remarkably similar, descended from the common Proto-Indo-Iranian language. The origin and earliest relationship between the Nuristani languages and that of the Iranian and Indo-Aryan groups is not completely clear.

Expansion edit

 
Indo-European migrations c. 4000 to 1000 BC according to the Kurgan hypothesis. Magenta indicates the assumed Urheimat (Samara culture, Sredny Stog culture), red the area which may have been settled by Indo-European-speaking peoples up to c. 2500 BC, and orange the area to 1000 BC.[18]
 
Archaeological cultures associated with Indo-Iranian migrations (after EIEC). The Andronovo, BMAC and Yaz cultures have often been associated with Indo-Iranian migrations. The GGC, Cemetery H, Copper Hoard and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryan movements.

First wave – Indo-Aryans edit

Two-wave models of Indo-Iranian expansion have been proposed by Burrow (1973)[19] and Parpola (1999). The Indo-Iranians and their expansion are strongly associated with the Proto-Indo-European invention of the chariot. It is assumed that this expansion spread from the Proto-Indo-European homeland north of the Caspian Sea south to the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Iranian plateau, and the Indian subcontinent.

The Mitanni of Anatolia edit

The Mitanni, a people known in eastern Anatolia from about 1500 BC, were of possibly of mixed origins: An indigenous non Indo-European Hurrian-speaking majority was supposedly dominated by a non-Anatolian, Indo-Aryan elite.[20]: 257  There is linguistic evidence for such a superstrate, in the form of:

In particular, Kikkuli's text includes words such as aika "one" (i.e. a cognate of the Indo-Aryan eka), tera "three" (tri), panza "five" (pancha), satta "seven", (sapta), na "nine" (nava), and vartana "turn around", in the context of a horse race (Indo-Aryan vartana). In a treaty between the Hittites and the Mitanni, the Ashvin deities Mitra, Varuna, Indra, and Nasatya are invoked. These loanwords tend to connect the Mitanni superstrate to Indo-Aryan rather than Iranian languages – i.e. the early Iranian word for "one" was aiva.[citation needed]

Indian subcontinent – Vedic culture edit

The standard model for the entry of the Indo-European languages into the Indian subcontinent is that this first wave went over the Hindu Kush, either into the headwaters of the Indus and later the Ganges. The earliest stratum of Vedic Sanskrit, preserved only in the Rigveda, is assigned to roughly 1500 BC.[20]: 258 [21] From the Indus, the Indo-Aryan languages spread from c. 1500 BC – c. 500 BC, over the northern and central parts of the subcontinent, sparing the extreme south. The Indo-Aryans in these areas established several powerful kingdoms and principalities in the region, from south eastern Afghanistan to the doorstep of Bengal. The most powerful of these kingdoms were the post-Rigvedic Kuru (in Kurukshetra and the Delhi area) and their allies the Pañcālas further east, as well as Gandhara and later on, about the time of the Buddha, the kingdom of Kosala and the quickly expanding realm of Magadha. The latter lasted until the 4th century BC, when it was conquered by Chandragupta Maurya and formed the center of the Maurya Empire.

In eastern Afghanistan and some western regions of Pakistan, Indo-Aryan languages were eventually replaced by Eastern Iranian languages. Most Indo-Aryan languages, however, were and still are prominent in the rest of the Indian subcontinent. Today, Indo-Aryan languages are spoken in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Fiji, Suriname and the Maldives.

Second wave – Iranians edit

The second wave is interpreted as the Iranian wave.[17]: 42–43 

 
Eurasia around 1000 BC, showing location of the Iranians and their neighbors

The first Iranians to reach the Black Sea 'may' have been the Cimmerians in the 8th century BC, although their linguistic affiliation to Iranians is uncertain. They were followed by the Scythians, who are considered a western branch of the Central Asian Sakas. Sarmatian tribes, of whom the best known are the Roxolani (Rhoxolani), Iazyges (Jazyges) and the Alani (Alans), followed the Scythians westwards into Europe in the late centuries BC and the 1st and 2nd centuries AD (The Age of Migrations). The populous Sarmatian tribe of the Massagetae, dwelling near the Caspian Sea, were known to the early rulers of Persia in the Achaemenid Period. At their greatest reported extent, around 1st century AD, the Sarmatian tribes ranged from the Vistula River to the mouth of the Danube and eastward to the Volga, bordering the shores of the Black and Caspian seas as well as the Caucasus to the south.[note 2] In the east, the Saka occupied several areas in Xinjiang, from Khotan to Tumshuq.

The Medians, Persians and Parthians begin to appear on the Iranian plateau from c. 800 BC, and the Achaemenids replaced the language isolate speaking Elamites rule over the region from 559 BC, although the Iranic peoples were largely subject to the Semitic speaking Assyrian Empire until the 6th century BC. Around the first millennium AD, Iranian groups began to settle on the eastern edge of the Iranian plateau, on the mountainous frontier of northwestern and western Pakistan, displacing the earlier Indo-Aryans from the area.

In Eastern Europe, the Iranians were eventually decisively assimilated (e.g. Slavicisation) and absorbed by the Proto-Slavic population of the region,[22][23][24][25] while in Central Asia, the Turkic languages marginalized the Iranian languages as a result of the Turkic expansion of the early centuries AD. Extant major Iranian languages are Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi besides numerous smaller ones. Ossetian, primarily spoken in North Ossetia and South Ossetia, is a direct descendant of Alanic, and by that the only surviving Sarmatian language of the once wide-ranging East Iranian dialect continuum that stretched from Eastern Europe to the eastern parts of Central Asia.

Archaeology edit

Archaeological cultures associated with Indo-Iranian expansion include:

Parpola (1999) suggests the following identifications:

Date range Archaeological culture Identification suggested by Parpola
2800–2000 BC late Catacomb and Poltavka cultures late PIE to Proto–Indo-Iranian
2000–1800 BC Srubna and Abashevo cultures Proto-Iranian
2000–1800 BC Petrovka-Sintashta Proto–Indo-Aryan
1900–1700 BC BMAC "Proto-Dasa" Indo-Aryans establishing themselves in the existing BMAC settlements, defeated by "Proto-Rigvedic" Indo-Aryans around 1700
1900–1400 BC Cemetery H Indian Dasa
1800–1000 BC Alakul-Fedorovo Indo-Aryan, including "Proto–Sauma-Aryan" practicing the Soma cult
1700–1400 BC early Swat culture Proto-Rigvedic
1700–1500 BC late BMAC "Proto–Sauma-Dasa", assimilation of Proto-Dasa and Proto–Sauma-Aryan
1500–1000 BC Early West Iranian Grey Ware Mitanni-Aryan (offshoot of "Proto–Sauma-Dasa")
1400–800 BC late Swat culture and Punjab, Painted Grey Ware late Rigvedic
1400–1100 BC Yaz II-III, Seistan Proto-Avestan
1100–1000 BC Gurgan Buff Ware, Late West Iranian Buff Ware Proto-Persian, Proto-Median
1000–400 BC Iron Age cultures of Xinjiang Proto-Saka

Language edit

 
Indo-Iranian languages

The Indo-European language spoken by the Proto-Indo-Iranians in the late 3rd millennium BC was a Satem language still not removed very far from the Proto-Indo-European language, and in turn only removed by a few centuries from Vedic Sanskrit of the Rigveda. The main phonological change separating Proto-Indo-Iranian from Proto–Indo-European is the collapse of the ablauting vowels *e, *o, *a into a single vowel, Proto–Indo-Iranian *a (but see Brugmann's law). Grassmann's law and Bartholomae's law were also complete in Proto-Indo-Iranian, as well as the loss of the labiovelars (kw, etc.) to k, and the Eastern Indo-European (Satem) shift from palatized k' to ć, as in Proto–Indo-European *k'ṃto- > Indo-Iran. *ćata- > Sanskrit śata-, Old Iran. sata "100".

