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Painted Grey Ware culture

The Painted Grey Ware culture (PGW) is an Iron Age Indo-Aryan culture of the western Gangetic plain and the Ghaggar-Hakra valley in the Indian subcontinent, conventionally dated c.1200 to 600–500 BCE,[1][2] or from 1300 to 500–300 BCE[3][4][5] It is a successor of the Cemetery H culture and Black and red ware culture (BRW) within this region, and contemporary with the continuation of the BRW culture in the eastern Gangetic plain and Central India.[6]

Painted Grey Ware culture
Map of some Painted Grey Ware (PGW) sites
Geographical rangeNorth India
Eastern Pakistan
PeriodIron Age
Datesc. 1200–600 BCE
Major sitesHastinapur
Mathura
Ahichchhatra
Panipat
Jognakhera
Rupnagar
Bhagwanpura
Kosambi
CharacteristicsExtensive Iron metallurgy
Fortified settlement
Preceded byCemetery H culture
Black and red ware
Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
Followed byMahajanapadas
Cemetery H, Late Harappan, OCP, Copper Hoard and Painted Grey ware sites

Characterized by a style of fine, grey pottery painted with geometric patterns in black,[7] the PGW culture is associated with village and town settlements, domesticated horses, ivory-working, and the advent of iron metallurgy.[8] As of 2018, 1,576 PGW sites have been discovered.[9] Although most PGW sites were small farming villages, "several dozen" PGW sites emerged as relatively large settlements that can be characterized as towns; the largest of these were fortified by ditches or moats and embankments made of piled earth with wooden palisades, albeit smaller and simpler than the elaborate fortifications which emerged in large cities after 600 BCE.[10]

The PGW Culture probably corresponds to the middle and late Vedic period, i.e., the Kuru-Panchala kingdom, the first large state in the Indian subcontinent after the decline of the Indus Valley civilisation.[11][12] The later vedic literature provides a mass of information on the life and culture of the times. It is succeeded by Northern Black Polished Ware from c.700–500 BCE, associated with the rise of the great Mahajanapada states and of the Magadha Empire.

Dating edit

The Painted Grey Ware culture (PGW) is conventionally dated c.1500 to 500 BCE.[1][2]

Akinori Uesugi regards PGW as having three periods within North Indian Iron Age which are:

Period I (c. 1300–1000 BCE)

When it makes its appearance in the Ghaggar valley and the upper Ganga region.

Period II (c. 1000–600 BCE)

When it spreads into the western part of the Ganga valley.

Period III (c. 600–300 BCE)

With interactions to the east.[13]

Recent Archaeology edit

Two periods of PGW were identified recently at Ahichhatra by archaeologists the earliest from c. 1500 to 800 BCE, and the late from 800 to 400 BCE.[14][note 1]

Overview edit

 
Painted Grey Ware - Sonkh (Uttar Pradesh) - 1000-600 BCE. Government Museum, Mathura
 
Fragments of Painted Grey Ware, about 1000 BC, from Hastinapur and Radhakund, Uttar Pradesh, and Panipat and Tilpat, Haryana. British Museum.
 
Shards of Painted Grey Ware (right) and Harappan red pottery (left) from Rupnagar, Punjab.
 
Archaeological cultures associated with Indo-Iranian migrations (after EIEC). The Andronovo, BMAC and Yaz cultures have often been associated with Indo-Iranian migrations. The GGC (Swat), Cemetery H, Copper Hoard and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryan migrations.

