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William F. Buckley Jr.

January 20, 2023

For other people with a similar name, see William F. Buckley (disambiguation).

William Frank Buckley Jr. (born William Francis Buckley;[a] November 24, 1925 – February 27, 2008) was an American public intellectual, conservative author[1] and political commentator. In 1955, he founded National Review, the magazine that stimulated the conservative movement in the mid-20th century United States. Buckley hosted 1,429 episodes of the public affairs television show Firing Line (1966–1999), the longest-running public affairs show with a single host in American television history, where he became known for his distinctive Mid-Atlantic accent and wide vocabulary.[2]

William F. Buckley Jr.
Buckley in an undated handout photograph
BornWilliam Francis Buckley
(1925-11-24)November 24, 1925
New York City, U.S.
DiedFebruary 27, 2008(2008-02-27) (aged 82)
Stamford, Connecticut, U.S.
Occupation
  • Editor
  • author
  • political commentator
Alma materYale University (BA)
Subject
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1950; died 2007)​
ChildrenChristopher Buckley
Relatives
Military career
Service/branchUnited States Army
Years of service1944–1946
RankFirst lieutenant
Battles/warsWorld War II

Born in New York City, Buckley served stateside in the United States Army during the Second World War. After the war, he attended Yale University, where he engaged in debate and right-wing political commentary. Afterward, he worked for two years in the Central Intelligence Agency. In addition to editorials in National Review, Buckley wrote God and Man at Yale (1951) and more than fifty other books on diverse topics, including writing, speaking, history, politics, and sailing. His works include a series of novels featuring fictitious CIA agent Blackford Oakes as well as a nationally syndicated newspaper column.[3][4]

Buckley called himself both a conservative and a libertarian.[5][6] George H. Nash, a historian of the modern American conservative movement, said in 2008 that Buckley was "arguably the most important public intellectual in the United States in the past half century. For an entire generation, he was the preeminent voice of American conservatism and its first great ecumenical figure."[7] Conversely, political consultant Stuart Stevens, who served as a top strategist on Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign[8] and later as a leading figure with The Lincoln Project, writes that "for all his well-crafted sentences and love of language, Buckley was often a more articulate version of the same deep ugliness and bigotry that is the hallmark of Trumpism."[9]

In both 1979 and 1981, Buckley's moral convictions were brought into question through court proceedings and crackdowns on his and his family's businesses by the Securities and Exchange Commission.[10][11]

Early life

Buckley was born November 24, 1925, in New York City, to Aloise Josephine Antonia (Steiner) and William Frank Buckley Sr., a Texas-born lawyer and oil developer.[12] His mother, from New Orleans, was of Swiss-German, German, and Irish descent, while his paternal grandparents, from Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, were of Irish ancestry.[13] The sixth of ten children, Buckley moved as a boy with his family to Mexico,[14] and then to Sharon, Connecticut, before beginning his formal schooling in Paris, where he attended first grade. By age seven, he received his first formal training in English at a day school in London; his first and second languages were Spanish and French.[15] As a boy, Buckley developed a love for music, sailing, horses, hunting, and skiing, all interests reflected in his later writings. He was homeschooled through the eighth grade using the Calvert School of Baltimore's Homeschool Curriculum.[16] Just before World War II, at age 12–13, he attended the Jesuit preparatory school St John's Beaumont in England.

Buckley's father, William Sr. (1881–1958), was an American oil developer whose wealth was based in Mexico. The elder Buckley became influential in Mexican politics during the military dictatorship of Victoriano Huerta but was expelled when leftist general Álvaro Obregón became president in 1920. The younger Buckley had nine siblings, including eldest sister Aloise Buckley Heath, a writer and conservative activist;[17] sister Maureen Buckley-O'Reilly (1933–1964), who married Gerald A. O'Reilly, CEO of Richardson-Vicks Drugs; sister Priscilla Buckley, author of Living It Up with National Review: A Memoir, for which William wrote the foreword; sister Patricia Buckley Bozell, who was Patricia Taylor's roommate at Vassar before each married; brother Reid Buckley, an author, debate-master, and founder of the Buckley School of Public Speaking; and brother James L. Buckley, who became a U.S. Senator from New York and was later a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit.[18]

