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Pidgin

October 27, 2023

This article is about the form of language in general. For particular languages, see Pidgin § Examples. For the type of bird, see pigeon. For the IM client, see Pidgin (software). For other uses, see Pidgin (disambiguation).

A pidgin[1][2][3] /ˈpɪdʒɪn/, or pidgin language, is a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups of people that do not have a language in common: typically, its vocabulary and grammar are limited and often drawn from several languages. It is most commonly employed in situations such as trade, or where both groups speak languages different from the language of the country in which they reside (but where there is no common language between the groups). Linguists do not typically consider pidgins as full or complete languages.

Fundamentally, a pidgin is a simplified means of linguistic communication, as it is constructed impromptu, or by convention, between individuals or groups of people. A pidgin is not the native language of any speech community, but is instead learned as a second language.[4][5]

A pidgin may be built from words, sounds, or body language from a multitude of languages as well as onomatopoeia. As the lexicon of any pidgin will be limited to core vocabulary, words with only a specific meaning in the lexifier language may acquire a completely new (or additional) meaning in the pidgin.

Pidgins have historically been considered a form of patois, unsophisticated simplified versions of their lexifiers, and as such usually have low prestige with respect to other languages.[6] However, not all simplified or "unsophisticated" forms of a language are pidgins. Each pidgin has its own norms of usage which must be learned for proficiency in the pidgin.[7]

A pidgin differs from a creole, which is the first language of a speech community of native speakers that at one point arose from a pidgin. Unlike pidgins, creoles have fully developed vocabulary and patterned grammar. Most linguists believe that a creole develops through a process of nativization of a pidgin when children of speakers of an acquired pidgin learn it and use it as their native language.

Etymology Edit

Pidgin derives from a Chinese pronunciation of the English word business, and all attestations from the first half of the nineteenth century given in the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary mean "business; an action, occupation, or affair" (the earliest being from 1807). The term pidgin English ("business English"), first attested in 1855, shows the term in transition to referring to language, and by the 1860s the term pidgin alone could refer to Pidgin English. The term came to be used in a more general linguistic sense to refer to any simplified language by the late 19th century.[8][9]

A popular false etymology for pidgin is English pigeon, a bird sometimes used for carrying brief written messages, especially in times prior to modern telecommunications.[8][10]

Terminology Edit

The word pidgin, formerly also spelled pigion,[9] used to refer originally to Chinese Pidgin English, but was later generalized to refer to any pidgin.[11] Pidgin may also be used as the specific name for local pidgins or creoles, in places where they are spoken. For example, the name of the creole language Tok Pisin derives from the English words talk pidgin. Its speakers usually refer to it simply as "pidgin" when speaking English.[12][13] Likewise, Hawaiian Creole English is commonly referred to by its speakers as "Pidgin".

The term jargon has also been used to refer to pidgins, and is found in the names of some pidgins, such as Chinook Jargon. In this context, linguists today use jargon to denote a particularly rudimentary type of pidgin;[14] however, this usage is rather rare, and the term jargon most often refers to the words particular to a given profession.

Pidgins may start out as or become trade languages, such as Tok Pisin. Trade languages can eventually evolve into fully developed languages in their own right such as Swahili, distinct from the languages they were originally influenced by. Trade languages and pidgins can also influence an established language's vernacular, especially amongst people who are directly involved in a trade where that pidgin is commonly used, which can alternatively result in a regional dialect being developed.

Common traits Edit

Pidgins are usually less morphologically complex but more syntactically rigid than other languages, and usually have fewer morphosyntactic irregularities than other languages.

Characteristics shared by most pidgins:

Development Edit

The initial development of a pidgin usually requires:

  • prolonged, regular contact between the different language communities
  • a need to communicate between them
  • an absence of (or absence of widespread proficiency in) a widespread, accessible interlanguage

Keith Whinnom (in Hymes (1971)) suggests that pidgins need three languages to form, with one (the superstrate) being clearly dominant over the others.

Linguists sometimes posit that pidgins can become creole languages when a generation of children learn a pidgin as their first language,[15] a process that regularizes speaker-dependent variation in grammar. Creoles can then replace the existing mix of languages to become the native language of a community (such as the Chavacano language in the Philippines, Krio in Sierra Leone, and Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea). However, not all pidgins become creole languages; a pidgin may die out before this phase would occur (e.g. the Mediterranean Lingua Franca).