The PGW culture cultivated rice, wheat, millet and barley, and domesticated cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses. Houses were built of wattle-and-daub, mud, or bricks, ranging in size from small huts to large houses with many rooms. There is a clear settlement hierarchy, with a few central towns that stand out amongst numerous small villages. Some sites, including Jakhera in Uttar Pradesh, demonstrate a “fairly evolved, proto-urban or semi-urban stage” of this culture, with evidence of social organization and trade, including ornaments of gold, copper, ivory, and semi-precious stones, storage bins for surplus grain, stone weights, paved streets, water channels and embankments.[16]

The plough was used for cultivation. There are also indications of growing complexity of society as population increased and the size and number of settlements multiplied. Arts and crafts of the PGW people are represented by ornaments (made from terracotta, stone, faience, and glass), human and animal figurines (made from terracotta) as well as "incised terracotta discs with decorated edges and geometric motifs" which probably had "ritual meaning," perhaps representing symbols of deities.[17] There are a few stamp seals with geometric designs but no inscription, contrasting with both the prior Harappan seals and the subsequent Brahmi-inscribed seals of the Northern Black Polished Ware culture.[17]

The PGW pottery shows a remarkable degree of standardization. It is dominated by bowls of two shapes, a shallow tray and a deeper bowl, often with a sharp angle between the walls and base. The range of decoration is limited - vertical, oblique or criss-cross lines, rows of dots, spiral chains and concentric circles being common.[18]

At Bhagwanpura in the Kurukshetra district of Haryana, excavations have revealed an overlap between the late Harappan and Painted Grey Ware cultures, large houses that may have been elite residences, and fired bricks that may have been used in Vedic altars.[17]

Fresh surveys by archaeologist Vinay Kumar Gupta suggest Mathura was the largest PGW site around 375 hectares in area.[19] Among the largest sites is also the recently excavated Ahichatra, with at least 40 hectares of area in PGW times along with evidence of early construction of the fortification which goes back to PGW levels.[20] Towards the end of the period, many of the PGW settlements grew into the large towns and cities of the Northern Black Polished Ware period.[21]

Interpretations edit

The pottery style of this culture is different from the pottery of the Iranian Plateau and Afghanistan (Bryant 2001). In some sites, PGW pottery and Late Harappan pottery are contemporaneous.[22] The archaeologist Jim Shaffer (1984:84-85) has noted that "at present, the archaeological record indicates no cultural discontinuities separating Painted Grey Ware from the indigenous protohistoric culture." However, the continuity of pottery styles may be explained by the fact that pottery was generally made by indigenous craftsmen even after the Indo-Aryan migration.[23] According to Chakrabarti (1968) and other scholars, the origins of the subsistence patterns (e.g. rice use) and most other characteristics of the Painted Grey Ware culture are in eastern India or even Southeast Asia.[note 2]

Recent research edit

In 2013, the University of Cambridge and Banaras Hindu University excavated at Alamgirpur near Delhi, where they found a period overlap between the later part of the Harappan phase (with a "noticeable slow decline in quality") and the earliest PGW levels; Sample OxA-21882 showed a calibrated radiocarbon dating from 2136 BCE to 1948 BCE, but seven other samples from the overlap phase that were submitted for dating failed to give a result.[24] A team of the Archaeological Survey of India led by B.R. Mani and Vinay Kumar Gupta collected charcoal samples from Gosna, a site 6 km east of Mathura across the Yamuna river, where two of the radiocarbon dates from the PGW deposit came out to be 2160 BCE and 2170 BCE, but they mention that "there is a possibility that the cultural horizon which is now regarded as belonging to the P.G.W. period might turn out to be as belonging to a period with only plain grey ware."[19] However, later on, other two datings confirming early PGW horizon in Kampil excavations were published as 2310 +/- 120 BCE and 1360 +/- 90 BCE by archaeologist D.P. Tewari.[25]

Excavation at Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka has unearthed PGW pottery from the 'Basal early historic' period of Anuradhapura (600 BC-500 BCE) showing connections with North India.[26]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Petrie et al. (2019) mention 1500 to 700 BCE.[15]
  2. ^ See also Indo-Aryan migration#Archaeological evidence.