During the war, Buckley's family took in the future British historian Alistair Horne (son of Sir Allan Horne) as a child war evacuee. He and Buckley remained lifelong friends. They both attended the Millbrook School in Millbrook, New York, graduating in 1943. Buckley was a member of the American Boys' Club for the Defense of Errol Flynn (ABCDEF) during Flynn's trial for statutory rape in 1943. At Millbrook, Buckley founded and edited the school's yearbook, The Tamarack; this was his first experience in publishing. When Buckley was a young man, libertarian author Albert Jay Nock was a frequent guest at the Buckley family house in Sharon, Connecticut.[19] William F. Buckley Sr. urged his son to read Nock's works,[20] the best-known of which was Our Enemy, the State, in which Nock maintained that the founding fathers of the United States, at their Constitutional Convention in 1787, had executed a coup d'état of the system of government established under the Articles of Confederation.[21]

Music

In his youth, Buckley developed many musical talents. He played the harpsichord very well,[22] later calling it "the instrument I love beyond all others",[23] although he admitted he was not "proficient enough to develop [his] own style".[24] He was a close friend of harpsichordist Fernando Valenti, who offered to sell Buckley his sixteen-foot pitch harpsichord.[24] Buckley was also an accomplished pianist and appeared once on Marian McPartland's National Public Radio show Piano Jazz.[25] A great admirer of Johann Sebastian Bach,[23] Buckley wanted Bach's music played at his funeral.[26]

Religion

Buckley was raised a Catholic and was a member of the Knights of Malta.[27] He described his faith by saying, "I grew up, as reported, in a large family of Catholics without even a decent ration of tentativeness among the lot of us about our religious faith."[28] When he attended Millbrook School, Buckley was permitted to attend Catholic Mass at a nearby church despite the school's Protestant affiliation. As a youth, he became aware of a perceived anti-Catholic bias in the United States through reading American Freedom and Catholic Power, a Paul Blanshard book that accused American Catholics of having "divided loyalties".[citation needed]

The release of his first book, God and Man at Yale, in 1951 was met with some specific criticism pertaining to his Catholicism. McGeorge Bundy, dean of Harvard at the time, wrote in The Atlantic that "it seems strange for any Roman Catholic to undertake to speak for the Yale religious tradition". Henry Sloane Coffin, a Yale trustee, accused Buckley's book of "being distorted by his Roman Catholic point of view" and stated that Buckley "should have attended Fordham or some similar institution".[29]

In his 1997 book Nearer, My God, Buckley condemned what he viewed as "the Supreme Court's war against religion in the public school" and argued that Christian faith was being replaced by "another God ... multiculturalism".[30] As an adult, Buckley regularly attended the Tridentine Mass in Connecticut.[citation needed] He disapproved of the liturgical reforms following the Second Vatican Council.[31] Buckley also revealed an interest in the writings and revelations of the 20th Century Italian writer Maria Valtorta.[32] In his spiritual memoir, Buckley reproduced Valtorta's detailed accounts of Jesus Christ's crucifixion; these accounts were based on Valtorta's visionary experiences of Christ and the mystical revelations she recorded in her book The Poem of the Man-God.[citation needed]

Education and military service

Buckley attended the National Autonomous University of Mexico (or UNAM) until 1943. The next year, upon his graduation from the U.S. Army Officer Candidate School (OCS), he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Army. In his book Miles Gone By, he briefly recounts being a member of Franklin Roosevelt's honor guard upon Roosevelt's death. He served stateside throughout the war at Fort Benning, Georgia; Fort Gordon, Georgia; and Fort Sam Houston, Texas.[33] After the war ended in 1945, Buckley enrolled at Yale University, where he became a member of the secret Skull and Bones society[34][35] and was a masterful debater.[35][36] He was an active member of the Conservative Party of the Yale Political Union,[37] and served as chairman of the Yale Daily News and as an informer for the FBI.[38] At Yale, Buckley studied political science, history, and economics and graduated with honors in 1950.[35] He excelled on the Yale Debate Team; under the tutelage of Yale professor Rollin G. Osterweis, Buckley honed his acerbic style.[39]