Among the sound changes from Proto-Indo-Iranian to Indo-Aryan is the loss of the voiced sibilant *z, among those to Iranian is the de-aspiration of the PIE voiced aspirates.

The regions where Indo-Iranian languages are spoken extend from Europe (Romani) and the Caucasus (Ossetian, Tat and Talysh), down to Mesopotamia (Kurdish languages, Zaza–Gorani and Kurmanji Dialect continuum[26]) and Iran (Persian), eastward to Xinjiang (Sarikoli) and Assam (Assamese), and south to Sri Lanka (Sinhala) and the Maldives (Maldivian), with branches stretching as far out as Oceania and the Caribbean for Fiji Hindi and Caribbean Hindustani respectively. Furthermore, there are large diaspora communities of Indo-Iranian speakers in northwestern Europe (the United Kingdom), North America (United States, Canada), Australia, South Africa, and the Persian Gulf Region (United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia).

Religion edit

Despite the introduction of later Vedic and Zoroastrian scriptures, Indo-Iranians shared a common inheritance of concepts including the universal force *Hṛta- (Sanskrit rta, Avestan asha), the sacred plant and drink *sawHma- (Sanskrit Soma, Avestan Haoma) and gods of social order such as *mitra- (Sanskrit Mitra, Avestan and Old Persian Mithra, Miθra) and *bʰaga- (Sanskrit Bhaga, Avestan and Old Persian Baga). Proto-Indo-Iranian religion is an archaic offshoot of Indo-European religion. From the various and dispersed Indo-Iranian cultures, a set of common ideas may be reconstructed from which a common, unattested proto-Indo-Iranian source may be deduced.[27]

The pre-Islamic religion of the Nuristani people and extant religion of the Kalash people is significantly influenced by the original religion of the Indo-Iranians, infused with accretions developed locally.[28][29][30][31][32] Michael Witzel theorises that these religions might share some elements with Shinto, one of the national religions of Japan, which according to him may contain some Indo-Iranian influence owing to contact presumably in the steppes of Central Asia at around 2000 BC. In Shinto, traces of these can be seen in the myth of the storm god Susanoo slaying a serpent Yamata-no-Orochi and in the myth of the dawn goddess Ame-no-Uzume.[33][34][35]

Most Indo-Iranians today follow Abrahamic and Dharmic religions.

Development edit

Some beliefs developed in different ways as cultures separated and evolved. For example, the word 'daeva,' which appears in the Avesta, also bears a linguistic relationship to the Sanskrit word 'deva,' referring to one of the principal classes of gods, as well as other related words throughout the Indo-European traditions. Indeed, Indra, the greatest of the devas from Vedic literature, is often listed in Zoroastrian texts as one of the greatest of the evil forces, sometimes second only to Angra Mainyu himself.[36] In the traditional Zoroastrian confession of faith as recorded in the Avesta, the rejection of the daevas is one of the most significant qualifiers for a follower of the tradition, alongside worshipping Ahura Mazda and following the teachings of Zarathustra. Similarly, the parallels between the malevolent Vedic Asuras and benevolent Zoroastrian Ahuras are particularly obvious and striking.Varuna, the most powerful of the Asuras, does not directly correspond to Ahura Mazda but shares several traits in common with him, particularly in terms of his role as king among the lesser gods and arbiter of law and morality among mortals. Even as Ahura Mazda rules by and upholds asha, the cosmic moral order, in the Avesta, so too do Varuna and the Asuras uphold the analogous concept of rta in the Vedas.[36]

The Rig-Vedic Sarasvati is linguistically and functionally cognate with Avestan *Haraxvaitī Ārəduuī Sūrā Anāhitā.[citation needed] Both are described as world rivers. Vedic Saraswati is described as "Best of Mothers, Best of Rivers, Best of Goddesses".[37] Similarly, in early portions of the Avesta, Iranian *Harahvati is the world-river that flows down from the mythical central Mount Hara. She is blocked by an obstacle (Avestan for obstacle: vərəθra) placed there by Angra Mainyu.[27]

Cognate terms edit

 
Rigveda manuscript page (1.1.1–9)
 
Yasna 28.1 (Bodleian MS J2)

The following is a list of cognate terms that may be gleaned from comparative linguistic analysis of the Rigveda and Avesta. Both collections are from the period after the proposed date of separation (c. 2nd millennium BC) of the Proto-Indo-Iranians into their respective Indic and Iranian branches.[27][38][39]

Vedic Sanskrit Avestan Common meaning
āp āp "water," āpas "the Waters"[39]
Apam Napat, Apām Napāt Apām Napāt the "water's offspring"[39]
aryaman airyaman "Arya-hood" (lit:** "member of Arya community")[39]
Asura Mahata/Medha (असुर महत/मेधा) Ahura Mazda "The Supreme Lord, Lord of Wisdom"[40][41]
rta asha/arta "active truth", extending to "order" and "righteousness"[39][38]
atharvan āθrauuan, aθaurun Atar "priest"[38]
ahi azhi, (aži) "dragon, snake", "serpent"[39]
daiva, deva daeva, (daēuua) a class of divinities
manu manu "man"[39]
mitra mithra, miθra "oath, covenant"[39][38]
asura ahura another class of spirits[39][38]
sarvatat Hauruuatāt "intactness", "perfection"[42][43]
Sarasvatī (Ārdrāvī śūrā anāhitā, आर्द्रावी शूरा अनाहिता) Haraxvati/Haraxvaitī (Ārəduuī Sūrā Anāhitā) a controversial (generally considered mythological) river, a river goddess[44][45]
sauma, soma haoma a plant, deified[39][38]
svar hvar, xvar the Sun, also cognate to Greek helios, Latin sol, Engl. Sun[42]
Tapati tapaiti Possible fire/solar goddess; see Tabiti (a possibly Hellenised Scythian theonym). Cognate with Latin tepeo and several other terms.[42]
Vrtra-/Vr̥tragʰná/Vritraban verethra, vərəθra (cf. Verethragna, Vərəθraγna) "obstacle"[39][38]
Yama Yima son of the solar deity Vivasvant/Vīuuahuuant[39]
yajña yasna, object: yazata "worship, sacrifice, oblation"[39][38]
Gandharva Gandarewa "heavenly beings"[39]
Nasatya Nanghaithya "twin Vedic gods associated with the dawn, medicine, and sciences"[39]
Amarattya Ameretat "immortality"[39]
Póṣa Apaosha "demon of drought"[39]
Ashman Asman "sky, highest heaven"[42]
Angira Manyu Angra Mainyu "destructive/evil spirit, spirit, temper, ardour, passion, anger, teacher of divine knowledge"[39]
Manyu Maniyu "anger, wrath"[39]
Sarva Sarva "Rudra, Vedic god of wind, Shiva"[42]
Madhu Madu "honey"[39]
Bhuta Buiti "ghost"[39]
Mantra Manthra "sacred spell"[39]
Aramati Armaiti "piety"
Amrita Amesha "nectar of immortality"[39]
Amrita Spanda (अमृत स्पन्द) Amesha Spenta "holy nectar of immortality"
Sumati Humata "good thought"[42][39]
Sukta Hukhta "good word"[39]
Narasamsa Nairyosangha "praised man"[39]
Vayu Vaiiu "wind"[39]
Vajra Vazra "bolt"[39]
Ushas Ushah "dawn"[39]
Ahuti azuiti "offering"[39]
púraṁdhi purendi[39]
bhaga baga "lord, patron, wealth, prosperity, sharer/distributor of good fortune"[39]
Usij Usij "priest"[39]
trita thrita "the third"[39]
Mas Mah "moon, month"[39]
Vivasvant Vivanhvant "lighting up, matutinal"[39]
Druh Druj "Evil spirit"[39]
Ahi Dasaka Azhi Dahaka "biting serpent"[46]

