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People's republic

December 15, 2023

This article is about an official title used by several countries. For the ideological concept and form of government, see People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism). For the album by the Revolutionary Ensemble, see The People's Republic (album). For the novel by Robert Muchamore, see People's Republic (novel).

People's republic is an official title that is mostly used by current and former communist states, as well as other left-wing governments.[1] It is mainly associated with soviet republics, socialist states following the doctrine of people's democracy, sovereign states with a democratic-republican constitution that usually mentions socialism, as well as some countries that do not fit into any of these categories.

Map of states using the name people's republic:
  Current
  Former

A number of the short-lived socialist states that formed during World War I and its aftermath called themselves people's republics. Many of these sprang up in the territory of the former Russian Empire, which had collapsed in 1917 as a result of the Russian Revolution. Decades later, following the Allied victory in World War II, the name "people's republic" was adopted by some of the newly established Marxist–Leninist states, mainly within the Soviet Union's Eastern Bloc.

As a term, people's republic is associated with socialist states as well as communist countries adhering to Marxism–Leninism, although its use is not unique to such states. A number of republics with liberal democratic political systems such as Algeria and Bangladesh adopted the title, given its rather generic nature, after popular wars of independence. Nonetheless, such countries still usually mention socialism in their constitutions.[citation needed]

Non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics edit

The collapse of the European empires during and following World War I resulted in the creation of a number of short-lived non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics during the revolutions of 1917–1923. In many cases, these governments were unrecognised and often had Marxist–Leninist rivals.

The Russian Empire produced several non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics after the October Revolution. The Crimean People's Republic was opposed to the Bolsheviks and the latter went on to capture its territory and establish the Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic.[2] The anti-Bolshevik Kuban People's Republic was established in Russia's Kuban region and survived until the Red Army captured the area.[3] The socialist-leaning Ukrainian People's Republic declared its independence from the Russian Republic, but it had a rival in the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets (later the Ukrainian Soviet Republic) whom it fought during the Ukrainian War of Independence.[4] The Belarusian People's Republic tried to create an independent Belarusian state in land controlled by the German Imperial Army, but the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia replaced it once the German army had left. All of these territories finally became constituent parts of the Soviet Union.[5]

In the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, the West Ukrainian People's Republic was formed in eastern Galicia under the political guidance of Greek Catholic, liberal and socialist ideologies. The territory was subsequently absorbed into the Second Polish Republic.[6] Meanwhile, the Hungarian People's Republic was established, briefly replaced by the Hungarian Soviet Republic and eventually succeeded by the Kingdom of Hungary.[7]

In Germany, the People's State of Bavaria (German: Volksstaat Bayern)[a] was a short-lived socialist state and people's republic formed in Bavaria during the German Revolution of 1918–1919 as an attempt to establish a socialist state to replace the Kingdom of Bavaria. Its supporters clashed with the Bavarian Soviet Republic, founded five months later, before revolutionary activity was put down by elements of the German Army and the paramilitary Freikorps. The Free State of Bavaria, a state within the Weimar Republic, was then established on 15 September 1919.[8]

During the 1960s and 1970s, a number of former colonies that had gained independence through revolutionary liberation struggles adopted the name people's republic. Examples include Algeria,[9] Bangladesh[10] and Zanzibar.[11] Libya adopted the term[b] after its Al Fateh Revolution against King Idris.[12]

In the 2010s, Ukraine's pro-Russian separatist movements during the Russo-Ukrainian War declared the oblasts of Donetsk and Luhansk to be people's republics, but they did not receive diplomatic recognition from the international community.[13] In 2022, during the prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia became the first UN member to formally recognise both the DPR and LPR.[14][15][16]

List of non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics edit

Current non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics include:

Historical people's republics include:

Marxist–Leninist people's republics edit

The first people's republics that came into existence were those formed following the Russian Revolution. Ukraine was briefly declared a people's republic in 1917.[17] The Khanate of Khiva[18] and the Emirate of Bukhara,[19] both territories of the former Russian Empire, were transformed into people's republics in 1920. In 1921, the Russian protectorate of Tuva became a people's republic,[20] followed in 1924 by neighbouring Mongolia.[21] Following World War II, developments in Marxist–Leninist theory led to the appearance of people's democracy, a concept which potentially allowed for a route to socialism via multi-class, multi-party democracy. Countries which had reached this intermediate stage were called people's republics.[22] The European states that became people's republics at this time were Albania,[23] Bulgaria,[24] Czechoslovakia,[25] Hungary,[26] Poland,[27] Romania[28] and Yugoslavia.[29] In Asia, China became a people's republic following the Chinese Communist Revolution,[30] and North Korea also became a people's republic.[31]

Many of these countries also called themselves socialist states in their constitutions. During the 1960s, Romania and Yugoslavia ceased to use the term people's in their official names, replacing it with the term socialist as a mark of their ongoing political development. Czechoslovakia also added the term socialist into its name during this period. It had become a people's republic in 1948, but the country had not used that term in its official name.[32] Albania used both terms in its official name from 1976 to 1991.[33] In the West, these countries are often referred to as communist states. However, none of them described themselves in that way, as they regarded communism as a level of political development that they had not yet reached.[34][35][36][37] Terms used by communist states include national-democratic, people's democratic, socialist-oriented and workers and peasants' states.[38] The communist parties in these countries often governed in coalition with other progressive parties.[39]

During the postcolonial period, a number of former European colonies that had achieved independence and adopted Marxist–Leninist governments took the name people's republic. Angola,[40] Benin, Congo-Brazzaville,[41] Ethiopia,[42] Cambodia,[43] Laos,[44] Mozambique[45] and South Yemen[46] followed this route. Following the Revolutions of 1989, the people's republics of Central and Eastern Europe (namely Albania,[47] Bulgaria,[48] Hungary,[49] and Poland[50]), as well as Mongolia,[51] dropped the term people's from their names due to the term's association with their former communist governments, and became known simply as republics, adopting liberal democracy as their system of government.[52] At around the same time, most of the former European colonies that had taken the people's republic name began to replace it as part of their move away from Marxism–Leninism and towards democratic socialism or social democracy.[53][54]

List of Marxist–Leninist people's republics edit

The current officially Marxist–Leninist states that use the term people's republic in their full names include:

Historical examples include:

Other titles commonly used by Marxist–Leninist and socialist states are democratic republic (e.g. the German Democratic Republic, the Somali Democratic Republic, or the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia between 1943 and 1946) and socialist republic (e.g. the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam).

21st century edit

Five countries use the title People's Republic in their official names: Algeria, Bangladesh, China, Laos and North Korea. Bangladesh and China officially style themselves as the "People's Republic of Bangladesh" and the "People's Republic of China" respectively. The other three countries use the title in combination with the adjective "democratic"; Algeria and Laos are officially named "People's Democratic Republic of Algeria" and "Lao People's Democratic Republic" respectively, while North Korea's official name is "Democratic People's Republic of Korea". Of these:

  • Only one is in Africa, constituting 20%.
  • Four are in Asia, constituting 80%.

Algeria is the only people's republic in Africa. Bangladesh, China, Laos and North Korea are people's republics in Asia. Currently, there are no people's republics in the Americas, Europe or Oceania. All of the people's republics are developing countries. Of these:

  • Two are least developed countries, named Bangladesh and Laos, constituting 40%.
  • Two are not in the "least developed" category group, named Algeria and China, constituting 40%.
  • Only one is unclassified, named North Korea, constituting 20%.