Other scholars, such as Salikoko Mufwene, argue that pidgins and creoles arise independently under different circumstances, and that a pidgin need not always precede a creole nor a creole evolve from a pidgin. Pidgins, according to Mufwene, emerged among trade colonies among "users who preserved their native vernaculars for their day-to-day interactions". Creoles, meanwhile, developed in settlement colonies in which speakers of a European language, often indentured servants whose language would be far from the standard in the first place, interacted extensively with non-European slaves, absorbing certain words and features from the slaves' non-European native languages, resulting in a heavily basilectalized version of the original language. These servants and slaves would come to use the creole as an everyday vernacular, rather than merely in situations in which contact with a speaker of the superstrate was necessary.[16]

List of notable pidgins Edit

Many of these languages are commonly referred to by their speakers as "Pidgin".

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (2008). "The study of pidgin and creole languages" (PDF). In Arends, Jacques; Muijsken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (eds.). Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction. John Benjamins. pp. 3–14.
  2. ^ Özüorçun, Fatma (2014). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
  3. ^ Bickerton, Derek (1976). "Pidgin and creole studies". Annual Review of Anthropology. 5: 169–93. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.05.100176.001125. JSTOR 2949309.
  4. ^ See Todd (1990:3)
  5. ^ See Thomason & Kaufman (1988:169)
  6. ^ Bakker (1994:27)
  7. ^ Bakker (1994:26)
  8. ^ a b "pidgin, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, January 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/143533. Accessed 23 January 2018.
  9. ^ a b Online Etymology Dictionary
  10. ^ Crystal, David (1997), "Pidgin", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press
  11. ^ Bakker (1994:25)
  12. ^ Smith, Geoff P. Growing Up with Tok Pisin: Contact, creolization, and change in Papua New Guinea's national language. London: Battlebridge. 2002. p. 4.
  13. ^ Thus the published court reports of Papua New Guinea refer to Tok Pisin as "Pidgin": see for example Schubert v The State [1979] PNGLR 66.
  14. ^ Bakker (1994:25–26)
  15. ^ For example: Campbell, John Howland; Schopf, J. William, eds. (1994). Creative Evolution. Life Science Series. Contributor: University of California, Los Angeles. IGPP Center for the Study of Evolution and the Origin of Life. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 81. ISBN 9780867209617. Retrieved 2014-04-20. [...] the children of pidgin-speaking parents face a big problem, because pidgins are so rudimentary and inexpressive, poorly capable of expressing the nuances of a full range of human emotions and life situations. The first generation of such children spontaneously develops a pidgin into a more complex language termed a creole. [...] [T]he evolution of a pidgin into a creole is unconscious and spontaneous.
  16. ^ . Humanities.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-06-03. Retrieved 2010-04-24.

References Edit

Further reading Edit

External links Edit

  • Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures (APiCS)