Genetics edit

R1a1a (R-M17 or R-M198) is the sub-clade most commonly associated with Indo-European populations. Most discussions purportedly of R1a origins are actually about the origins of the dominant R1a1a (R-M17 or R-M198) sub-clade. R1a1a is found in two major variations: Z93 and Z282.[47] R-Z93 appears to encompass most of the R1a1a found in Asia, being related to Indo-Iranians.[48] On the other hand, R-Z282 is the main European branch of R1a1a predominantly related to Balts and Slavs in Eastern Europe.[48] Data so far collected indicates high frequency of R-Z93 in the northern Indian Subcontinent, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan: Bengali Brahmins carry up to 72% R1a1a,[49] Mohana tribe up to 71%,[50] Nepal Hindus up to 69.20%,[51] and Tajiks up to 68%.[52] In the western part of Iran, Iranians show low R1a1a levels, while males of eastern parts of Iran carry up to 35% R1a1a.[52] The historical and prehistoric possible reasons for this are the subject of on-going discussion and attention amongst population geneticists and genetic genealogists, and are considered to be of potential interest to linguists and archaeologists also.

Out of 10 human male remains assigned to the Andronovo horizon from the Krasnoyarsk region, 9 possessed the R1a Y-chromosome haplogroup and one C-M130 haplogroup (xC3). mtDNA haplogroups of nine individuals assigned to the same Andronovo horizon and region were as follows: U4 (2 individuals), U2e, U5a1, Z, T1, T4, H, and K2b.

A 2004 study also established that during the Bronze Age/Iron Age period, the majority of the population of Kazakhstan (part of the Andronovo culture during the Bronze Age), was of west Eurasian maternal lineages (with mtDNA haplogroups such as U, H, HV, T, I and W), and that prior to the 13th–7th century BC, all Kazakh samples belonged to European lineages.[53]

A 2022 study found that modern individuals from Southern Central Asia, especially Tajiks and Yaghnobis, display strong genetic continuity towards Iron Age Indo-Iranians, and were only marginally affected by outside geneflow, while modern Turkic peoples derive significant amounts of ancestry from a 'Baikal hunter-gatherer' source (mean average ~50%), with the remainder being ancestry maximized in Tajik people. Historical Indo-Iranians showed high genetic affinity towards European hunter-gatherers and Iranian Neolithic farmers.[54]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Klejn (1974), as cited in Bryant 2001:206, acknowledges the Iranian identification of the Andronovo culture, but finds the Andronovo culture too late[clarification needed] for an Indo-Iranian identification, giving a later date for the start of the Andronovo culture "in the 16th or 17th century BC, whereas the Aryans appeared in the Near East not later than the 15th to 16th century BC.[13] Klejn (1974, p.58) further argues that "these [latter] regions contain nothing reminiscent of Timber-Frame Andronovo materials."[13] Brentjes (1981) also gives a later dating for the Andronovo culture.[14] Bryant further refers to Lyonnet (1993) and Francfort (1989), who point to the absence of archaeological remains of the Andronovans south of the Hindu Kush.[14] Bosch-Gimpera (1973) and Hiebert (1998) argue that there also no Andronovo remains in Iran,[14] but Hiebert "agrees that the expansion of the BMAC people to the Iranian plateau and the Indus Valley borderlands at the beginning of the second millennium BC is 'the best candidate for an archaeological correlate of the introduction of Indo-Iranian speakers to Iran and South Asia' (Hiebert 1995:192)".[15] Sarianidi states that the Andronovo tribes "penetrated to a minimum extent".[14]
  2. ^ Apollonius (Argonautica, iii) envisaged the Sauromatai as the bitter foe of King Aietes of Colchis (modern Georgia).

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Chen, Sanping. "SOME REMARKS ON THE CHINESE" BULGAR"." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (1998): 69–83.
  2. ^ Motti, Victor Vahidi. "Richard Slaughter: The master interpreter of alternative planetary futures." Futures 132 (2021): 102796.
  3. ^ Dwyer, Arienne M. "The texture of tongues: Languages and power in China." Nationalism and ethnoregional identities in China. Routledge, 2013. 68–85.
  4. ^ The "Aryan" Language, Gherardo Gnoli, Instituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, Roma, 2002.
  5. ^ . Schmitt, "Aryans" in Encyclopedia Iranica: Excerpt:"The name "Aryan" (OInd. ā́rya-, Ir. *arya- [with short a-], in Old Pers. ariya-, Av. airiia-, etc.) is the self-designation of the peoples of Ancient India and Ancient Iran who spoke Aryan languages, in contrast to the "non-Aryan" peoples of those "Aryan" countries (cf. OInd. an-ā́rya-, Av. an-airiia-, etc.), and lives on in ethnic names like Alan (Lat. Alani, NPers. īrān, Oss. Ir and Iron.". Also accessed online: [1] in May, 2010
  6. ^ Wiesehofer, Joseph: Ancient Persia. New York: 1996. I.B. Tauris. Recommends the use by scholars of the term Aryan to describe the Eastern, not the Western, branch of the Indo-European peoples (see "Aryan" in index)
  7. ^ Durant, Will: Our Oriental Heritage. New York: 1954. Simon and Schuster. According to Will Durant on Page 286: "the name Aryan first appears in the [name] Harri, one of the tribes of the Mitanni. In general it was the self-given appellation of the tribes living near or coming from the [southern] shores of the Caspian sea. The term is properly applied today chiefly to the Mitannians, Hittites, Medes, Persians, and Vedic Hindus, i.e., only to the eastern branch of the Indo-European peoples, whose western branch populated Europe."
  8. ^ Häkkinen, Jaakko (2012). "Early contacts between Uralic and Yukaghir". In Tiina Hyytiäinen; Lotta Jalava; Janne Saarikivi; Erika Sandman (eds.). Per Urales ad Orientem (Festschrift for Juha Janhunen on the occasion of his 60th birthday on 12 February 2012) (PDF). Helsinki: Finno-Ugric Society. ISBN 978-952-5667-34-9. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
  9. ^ Häkkinen, Jaakko (23 September 2012). "Problems in the method and interpretations of the computational phylogenetics based on linguistic data – An example of wishful thinking: Bouckaert et al. 2012" (PDF). Jaakko Häkkisen puolikuiva alkuperäsivusto. Jaakko Häkkinen. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
  10. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994), The History and Geography of Human Genes, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, p. See "Aryan" in index, ISBN 978-0-691-08750-4
  11. ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2023). "Indo-European and Indo-Iranian Wagon Terminology and the Date of the Indo-Iranian Split". In Willerslev, Eske; Kroonen, Guus; Kristiansen, Kristian (eds.). The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited: Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 257–262. ISBN 978-1-009-26175-3. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
  12. ^ Anthony 2007, p. 49.
  13. ^ a b Bryant 2001, p. 206.
  14. ^ a b c d Bryant 2001, p. 207.
  15. ^ Parpola 2015, p. 76.
  16. ^ Anthony & Vinogradov (1995); Kuzmina (1994), Klejn (1974), and Brentjes (1981), as cited in Bryant (2001:206)
  17. ^ a b Mallory 1989
  18. ^ Christopher I. Beckwith (2009), Empires of the Silk Road, Oxford University Press, p.30
  19. ^ Burrow 1973.
  20. ^ a b Mallory & Mair 2000
  21. ^ Rigveda – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  22. ^ Brzezinski, Richard; Mielczarek, Mariusz (2002). The Sarmatians, 600 BC-AD 450. Osprey Publishing. p. 39. (..) Indeed, it is now accepted that the Sarmatians merged in with pre-Slavic populations.
  23. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 523. (..) In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers (the Goths) and by Iranian speakers (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans) in a shifting array of tribal and national configurations.
  24. ^ Atkinson, Dorothy; et al. (1977). Women in Russia. Stanford University Press. p. 3. (..) Ancient accounts link the Amazons with the Scythians and the Sarmatians, who successively dominated the south of Russia for a millennium extending back to the seventh century B.C. The descendants of these peoples were absorbed by the Slavs who came to be known as Russians.
  25. ^ Slovene Studies. Vol. 9–11. Society for Slovene Studies. 1987. p. 36. (..) For example, the ancient Scythians, Sarmatians (amongst others), and many other attested but now extinct peoples were assimilated in the course of history by Proto-Slavs.
  26. ^ Chatoev, Vladimir; Kʻosyan, Aram (1999). Nationalities of Armenia. YEGEA Publishing House. p. 61. ISBN 978-99930-808-0-0.
  27. ^ a b c Gnoli, Gherardo (March 29, 2012). "Indo-Iranian Religion". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
  28. ^ Searle, Mike (28 March 2013). Colliding Continents: A geological exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibet. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-165249-3.
  29. ^ Camerapix (1998). Spectrum Guide to Pakistan. Interlink Books. ISBN 978-1-56656-240-9.
  30. ^ Strand, Richard F. (31 December 2005). . nuristan.info. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
  31. ^ "The Kalash: Pakistan's last animist tribe". Atalayar. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  32. ^ Pelton, Robert Young (1 January 1997). Fielding's The World's Most Dangerous Places. Fielding Worldwide. ISBN 978-1-56952-140-3. The Kalash (which means 'black' because of the black garments they wear) are an animist tribe who live in a region sometimes called Kafiristan.
  33. ^ Witzel, Michael (2012). The Origin of the World's Mythologies.
  34. ^ Witzel, Michael (2005). Vala and Iwato: The Myth of the Hidden Sun in India, Japan, and beyond (PDF).
  35. ^ Michael Witzel. "Kalash Religion" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022 – via HUIT.
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Sources edit