In previous years or periods, there were people's republics in Europe. People's republics never existed in the Americas or Oceania.[citation needed]

Other uses edit

As a term, people's republic is sometimes used by critics and satirists to describe areas perceived to be dominated by left-wing politics, such as the People's Republic of South Yorkshire.[58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Referred to as the Free People's State of Bavaria (German: Freier Volksstaat Bayern), or later simply as Freistaat Bayern (the present-day official name of Bavaria), the name of the state has also been translated as the Bavarian Republic and the People's Republic of Bavaria. For further discussion of the terms Freistaat and Volksstaat (de), see Free state (Germany).
  2. ^ The Arabic word translated as republic is Jamahiriya, a neologism widely interpreted to mean "state of the masses".
  3. ^ Although the government's official ideology is now the Juche part of the Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism policy of Kim Il Sung as opposed to orthodox Marxism–Leninism, it is still considered a socialist state. In 1992, all references to Marxism–Leninism in the Constitution of North Korea were dropped and replaced with Juche.[55] In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that not only did it remove all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft, but it also dropped all reference to communism.[56] However, according to North Korea: A Country Study by Robert L. Worden, Marxism–Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start of de-Stalinisation in the Soviet Union and it has been totally replaced by Juche from at least 1974 onwards.[57]

References edit

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  2. ^ Magocsi, Paul R. (2010). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples. University of Toronto Press. pp. 545–6. ISBN 9781442610217.
  3. ^ Smele, Jonathan D. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926. Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest. Vol. 2. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 636. ISBN 9781442252813.
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  5. ^ Smele 2015, p. 183.
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  7. ^ Plaček, Michal; Ochrana, František; Půček, Milan Jan; Nemec, Juraj (2020). Fiscal Decentralization Reforms: The Impact on the Efficiency of Local Governments in Central and Eastern Europe. Public Administration, Governance and Globalization. Vol. 19. Springer Nature. p. 73. ISBN 9783030467586.
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  34. ^ Wilczynski, J. (2008). The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945-1990. Aldine Transaction. p. 21. ISBN 978-0202362281. Contrary to Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'whithering away' of the State.
  35. ^ Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. p. 45. ISBN 978-0875484495. Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all.
  36. ^ Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. (23 July 2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. pp. 14. ISBN 978-0262182348. Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism.
  37. ^ Williams, Raymond (1983). "Socialism". Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (revised ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-19-520469-8. The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist from communist, often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism.
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  54. ^ Lamb, Peter (2015). Historical Dictionary of Socialism (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 415. ISBN 9781442258266. In the 1990s, following the collapse of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the breakup of the Soviet Union, social democracy was adopted by some of the old communist parties. Hence, parties such as the Czech Social Democratic Party, the Bulgarian Social Democrats, the Estonian Social Democratic Party, and the Romanian Social Democratic Party, among others, achieved varying degrees of electoral success. Similar processes took place in Africa as the old communist parties were transformed into social democratic ones, even though they retained their traditional titles [...].
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External links edit