References edit

  1. ^ a b Douglas Q. Adams (January 1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. pp. 310–. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
  2. ^ a b Kailash Chand Jain (1972). Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 96–. ISBN 978-81-208-0824-9.
  3. ^ Possehl, G. L., (2002). The Indus civilization: A contemporary perspective, AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA; Oxford, p. 29.
  4. ^ Bates, J., (2020). "Kitchen gardens, wild forage and tree fruits: A hypothesis on the role of the Zaid season in the indus civilisation (c.3200-1300 BCE)", in Archaeological Research in Asia 21 (2020), Table 1, p.2.
  5. ^ Uesugi, Akinori, (2018). "An Overview on the Iron Age in South Asia", in (ed.) Akinori Uesugi, Iron Age in South Asia, Kansai University, Fig. 6, pp. 9–12.
  6. ^ Southworth, Franklin, (2005). Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia, Routledge, p. 177.
  7. ^ De Laet, Sigfried J.; Herrmann, Joachim (January 1996). History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. To the seventh century A.D. ISBN 9789231028120.
  8. ^ Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. ISBN 9781884964985.
  9. ^ Uesugi, Akinori (2018). "A Study on the Painted Grey Ware", in Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 6 (2018), p. 2.
  10. ^ James Heitzman, The City in South Asia (Routledge, 2008), pp. 12–13.
  11. ^ Geoffrey Samuel, (2010) The Origins of Yoga and Tantra: Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press, pp. 45–51.
  12. ^ Michael Witzel (1989), Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris, 97–265.
  13. ^ Uesugi, Akinori, (2018)."An Overview on the Iron Age in South Asia", in (ed.) Akinori Uesugi, Iron Age in South Asia, Kansai University, Fig. 6, pp. 9-12.
  14. ^ Pokharia, Anil K., Chanchala Srivastava, Bhuvan Vikram, et al. (2015). "On the botanical findings from excavations at Ahichchhatra: a multicultural site in Upper Ganga Plain, Uttar Pradesh", in Current Science, Vol. 109, No. 7, 10 October 2015, p. 1301.
  15. ^ Neogi, Sayantani, Charles A. I. French, Julie A. Durcan, Rabindra N. Singh, and Cameron A. Petrie, (2019). "Geoarchaeological insights into the location of Indus settlements on the plains of northwest India", in Quaternary Research, Volume 94, March 2020, p. 140.
  16. ^ Singh, Upinder (2009), A History of Ancient and Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Longman, Delhi, pp. 246–248
  17. ^ a b c Kenoyer, J. M., (2006), "Cultures and Societies of the Indus Tradition. In Historical Roots" in the Making of ‘the Aryan’, R. Thapar (ed.), National Book Trust, New Delhi, pp. 21–49.
  18. ^ Bridget and Raymond Allchin (1982). The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan. Cambridge University Press.
  19. ^ a b Gupta, Vinay Kumar, (2014)."Early Settlement of Mathura: An Archaeological Perspective", An Occasional paper, in History and Society, New Series 41, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi, pp. 1-37.
  20. ^ Mani, B. R., (September 17, 2013). "What Lies Beneath", in Educational Times.
  21. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. ^ Shaffer, Jim. 1993, Reurbanization: The eastern Punjab and beyond. In Urban Form and Meaning in South Asia: The Shaping of Cities from Prehistoric to Precolonial Times, ed. H. Spodek and D.M. Srinivasan.
  23. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. ^ Singh, R.N., Cameron Petrie et al., (2013). "Recent Excavations at Alamgirpur, Meerut District: A Preliminary Report", in Man and Environment 38(1), pp. 32-54.
  25. ^ Tewari, D.P., (2014). "The Ceramic Traditions from Kampil Excavations", in Puratattva No.44, pp.194-207.
  26. ^ Tyagi, Manisha (2006). "Commercial Relations Between North India and Sri Lanka in Ancient Period: A Study". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 67: 106–117. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44147927.

Further reading edit

  • Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513777-9.
  • Chakrabarti, D.K. 1968. The Aryan hypothesis in Indian archaeology. Indian Studies Past and Present 4, 333–358.
  • Jim Shaffer. 1984. The Indo-Aryan Invasions: Cultural Myth and Archaeological Reality. In: J.R. Lukak. The People of South Asia. New York: Plenum. 1984.
  • Kennedy, Kenneth 1995. "Have Aryans been identified in the prehistoric skeletal record from South Asia?", in George Erdosy, ed.: The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia, p. 49–54.