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  • Witzel, Michael (2000), "The Home of the Aryans" (PDF), in Hintze, A.; Tichy, E. (eds.), Anusantatyai. Fs. für Johanna Narten zum 70. Geburtstag, Dettelbach: J.H. Roell, pp. 283–338.
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Bibliography edit

  • Guarino-Vignon, P., Marchi, N., Bendezu-Sarmiento, J. et al. Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia. Sci Rep 12, 733 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4
  • Vasil'ev, I. B., P. F. Kuznetsov, and A. P. Semenova. "Potapovo Burial Ground of the Indo-Iranic Tribes on the Volga" (1994).

External links edit

  • The Origin of the Pre-Imperial Iranian People by Oric Basirov (2001)
  • The Origin of the Indo-Iranians Elena E. Kuz'mina. Edited by J.P. Mallory (2007)

indo, iranians, indo, iranian, peoples, also, known, indo, iranic, peoples, scholars, arya, aryans, from, their, self, designation, were, group, indo, european, speaking, peoples, brought, indo, iranian, languages, major, branch, indo, european, language, fami. Indo Iranian peoples also known as Indo Iranic peoples by scholars 1 2 3 or as Arya or Aryans from their self designation were a group of Indo European speaking peoples who brought the Indo Iranian languages a major branch of the Indo European language family to major parts of Eurasia in waves from the first part of the 2nd millennium BC onwards They eventually branched out into Iranian peoples and Indo Aryan peoples The Sintashta Petrovka culture red expanded into the Andronovo culture orange in the 2nd millennium BC overlapping the Oxus civilization green in the south it includes the area of the earliest chariots pink Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 History 2 1 Origin 2 2 Expansion 2 2 1 First wave Indo Aryans 2 2 1 1 The Mitanni of Anatolia 2 2 1 2 Indian subcontinent Vedic culture 2 2 2 Second wave Iranians 3 Archaeology 4 Language 5 Religion 5 1 Development 5 2 Cognate terms 6 Genetics 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9 1 Citations 9 2 Sources 10 Bibliography 11 External linksNomenclature editThe term Aryan has long been used to denote the Indo Iranians because Arya was the self designation of the ancient speakers of the Indo Iranian languages specifically the Iranian and the Indo Aryan peoples collectively known as the Indo Iranians 4 5 Despite this some scholars use the term Indo Iranian to refer to this group though the term Aryan remains widely used by most scholars such as Josef Wiesehofer 6 Will Durant 7 and Jaakko Hakkinen 8 9 Population geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli Sforza in his 1994 book The History and Geography of Human Genes also uses the term Aryan to describe the Indo Iranians 10 History editOrigin edit The Proto Indo Iranians are commonly identified with the descendants of the Proto Indo Europeans known as the Sintashta culture 11 and the subsequent Andronovo culture within the broader Andronovo horizon and their homeland with an area of the Eurasian steppe that borders the Ural River on the west the Tian Shan on the east where the Indo Iranians took over the area occupied by the earlier Afanasevo culture and Transoxiana and the Hindu Kush on the south 12 Based on its use by Indo Aryans in Mitanni and Vedic India its prior absence in the Near East and Harappan India and its 19th 20th century BC attestation at the Andronovo site of Sintashta Kuzmina 1994 argues that the chariot corroborates the identification of Andronovo as Indo Iranian note 1 Anthony amp Vinogradov 1995 dated a chariot burial at Krivoye Lake to about 2000 BC and a Bactria Margiana burial that also contains a foal has recently been found indicating further links with the steppes 16 Historical linguists broadly estimate that a continuum of Indo Iranian languages probably began to diverge by 2000 BC 17 38 39 preceding both the Vedic and Iranian cultures which emerged later The earliest recorded forms of these languages Vedic Sanskrit and Gathic Avestan are remarkably similar descended from the common Proto Indo Iranian language The origin and earliest relationship between the Nuristani languages and that of the Iranian and Indo Aryan groups is not completely clear Expansion edit nbsp Indo European migrations c 4000 to 1000 BC according to the Kurgan hypothesis Magenta indicates the assumed Urheimat Samara culture Sredny Stog culture red the area which may have been settled by Indo European speaking peoples up to c 2500 BC and orange the area to 1000 BC 18 nbsp Archaeological cultures associated with Indo Iranian migrations after EIEC The Andronovo BMAC and Yaz cultures have often been associated with Indo Iranian migrations The GGC Cemetery H Copper Hoard and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo Aryan movements First wave Indo Aryans edit Main article Indo European migrationsTwo wave models of Indo Iranian expansion have been proposed by Burrow 1973 19 and Parpola 1999 The Indo Iranians and their expansion are strongly associated with the Proto Indo European invention of the chariot It is assumed that this expansion spread from the Proto Indo European homeland north of the Caspian Sea south to the Caucasus Central Asia the Iranian plateau and the Indian subcontinent Main article Indo Aryan migrations The Mitanni of Anatolia edit Main article Mitanni The Mitanni a people known in eastern Anatolia from about 1500 BC were of possibly of mixed origins An indigenous non Indo European Hurrian speaking majority was supposedly dominated by a non Anatolian Indo Aryan elite 20 257 There is linguistic evidence for such a superstrate in the form of a horse training manual written by a Mitanni man named Kikkuli which was used by the Hittites an Indo European Anatolian people who spoke a non Indo Iranian language the names of Mitanni rulers and the names of gods invoked by these rulers in treaties In particular Kikkuli s text includes words such as aika one i e a cognate of the Indo Aryan eka tera three tri panza five pancha satta seven sapta na nine nava and vartana turn around in the context of a horse race Indo Aryan vartana In a treaty between the Hittites and the Mitanni the Ashvin deities Mitra Varuna Indra and Nasatya are invoked These loanwords tend to connect the Mitanni superstrate to Indo Aryan rather than Iranian languages i e the early Iranian word for one was aiva citation needed Indian subcontinent Vedic culture edit The standard model for the entry of the Indo European languages into the Indian subcontinent is that this first wave went over the Hindu Kush either into the headwaters of the Indus and later the Ganges The earliest stratum of Vedic Sanskrit preserved only in the Rigveda is assigned to roughly 1500 BC 20 258 21 From the Indus the Indo Aryan languages spread from c 1500 BC c 500 BC over the northern and central parts of the subcontinent sparing the extreme south The Indo Aryans in these areas established several powerful kingdoms and principalities in the region from south eastern Afghanistan to the doorstep of Bengal The most powerful of these kingdoms were the post Rigvedic Kuru in Kurukshetra and the Delhi area and their allies the Pancalas further east as well as Gandhara and later on about the time of the Buddha the kingdom of Kosala and the quickly expanding realm of Magadha