  •   The dictionary definition of people's republic at Wiktionary

December 15, 2023
people, republic, this, article, about, official, title, used, several, countries, ideological, concept, form, government, people, democracy, marxism, leninism, album, revolutionary, ensemble, people, republic, album, novel, robert, muchamore, people, republic. This article is about an official title used by several countries For the ideological concept and form of government see People s democracy Marxism Leninism For the album by the Revolutionary Ensemble see The People s Republic album For the novel by Robert Muchamore see People s Republic novel People s republic is an official title that is mostly used by current and former communist states as well as other left wing governments 1 It is mainly associated with soviet republics socialist states following the doctrine of people s democracy sovereign states with a democratic republican constitution that usually mentions socialism as well as some countries that do not fit into any of these categories Map of states using the name people s republic Current FormerA number of the short lived socialist states that formed during World War I and its aftermath called themselves people s republics Many of these sprang up in the territory of the former Russian Empire which had collapsed in 1917 as a result of the Russian Revolution Decades later following the Allied victory in World War II the name people s republic was adopted by some of the newly established Marxist Leninist states mainly within the Soviet Union s Eastern Bloc As a term people s republic is associated with socialist states as well as communist countries adhering to Marxism Leninism although its use is not unique to such states A number of republics with liberal democratic political systems such as Algeria and Bangladesh adopted the title given its rather generic nature after popular wars of independence Nonetheless such countries still usually mention socialism in their constitutions citation needed Contents 1 Non Marxist Leninist people s republics 1 1 List of non Marxist Leninist people s republics 2 Marxist Leninist people s republics 2 1 List of Marxist Leninist people s republics 3 21st century 4 Other uses 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksNon Marxist Leninist people s republics editThe collapse of the European empires during and following World War I resulted in the creation of a number of short lived non Marxist Leninist people s republics during the revolutions of 1917 1923 In many cases these governments were unrecognised and often had Marxist Leninist rivals The Russian Empire produced several non Marxist Leninist people s republics after the October Revolution The Crimean People s Republic was opposed to the Bolsheviks and the latter went on to capture its territory and establish the Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic 2 The anti Bolshevik Kuban People s Republic was established in Russia s Kuban region and survived until the Red Army captured the area 3 The socialist leaning Ukrainian People s Republic declared its independence from the Russian Republic but it had a rival in the Ukrainian People s Republic of Soviets later the Ukrainian Soviet Republic whom it fought during the Ukrainian War of Independence 4 The Belarusian People s Republic tried to create an independent Belarusian state in land controlled by the German Imperial Army but the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia replaced it once the German army had left All of these territories finally became constituent parts of the Soviet Union 5 In the former Austro Hungarian Empire the West Ukrainian People s Republic was formed in eastern Galicia under the political guidance of Greek Catholic liberal and socialist ideologies The territory was subsequently absorbed into the Second Polish Republic 6 Meanwhile the Hungarian People s Republic was established briefly replaced by the Hungarian Soviet Republic and eventually succeeded by the Kingdom of Hungary 7 In Germany the People s State of Bavaria German Volksstaat Bayern a was a short lived socialist state and people s republic formed in Bavaria during the German Revolution of 1918 1919 as an attempt to establish a socialist state to replace the Kingdom of Bavaria Its supporters clashed with the Bavarian Soviet Republic founded five months later before revolutionary activity was put down by elements of the German Army and the paramilitary Freikorps The Free State of Bavaria a state within the Weimar Republic was then established on 15 September 1919 8 During the 1960s and 1970s a number of former colonies that had gained independence through revolutionary liberation struggles adopted the name people s republic Examples include Algeria 9 Bangladesh 10 and Zanzibar 11 Libya adopted the term b after its Al Fateh Revolution against King Idris 12 In the 2010s Ukraine s pro Russian separatist movements during the Russo Ukrainian War declared the