External links edit

    painted, grey, ware, culture, iron, indo, aryan, culture, western, gangetic, plain, ghaggar, hakra, valley, indian, subcontinent, conventionally, dated, 1200, from, 1300, successor, cemetery, culture, black, ware, culture, within, this, region, contemporary, w. The Painted Grey Ware culture PGW is an Iron Age Indo Aryan culture of the western Gangetic plain and the Ghaggar Hakra valley in the Indian subcontinent conventionally dated c 1200 to 600 500 BCE 1 2 or from 1300 to 500 300 BCE 3 4 5 It is a successor of the Cemetery H culture and Black and red ware culture BRW within this region and contemporary with the continuation of the BRW culture in the eastern Gangetic plain and Central India 6 Painted Grey Ware cultureMap of some Painted Grey Ware PGW sitesGeographical rangeNorth India Eastern PakistanPeriodIron AgeDatesc 1200 600 BCEMajor sitesHastinapurMathuraAhichchhatraPanipatJognakheraRupnagarBhagwanpuraKosambiCharacteristicsExtensive Iron metallurgyFortified settlementPreceded byCemetery H cultureBlack and red wareOchre Coloured Pottery cultureFollowed byMahajanapadas Cemetery H Late Harappan OCP Copper Hoard and Painted Grey ware sitesCharacterized by a style of fine grey pottery painted with geometric patterns in black 7 the PGW culture is associated with village and town settlements domesticated horses ivory working and the advent of iron metallurgy 8 As of 2018 update 1 576 PGW sites have been discovered 9 Although most PGW sites were small farming villages several dozen PGW sites emerged as relatively large settlements that can be characterized as towns the largest of these were fortified by ditches or moats and embankments made of piled earth with wooden palisades albeit smaller and simpler than the elaborate fortifications which emerged in large cities after 600 BCE 10 The PGW Culture probably corresponds to the middle and late Vedic period i e the Kuru Panchala kingdom the first large state in the Indian subcontinent after the decline of the Indus Valley civilisation 11 12 The later vedic literature provides a mass of information on the life and culture of the times It is succeeded by Northern Black Polished Ware from c 700 500 BCE associated with the rise of the great Mahajanapada states and of the Magadha Empire Contents 1 Dating 1 1 Recent Archaeology 2 Overview 3 Interpretations 4 Recent research 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksDating editThe Painted Grey Ware culture PGW is conventionally dated c 1500 to 500 BCE 1 2 Akinori Uesugi regards PGW as having three periods within North Indian Iron Age which are Period I c 1300 1000 BCE When it makes its appearance in the Ghaggar valley and the upper Ganga region Period II c 1000 600 BCE When it spreads into the western part of the Ganga valley Period III c 600 300 BCE With interactions to the east 13 Recent Archaeology edit Two periods of PGW were identified recently at Ahichhatra by archaeologists the earliest from c 1500 to 800 BCE and the late from 800 to 400 BCE 14 note 1 Overview edit nbsp Painted Grey Ware Sonkh Uttar Pradesh 1000 600 BCE Government Museum Mathura nbsp Fragments of Painted Grey Ware about 1000 BC from Hastinapur and Radhakund Uttar Pradesh and Panipat and Tilpat Haryana British Museum nbsp Shards of Painted Grey Ware right and Harappan red pottery left from Rupnagar Punjab nbsp Archaeological cultures associated with Indo Iranian migrations after EIEC The Andronovo BMAC and Yaz cultures have often been associated with Indo Iranian migrations The GGC Swat Cemetery H Copper Hoard and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo Aryan migrations The PGW culture cultivated rice wheat millet and barley and domesticated cattle sheep pigs and horses Houses were built of wattle and daub mud or bricks ranging in size from small huts to large houses with many rooms There is a clear settlement hierarchy with a few central towns that stand out amongst numerous small villages Some sites including Jakhera in Uttar Pradesh demonstrate a fairly evolved proto urban or semi urban stage of this culture with evidence of social organization and trade including ornaments of gold copper ivory and semi precious stones storage bins for surplus grain stone weights paved streets