The latter lasted until the 4th century BC when it was conquered by Chandragupta Maurya and formed the center of the Maurya Empire In eastern Afghanistan and some western regions of Pakistan Indo Aryan languages were eventually replaced by Eastern Iranian languages Most Indo Aryan languages however were and still are prominent in the rest of the Indian subcontinent Today Indo Aryan languages are spoken in India Pakistan Bangladesh Nepal Sri Lanka Fiji Suriname and the Maldives Second wave Iranians edit The second wave is interpreted as the Iranian wave 17 42 43 nbsp Eurasia around 1000 BC showing location of the Iranians and their neighborsThe first Iranians to reach the Black Sea may have been the Cimmerians in the 8th century BC although their linguistic affiliation to Iranians is uncertain They were followed by the Scythians who are considered a western branch of the Central Asian Sakas Sarmatian tribes of whom the best known are the Roxolani Rhoxolani Iazyges Jazyges and the Alani Alans followed the Scythians westwards into Europe in the late centuries BC and the 1st and 2nd centuries AD The Age of Migrations The populous Sarmatian tribe of the Massagetae dwelling near the Caspian Sea were known to the early rulers of Persia in the Achaemenid Period At their greatest reported extent around 1st century AD the Sarmatian tribes ranged from the Vistula River to the mouth of the Danube and eastward to the Volga bordering the shores of the Black and Caspian seas as well as the Caucasus to the south note 2 In the east the Saka occupied several areas in Xinjiang from Khotan to Tumshuq The Medians Persians and Parthians begin to appear on the Iranian plateau from c 800 BC and the Achaemenids replaced the language isolate speaking Elamites rule over the region from 559 BC although the Iranic peoples were largely subject to the Semitic speaking Assyrian Empire until the 6th century BC Around the first millennium AD Iranian groups began to settle on the eastern edge of the Iranian plateau on the mountainous frontier of northwestern and western Pakistan displacing the earlier Indo Aryans from the area In Eastern Europe the Iranians were eventually decisively assimilated e g Slavicisation and absorbed by the Proto Slavic population of the region 22 23 24 25 while in Central Asia the Turkic languages marginalized the Iranian languages as a result of the Turkic expansion of the early centuries AD Extant major Iranian languages are Persian Pashto Kurdish and Balochi besides numerous smaller ones Ossetian primarily spoken in North Ossetia and South Ossetia is a direct descendant of Alanic and by that the only surviving Sarmatian language of the once wide ranging East Iranian dialect continuum that stretched from Eastern Europe to the eastern parts of Central Asia Archaeology editArchaeological cultures associated with Indo Iranian expansion include Europe Poltavka culture 2500 2100 BC Abashevo culture 2300 1850 BC Srubna culture 1850 1450 BC Central Asia Sintashta Petrovka Arkaim 2050 1750 BC Andronovo horizon 2000 1450 BC Alakul 2100 1400 BC Fedorovo 1400 1200 BC Alekseyevka 1200 1000 BC Bactria Margiana Archaeological Complex 2200 1700 BC Yaz culture 1500 1100 BC Indian subcontinent Ochre Coloured Pottery culture 2000 1500 BC Cemetery H culture 1900 1300 BC Swat culture 1400 800 BC Painted Gray Ware culture 1200 600 BC Iranian Plateau Early West Iranian Grey Ware 1500 1000 BC Late West Iranian Buff Ware 900 700 BC Parpola 1999 suggests the following identifications Date range Archaeological culture Identification suggested by Parpola2800 2000 BC late Catacomb and Poltavka cultures late PIE to Proto Indo Iranian2000 1800 BC Srubna and Abashevo cultures Proto Iranian2000 1800 BC Petrovka Sintashta Proto Indo Aryan1900 1700 BC BMAC Proto Dasa Indo Aryans establishing themselves in the existing BMAC settlements defeated by Proto Rigvedic Indo Aryans around 17001900 1400 BC Cemetery H Indian Dasa1800 1000 BC Alakul Fedorovo Indo Aryan including Proto Sauma Aryan practicing the Soma cult1700 1400 BC early Swat culture Proto Rigvedic1700 1500 BC late BMAC Proto Sauma Dasa assimilation of Proto Dasa and Proto Sauma Aryan1500 1000 BC Early West Iranian Grey Ware Mitanni Aryan offshoot of Proto Sauma Dasa 1400 800 BC late Swat culture and Punjab Painted Grey Ware late Rigvedic1400 1100 BC Yaz II III Seistan Proto Avestan1100 1000 BC Gurgan Buff Ware Late West Iranian Buff Ware Proto Persian Proto Median1000 400 BC Iron Age cultures of Xinjiang Proto SakaLanguage editMain articles Proto Indo Iranian language and Indo Iranian languages nbsp Indo Iranian languagesThe Indo European language spoken by the Proto Indo Iranians in the late 3rd millennium BC was a Satem language still not removed very far from the Proto Indo European language and in turn only removed by a few centuries from Vedic Sanskrit of the Rigveda The main phonological change separating Proto Indo Iranian from Proto Indo European is the collapse of the ablauting vowels e o a into a single vowel Proto Indo Iranian a but see Brugmann s law Grassmann s law and Bartholomae s law were also complete in Proto Indo Iranian as well as the loss of the labiovelars kw etc to k and the Eastern Indo European Satem shift from palatized k to c as in Proto Indo European k ṃto gt Indo Iran cata gt Sanskrit sata Old Iran sata 100 Among the sound changes from Proto Indo Iranian to Indo Aryan is the loss of the voiced sibilant z among those to Iranian is the de aspiration of the PIE voiced aspirates The regions where Indo Iranian languages are spoken extend from Europe Romani and the Caucasus Ossetian Tat and Talysh down to Mesopotamia Kurdish languages Zaza Gorani and Kurmanji Dialect continuum 26 and Iran Persian eastward to Xinjiang Sarikoli and Assam Assamese and south to Sri Lanka Sinhala and the Maldives Maldivian with branches stretching as far out as Oceania and the Caribbean for Fiji Hindi and Caribbean Hindustani respectively Furthermore there are large diaspora communities of Indo Iranian speakers in northwestern Europe the United Kingdom North America United States Canada Australia South Africa and the Persian Gulf Region United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia Religion editSee also Ancient Iranian religion Historical Vedic religion Proto Indo Iranian paganism and Proto Indo European religion Despite the introduction of later Vedic and Zoroastrian scriptures Indo Iranians shared a common inheritance of concepts including the universal force Hṛta Sanskrit rta Avestan asha the sacred plant and drink sawHma Sanskrit Soma Avestan Haoma and gods of social order such as mitra Sanskrit Mitra Avestan and Old Persian Mithra Mi8ra and bʰaga Sanskrit Bhaga Avestan and Old Persian Baga Proto Indo Iranian religion is an archaic offshoot of Indo European religion From the various and dispersed Indo Iranian cultures a set of common ideas may be reconstructed from which a common unattested proto Indo Iranian source may be deduced 27 The pre Islamic religion of the Nuristani people and extant religion of the Kalash people is significantly influenced by the original religion of the Indo Iranians infused with accretions developed locally 28 29 30 31 32 Michael Witzel theorises that these religions might share some elements with Shinto one of the national religions of Japan