oblasts of Donetsk and Luhansk to be people s republics but they did not receive diplomatic recognition from the international community 13 In 2022 during the prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Russia became the first UN member to formally recognise both the DPR and LPR 14 15 16 List of non Marxist Leninist people s republics edit Current non Marxist Leninist people s republics include nbsp People s Democratic Republic of Algeria since 1962 nbsp People s Republic of Bangladesh since 1971 nbsp Democratic People s Republic of Korea since 1992 Historical people s republics include nbsp Belarusian People s Republic 1918 1919 partially recognized nbsp Crimean People s Republic 1917 1918 unrecognized nbsp Donetsk People s Republic 2014 2022 partially recognized nbsp Hungarian People s Republic 1918 1919 unrecognized nbsp People s Republic of Korea 1945 1946 nbsp Kuban People s Republic 1918 1920 unrecognized nbsp Great Socialist People s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1977 2011 nbsp Luhansk People s Republic 2014 2022 partially recognized nbsp Ukrainian People s Republic 1917 1921 partially recognized nbsp West Ukrainian People s Republic 1918 1919 joined the Ukrainian People s Republic nbsp People s Republic of Zanzibar 1963 1964 Marxist Leninist people s republics editThe first people s republics that came into existence were those formed following the Russian Revolution Ukraine was briefly declared a people s republic in 1917 17 The Khanate of Khiva 18 and the Emirate of Bukhara 19 both territories of the former Russian Empire were transformed into people s republics in 1920 In 1921 the Russian protectorate of Tuva became a people s republic 20 followed in 1924 by neighbouring Mongolia 21 Following World War II developments in Marxist Leninist theory led to the appearance of people s democracy a concept which potentially allowed for a route to socialism via multi class multi party democracy Countries which had reached this intermediate stage were called people s republics 22 The European states that became people s republics at this time were Albania 23 Bulgaria 24 Czechoslovakia 25 Hungary 26 Poland 27 Romania 28 and Yugoslavia 29 In Asia China became a people s republic following the Chinese Communist Revolution 30 and North Korea also became a people s republic 31 Many of these countries also called themselves socialist states in their constitutions During the 1960s Romania and Yugoslavia ceased to use the term people s in their official names replacing it with the term socialist as a mark of their ongoing political development Czechoslovakia also added the term socialist into its name during this period It had become a people s republic in 1948 but the country had not used that term in its official name 32 Albania used both terms in its official name from 1976 to 1991 33 In the West these countries are often referred to as communist states However none of them described themselves in that way as they regarded communism as a level of political development that they had not yet reached 34 35 36 37 Terms used by communist states include national democratic people s democratic socialist oriented and workers and peasants states 38 The communist parties in these countries often governed in coalition with other progressive parties 39 During the postcolonial period a number of former European colonies that had achieved independence and adopted Marxist Leninist governments took the name people s republic Angola 40 Benin Congo Brazzaville 41 Ethiopia 42 Cambodia 43 Laos 44 Mozambique 45 and South Yemen 46 followed this route Following the Revolutions of 1989 the people s republics of Central and Eastern Europe namely Albania 47 Bulgaria 48 Hungary 49 and Poland 50 as well as Mongolia 51 dropped the term people s from their names due to the term s association with their former communist governments and became known simply as republics adopting liberal democracy as their system of government 52 At around the same time most of the former European colonies that had taken the people s republic name began to replace it as part of their move away from Marxism Leninism and towards democratic socialism or social democracy 53 54 List of Marxist Leninist people s republics edit The current officially Marxist Leninist states that use the term people s republic in their full names include nbsp People s Republic of China since 1949 nbsp Lao People s Democratic Republic since 1975 Historical examples include nbsp People s Republic of Albania 1946 1976 and Socialist People s Republic of Albania 1976 1992 nbsp People s Republic of Angola 1975 1992 nbsp People s Republic of Benin 1975 1990 nbsp Bukharan People s Soviet Republic 1920 1925 nbsp People s Republic of Bulgaria 1946 1990 nbsp People s Republic of the Congo 1969 1992 nbsp People s Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 1987 1991 nbsp Hungarian People s Republic 1949 1989 nbsp People s Republic of Kampuchea 1979 1989 nbsp