Central Intelligence Agency

Buckley remained at Yale working as a Spanish instructor from 1947 to 1951[40] before being recruited into the CIA like many other Ivy League alumni at that time; he served for two years, including one year in Mexico City working on political action for E. Howard Hunt,[41] who was later imprisoned for his part in the Watergate scandal. The two officers remained lifelong friends.[42] In a November 1, 2005, column for National Review, Buckley recounted that while he worked for the CIA, the only CIA employee he knew was Hunt, his immediate boss. While stationed in Mexico, Buckley edited The Road to Yenan, a book by Peruvian author Eudocio Ravines.[43] After leaving the CIA, he worked as an editor at The American Mercury in 1952, but left after perceiving newly emerging anti-Semitic tendencies in the magazine.[44]

Marriage and family

In 1950, Buckley married Patricia Aldyen Austin (Pat) Taylor (1926–2007), daughter of Canadian industrialist Austin C. Taylor. He met Taylor, a Protestant from Vancouver, British Columbia, while she was a student at Vassar College. She later became a prominent fundraiser for such charitable organizations as the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, the Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery at New York University Medical Center, and the Hospital for Special Surgery. She also raised money for Vietnam War veterans. On April 15, 2007, Pat Buckley died at age 80 of an infection after a long illness.[45] After her death, Buckley seemed "dejected and rudderless", according to friend Christopher Little.[46]

William and Patricia Buckley had one son, author Christopher Buckley.[47] They lived at Wallack's Point in Stamford, Connecticut, with a Manhattan duplex apartment at 73 East 73rd Street: a private entrance to 778 Park Avenue in Manhattan.[48]

Beginning in 1970, Buckley and his wife lived and worked in Rougemont, Switzerland for six to seven weeks per year for more than three decades.[49]

First books

God and Man at Yale

 
Buckley (right) and L. Brent Bozell Jr. promote their book McCarthy and His Enemies, 1954

Buckley's first book, God and Man at Yale, was published in 1951. Offering a critique of Yale University, Buckley argued in the book that the school had strayed from its original mission. Critics viewed the work as miscasting the role of academic freedom.[50] The American academic and commentator McGeorge Bundy, a Yale graduate himself, wrote in The Atlantic: "God and Man at Yale, written by William F. Buckley, Jr., is a savage attack on that institution as a hotbed of 'atheism' and 'collectivism.' I find the book is dishonest in its use of facts, false in its theory, and a discredit to its author."[51]

Buckley himself credited the attention the book received to its "Introduction" by John Chamberlain, saying that it "chang[ed] the course of his life" and that the famous Life magazine editorial writer had acted out of "reckless generosity".[52] Buckley was referred to in Richard Condon's 1959 novel The Manchurian Candidate as "that fascinating younger fellow who had written about men and God at Yale."[53]

McCarthy and His Enemies

In 1954, Buckley and his brother-in-law L. Brent Bozell Jr. co-authored a book, McCarthy and His Enemies. Bozell worked with Buckley at The American Mercury in the early 1950s when it was edited by William Bradford Huie.[54] The book defended Senator Joseph McCarthy as a patriotic crusader against communism, and asserted that "McCarthyism ... is a movement around which men of good will and stern morality can close ranks."[55] Buckley and Bozell described McCarthy as responding to a communist "ambition to occupy the world". They conceded that he was often "guilty of exaggeration" but believed the cause he pursued was just.[56]