water channels and embankments 16 The plough was used for cultivation There are also indications of growing complexity of society as population increased and the size and number of settlements multiplied Arts and crafts of the PGW people are represented by ornaments made from terracotta stone faience and glass human and animal figurines made from terracotta as well as incised terracotta discs with decorated edges and geometric motifs which probably had ritual meaning perhaps representing symbols of deities 17 There are a few stamp seals with geometric designs but no inscription contrasting with both the prior Harappan seals and the subsequent Brahmi inscribed seals of the Northern Black Polished Ware culture 17 The PGW pottery shows a remarkable degree of standardization It is dominated by bowls of two shapes a shallow tray and a deeper bowl often with a sharp angle between the walls and base The range of decoration is limited vertical oblique or criss cross lines rows of dots spiral chains and concentric circles being common 18 At Bhagwanpura in the Kurukshetra district of Haryana excavations have revealed an overlap between the late Harappan and Painted Grey Ware cultures large houses that may have been elite residences and fired bricks that may have been used in Vedic altars 17 Fresh surveys by archaeologist Vinay Kumar Gupta suggest Mathura was the largest PGW site around 375 hectares in area 19 Among the largest sites is also the recently excavated Ahichatra with at least 40 hectares of area in PGW times along with evidence of early construction of the fortification which goes back to PGW levels 20 Towards the end of the period many of the PGW settlements grew into the large towns and cities of the Northern Black Polished Ware period 21 Interpretations editThe pottery style of this culture is different from the pottery of the Iranian Plateau and Afghanistan Bryant 2001 In some sites PGW pottery and Late Harappan pottery are contemporaneous 22 The archaeologist Jim Shaffer 1984 84 85 has noted that at present the archaeological record indicates no cultural discontinuities separating Painted Grey Ware from the indigenous protohistoric culture However the continuity of pottery styles may be explained by the fact that pottery was generally made by indigenous craftsmen even after the Indo Aryan migration 23 According to Chakrabarti 1968 and other scholars the origins of the subsistence patterns e g rice use and most other characteristics of the Painted Grey Ware culture are in eastern India or even Southeast Asia note 2 Recent research editIn 2013 the University of Cambridge and Banaras Hindu University excavated at Alamgirpur near Delhi where they found a period overlap between the later part of the Harappan phase with a noticeable slow decline in quality and the earliest PGW levels Sample OxA 21882 showed a calibrated radiocarbon dating from 2136 BCE to 1948 BCE but seven other samples from the overlap phase that were submitted for dating failed to give a result 24 A team of the Archaeological Survey of India led by B R Mani and Vinay Kumar Gupta collected charcoal samples from Gosna a site 6 km east of Mathura across the Yamuna river where two of the radiocarbon dates from the PGW deposit came out to be 2160 BCE and 2170 BCE but they mention that there is a possibility that the cultural horizon which is now regarded as belonging to the P G W period might turn out to be as belonging to a period with only plain grey ware 19 However later on other two datings confirming early PGW horizon in Kampil excavations were published as 2310 120 BCE and 1360 90 BCE by archaeologist D P Tewari 25 Excavation at Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka has unearthed PGW pottery from the Basal early historic period of Anuradhapura 600 BC 500 BCE showing connections with North India 26 See also editKuru Kingdom Panchala MahajanapadasNotes edit Petrie et al 2019 mention 1500 to 700 BCE 15 See also Indo Aryan migration Archaeological evidence References edit a b Douglas Q Adams January 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture Taylor amp Francis pp 310 ISBN 978 1 884964 98 5 a b Kailash Chand Jain 1972 Malwa Through the Ages from the Earliest Times to 1305 A D Motilal Banarsidass