which according to him may contain some Indo Iranian influence owing to contact presumably in the steppes of Central Asia at around 2000 BC In Shinto traces of these can be seen in the myth of the storm god Susanoo slaying a serpent Yamata no Orochi and in the myth of the dawn goddess Ame no Uzume 33 34 35 Most Indo Iranians today follow Abrahamic and Dharmic religions Development edit Some beliefs developed in different ways as cultures separated and evolved For example the word daeva which appears in the Avesta also bears a linguistic relationship to the Sanskrit word deva referring to one of the principal classes of gods as well as other related words throughout the Indo European traditions Indeed Indra the greatest of the devas from Vedic literature is often listed in Zoroastrian texts as one of the greatest of the evil forces sometimes second only to Angra Mainyu himself 36 In the traditional Zoroastrian confession of faith as recorded in the Avesta the rejection of the daevas is one of the most significant qualifiers for a follower of the tradition alongside worshipping Ahura Mazda and following the teachings of Zarathustra Similarly the parallels between the malevolent Vedic Asuras and benevolent Zoroastrian Ahuras are particularly obvious and striking Varuna the most powerful of the Asuras does not directly correspond to Ahura Mazda but shares several traits in common with him particularly in terms of his role as king among the lesser gods and arbiter of law and morality among mortals Even as Ahura Mazda rules by and upholds asha the cosmic moral order in the Avesta so too do Varuna and the Asuras uphold the analogous concept of rta in the Vedas 36 The Rig Vedic Sarasvati is linguistically and functionally cognate with Avestan Haraxvaiti Areduui Sura Anahita citation needed Both are described as world rivers Vedic Saraswati is described as Best of Mothers Best of Rivers Best of Goddesses 37 Similarly in early portions of the Avesta Iranian Harahvati is the world river that flows down from the mythical central Mount Hara She is blocked by an obstacle Avestan for obstacle vere8ra placed there by Angra Mainyu 27 Cognate terms edit nbsp Rigveda manuscript page 1 1 1 9 nbsp Yasna 28 1 Bodleian MS J2 The following is a list of cognate terms that may be gleaned from comparative linguistic analysis of the Rigveda and Avesta Both collections are from the period after the proposed date of separation c 2nd millennium BC of the Proto Indo Iranians into their respective Indic and Iranian branches 27 38 39 Vedic Sanskrit Avestan Common meaningap ap water apas the Waters 39 Apam Napat Apam Napat Apam Napat the water s offspring 39 aryaman airyaman Arya hood lit member of Arya community 39 Asura Mahata Medha अस र महत म ध Ahura Mazda The Supreme Lord Lord of Wisdom 40 41 rta asha arta active truth extending to order and righteousness 39 38 atharvan a8rauuan a8aurun Atar priest 38 ahi azhi azi dragon snake serpent 39 daiva deva daeva daeuua a class of divinitiesmanu manu man 39 mitra mithra mi8ra oath covenant 39 38 asura ahura another class of spirits 39 38 sarvatat Hauruuatat intactness perfection 42 43 Sarasvati Ardravi sura anahita आर द र व श र अन ह त Haraxvati Haraxvaiti Areduui Sura Anahita a controversial generally considered mythological river a river goddess 44 45 sauma soma haoma a plant deified 39 38 svar hvar xvar the Sun also cognate to Greek helios Latin sol Engl Sun 42 Tapati tapaiti Possible fire solar goddess see Tabiti a possibly Hellenised Scythian theonym Cognate with Latin tepeo and several other terms 42 Vrtra Vr tragʰna Vritraban verethra vere8ra cf Verethragna Vere8ragna obstacle 39 38 Yama Yima son of the solar deity Vivasvant Viuuahuuant 39 yajna yasna object yazata worship sacrifice oblation 39 38 Gandharva Gandarewa heavenly beings 39 Nasatya Nanghaithya twin Vedic gods associated with the dawn medicine and sciences 39 Amarattya Ameretat immortality 39 Poṣa Apaosha demon of drought 39 Ashman Asman sky highest heaven 42 Angira Manyu Angra Mainyu destructive evil spirit spirit temper ardour passion anger teacher of divine knowledge 39 Manyu Maniyu anger wrath 39 Sarva Sarva Rudra Vedic god of wind Shiva 42 Madhu Madu honey 39 Bhuta Buiti ghost 39 Mantra Manthra sacred spell 39 Aramati Armaiti piety Amrita Amesha nectar of immortality 39 Amrita Spanda अम त स पन द Amesha Spenta holy nectar of immortality Sumati Humata good thought 42 39 Sukta Hukhta good word 39 Narasamsa Nairyosangha praised man 39 Vayu Vaiiu wind 39 Vajra Vazra bolt 39 Ushas Ushah dawn 39 Ahuti azuiti offering 39 puraṁdhi purendi 39 bhaga baga lord patron wealth prosperity sharer distributor of good fortune 39 Usij Usij priest 39 trita thrita the third 39 Mas Mah moon month 39 Vivasvant Vivanhvant lighting up matutinal 39 Druh Druj Evil spirit 39 Ahi Dasaka Azhi Dahaka biting serpent 46 Genetics editSee also Haplogroup R1a and List of R1a frequency by population R1a1a R M17 or R M198 is the sub clade most commonly associated with Indo European populations Most discussions purportedly of R1a origins are actually about the origins of the dominant R1a1a R M17 or R M198 sub clade R1a1a is found in two major variations Z93 and Z282 47 R Z93 appears to encompass most of the R1a1a found in Asia being related to Indo Iranians 48 On the other hand R Z282 is the main European branch of R1a1a predominantly related to Balts and Slavs in Eastern Europe 48 Data so far collected indicates high frequency of R Z93 in the northern Indian Subcontinent Tajikistan and Afghanistan Bengali Brahmins carry up to 72 R1a1a 49 Mohana tribe up to 71 50 Nepal Hindus up to 69 20 51 and Tajiks up to 68 52 In the western part of Iran Iranians show low R1a1a levels while males of eastern parts of Iran carry up to 35 R1a1a 52 The historical and prehistoric possible reasons for this are the subject of on going discussion and attention amongst population geneticists and genetic genealogists and are considered to be of potential interest to linguists and archaeologists also Out of 10 human male remains assigned to the Andronovo horizon from the Krasnoyarsk region 9 possessed the R1a Y chromosome haplogroup and one C M130 haplogroup xC3 mtDNA haplogroups of nine individuals assigned to the same Andronovo horizon and region were as follows U4 2 individuals U2e U5a1 Z T1 T4 H and K2b A 2004 study also established that during the Bronze Age Iron Age period the majority of the population of Kazakhstan part of the Andronovo culture during the Bronze Age was of west Eurasian maternal lineages with mtDNA haplogroups such as U H HV T I and W and that prior to the 13th 7th century BC all Kazakh samples belonged to European lineages 53 A 2022 study found that modern individuals from Southern Central Asia especially Tajiks and Yaghnobis display strong genetic continuity towards Iron Age Indo Iranians and were only marginally affected by outside geneflow while modern Turkic peoples derive significant amounts of ancestry from a Baikal hunter gatherer source mean average 50 with the remainder being ancestry maximized in Tajik people Historical Indo Iranians showed high genetic affinity towards European hunter gatherers and Iranian Neolithic farmers 54 See also editProto Indo Iranian language Proto Dravidian language Satemization Ariana Aryavarta Dravidian peoples Aryanization Indo Aryan