National Review

Buckley founded National Review in 1955 at a time when there were few publications devoted to conservative commentary. He served as the magazine's editor-in-chief until 1990.[57][58] During that time, National Review became the standard-bearer of American conservatism, promoting the fusionism of traditional conservatives and libertarians. Examining postwar conservative intellectual history, Kim Phillips-Fein writes:[59][60]

The most influential synthesis of the subject remains George H. Nash's The Conservative Intellectual Tradition since 1945 .... He argued that postwar conservatism brought together three powerful and partially contradictory intellectual currents that previously had largely been independent of each other: libertarianism, traditionalism, and anticommunism. Each particular strain of thought had predecessors earlier in the twentieth (and even nineteenth) centuries, but they were joined in their distinctive postwar formulation through the leadership of William F. Buckley Jr. and National Review. The fusion of these different, competing, and not easily reconciled schools of thought led to the creation, Nash argued, of a coherent modern Right.

Buckley sought out intellectuals who were ex-Communists or had once worked on the far Left, including Whittaker Chambers, Willi Schlamm, John Dos Passos, Frank Meyer and James Burnham,[61] as editors and writers for National Review. When Burnham became a senior editor, he urged the adoption of a more pragmatic editorial position that would extend the influence of the magazine toward the political center. Smant (1991) finds that Burnham overcame sometimes heated opposition from other members of the editorial board (including Meyer, Schlamm, William Rickenbacker, and the magazine's publisher, William A. Rusher), and had a significant impact on both the editorial policy of the magazine and on the thinking of Buckley himself.[62][63]

Defining the boundaries of conservatism

See also: Conservatism in the United States

Buckley and his editors used National Review to define the boundaries of conservatism and to exclude people, ideas, or groups they considered unworthy of the conservative title.[64] For example, Buckley denounced Ayn Rand, the John Birch Society, George Wallace, racists, white supremacists, and anti-Semites.

When he first met author Ayn Rand, according to Buckley, she greeted him with the following: "You are much too intelligent to believe in God."[65] In turn, Buckley felt that "Rand's style, as well as her message, clashed with the conservative ethos".[66] He decided that Rand's hostility to religion made her philosophy unacceptable to his understanding of conservatism. After 1957, he attempted to weed her out of the conservative movement by publishing Whittaker Chambers's highly negative review of Rand's Atlas Shrugged.[67][68] In 1964, he wrote of "her desiccated philosophy's conclusive incompatibility with the conservative's emphasis on transcendence, intellectual and moral", as well as "the incongruity of tone, that hard, schematic, implacable, unyielding, dogmatism that is in itself intrinsically objectionable, whether it comes from the mouth of Ehrenburg, Savonarola—or Ayn Rand."[69] Other attacks on Rand were penned by Garry Wills and M. Stanton Evans. Nevertheless, Burns argues, her popularity and her influence on the right forced Buckley and his circle into a reconsideration of how traditional notions of virtue and Christianity could be integrated with all-out support for capitalism.[70]

In 1962, Buckley denounced Robert W. Welch Jr. and the John Birch Society in National Review as "far removed from common sense" and urged the Republican Party to purge itself of Welch's influence.[71] He hedged the statement by insisting that among them were "some of the most morally energetic, self-sacrificing, and dedicated anti-Communists in America."[72]