pp 96 ISBN 978 81 208 0824 9 Possehl G L 2002 The Indus civilization A contemporary perspective AltaMira Press Walnut Creek CA Oxford p 29 Bates J 2020 Kitchen gardens wild forage and tree fruits A hypothesis on the role of the Zaid season in the indus civilisation c 3200 1300 BCE in Archaeological Research in Asia 21 2020 Table 1 p 2 Uesugi Akinori 2018 An Overview on the Iron Age in South Asia in ed Akinori Uesugi Iron Age in South Asia Kansai University Fig 6 pp 9 12 Southworth Franklin 2005 Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia Routledge p 177 De Laet Sigfried J Herrmann Joachim January 1996 History of Humanity From the seventh century B C To the seventh century A D ISBN 9789231028120 Mallory J P Adams Douglas Q 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture ISBN 9781884964985 Uesugi Akinori 2018 A Study on the Painted Grey Ware in Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 6 2018 p 2 James Heitzman The City in South Asia Routledge 2008 pp 12 13 Geoffrey Samuel 2010 The Origins of Yoga and Tantra Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century Cambridge University Press pp 45 51 Michael Witzel 1989 Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo Aryennes ed Caillat Paris 97 265 Uesugi Akinori 2018 An Overview on the Iron Age in South Asia in ed Akinori Uesugi Iron Age in South Asia Kansai University Fig 6 pp 9 12 Pokharia Anil K Chanchala Srivastava Bhuvan Vikram et al 2015 On the botanical findings from excavations at Ahichchhatra a multicultural site in Upper Ganga Plain Uttar Pradesh in Current Science Vol 109 No 7 10 October 2015 p 1301 Neogi Sayantani Charles A I French Julie A Durcan Rabindra N Singh and Cameron A Petrie 2019 Geoarchaeological insights into the location of Indus settlements on the plains of northwest India in Quaternary Research Volume 94 March 2020 p 140 Singh Upinder 2009 A History of Ancient and Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century Longman Delhi pp 246 248 a b c Kenoyer J M 2006 Cultures and Societies of the Indus Tradition In Historical Roots in the Making of the Aryan R Thapar ed National Book Trust New Delhi pp 21 49 Bridget and Raymond Allchin 1982 The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan Cambridge University Press a b Gupta Vinay Kumar 2014 Early Settlement of Mathura An Archaeological Perspective An Occasional paper in History and Society New Series 41 Nehru Memorial Museum and Library New Delhi pp 1 37 Mani B R September 17 2013 What Lies Beneath in Educational Times Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 1 January 2014 Retrieved 4 January 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Shaffer Jim 1993 Reurbanization The eastern Punjab and beyond In Urban Form and Meaning in South Asia The Shaping of Cities from Prehistoric to Precolonial Times ed H Spodek and D M Srinivasan Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 23 May 2013 Retrieved 13 February 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Singh R N Cameron Petrie et al 2013 Recent Excavations at Alamgirpur Meerut District A Preliminary Report in Man and Environment 38 1 pp 32 54 Tewari D P 2014 The Ceramic Traditions from Kampil Excavations in Puratattva No 44 pp 194 207 Tyagi Manisha 2006 Commercial Relations Between North India and Sri Lanka in Ancient Period A Study Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 67 106 117 ISSN 2249 1937 JSTOR 44147927 Further reading editBryant Edwin 2001 The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 513777 9 Chakrabarti D K 1968 The Aryan hypothesis in Indian archaeology Indian Studies Past and Present 4 333 358 Jim Shaffer 1984 The Indo Aryan Invasions Cultural Myth and Archaeological Reality In J R Lukak The People of South Asia New York Plenum 1984 Kennedy Kenneth 1995 Have Aryans been identified in the prehistoric skeletal record from South Asia in George Erdosy ed The Indo Aryans of Ancient South Asia p 49 54 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Painted Grey Ware Indus Valley Civilization Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Painted Grey Ware culture amp oldid 1168711711, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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