Sintashta is situated in the steppe just east of the southern Ural Mountains. The site is named for the adjacent Sintashta River, a tributary to the Tobol. The shifting course of the river over time has destroyed half of the site, leaving behind thirty one of the approximately fifty or sixty houses in the settlement.[3]
The settlement consisted of rectangular houses arranged in a circle 140 m in diameter and surrounded by a timber-reinforced earthen wall with gate towers and a deep ditch on its exterior. The fortifications at Sintashta and similar settlements such as Arkaim were of unprecedented scale for the steppe region. There is evidence of copper and bronzemetallurgy taking place in every house excavated at Sintashta, again an unprecedented intensity of metallurgical production for the steppe.[3] Early Abashevo culture ceramic styles strongly influenced Sintashta ceramics.[4] Due to the assimilation of tribes in the region of the Urals, such as the Pit-grave, Catacomb, Poltavka, and northern Abashevo into the Novokumak horizon, it would seem inaccurate to provide Sintashta with a purely Aryan attribution.[5] In the origin of Sintashta, the Abashevo culture would play an important role.[4]
Five cemeteries have been found associated with the site, the largest of which (known as Sintashta mogila or SM) consisted of forty graves. Some of these were chariot burials, producing the oldest known chariots in the world. Others included horse sacrifices—up to eight in a single grave—various stone, copper and bronze weapons, and silver and gold ornaments. The SM cemetery is overlain by a very large kurgan of a slightly later date. It has been suggested that the kind of funerary sacrifices evident at Sintashta have strong similarities to funerary rituals described in the Rig Veda, an ancient Vedic religious text often associated with the Proto-Indo-Iranians.[3]
Radiocarbon dates from the settlement and cemeteries span over a millennium, suggesting an earlier occupation belonging to the Poltavka culture. The majority of the dates, however, are around 2100–1800 BC, which points at a main period of occupation of the site consistent with other settlements and cemeteries of the Sintashta culture.[3]
Based on four samples, the recent dating of Sintashta culture in Sintashta II settlement, (also known as Levobereznoe) is 2004-1852 calBC (2170-1900 calBC, 95.4% in the beginning of the sequence, and 1940-1660 calBC in the end).[6]
^Anthony 2007, pp. 374–375: "The radiocarbon dates for both the cemeteries and the settlement at Sintashta were worryingly diverse, from about 2800-2700 BCE (4200+ 100 BP), for wood from grave 11 in the SM cemetery, to about 1800-1600 BCE (3340+60BP), for wood from grave 5 in the SII cemetery. Probably there was an older Poltavka component at Sintashta, as later was found at many other sites of the Sintashta type, accounting for the older dates. Wood from the central grave of the large kurgan (SB) yielded consistent dates (3520+65, 3570+60, and 3720+120), or about 2100-1800 BCE".
^Anthony 2007, p. 371 : "And inside each and every house were the remains of metallurgical activity: slag, ovens, hearths, and copper. Sintashta was a fortified metallurgical industrial center".
^Elena E. Kuz'mina, The Origin of the Indo-Iranians, Volume 3, edited by J. P. Mallory, Brill NV, Leiden, 2007, p 222
^Epimakhov, Zazovskaya & Alaeva 2023, p. 13: "Accordingly, the early 'Sintashta' phase is dated to 2004–1852 calBC. Its boundary events cover the intervals between 2170–1900 calBC at 95.4% at the beginning of the sequence and 1940–1660 calBC at 95.4% at the end".
Epimakhov, Andrey; Zazovskaya, Elya; Alaeva, Irina (August 7, 2023). "Migrations and Cultural Evolution in the Light of Radiocarbon Dating of Bronze Age Sites in the Southern Urals". Radiocarbon: 1–15. doi:10.1017/RDC.2023.62.
Further readingedit
Генинг, В. Ф.; Зданович, Г. Б.; Генинг, В. В.; [V. F. Gening; G. B. Zdanovich; V. V. Gening] (1992). Синташта: археологические памятники арийских племен Урало-Казахстанских степей [Sintashta: archaeological sites of the Aryan tribes of the Ural-Kazakhstan Steppe] (in Russian). Chelyabinsk: Южно-Уральское книжное изд-во. ISBN5-7688-0577-X.