On Robert Welch and the John Birch Society

In 1952, their mutual publisher Henry Regnery introduced Buckley to Robert Welch. Both Buckley and Welch became editors of political journals, and both had a knack for communication and organization.[73] Welch launched his publication One Man's Opinion in 1956 (renamed American Opinion in 1958), one year after the founding of The National Review. Welch twice donated $1,000 to Buckley's magazine, and Buckley offered to provide Welch "a little publicity" for his publication.[73] Both believed that the United States suffered from diplomatic and military setbacks during the early years of the Cold War, and both were staunchly anti-communist.[74] But Welch expressed doubts about Eisenhower's loyalties in 1957, and the two disagreed on the reasons for the United States' perceived failure in the Cold War's early years.[75] According to Alvin Felzenberg's assessment, the disagreements between the two blossomed into "a major battle" in 1958.[73] That year, Boris Pasternak won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his novel Doctor Zhivago. Buckley was impressed by the novel's vivid and depressing depictions of life in a communist society, and believed that the CIA's smuggling of the novel into the Soviet Union was an ideological victory.[75] In September 1958, Buckley ran a review of Doctor Zhivago by John Chamberlain. In November 1958, Welch sent Buckley and other associates copies of his unpublished manuscript "The Politician", which accused Eisenhower and several of Eisenhower's appointees of involvement in a communist conspiracy.[75] When Buckley returned the manuscript to Welch, he commented that the allegations were "curiously—almost pathetically optimistic."[74] On December 9, 1958, Welch founded the John Birch Society with a group of business leaders in Indianapolis.[76] By the end of 1958, Welch had both the organizational and the editorial infrastructure to launch his subsequent far-right political advocacy campaigns.

In 1961, reflecting on his correspondences with Welch and Birchers, Buckley told someone who subscribed to both the National Review and the John Birch Society: "I have had more discussions about the John Birch Society in the past year than I have about the existence of God or the financial difficulties of National Review."[74]

Buckley rule

The Buckley rule states that National Review "will support the rightwardmost viable candidate" for a given office.[77] Buckley first stated the Buckley rule during the 1964 Republican primary election featuring Barry Goldwater and Nelson Rockefeller. The rule is often misquoted and misapplied as proclaiming support for "the rightwardmost electable candidate", or simply the most electable candidate.[78]

According to National Review's Neal B. Freeman, the Buckley rule meant that National Review would support "somebody who saw the world as we did. Somebody who would bring credit to our cause. Somebody who, win or lose, would conservatize the Republican party and the country. It meant somebody like Barry Goldwater."[77]

Starr Broadcasting Group

Buckley was the chairman of Starr Broadcasting Group, a company in which he owned a 20% stake. Peter Starr was president of the company and his brother Michael Starr was executive vice president. In February 1979 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission accused Buckley and 10 other defendants of defrauding shareholders in Starr Broadcasting Group. As part of a settlement, Buckley agreed to return $1.4 million in stock and cash to shareholders in the company. The other defendants were ordered to contribute $360,000.[10] In 1981, there was another agreement with the SEC.[11]

Political commentary and action

Broadcasts and publications

 
Buckley in 1985

Buckley's column On the Right was syndicated by Universal Press Syndicate beginning in 1962. From the early 1970s, his twice-weekly column was distributed regularly to more than 320 newspapers across the country.[79] He authored 5,600 editions of the column, which totaled to over 4.5 million words.[44]

For many Americans, Buckley's erudition on his weekly PBS show Firing Line (1966–1999) was their primary exposure to him and his manner of speech, often with vocabulary common in academia but unusual on television.[80]

Throughout his career as a media figure, Buckley had received much criticism—largely from the American left, but also from certain factions on the right, such as the John Birch Society and its second president, Larry McDonald, as well as from Objectivists.[81]

In 1953–54, long before he founded Firing Line, Buckley was an occasional panelist on the conservative public affairs program Answers for Americans broadcast on ABC and based on material from the H. L. Hunt–supported publication Facts Forum.[82]

Young Americans for Freedom

In 1960, Buckley helped form Young Americans for Freedom (YAF). The YAF was guided by principles Buckley called "The Sharon Statement". Buckley was proud of the successful campaign of his older brother, Jim Buckley, on the Conservative Party ticket to capture the US Senate seat from New York State held by incumbent Republican Charles Goodell in 1970, giving very generous credit to the activist support of the New York State chapter of YAF. Buckley served one term in the Senate, then was defeated by Democrat Daniel Patrick Moynihan in 1976.[83]