Khorezm People s Soviet Republic 1920 1925 nbsp Democratic People s Republic of Korea 1948 1992 2009 c nbsp Mongolian People s Republic 1924 1992 nbsp People s Republic of Mozambique 1975 1990 nbsp Polish People s Republic 1944 1947 1989 nbsp Romanian People s Republic 1947 1965 nbsp Tuvan People s Republic 1921 1944 nbsp Ukrainian People s Republic of Soviets 1917 1918 united into the Ukrainian Soviet Republic nbsp People s Democratic Republic of Yemen 1967 1990 nbsp Federal People s Republic of Yugoslavia 1945 1963 Other titles commonly used by Marxist Leninist and socialist states are democratic republic e g the German Democratic Republic the Somali Democratic Republic or the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia between 1943 and 1946 and socialist republic e g the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 21st century editFive countries use the title People s Republic in their official names Algeria Bangladesh China Laos and North Korea Bangladesh and China officially style themselves as the People s Republic of Bangladesh and the People s Republic of China respectively The other three countries use the title in combination with the adjective democratic Algeria and Laos are officially named People s Democratic Republic of Algeria and Lao People s Democratic Republic respectively while North Korea s official name is Democratic People s Republic of Korea Of these Only one is in Africa constituting 20 Four are in Asia constituting 80 Algeria is the only people s republic in Africa Bangladesh China Laos and North Korea are people s republics in Asia Currently there are no people s republics in the Americas Europe or Oceania All of the people s republics are developing countries Of these Two are least developed countries named Bangladesh and Laos constituting 40 Two are not in the least developed category group named Algeria and China constituting 40 Only one is unclassified named North Korea constituting 20 In previous years or periods there were people s republics in Europe People s republics never existed in the Americas or Oceania citation needed Other uses editAs a term people s republic is sometimes used by critics and satirists to describe areas perceived to be dominated by left wing politics such as the People s Republic of South Yorkshire 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 See also edit nbsp Communism portal nbsp Politics portal nbsp Socialism portalBolivarianism Decolonization Democratic republic Islamic republic List of republics List of socialist states Narodniks PopulismNotes edit Referred to as the Free People s State of Bavaria German Freier Volksstaat Bayern or later simply as Freistaat Bayern the present day official name of Bavaria the name of the state has also been translated as the Bavarian Republic and the People s Republic of Bavaria For further discussion of the terms Freistaat and Volksstaat de see Free state Germany The Arabic word translated as republic is Jamahiriya a neologism widely interpreted to mean state of the masses Although the government s official ideology is now the Juche part of the Kimilsungism Kimjongilism policy of Kim Il Sung as opposed to orthodox Marxism Leninism it is still considered a socialist state In 1992 all references to Marxism Leninism in the Constitution of North Korea were dropped and replaced with Juche 55 In 2009 the constitution was quietly amended so that not only did it remove all Marxist Leninist references present in the first draft but it also dropped all reference to communism 56 However according to North Korea A Country Study by Robert L Worden Marxism Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start of de Stalinisation in the Soviet Union and it has been totally replaced by Juche from at least 1974 onwards 57 References edit People s Republic Oxford Dictionaries Archived from the original on December 30 2019 Retrieved 2 January 2020 People s Republic Used in the official title of several present or former communist or left wing states Magocsi Paul R 2010 A History of Ukraine The Land and Its Peoples University of Toronto Press pp 545 6 ISBN 9781442610217 Smele Jonathan D 2015 Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars 1916 1926 Historical Dictionaries of War Revolution and Civil Unrest Vol 2 Rowman amp Littlefield p 636 ISBN 9781442252813 Herb Guntram H Kaplan David H 2008 Nations and Nationalism A Global Historical Overview ABC CLIO p 713 ISBN 9781851099085 Smele 2015 p 183 Smele 2015 pp 1309 1310 Placek Michal Ochrana Frantisek Pucek Milan Jan Nemec Juraj 2020 Fiscal Decentralization Reforms The Impact on the Efficiency of Local Governments in Central and Eastern Europe Public Administration Governance and Globalization Vol 19 Springer Nature p 73 ISBN 9783030467586 Merz Johannes 1997 Freistaat Bayern Metamorphosen eines Staatsnamen PDF Vierteljahrshefte fur Zeitgeschichte in German 45 121 142 Retrieved 5 August 2020 Byrne Jeffrey James 2016 Mecca of Revolution Algeria