Mantra (Zoroastrianism)

A mantra or manthra (Avestan: 𐬨𐬄𐬚𐬭𐬀, mąθra) is a prayer, sacred formula or inspired utterance considered in Zoroastrianism to have spiritual power.^[1] Their use already goes back to Zarathustra who described himself in his Gathas as a knower of mantras.^[2]

Zoroastrian mantras are etymologically and functionally related to the mantras known from the Indian tradition. However, they are not derived from Vedic mantras, but represent an independent, parallel development.^[3]

Etymology

Both Avestan 𐬨𐬄𐬚𐬭𐬀 (mąθra) and Vedic मन्त्र (mántra) go back to a common, Proto-Indo-Iranian *mantram, which in turn is derived from the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European verb *men (to think) and the instrumental suffix *-trom.^[4] By combining verb and suffix, the word *mantram, therefore, acquires the meaning instrument of thinking.^{[note 1]}

Within the context of Zoroastrianism, the Avestan term is commonly transliterated into Latin script as mantra or manthra,^{[2][5][6][7][8]} while some use the phonetic transliteration mąθra.^[9] Yet this is not universally applied, and others translate Avestan mąθra using generic terms like holy spell,^[10] religious utterance^[3] or formula.^[11]

Usage

In the Zoroastrian tradition, a mantra is a usually shorter, inspired utterance recited during religious rituals such as prayers.^[12] They can be distinguished from the longer, commonly eight-syllabic hymns of praise (called Yasht in the Avesta) as well as the typically eleven-syllabic songs (called Gathas in the Avesta as well as in the Vedas).^[2] The use of mantras in Zoroastrianism goes back to Zarathustra, who describes in the Gathas (Y. 50.5-50.6) his function as a prophet of Ahura Mazda explicitly as a knower of mantras (Avestan: mąθran; Sanskrit: mántrin).^[6][11]

The Avesta connects mantras with a wide range of positive qualities. For instance, in the Warharan Yasht, they are praised as "awful and powerful, awful and assembly-ruling, awful and victorious, awful and healing" (Yt. 14. 46).^[13] Yet the most praise is reserved for the Ahuna Vairya, the Ashem Vohu, the Yenghe hatam, and the Airyaman ishya, which are considered the most important mantras in Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrian tradition considers the potency of a mantra to be dependent on their correct recitation.^[14] As a result, they have survived largely intact to this day, although for a long time their transmission was exclusively oral.^[15]

In the later Avestan texts, mantras sometimes became personified through the Zoroastrian divinity of Mantra Spenta (Avestan: 𐬨𐬄𐬚𐬭𐬀 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬀, mąθra spəṇta), the mantra (which is) holy/bounteous/furthering.^[1] The Avesta describes Mantra Spenta as emanating directly from Ahura Mazda and returning to him through the mantras spoken by priests and poets.^[16] In the Zoroastrian calendar, the 29th day of the month is dedicated to this divinity.

Comparison to Vedic Mantras

The use of mantras in Zoroastrianism represents a parallel development to the Vedic tradition and must, therefore, go back to the common Indo-Iranian period when the people of the Avesta and the people of the Vedas formed a single people.^[3] Investigating their commonalities is therefore important to understand the poetic and religious traditions of the early Indo-Iranians.^[17][18] These similarities are found in the social, economic and religious sphere of the Avestan and Vedic people.^[3]

Such similarities are found for example in fixed expression like 'true mantra' (Avestan: haiθiia mąθra; Sanskrit: satyá mántra) or 'to fashion the mantra' (Avestan: mąθrəm taš; Sanskrit: mántram takṣ).^[19] Moreover, both the Vedic and Avestan mantras show a number of functional similarities. One is the notion that if truth is properly expressed in the mantra, it can compel a divinity to comply with the speaker's request.^[20] Another similarity is the Vedic and Avestan connection of mantras to paths, such that a properly articulated mantra may open a path to the divinity that is addressed.^[12] Moreover, both traditions consider the mantras to be fashioned from the heart since this was considered to be the seat of thought.^[21] Mantras during the Proto-Indo-Iranian period may, therefore, have represented the power of speech in "creating, conveying, concentrating and realizing intentional and efficient thought [to] identifying oneself with the essence of the divinity[.]"^[22]

See also

• Mantra
• Jesus Prayer

References

Notes

1. An analogous noun would be Latin monstrum (bad omen, portent, monstrosity). It combines the verb 'moneō' (to warn) with the suffix '-trum' to create the meaning instrument of warning.

Citations

1. Dhalla 1938, p. 232.
2. Boyce 1996, pp. 8-9.
3. Schmitt 2011.
4. Hoffmann 1996, p. 66.
5. Boyce 2001, p. 38.
6. Witzel 2001, p. 4.
7. Martínez & de Vaan 2014, p. 128.
8. Humbach 2015, p. 43.
9. Malandra 2018.
10. Darmesteter 1882, p. 57.
11. Kellens 2015, p. 46.
12. Kotwal & Kreyenbroek 2015, p. 335.
13. Darmesteter 1882, p. 243.
14. Dhalla 1938, p. 235.
15. Humbach 1991, pp. 56-58.
16. Gonda 1963, p. 254.
17. Bryant 2001, p. 131.
18. Spiegel 1887, p. 230.
19. Schmitt 2017.
20. Lüders 2001, pp. 505-509.
21. Boyce 1996, p. 8.
22. Gonda 1963, p. 255.

Bibliography

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• Boyce, Mary (1996). A History Of Zoroastrianism: The Early Period. Brill. ISBN 9789004088474.
• Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 131.
• Darmesteter, James (1882). The Zend-Avesta Part 2. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
• Dhalla, Maneckji N. (1938). History of Zoroastrianism. New York Oxford University Press.
• Gonda, Jan (1963). "The Indian Mantra". Oriens. 16: 244–297. doi:10.2307/1580265. JSTOR 1580265.
• Hoffmann, Karl (1996). Avestische Laut- und Flexionslehre. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.
• Humbach, Helmut (1991). The Gathas of Zarathustra and the Other Old Avestan Texts. Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.
• Humbach, Helmut (2015). "The Gāthās". In Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism. Wiley Blackwell.
• Kellens, Jean M. (2015). "The Gāthās, Said to Be of Zarathustra". In Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism. Wiley Blackwell.
• Kotwal, Firoze M.; Kreyenbroek, Philip G. (2015). "Prayer". In Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism. Wiley Blackwell.
• Lüders, Heinrich (2001). "Die Satyakriya im Veda und im Avesta". Varuna Band 2: Varuna und das Rta. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 9783525260043.
• Malandra, William W. (2018). The Frawardīn Yašt - Introduction, Translation, Text, Commentary, Glossary. Brill. ISBN 978-1-949743-03-6.

• Martínez, Javier; de Vaan, Michiel (2014). de Vaan, Michiel; Lubotsky, Alexander (eds.). Introduction to Avestan (PDF). Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages. Brill.

• Schmitt, Rüdiger (2011). "ARYANS". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. II. Iranica Foundation. pp. 684–687.
• Schmitt, Rüdiger (2017). "PROSODY i. Remnants of Proto-Indo-European Poetic Craft in Iranian". Encyclopædia Iranica. Iranica Foundation.
• Spiegel, Friedrich (1887). Die arische Periode und ihre Zustände. Verlag von Wilhelm Friedrich. p. 230.
• Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.