Edgar Smith murder case

In 1962, Edgar Smith, who had been sentenced to death for the murder of 15-year-old high-school student Victoria Ann Zielinski in New Jersey, began a correspondence with Buckley from death row. As a result of the correspondence, Buckley began to doubt Smith's guilt. Buckley later said the case against Smith was "inherently implausible".[84] An article by Buckley about the case, published in Esquire in November 1965, drew national media attention:[84]

Smith said he told [friend Don Hommell] during their brief conversation ... on the night of the murder just where he had discarded his pants. The woman who occupies property across the road from which Smith claimed to have thrown the pants ... swore at the trial that she had seen Hommell rummaging there the day after the murder. The pants were later found [by the police] near a well-travelled road .... Did Hommell find them, and leave them in the other location, thinking to discredit Smith's story, and make sure they would turn up?

Buckley's article brought renewed media interest in Hommell, who Smith claimed was the real killer. In 1971, there was a retrial.[84] Smith took a plea deal, and was freed from prison that year.[84] Buckley interviewed him on Firing Line soon thereafter.[85]

In 1976, five years after being released from prison, Smith attempted to murder another woman, this time in San Diego, California.[85] After witnesses corroborated the story of Lisa Ozbun, who survived being stabbed by Smith, he was sentenced to life in prison. He admitted at the trial that he had in fact also murdered Zielinski.[85] Buckley subsequently expressed great regret at having believed Smith and supported him.[85] Friends of Buckley said he was devastated and blamed himself for what happened.[86]

Mayoral candidacy

In 1965, Buckley ran for mayor of New York City as the candidate for the new Conservative Party. He ran to restore momentum to the conservative cause in the wake of Goldwater's defeat.[87] He tried to take votes away from the relatively liberal Republican candidate and fellow Yale alumnus John Lindsay, who later became a Democrat. Buckley did not expect to win; when asked what he would do if he won the race, he responded, "Demand a recount."[88] He used an unusual campaign style. During one televised debate with Lindsay, Buckley declined to use his allotted rebuttal time and instead replied, "I am satisfied to sit back and contemplate my own former eloquence."[89]

To relieve traffic congestion, Buckley proposed charging drivers a fee to enter the central city and creating a network of bike lanes. He opposed a civilian review board for the New York Police Department, which Lindsay had recently introduced to control police corruption and install community policing.[90] Buckley finished third with 13.4% of the vote, possibly having inadvertently aided Lindsay's election by instead taking votes from Democratic candidate Abe Beame.[88]

 
Buckley with President Ronald Reagan at Reagan's birthday celebration, 1986
 
Buckley with Reagan in the Oval Office, 1988

Feud with Gore Vidal

When asked if there was one person with whom Buckley would not share a stage, Buckley's response was Gore Vidal. Likewise, Vidal's antagonism toward Buckley was well known, even before 1968.[91] Buckley nevertheless appeared in a series of televised debates with Vidal during the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami and the Democratic National Convention in Chicago.[92]

In their penultimate debate on August 28 of that year, the two disagreed over the actions of the Chicago Police Department and the protesters at the convention. In reference to the response of the police involved in supposedly taking down a Viet Cong flag, moderator Howard K. Smith asked whether raising a Nazi flag during the Second World War would have elicited a similar response. Vidal responded that people were free to state their political views as they saw fit, whereupon Buckley interrupted and noted that people were free to speak their views but others were also free to ostracize them for holding those views, noting that in the US during the Second World War "some people were pro-Nazi and they were well [i.e. correctly] treated by those who ostracized them—and I'm for ostracizing people who egg on other people to shoot American Marines and American soldiers. I know you [Vidal] don't care because you have no sense of identification with—". Vidal then interjected that "the only sort of pro- or crypto-Nazi I can think of is yourself" whereupon Smith interjected, "Now let's not call names". Buckley, visibly angered, rose several inches from his seat and replied, "Now listen, you queer, stop calling me a crypto-Nazi or I'll sock you in your goddamn face, and you'll stay plastered."[92]