migrationsNotes edit Klejn 1974 as cited in Bryant 2001 206 acknowledges the Iranian identification of the Andronovo culture but finds the Andronovo culture too late clarification needed for an Indo Iranian identification giving a later date for the start of the Andronovo culture in the 16th or 17th century BC whereas the Aryans appeared in the Near East not later than the 15th to 16th century BC 13 Klejn 1974 p 58 further argues that these latter regions contain nothing reminiscent of Timber Frame Andronovo materials 13 Brentjes 1981 also gives a later dating for the Andronovo culture 14 Bryant further refers to Lyonnet 1993 and Francfort 1989 who point to the absence of archaeological remains of the Andronovans south of the Hindu Kush 14 Bosch Gimpera 1973 and Hiebert 1998 argue that there also no Andronovo remains in Iran 14 but Hiebert agrees that the expansion of the BMAC people to the Iranian plateau and the Indus Valley borderlands at the beginning of the second millennium BC is the best candidate for an archaeological correlate of the introduction of Indo Iranian speakers to Iran and South Asia Hiebert 1995 192 15 Sarianidi states that the Andronovo tribes penetrated to a minimum extent 14 Apollonius Argonautica iii envisaged the Sauromatai as the bitter foe of King Aietes of Colchis modern Georgia References editCitations edit Chen Sanping SOME REMARKS ON THE CHINESE BULGAR Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 1998 69 83 Motti Victor Vahidi Richard Slaughter The master interpreter of alternative planetary futures Futures 132 2021 102796 Dwyer Arienne M The texture of tongues Languages and power in China Nationalism and ethnoregional identities in China Routledge 2013 68 85 The Aryan Language Gherardo Gnoli Instituto Italiano per l Africa e l Oriente Roma 2002 Schmitt Aryans in Encyclopedia Iranica Excerpt The name Aryan OInd a rya Ir arya with short a in Old Pers ariya Av airiia etc is the self designation of the peoples of Ancient India and Ancient Iran who spoke Aryan languages in contrast to the non Aryan peoples of those Aryan countries cf OInd an a rya Av an airiia etc and lives on in ethnic names like Alan Lat Alani NPers iran Oss Ir and Iron Also accessed online 1 in May 2010 Wiesehofer Joseph Ancient Persia New York 1996 I B Tauris Recommends the use by scholars of the term Aryan to describe the Eastern not the Western branch of the Indo European peoples see Aryan in index Durant Will Our Oriental Heritage New York 1954 Simon and Schuster According to Will Durant on Page 286 the name Aryan first appears in the name Harri one of the tribes of the Mitanni In general it was the self given appellation of the tribes living near or coming from the southern shores of the Caspian sea The term is properly applied today chiefly to the Mitannians Hittites Medes Persians and Vedic Hindus i e only to the eastern branch of the Indo European peoples whose western branch populated Europe Hakkinen Jaakko 2012 Early contacts between Uralic and Yukaghir In Tiina Hyytiainen Lotta Jalava Janne Saarikivi Erika Sandman eds Per Urales ad Orientem Festschrift for Juha Janhunen on the occasion of his 60th birthday on 12 February 2012 PDF Helsinki Finno Ugric Society ISBN 978 952 5667 34 9 Retrieved 12 November 2013 Hakkinen Jaakko 23 September 2012 Problems in the method and interpretations of the computational phylogenetics based on linguistic data An example of wishful thinking Bouckaert et al 2012 PDF Jaakko Hakkisen puolikuiva alkuperasivusto Jaakko Hakkinen Retrieved 12 November 2013 Cavalli Sforza Luigi Luca Menozzi Paolo Piazza Alberto 1994 The History and Geography of Human Genes Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press p See Aryan in index ISBN 978 0 691 08750 4 Lubotsky Alexander 2023 Indo European and Indo Iranian Wagon Terminology and the Date of the Indo Iranian Split In Willerslev Eske Kroonen Guus Kristiansen Kristian eds The Indo European Puzzle Revisited Integrating Archaeology Genetics and Linguistics Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 257 262 ISBN 978 1 009 26175 3 Retrieved 2023 11 16 Anthony 2007 p 49 a b Bryant 2001 p 206 a b c d Bryant 2001 p 207 Parpola 2015 p 76 Anthony amp Vinogradov 1995 Kuzmina 1994 Klejn 1974 and Brentjes 1981 as cited in Bryant 2001 206 a b Mallory 1989 Christopher I Beckwith 2009 Empires of the Silk Road Oxford University Press p 30 Burrow 1973 a b Mallory amp Mair 2000 Rigveda Britannica Online Encyclopedia Brzezinski Richard Mielczarek Mariusz 2002 The Sarmatians 600 BC AD 450 Osprey Publishing p 39 Indeed it is now accepted that the Sarmatians merged in with pre Slavic populations Adams Douglas Q 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture Taylor amp Francis p 523 In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers the Goths and by Iranian speakers Scythians Sarmatians Alans in a shifting array of tribal and national configurations Atkinson Dorothy et al 1977 Women in Russia Stanford University Press p 3 Ancient accounts link the Amazons with the Scythians and the Sarmatians who successively dominated the south of Russia for a millennium extending back to the seventh century B C The descendants of these peoples were absorbed by the Slavs who came to be known as Russians Slovene Studies Vol 9 11 Society for Slovene Studies 1987 p 36 For example the ancient Scythians Sarmatians amongst others and many other attested but now extinct peoples were assimilated in the course of history by Proto Slavs Chatoev Vladimir Kʻosyan Aram 1999 Nationalities of Armenia YEGEA Publishing House p 61 ISBN 978 99930 808 0 0 a b c Gnoli Gherardo March 29 2012 Indo Iranian Religion Encyclopaedia Iranica Retrieved July 10 2018 Searle Mike 28 March 2013 Colliding Continents A geological exploration of the Himalaya Karakoram and Tibet OUP Oxford ISBN 978 0 19 165249 3 Camerapix 1998 Spectrum Guide to Pakistan Interlink Books ISBN 978 1 56656 240 9 Strand Richard F 31 December 2005 Richard Strand s Nuristan Site Peoples and Languages of Nuristan nuristan info Archived from the original on 1 April 2019 Retrieved 19 January 2012 The Kalash Pakistan s last animist tribe Atalayar 29 March 2021 Retrieved 31 December 2022 Pelton Robert Young 1 January 1997 Fielding s The World s Most Dangerous Places Fielding Worldwide ISBN 978 1 56952 140 3 The Kalash which means black because of the black garments they wear are an animist tribe who live in a region sometimes called Kafiristan Witzel Michael 2012 The Origin of the World s Mythologies Witzel Michael 2005 Vala and Iwato The Myth of the Hidden Sun in India Japan and beyond PDF Michael Witzel Kalash Religion PDF Archived PDF from the original on 17 February 2022 Retrieved 14 March 2022 via HUIT a b THE DAEVAS IN ZOROASTRIAN SCRIPTURE PDF University of Missouri System Retrieved 2023 12 24 Saraswati Palaeochannels bhuvan app1 nrsc gov in Retrieved 23 December 2023 a b c d e f g h Muesse Mark W 2011 The Hindu Traditions A Concise Introduction Fortress Press pp 30 38 ISBN 978 1 4514 1400 4 Retrieved 21 January 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Griswold H D Griswold Hervey De Witt 1971 The Religion of the Ṛigveda Motilal Banarsidass Publishe pp 1 21 ISBN 978 81 208 0745 7 Retrieved 21 January 2021 The Sacred Books of the East The Zend Avesta pt I Clarendon Press 1880 p LVIII