External linksedit
External videos
The Sintashta culture - earliest chariots, fortified settlements and bronze metallurgy. Ivan Semyan
February 16, 2024
sintashta, archaeological, site, chelyabinsk, oblast, russia, remains, fortified, settlement, dating, bronze, 2800, 1600, type, site, culture, site, been, characterised, fortified, metallurgical, industrial, center, Синташта, location, culture, violet, shown, . Sintashta a is an archaeological site in Chelyabinsk Oblast Russia It is the remains of a fortified settlement dating to the Bronze Age c 2800 1600 BC 1 and is the type site of the Sintashta culture The site has been characterised as a fortified metallurgical industrial center 2 SintashtaSintashta Location of the Sintashta culture violet Shown within Continental AsiaShow map of Continental AsiaSintashta Russia Show map of RussiaLocationChelyabinsk Oblast RussiaCoordinates52 29 10 4 N 60 11 17 8 E 52 486222 N 60 188278 E 52 486222 60 188278TypeSettlementSintashta is situated in the steppe just east of the southern Ural Mountains The site is named for the adjacent Sintashta River a tributary to the Tobol The shifting course of the river over time has destroyed half of the site leaving behind thirty one of the approximately fifty or sixty houses in the settlement 3 The settlement consisted of rectangular houses arranged in a circle 140 m in diameter and surrounded by a timber reinforced earthen wall with gate towers and a deep ditch on its exterior The fortifications at Sintashta and similar settlements such as Arkaim were of unprecedented scale for the steppe region There is evidence of copper and bronze metallurgy taking place in every house excavated at Sintashta again an unprecedented intensity of metallurgical production for the steppe 3 Early Abashevo culture ceramic styles strongly influenced Sintashta ceramics 4 Due to the assimilation of tribes in the region of the Urals such as the Pit grave Catacomb Poltavka and northern Abashevo into the Novokumak horizon it would seem inaccurate to provide Sintashta with a purely Aryan attribution 5 In the origin of Sintashta the Abashevo culture would play an important role 4 Five cemeteries have been found associated with the site the largest of which known as Sintashta mogila or SM consisted of forty graves Some of these were chariot burials producing the oldest known chariots in the world Others included horse sacrifices up to eight in a single grave various stone copper and bronze weapons and silver and gold ornaments The SM cemetery is overlain by a very large kurgan of a slightly later date It has been suggested that the kind of funerary sacrifices evident at Sintashta have strong similarities to funerary rituals described in the Rig Veda an ancient Vedic religious text often associated with the Proto Indo Iranians 3 Radiocarbon dates from the settlement and cemeteries span over a millennium suggesting an earlier occupation belonging to the Poltavka culture The majority of the dates however are around 2100 1800 BC which points at a main period of occupation of the site consistent with other settlements and cemeteries of the Sintashta culture 3 Contents 1 Sintashta II settlement 2 Notes 3 References 3 1 Sources 3 2 Further reading 4 External linksSintashta II settlement editBased on four samples the recent dating of Sintashta culture in Sintashta II settlement also known as Levobereznoe is 2004 1852 calBC 2170 1900 calBC 95 4 in the beginning of the sequence and 1940 1660 calBC in the end 6 Notes edit s ɪ n t ɑː ʃ ˈ t ɑː Russian Sintashta pronounced sʲɪntɐˈʂta References edit Anthony 2007 pp 374 375 The radiocarbon dates for both the cemeteries and the settlement at Sintashta were worryingly diverse from about 2800 2700 BCE 4200 100 BP for wood from grave 11 in the SM cemetery to about 1800 1600 BCE 3340 60BP for wood from grave 5 in the SII cemetery Probably there was an older Poltavka component at Sintashta as later was found at many other sites of the Sintashta type accounting for the older dates Wood from the central grave of the large kurgan SB yielded consistent dates 3520 65 3570 60 and 3720 120 or about 2100 1800 BCE Anthony 2007 p 371 And inside each and every house were the remains of metallurgical activity slag ovens hearths and copper Sintashta was a fortified metallurgical industrial center a b c d Anthony 2007 pp 371 375 a b Anthony 2007 p 382 Elena E Kuz mina The Origin of the Indo Iranians Volume 3 edited by J P Mallory Brill NV Leiden 2007 p 222 Epimakhov Zazovskaya amp Alaeva 2023 p 13 Accordingly the early Sintashta phase is dated to 2004 1852 calBC Its boundary events cover the intervals between 2170 1900 calBC at 95 4 at the beginning of the sequence and 1940 1660 calBC at 95 4 at the end Sources edit Anthony David W 2007 The Horse the Wheel and Language Princeton NJ Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 05887 0 Epimakhov Andrey Zazovskaya Elya Alaeva Irina August 7 2023 Migrations and Cultural Evolution in the Light of Radiocarbon Dating of Bronze Age Sites in the Southern Urals Radiocarbon 1 15 doi 10 1017 RDC 2023 62 Further reading edit Gening V F Zdanovich G B Gening V V V F Gening G B Zdanovich V V Gening 1992 Sintashta arheologicheskie pamyatniki arijskih plemen Uralo Kazahstanskih stepej Sintashta archaeological sites of the Aryan tribes of the Ural Kazakhstan Steppe in Russian Chelyabinsk Yuzhno Uralskoe knizhnoe izd vo ISBN 5 7688 0577 X External links editExternal videos nbsp The Sintashta culture earliest chariots fortified settlements and bronze metallurgy Ivan Semyan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sintashta amp oldid 1195576151, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