Buckley later apologized in print for having called Vidal a "queer" in a burst of anger rather than in a clinical context but also reiterated his distaste for Vidal as an "evangelist for bisexuality": "The man who in his essays proclaims the normalcy of his affliction, and in his art the desirability of it, is not to be confused with the man who bears his sorrow quietly. The addict is to be pitied and even respected, not the pusher."[93] The debates are chronicled in the 2015 documentary Best of Enemies.[92]

This feud continued the next year in Esquire magazine, which commissioned essays from Buckley and Vidal on the incident. Buckley's essay "On Experiencing Gore Vidal" was published in the August 1969 issue. In September, Vidal responded with his own essay, "A Distasteful Encounter with William F. Buckley".[94] In it Vidal strongly implied that, in 1944, Buckley's unnamed siblings and possibly Buckley had vandalized a Protestant church in their Sharon, Connecticut, hometown after the pastor's wife sold a house to a Jewish family. He also implied that Buckley was homosexual and a "racist, antiblack, anti-Semitic and a pro-crypto Nazi."[95][96] Buckley sued Vidal and Esquire for libel; Vidal countersued Buckley for libel, citing Buckley's characterization of Vidal's novel Myra Breckenridge as pornography. After Buckley received an out-of-court settlement from Esquire, he dropped the suit against Vidal. Both cases were dropped,[97] with Buckley settling for court costs paid by Esquire, which had published the piece, while Vidal, who did not sue the magazine, absorbed his own court costs. Neither paid the other compensation. Buckley also received an editorial apology from Esquire as part of the settlement.[97][98]

The feud was reopened in 2003 when Esquire republished the original Vidal essay as part of a collection titled Esquire's Big Book of Great Writing. After further litigation, Esquire agreed to pay $65,000 to Buckley and his attorneys, to destroy every remaining copy of the book that included Vidal's essay, to furnish Buckley's 1969 essay to anyone who asked for it, and to publish an open letter stating that Esquire's current management was "not aware of the history of this litigation and greatly [regretted] the re-publication of the libels" in the 2003 collection.[98]

Buckley maintained a philosophical antipathy toward Vidal's other bête noire, Norman Mailer, calling him "almost unique in his search for notoriety and absolutely unequalled in his co-existence with it."[99] Meanwhile, Mailer called Buckley a "second-rate intellect incapable of entertaining two serious thoughts in a row."[100] After Mailer's 2007 death, Buckley wrote warmly about their personal acquaintance.

Associations with liberal politicians

Buckley became a close friend of liberal Democratic activist Allard K. Lowenstein. He featured Lowenstein on numerous Firing Line programs, publicly endorsed his candidacies for Congress, and delivered a eulogy at his funeral.[101][102]

Buckley was also a friend of economist John Kenneth Galbraith[103][104] and former senator and presidential candidate George McGovern,[105] both of whom he frequently featured or debated on Firing Line and college campuses. He and Galbraith occasionally appeared on The Today Show, where host Frank McGee would introduce them and then step aside and defer to their verbal thrusts and parries.[106]

Amnesty International

In the late 1960s, Buckley joined the board of directors of Amnesty International USA.[107] He resigned in January 1978 in protest over the organization's stance against capital punishment as expressed in its Stockholm Declaration of 1977, which he said would lead to the "inevitable sectarianization of the amnesty movement".[108]

Political views

Political candidates

In 1963–64, Buckley mobilized support for the candidacy of Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater, first for the Republican nomination against New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller and then for the presidency. Buckley used National Review as a forum for mobilizing support for Goldwater.[109]

 
Buckley with President Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and Frank Shakespeare in 1970

In July 1971, Buckley assembled a group of conservatives to discuss some of Richard Nixon's domestic and foreign policies that the group opposed. In August 1969, Nixon had proposed and later attempted to enact the Family Assistance Plan (FAP), welfare legislation that would establish a national income floor of $1,600 per year for a family of four.[110]