Decolonization and the Third World Order Oxford studies in international history Oxford University Press p 2 ISBN 9780199899142 Obaidullah A T M 2018 Institutionalization of the Parliament in Bangladesh Springer p 21 ISBN 9789811053177 Massey A 2011 International Handbook on Civil Service Systems Elgar Original Reference Series Edward Elgar Publishing p 178 ISBN 9781781001080 St John Ronald Bruce 2015 Libya Continuity and Change Routledge p 60 ISBN 9781135036546 Luhn Alec 6 November 2014 Ukraine s rebel people s republics begin work of building new states The Guardian Retrieved 17 February 2020 Jack Victor Busvine Douglas 22 February 2022 Putin recognizes separatist claims to Ukraine s entire Donbass region Politico Retrieved 28 February 2022 Ukraine crisis Russia orders troops into rebel held regions BBC News 21 February 2022 Retrieved 8 March 2022 Lawler Dave 21 February 2022 Putin orders Russian peacekeeping operations in eastern Ukraine Axios Retrieved 8 March 2022 Aslund Anders 2009 How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy Peterson Institute p 12 ISBN 9780881325461 Minahan James 2013 Miniature Empires A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States Routledge p 296 ISBN 9781135940102 Tuncer Kilavuz Idil 2014 Power Networks and Violent Conflict in Central Asia A Comparison of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan Routledge advances in Central Asian studies Vol 5 Routledge p 53 ISBN 9781317805113 Khabtagaeva Bayarma 2009 Mongolic Elements in Tuvan Turcologica Series Vol 81 Otto Harrassowitz Verlag p 21 ISBN 9783447060950 Macdonald Fiona Stacey Gillian Steele Philip 2004 Peoples of Eastern Asia Vol 8 Mongolia Nepal Marshall Cavendish p 413 ISBN 9780761475477 White Stephen 2002 Communism and Its Collapse Routledge p 13 ISBN 9781134694235 Gjevori Elvin 2018 Democratisation and Institutional Reform in Albania Springer p 21 ISBN 9783319730714 Stankova Marietta 2014 Bulgaria in British Foreign Policy 1943 1949 Anthem Series on Russian East European and Eurasian Studies Anthem Press p 148 ISBN 9781783082353 Muller Rommel Ferdinand Mansfeldova Zdenka 2001 Chapter 5 Czech Republic In Blondel Jean Muller Rommel Ferdinand eds Cabinets in Eastern Europe Palgrave Macmillan p 62 doi 10 1057 9781403905215 6 ISBN 978 1 349 41148 1 Hajdu Jozsef 2011 Labour Law in Hungary Kluwer Law International p 27 ISBN 9789041137920 Frankowski Stanislaw Stephan Paul B 1995 Legal Reform in Post Communist Europe The View from Within Martinus Nijhoff p 23 ISBN 9780792332183 Paquette Laure 2001 NATO and Eastern Europe After 2000 Strategic Interactions with Poland the Czech Republic Romania and Bulgaria Nova p 55 ISBN 9781560729693 Lampe John R 2000 Yugoslavia as History Twice There Was a Country Cambridge University Press p 233 ISBN 9780521774017 The Chinese Revolution of 1949 Office of the Historian Bureau of Public Affairs United States Department of State Kihl Young Whan Kim Hong Nack 2014 North Korea The Politics of Regime Survival Routledge p 8 ISBN 9781317463764 Webb Adrian 2008 The Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe Since 1919 Routledge Companions to History Routledge pp 80 88 ISBN 9781134065219 Da Graca John V 2000 Heads of State and Government 2nd ed St Martin s Press p 56 ISBN 978 1 56159 269 2 Wilczynski J 2008 The Economics of Socialism after World War Two 1945 1990 Aldine Transaction p 21 ISBN 978 0202362281 Contrary to Western usage these countries describe themselves as Socialist not Communist The second stage Marx s higher phase or Communism is to be marked by an age of plenty distribution according to needs not work the absence of money and the market mechanism the disappearance of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate whithering away of the State Steele David Ramsay September 1999 From Marx to Mises Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation Open Court p 45 ISBN 978 0875484495 Among Western journalists the term Communist came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all Rosser Mariana V and J Barkley Jr 23 July 2003 Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy MIT Press pp 14 ISBN 978 0262182348 Ironically the ideological father of communism Karl Marx claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon Well aware of this the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism always labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism Williams Raymond 1983 Socialism Keywords A Vocabulary of Culture and Society revised ed Oxford University Press p 289 ISBN 978 0 19 520469 8 The decisive distinction between socialist and communist as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used came with the renaming in 1918 of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Bolsheviks as the All Russian Communist Party Bolsheviks From that time on a distinction of socialist from communist often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist became widely current although it is significant