Retrieved 12 February 2021 Mani Chandra Mauli 2005 A Journey Through India s Past Northern Book Centre p 10 ISBN 978 81 7211 194 6 Retrieved 15 February 2021 a b c d e f Muir John 1874 Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India Their Religion and Institutions Vol 2 Trubner p 224 Retrieved 3 February 2021 Bonar Horatius 1884 The Life and Work of the Rev G Theophilus Dodds Missionary in Connection with the McAll Mission France R Carter p 425 Retrieved 3 February 2021 Kainiraka Sanu 2016 From Indus to Independence A Trek Through Indian History Vol I Prehistory to the Fall of the Mauryas Vij Books India ISBN 978 93 85563 14 0 Retrieved 3 February 2021 Kala Aporva 2015 Alchemist of the East Musk Deer ISBN 978 93 84439 66 8 Retrieved 3 February 2021 Braga Teofilo 2013 Formacao do Amadis de Gaula in Brazilian Portuguese Imprensa Portugueza p 36 Retrieved 6 February 2021 Underhill Peter A January 1 2015 The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y chromosome haplogroup R1a European Journal of Human Genetics 23 1 124 131 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2014 50 PMC 4266736 PMID 24667786 a b Pamjav Horolma Tibor Feher Endre Nemeth Zsolt Padar 2012 Brief communication new Y chromosome binary markers improve phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup R1a1 American Journal of Physical Anthropology 149 4 611 615 doi 10 1002 ajpa 22167 PMID 23115110 Saha Sharma Swarkar Bhat Audesh Pandit Awadesh Bamezai Ramesh 2005 Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y chromosome gene flow Journal of Human Genetics vol 50 no 1 pp 49 51 doi 10 1007 s10038 004 0219 3 PMID 15611834 Underhill P A Myres Natalie M Rootsi Siiri Metspalu Mait Zhivotovsky Lev A King Roy J Lin Alice A Chow Cheryl Emiliane T et al 2009 Separating the post Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a European Journal of Human Genetics 18 4 479 484 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2009 194 PMC 2987245 PMID 19888303 Fornarino Pala Maria Battaglia Vincenza Maranta Ramona Achilli Alessandro Modiano Guido Torroni Antonio Semino Ornella Santachiara Benerecetti Silvana A 2009 Mitochondrial and Y chromosome diversity of the Tharus Nepal a reservoir of genetic variation BMC Evolutionary Biology 9 154 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 9 154 PMC 2720951 PMID 19573232 a b Wells R Spencer Yuldasheva Nadira Ruzibakiev Ruslan Underhill Peter A Evseeva Irina Blue Smith Jason Jin Li Su Bing Pitchappan Ramasamy Shanmugalakshmi Sadagopal Balakrishnan Karuppiah Read Mark Pearson Nathaniel M Zerjal Tatiana Webster Matthew T Zholoshvili Irakli Jamarjashvili Elena Gambarov Spartak Nikbin Behrouz Dostiev Ashur Aknazarov Ogonazar Zalloua Pierre Tsoy Igor Kitaev Mikhail Mirrakhimov Mirsaid Chariev Ashir Bodmer Walter F 28 August 2001 The Eurasian Heartland A continental perspective on Y chromosome diversity Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 18 10244 10249 Bibcode 2001PNAS 9810244W doi 10 1073 pnas 171305098 JSTOR 3056514 PMC 56946 PMID 11526236 Lalueza Fox C Sampietro M L Gilbert M T Castri L Facchini F Pettener D Bertranpetit J 2004 Unravelling migrations in the steppe Mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient central Asians Proceedings Biological Sciences 271 1542 941 947 doi 10 1098 rspb 2004 2698 PMC 1691686 PMID 15255049 Guarino Vignon Perle Marchi Nina Bendezu Sarmiento Julio Heyer Evelyne Bon Celine 2022 01 14 Genetic continuity of Indo Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia Scientific Reports 12 1 733 doi 10 1038 s41598 021 04144 4 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 8760286 PMID 35031610 the qpAdm modelling shows that at least 90 of the ancestry of current Indo Iranian ancestry is modelized as inherited from Iron Age individuals from southern Central Asia with an affinity with BMAC Consequently Indo Iranians present a strong genetic continuity in the region since the Iron Age with anecdotic admixture with BHG ancestry related individuals and for the Tajiks with South Asian ancestry related populations possibly after Iron Age Sources edit Anthony David W 2007 The Horse The Wheel And Language How Bronze Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World Princeton University Press Anthony David W Vinogradov Nikolai B 1995 Birth of the Chariot Archaeology 48 2 36 41 ISSN 0003 8113 JSTOR 41771098 Bryant Edwin 2001 The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture The Indo Aryan Migration Debate Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 513777 4 Burrow T 1973 The Proto Indoaryans Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 105 2 123 140 doi 10 1017 S0035869X00130837 JSTOR 25203451 S2CID 162454265 Diakonoff Igor M Kuz mina E E Ivantchik Askold I 1995 Two Recent Studies of Indo Iranian Origins Journal of the American Oriental Society American Oriental Society vol 115 no 3 pp 473 477 doi 10 2307 606224 JSTOR 606224 Jones Bley K Zdanovich D G eds Complex Societies of Central Eurasia from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC 2 vols JIES Monograph Series Nos 45 46 Washington D C 2002 ISBN 0 941694 83 6 ISBN 0 941694 86 0 Kuz mina Elena Efimovna 1994 Otkuda prishli indoarii Whence came the Indo Aryans Moscow Rossijskaya akademiya nauk Russian Academy of Sciences Kuz mina Elena Efimovna 2007 Mallory James Patrick ed The Origin of the Indo Iranians Leiden Indo European Etymological Dictionary Series Leiden Brill Mallory J P 1989 In Search of the Indo Europeans Language Archaeology and Myth London Thames amp Hudson Mallory J P Adams Douglas Q 1997 Indo Iranian Languages Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture Fitzroy Dearborn Mallory J P Mair Victor H 2000 The Tarim Mummies Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest People from the West London Thames amp Hudson Parpola Asko 1999 The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo European in Blench Roger Spriggs Matthew eds Archaeology and Language vol III Artefacts languages and texts London and New York Routledge Parpola Asko 2015 The Roots of Hinduism The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 022692 3 Sulimirski Tadeusz 1970 Daniel Glyn ed The Sarmatians Ancient People and Places Thames amp Hudson ISBN 0 500 02071 X Witzel Michael 2000 The Home of the Aryans PDF in Hintze A Tichy E eds Anusantatyai Fs fur Johanna Narten zum 70 Geburtstag Dettelbach J H Roell pp 283 338 Chopra R M Indo Iranian Cultural Relations Through The Ages Iran Society Kolkata 2005 Bibliography editGuarino Vignon P Marchi N Bendezu Sarmiento J et al Genetic continuity of Indo Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia Sci Rep 12 733 2022 https doi org 10 1038 s41598 021 04144 4 Vasil ev I B P F Kuznetsov and A P Semenova Potapovo Burial Ground of the Indo Iranic Tribes on the Volga 1994 External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Indo Iranians nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indo Iranian peoples The Origin of the Pre Imperial Iranian People by Oric Basirov 2001 The Origin of the Indo Iranians Elena E Kuz mina Edited by J P Mallory 2007 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Indo Iranians amp oldid 1198150199 Religion, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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