Bozal Spanish is a possible extinct Spanish-based creole language or pidgin that may have been a mixture of Spanish and Kikongo, with Portuguese influences.[2] Attestation is insufficient to indicate whether Bozal Spanish was ever a single, coherent or stable language, or if the term merely referred to any idiolect of Spanish that included African elements.
Similarly, the Portuguese distinguished between índios mansos (tamed, domesticatedIndians) and índios bravos (untamed, wild Indians), and between negros crioulos or ladinos (Black creoles born in the territory of a European empire) and negros africanos or boçais (blacks born in Africa) (crioulo has now become the main anti-black slur in Brazilian Portuguese, whereas the Spanish cognate, criollo came to refer to Hispanoamerican whites and castizos).
Historic useedit
Bozal Spanish was spoken by African slaves in Cuba,[2]Uruguay[6] and other areas of South and Central America from the 17th century up until its possible extinction at around 1850.[7] Although Bozal Spanish is extinct as a language, its influence still exists.[7] In some Cuban folk religious rituals today, people speak what they call "Bozal".[8] Similarly, many songs of the afro genre, which flourished in Cuba in the 1930s and '40s, contain lyrics reminiscent of the language.
In Puerto Ricoesclavos bozales were slaves ("esclavos") brought from Africa, as opposed to those born in Puerto Rico from slaves. Such slaves spoke different languages, other than Spanish, which they eventually learned while enslaved. These slaves were primarily used in the fields and agriculture as opposed to those born under bondage who were generally used in domestic chores.[9]
^John M. Lipski (1993). "On the non-creole basis for Afro-Caribbean Spanish" (PDF).
^ abClements, J. Clancy. "Bozal Spanish of Cuba" Archived 6 September 2013 at archive.today, The Linguistic Legacy of Spanish and Portuguese, Cambridge University Press, 2009. 9780511576171
^Estéban Pichardo y Tapia (1836), "BOZAL", Diccionario provincial de voces cubanas, p. 39
^"EL TANGO TAMBIEN ES ORIENTAL". www.geocities.ws. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
^ abLipski, John M. "Where and how does bozal Spanish survive?", Spanish in Contact: Policy, Social and Linguistic Inquiries, John Benjamins Publishing Co., 2007.
^Wirtz, Kristina. 2014. Performing Afro-Cuba: Image, Voice, Spectacle in the Making of Race and History. [See Chapter 4.] Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0-226-11905-2
^Fernando Picó. Ponce y los rostros rayados: sociedad y esclavitud, 1800-1830. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Huracán. 2012. p. 151. ISBN1932913149
January 01, 1970
bozal, spanish, possible, extinct, spanish, based, creole, language, pidgin, that, have, been, mixture, spanish, kikongo, with, portuguese, influences, attestation, insufficient, indicate, whether, ever, single, coherent, stable, language, term, merely, referr. Bozal Spanish is a possible extinct Spanish based creole language or pidgin that may have been a mixture of Spanish and Kikongo with Portuguese influences 2 Attestation is insufficient to indicate whether Bozal Spanish was ever a single coherent or stable language or if the term merely referred to any idiolect of Spanish that included African elements Bozal Spanishespanol bozalNative toLatin AmericaExtinctDate unknown gradual assimilation 1 Last documentation 1850 in Cuba citation needed Language familySpanish based creole Language codesISO 639 3None mis GlottologNone Contents 1 Etymology 2 Historic use 3 See also 4 ReferencesEtymology editBozal is the Spanish word for muzzle and shares it etymology with the word bosal In their New World colonies the Spaniards distinguished between negros ladinos 3 Latinate Negroes those who had spent more than a year in a Spanish speaking territory and negros bozales wild untamed 4 Negroes those born in or freshly arrived from Africa 5 Similarly the Portuguese distinguished between indios mansos tamed domesticated Indians and indios bravos untamed wild Indians and between negros crioulos or ladinos Black creoles born in the territory of a European empire and negros africanos or bocais blacks born in Africa crioulo has now become the main anti black slur in Brazilian Portuguese whereas the Spanish cognate criollo came to refer to Hispanoamerican whites and castizos Historic use editBozal Spanish was spoken by African slaves in Cuba 2 Uruguay 6 and other areas of South and Central America from the 17th century up until its possible extinction at around 1850 7 Although Bozal Spanish is extinct as a language its influence still exists 7 In some Cuban folk religious rituals today people speak what they call Bozal 8 Similarly many songs of the afro genre which flourished in Cuba in the 1930s and 40s contain lyrics reminiscent of the language In Puerto Rico esclavos bozales were slaves esclavos brought from Africa as opposed to those born in Puerto Rico from slaves Such slaves spoke different languages other than Spanish which they eventually learned while enslaved These slaves were primarily used in the fields and agriculture as opposed to those born under bondage who were generally used in domestic chores 9 See also editSlavery in colonial Spanish America PapiamentoReferences edit John M Lipski 1993 On the non creole basis for Afro Caribbean Spanish PDF a b Clements J Clancy Bozal Spanish of Cuba Archived 6 September 2013 at archive today The Linguistic Legacy of Spanish and Portuguese Cambridge University Press 2009 9780511576171 esclavo ladino in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Espanola Mario Andrew Pei Salvatore Ramondino eds 1968 bozal The New World Spanish English English Spanish Dictionary New American Library p 92 Esteban Pichardo y Tapia 1836 BOZAL Diccionario provincial de voces cubanas p 39 EL TANGO TAMBIEN ES ORIENTAL www geocities ws Retrieved 8 June 2023 a b Lipski John M Where and how does bozal Spanish survive Spanish in Contact Policy Social and Linguistic Inquiries John Benjamins Publishing Co 2007 Wirtz Kristina 2014 Performing Afro Cuba Image Voice Spectacle in the Making of Race and History See Chapter 4 Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 11905 2 Fernando Pico Ponce y los rostros rayados sociedad y esclavitud 1800 1830 San Juan Puerto Rico Ediciones Huracan 2012 p 151 ISBN 1932913149 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bozal Spanish amp oldid 1206335808, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