that all communist parties in line with earlier usage continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism Nation R Craig 1992 Black Earth Red Star A History of Soviet Security Policy 1917 1991 Cornell University Press pp 85 6 ISBN 978 0801480072 Retrieved 19 December 2014 Wegs J Robert 1996 Europe Since 1945 A Concise History Macmillan International Higher Education pp 28 29 ISBN 9781349140527 Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola Encyclopaedia Britannica Hughes Arnold 2015 Marxism s Retreat from Africa Routledge pp 10 11 ISBN 9781317482369 Shinn David H Ofcansky Thomas P 2013 Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia Scarecrow Press p 105 ISBN 9780810874572 Schliesinger Joachim 2015 Ethnic Groups of Cambodia Vol 1 Introduction and Overview Booksmango p 75 ISBN 9781633232327 Anderson Ewan W 2014 Global Geopolitical Flashpoints An Atlas of Conflict Routledge p 194 ISBN 9781135940942 Wilczynski Jozef 1981 An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Marxism Socialism and Communism Macmillan International Higher Education p 318 ISBN 9781349058068 Busky Donald F 2002 Communism in History and Theory Asia Africa and the Americas Greenwood Publishing Group p 73 ISBN 9780275977337 Europe Review 2003 04 The Economic and Business Report World of Information Kogan Page Publishers 2003 p 3 ISBN 9780749440671 Dimitrov Vesselin 2013 Bulgaria The Uneven Transition Postcommunist States and Nations Routledge p ix ISBN 9781135136772 Yup Xing 2017 Language and State An Inquiry Into the Progress of Civilization Rowman amp Littlefield p 138 ISBN 9780761869047 Polska Historia Internetowa encyklopedia PWN PWN Internet Encyklopedia in Polish Archived from the original on 1 October 2006 Retrieved 11 July 2005 Bulag Uradyn E 2010 Collaborative Nationalism The Politics of Friendship on China s Mongolian Frontier Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers p 65 ISBN 9781442204331 Rupnik Jacques July 2018 Explaining Eastern Europe The Crisis of Liberalism Journal of Democracy National Endowment for Democracy and Johns Hopkins University Press 29 3 24 38 doi 10 1353 jod 2018 0042 S2CID 158078514 Sargent Lyman Tower 2008 Contemporary Political Ideologies A Comparative Analysis 14th ed Wadsworth Publishing p 117 ISBN 9780495569398 Because many communists now call themselves democratic socialists it is sometimes difficult to know what a political label really means As a result social democratic has become a common new label for democratic socialist political parties Lamb Peter 2015 Historical Dictionary of Socialism 3rd ed Rowman amp Littlefield p 415 ISBN 9781442258266 In the 1990s following the collapse of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the breakup of the Soviet Union social democracy was adopted by some of the old communist parties Hence parties such as the Czech Social Democratic Party the Bulgarian Social Democrats the Estonian Social Democratic Party and the Romanian Social Democratic Party among others achieved varying degrees of electoral success Similar processes took place in Africa as the old communist parties were transformed into social democratic ones even though they retained their traditional titles Dae Kyu Yoon January 2003 The Constitution of North Korea Its Changes and Implications Fordham International Law Journal 27 4 1289 1305 Retrieved 17 February 2020 Petrov Leonid 11 October 2009 DPRK has quietly amended its Constitution Leonid Petrov s Korea Vision Blogger Retrieved 17 February 2020 Worden Robert L 2008 North Korea A Country Study PDF 5th ed Washington D C Library of Congress p 206 ISBN 978 0 8444 1188 0 People s Republic the The Hub 10 November 2003 Retrieved 2 January 2020 Caruba Alan 28 June 2004 Welcome to the People s Republic of New Jersey Enter Stage Right Retrieved 2 January 2020 Reinink Amy 16 September 2011 Takoma Park The Washington Post Retrieved 2 January 2020 Hedgecock Roger 14 October 2011 Dispatch From the People s Republic of California Human Events Townhall Media Archived from the original on 21 September 2018 Retrieved 2 January 2020 Polarisation in the People s Republic of Madison The Economist 5 June 2012 Retrieved 2 January 2019 Levi Michael 4 December 2012 The People s Republic of California Foreign Policy Retrieved 2 January 2019 Treacy Ciara 27 February 2016 Dublin South Central It s the right thing to do Fianna Fail candidate calls for full recount The Irish Times Retrieved 2 January 2020 Yeomans Emma 16 May 2015 More than 12 000 Brighton and Hove residents declare independence from blue Britain The Argus Brighton England Retrieved 2 January 2019 Go Local in Boulder Colorado Tourism 12 July 2019 Retrieved 2 January 2020 External links edit nbsp The dictionary definition of people s republic at Wiktionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title People 27s republic amp oldid 1182629560, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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