 
Look up pidgin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

October 27, 2023
pidgin, this, article, about, form, language, general, particular, languages, examples, type, bird, pigeon, client, software, other, uses, disambiguation, pidgin, pidgin, language, grammatically, simplified, means, communication, that, develops, between, more,. This article is about the form of language in general For particular languages see Pidgin Examples For the type of bird see pigeon For the IM client see Pidgin software For other uses see Pidgin disambiguation A pidgin 1 2 3 ˈ p ɪ dʒ ɪ n or pidgin language is a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups of people that do not have a language in common typically its vocabulary and grammar are limited and often drawn from several languages It is most commonly employed in situations such as trade or where both groups speak languages different from the language of the country in which they reside but where there is no common language between the groups Linguists do not typically consider pidgins as full or complete languages Fundamentally a pidgin is a simplified means of linguistic communication as it is constructed impromptu or by convention between individuals or groups of people A pidgin is not the native language of any speech community but is instead learned as a second language 4 5 A pidgin may be built from words sounds or body language from a multitude of languages as well as onomatopoeia As the lexicon of any pidgin will be limited to core vocabulary words with only a specific meaning in the lexifier language may acquire a completely new or additional meaning in the pidgin Pidgins have historically been considered a form of patois unsophisticated simplified versions of their lexifiers and as such usually have low prestige with respect to other languages 6 However not all simplified or unsophisticated forms of a language are pidgins Each pidgin has its own norms of usage which must be learned for proficiency in the pidgin 7 A pidgin differs from a creole which is the first language of a speech community of native speakers that at one point arose from a pidgin Unlike pidgins creoles have fully developed vocabulary and patterned grammar Most linguists believe that a creole develops through a process of nativization of a pidgin when children of speakers of an acquired pidgin learn it and use it as their native language Contents 1 Etymology 2 Terminology 3 Common traits 4 Development 5 List of notable pidgins 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksEtymology EditPidgin derives from a Chinese pronunciation of the English word business and all attestations from the first half of the nineteenth century given in the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary mean business an action occupation or affair the earliest being from 1807 The term pidgin English business English first attested in 1855 shows the term in transition to referring to language and by the 1860s the term pidgin alone could refer to Pidgin English The term came to be used in a more general linguistic sense to refer to any simplified language by the late 19th century 8 9 A popular false etymology for pidgin is English pigeon a bird sometimes used for carrying brief written messages especially in times prior to modern telecommunications 8 10 Terminology EditThe word pidgin formerly also spelled pigion 9 used to refer originally to Chinese Pidgin English but was later generalized to refer to any pidgin 11 Pidgin may also be used as the specific name for local pidgins or creoles in places where they are spoken For example the name of the creole language Tok Pisin derives from the English words talk pidgin Its speakers usually refer to it simply as pidgin when speaking English 12 13 Likewise Hawaiian Creole English is commonly referred to by its speakers as Pidgin The term jargon has also been used to refer to pidgins and is found in the names of some pidgins such as Chinook Jargon In this context linguists today use jargon to denote a particularly rudimentary type of pidgin 14 however this usage is rather rare and the term jargon most often refers to the words particular to a given profession Pidgins may start out as or become trade languages such as Tok Pisin Trade languages can eventually evolve into fully developed languages in their own right such as Swahili distinct from the languages they were originally influenced by Trade languages and pidgins can also influence an established language s vernacular especially amongst people who are directly involved in a trade where that pidgin is commonly used which can alternatively result in a regional dialect being developed Common traits EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed September 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Pidgins are usually less morphologically complex but more syntactically rigid than other languages and usually have fewer morphosyntactic irregularities than other languages Characteristics shared by most pidgins Typologically most closely resemble isolating languages Uncomplicated clausal structure e g no embedded clauses etc Reduction or elimination of syllable codas Reduction of consonant clusters or breaking them with epenthesis Elimination of aspiration or sound changes Monophthongization is common employment of as few basic vowels as possible such as a e i o u Lack of morphophonemic variation Lack of tones such as those found in Niger Congo Austroasiatic and Sino Tibetan language families and in various families of the indigenous languages of the Americas Lack of grammatical tense use of separate words to indicate tense usually preceding the verb Lack of conjugation declension or agreement Lack of grammatical gender or number commonly supplanted by reduplication to represent plurals and superlatives and other parts of speech that represent the concept being increased and clear indication of the gender of animated objects Lack of clear parts of speech or word categorization common use and derivation of new vocabulary through conversion e g nominalization verbification adjectivization etc Development EditThe initial development of a pidgin usually requires prolonged regular contact between the different language communities a need to communicate between them an