Nooksack language
The Nooksack language (Lhéchalosem, or Lhéchelesem) is a Salishan language spoken by the Nooksack people of the Pacific Northwest Coast. It comes from the area now known as northwestern Washington (state) in Whatcom County, United States.
| Nooksack | |
|---|---|
| Lhéchalosem | |
| Region | Whatcom County, Washington |
| Ethnicity | 1,600 Nooksack people (1997)[1] |
| Extinct | 1988, with the death of Sindick Jimmy[1] |
| Revival | 1 fluent L2 speaker in 2020[2] |
Salish
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nok |
| Glottolog | nook1247 |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
The Nooksack language has only one fluent speaker as of 2020.[2] Nooksack is most closely related to Squamish, Sháshíshálhem (Sechelt) and Halkomelem, which are all spoken in nearby parts of British Columbia, Canada. Some researchers have questioned whether the Nooksack language is simply a divergent dialect of Halkomelem, but research has proved that Nooksack is in fact a distinct language.[3]
Usage and revitalization efforts
In the 1970s, the Salishan linguist Brent Galloway, worked closely with the last remaining native speaker, Sindick Jimmy, who died in 1988. He was compiling a dictionary of the language, and his book, Nooksack place names: geography, culture, and language, appeared in 2011. The Nooksack tribe has offered classes in the language.[4] As of 2020, one fluent speaker remained, a Nooksack tribal member who has been part of the Lhéchalosem Teacher Training Language Immersion Project.[2][4]
Students will spend mornings in language immersion, and afternoons working on special projects, focusing on the language use in one aspect of local native culture such as fishing or crafts. After two years, the students will obtain a certificate similar to an Associate Degree, and after four years they will be fully qualified language teachers, with the equivalent of a Bachelor of Arts. The aim is to revive the use of the Lhéchalosem language in all aspects of daily life. The program has an annual budget of $110,000, with 60 percent funded by the Administration for Native Americans (ANA) and 40 percent funded by the Nooksack Tribe.[5]
Phonology
Vowels
The following table includes all the vowel sounds found in the Nooksack language.
Consonants
The following table includes all the consonant sounds found in the Nooksack language.
Orthography
| (di)graph | sound | (di)graph | sound |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | æ | qw | qʷ |
| ch | tʃ | qw' | qʷʼ |
| ch' | tʃʼ | s | s |
| e | ə | sh | ʃ |
| h | h | t | t |
| i | i | t' | tʼ |
| k | k | ts | t͡s |
| kw | kʷ | ts' | t͡sʼ |
| kw' | kʷʼ | tl' | t͡ɬʼ |
| l | l | u | ɵ |
| lh | ɬ | w | w |
| lh' | ɬʼ | x | x |
| m | m | xw | xʷ |
| n | n | x̱ | χ |
| o | o | x̱w | χʷ |
| p | p | y | j |
| p' | pʼ | y' | jʼ |
| q | q | ʔ | ʔ |
| q' | qʼ |
In addition, the diacritic "ː" indicates that the preceding sound is long (e.g. mː, aː). An acute accent (´) is placed on the accented syllable.
References
- ^ a b Nooksack at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c Hu, Jane C (2020-02-01). "One woman took a stand against tribal disenrollment and paid for it". High Country News. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ Galloway, Brent D. (1984). "A Look at Nooksack Phonology". Anthropological Linguistics. 26 (1): 13–41. JSTOR 30027696.
- ^ a b . Canku Ota. 2002-02-23. Archived from the original on 2014-11-27. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
- ^ Adkinson, Brita. . Foothills Gazette. Archived from the original on 2010-12-17. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
- Richardson, Allan (2011). Nooksack place names: geography, culture, and language. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN 9780774820455.
External links
- Vocabulary Words in Native American Languages: Nooksack
- OLAC resources in and about the Nooksack language