During the fur trade era, a pidgin form of Ojibwe known as Broken Oghibbeway was used as a trade language in the Wisconsin and Mississippi River valleys. Data on the language was collected during the 1820s at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin by Edwin James, a physician and naturalist, who also gave the pidgin its name.[1] It has been described as "…a language with a restricted vocabulary drawn from the Ottawa dialect of Ojibwe with a few words from the Fox language, another Algonquian language of the region, and restructured and reduced, but not absent, Ojibwe morphology."[2]
Although Broken Oghibbeway retains many aspects of the complex inflectional morphology that characterizes Ojibwe, it is nonetheless simplified and restructured, with reductions in the treatment of transitivity and gender, with simplification of the system of personal prefixes used on verbs, loss of the negative suffix that occurs on verbs, and loss of inflectional suffixes that indicate grammatical objects.[3]
For example, in Ojibwe, the inverse marker is suffixed to the animate stem of the verb to express the present tense and a prefix is added to indicate the object of the sentence.[4]
ex:
Ni-gos-ig
1SG-fear-INV.3SG.SUB
Ni-gos-ig
1SG-fear-INV.3SG.SUB
'He fears me.'
However, in Broken Oghibbeway, the inanimate verb stem is used and the object of a sentence is expressed with an independent pronoun.
ex:
O-kot-aan
3SG.AN-fear-3.INAN
niin
1SG
O-kot-aan niin
3SG.AN-fear-3.INAN 1SG
'He fears me.'
Animacy distinctions for nouns were completely lost in Broken Oghibbeway, but are somewhat preserved for verbs: animate third person subjects are marked in the verb with the o- prefix, while inanimate subjects have no prefix.[5]
References
^Nichols, John. 1995. "The Ojibwe verb in 'Broken Oghibbeway.'" Amsterdam Creole Studies 12, pp. 1-2.
^Pidgins and Creoles : an introduction. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins. 1995. pp. 31, 32. ISBN9789027252364.
^Booij, G.E.; van Marle, Jaap (2003). Yearbook of morphology 2002. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. p. 16. ISBN9780306482236.
January 07, 2023
broken, oghibbeway, during, trade, pidgin, form, ojibwe, known, used, trade, language, wisconsin, mississippi, river, valleys, data, language, collected, during, 1820s, prairie, chien, wisconsin, edwin, james, physician, naturalist, also, gave, pidgin, name, b. During the fur trade era a pidgin form of Ojibwe known as Broken Oghibbeway was used as a trade language in the Wisconsin and Mississippi River valleys Data on the language was collected during the 1820s at Prairie du Chien Wisconsin by Edwin James a physician and naturalist who also gave the pidgin its name 1 It has been described as a language with a restricted vocabulary drawn from the Ottawa dialect of Ojibwe with a few words from the Fox language another Algonquian language of the region and restructured and reduced but not absent Ojibwe morphology 2 Broken OghibbewayRegionWisconsin Mississippi valleyNative speakersNoneLanguage familyOjibwe based pidginLanguage codesISO 639 3None mis Glottologbrok1252James recognized that Broken Oghibbeway was different from the variety of Ojibwe spoken in Wisconsin Territory He noted that it is of the dialect used by the traders and the people of mixed blood in speaking with the Menomonies and Winnebagoes also many of the Sioux Saxes and Foxes 2 Morphology EditAlthough Broken Oghibbeway retains many aspects of the complex inflectional morphology that characterizes Ojibwe it is nonetheless simplified and restructured with reductions in the treatment of transitivity and gender with simplification of the system of personal prefixes used on verbs loss of the negative suffix that occurs on verbs and loss of inflectional suffixes that indicate grammatical objects 3 For example in Ojibwe the inverse marker is suffixed to the animate stem of the verb to express the present tense and a prefix is added to indicate the object of the sentence 4 ex Ni gos ig1SG fear INV 3SG SUBNi gos ig1SG fear INV 3SG SUB He fears me However in Broken Oghibbeway the inanimate verb stem is used and the object of a sentence is expressed with an independent pronoun ex O kot aan3SG AN fear 3 INANniin1SGO kot aan niin3SG AN fear 3 INAN 1SG He fears me Animacy distinctions for nouns were completely lost in Broken Oghibbeway but are somewhat preserved for verbs animate third person subjects are marked in the verb with the o prefix while inanimate subjects have no prefix 5 References Edit Nichols John 1995 The Ojibwe verb in Broken Oghibbeway Amsterdam Creole Studies 12 pp 1 2 a b Nichols John 1995 p 1 Nichols John 1995 pp 17 18 Pidgins and Creoles an introduction Amsterdam J Benjamins 1995 pp 31 32 ISBN 9789027252364 Booij G E van Marle Jaap 2003 Yearbook of morphology 2002 Dordrecht Kluwer Academic p 16 ISBN 9780306482236 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Broken Oghibbeway amp oldid 1077657702, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