absence of or absence of widespread proficiency in a widespread accessible interlanguageKeith Whinnom in Hymes 1971 suggests that pidgins need three languages to form with one the superstrate being clearly dominant over the others Linguists sometimes posit that pidgins can become creole languages when a generation of children learn a pidgin as their first language 15 a process that regularizes speaker dependent variation in grammar Creoles can then replace the existing mix of languages to become the native language of a community such as the Chavacano language in the Philippines Krio in Sierra Leone and Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea However not all pidgins become creole languages a pidgin may die out before this phase would occur e g the Mediterranean Lingua Franca Other scholars such as Salikoko Mufwene argue that pidgins and creoles arise independently under different circumstances and that a pidgin need not always precede a creole nor a creole evolve from a pidgin Pidgins according to Mufwene emerged among trade colonies among users who preserved their native vernaculars for their day to day interactions Creoles meanwhile developed in settlement colonies in which speakers of a European language often indentured servants whose language would be far from the standard in the first place interacted extensively with non European slaves absorbing certain words and features from the slaves non European native languages resulting in a heavily basilectalized version of the original language These servants and slaves would come to use the creole as an everyday vernacular rather than merely in situations in which contact with a speaker of the superstrate was necessary 16 List of notable pidgins EditMany of these languages are commonly referred to by their speakers as Pidgin List of English based pidgins Algonquian Basque pidgin Arafundi Enga Pidgin Bamboo English Barikanchi Pidgin Basque Icelandic pidgin Bimbashi Arabic Bislama creolized Borgarmalet Bozal Spanish Broken Oghibbeway Broken Slavey and Loucheux Jargon Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin Camtho Cameroonian Pidgin English creolized Cocoliche Chinook Jargon Duvle Wano Pidgin Eskimo Trade Jargon Ewondo Populaire Fanagalo Pidgin Zulu Francais Tirailleur Haflong Hindi International Sign Inuktitut English Pidgin Kiautschou Pidgin German KiKAR Swahili pidgin Kwoma Manambu Pidgin Kyakhta Russian Chinese Pidgin Kyowa go and Xieheyu Labrador Inuit Pidgin French Madras Bashai Maridi Arabic Maritime Polynesian Pidgin Mediterranean Lingua Franca Sabir Mekeo pidgins Mobilian Jargon Namibian Black German Ndyuka Tiriyo Pidgin Nefamese Nigerian Pidgin creolized Nootka Jargon Pidgin Delaware Pidgin Hawaiian Pidgin Iha Pidgin Ngarluma Pidgin Onin Pidgin Wolof Pijin creolized Roquetas Pidgin Spanish Russenorsk Settler Swahili Sranan Tongo Taimyr Pidgin Russian Tay Bồi Pidgin French Tinglish Te Parau Tinito Tok Pisin creolized Turku language West Greenlandic Pidgin Yokohama Pidgin Japanese Barikanchi PidginSee also EditBilingual pun Camfranglais Cameroon Creole language Engrish Hiri Motu International auxiliary language Lingua franca Macaronic language Mixed language SpanglishNotes Edit Muysken Pieter Smith Norval 2008 The study of pidgin and creole languages PDF In Arends Jacques Muijsken Pieter Smith Norval eds Pidgins and Creoles An Introduction John Benjamins pp 3 14 Ozuorcun Fatma 2014 Language varieties Pidgins and creoles PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2018 07 12 Retrieved 2017 05 24 Bickerton Derek 1976 Pidgin and creole studies Annual Review of Anthropology 5 169 93 doi 10 1146 annurev an 05 100176 001125 JSTOR 2949309 See Todd 1990 3 See Thomason amp Kaufman 1988 169 Bakker 1994 27 Bakker 1994 26 a b pidgin n OED Online Oxford University Press January 2018 www oed com view Entry 143533 Accessed 23 January 2018 a b Online Etymology Dictionary Crystal David 1997 Pidgin The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language 2nd ed Cambridge University Press Bakker 1994 25 Smith Geoff P Growing Up with Tok Pisin Contact creolization and change in Papua New Guinea s national language London Battlebridge 2002 p 4 Thus the published court reports of Papua New Guinea refer to Tok Pisin as Pidgin see for example Schubert v The State 1979 PNGLR 66 Bakker 1994 25 26 For example Campbell John Howland Schopf J William eds 1994 Creative Evolution Life Science Series Contributor University of California Los Angeles IGPP Center for the Study of Evolution and the Origin of Life Jones amp Bartlett Learning p 81 ISBN 9780867209617 Retrieved 2014 04 20 the children of pidgin speaking parents face a big problem because pidgins are so rudimentary and inexpressive poorly capable of expressing the nuances of a full range of human emotions and life situations The first generation of such children spontaneously develops a pidgin into a more complex language termed a creole T he evolution of a pidgin into a creole is unconscious and spontaneous Salikoko Mufwene Pidgin and Creole Languages Humanities uchicago edu Archived from the original on 2013 06 03 Retrieved 2010 04 24 References EditBakker Peter 1994 Pidgins in Arends Jacques Muijsken Pieter Smith Norval eds Pidgins and Creoles An Introduction John Benjamins pp 26 39 Hymes Dell 1971 Pidginization and Creolization of Languages Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 07833 4 McWhorter John 2002 The Power of Babel The Natural History of Language Random House Group ISBN 0 06 052085 X Sebba Mark 1997 Contact Languages Pidgins and Creoles MacMillan ISBN 0 333 63024 6 Thomason Sarah G Kaufman Terrence 1988 Language contact creolization and genetic linguistics Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 0 520 07893 4 Todd Loreto 1990 Pidgins and Creoles Routledge ISBN 0 415 05311 0Further reading EditHolm John 2000 An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles Cambridge University PressExternal links EditAtlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures APiCS Language Varieties Web Site nbsp Look up pidgin in Wiktionary the free dictionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pidgin amp oldid 1173337921, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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