 
Buckley greeting President Gerald Ford in 1976

On the international front he negotiated talks with the Soviet Union and initiated relations with China, which Buckley, as a hawk and anti-communist, opposed. The group, known as the Manhattan Twelve, included National Review's publisher William A. Rusher and editors James Burnham and Frank Meyer. Other organizations represented were the newspaper Human Events, The Conservative Book Club, Young Americans for Freedom, and the American Conservative Union.[111] On July 28, 1971, they published a letter announcing that they would no longer support Nixon.[112] The letter said, "In consideration of his record, the undersigned, who have heretofore generally supported the Nixon Administration, have resolved to suspend our support of the Administration."[113] Nonetheless, in 1973, the Nixon Administration appointed Buckley as a delegate to the United Nations, about which Buckley later wrote a book.[113]

In 1973, Buckley supported Ronald Reagan's presidential campaign against sitting President Gerald Ford and expressed disappointment at Reagan's narrow loss to Ford.[114] In 1981, Buckley informed President-elect Reagan that he would decline any official position offered to him. Reagan jokingly replied that was too bad, because he had wanted to make Buckley ambassador to (then Soviet-occupied) Afghanistan. Buckley later wrote, "When Ronald Reagan offered me the ambassadorship to Afghanistan, I said, 'Yes, but only if you give me fifteen divisions of bodyguards'."[115]

Race and segregation

"The central question that emerges ... is whether the White community in the South is entitled to take such measures as are necessary to prevail, politically and culturally, in areas where it does not predominate numerically? The sobering answer is Yes—the White community is so entitled because, for the time being, it is the advanced race."

William F. Buckley Jr., National Review, August 1957[116]

In the 1950s and early 1960s, Buckley opposed federal civil rights legislation and expressed support for continued racial segregation in the South. In Freedom Is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace, author Nancy MacLean states that National Review made James J. Kilpatrick—a prominent supporter of segregation in the South—"its voice on the civil rights movement and the Constitution, as Buckley and Kilpatrick united North and South in a shared vision for the nation that included upholding white supremacy".[117] In the August 24, 1957 issue of National Review, Buckley's editorial "Why the South Must Prevail" spoke out explicitly in favor of temporary segregation in the South until "long term equality could be achieved". Buckley opined that temporary segregation in the South was necessary at the time because the black population lacked the education, economic, and cultural development to make racial equality possible.[118][119][120] Buckley claimed that the white South had "the right to impose superior mores for whatever period it takes to effect a genuine cultural equality between the races".[119][121][122][123] Buckley said white Southerners were "entitled" to disenfranchise black voters "because, for the time being, it is the advanced race."[124] Buckley characterized Blacks as distinctly ignorant: "The great majority of the Negroes of the South who do not vote do not care to vote, and would not know for what to vote if they could."[124] Two weeks after that editorial was published, another prominent conservative writer, L. Brent Bozell Jr. (Buckley's brother-in-law), wrote in the National Review: "This magazine has expressed views on the racial question that I consider dead wrong, and capable of doing great hurt to the promotion of conservative causes. There is a law involved, and a Constitution, and the editorial gives White Southerners leave to violate them both in order to keep the Negro politically impotent."[125][126]

Buckley visited South Africa in the 1960s on several paid fact-finding missions in which he distributed publications that supported the South African government's policy of apartheid.[127] On January 15, 1963, the day after George Wallace, the white supremacist governor of Alabama, made his "Segregation Forever" inaugural address, Buckley published a feature essay in National Review on his recent "South African Fortnight", concluding it with these words concerning apartheid: "I know it is a sincere people's effort to fashion the land of peace they want so badly."[128][129] In his report, Buckley tried to define apartheid and came up with four axioms on which the policy stands, the fourth being "The notion that the Bantu could participate in power on equal terms with the whites is the worst kind of ideological and social romance".[130] After publishing this defense of the Henrik Verwoerd government, Buckley wrote that he was "bursting with pride" over the West German social critic Wilhelm Röpke's praise of the piece.[131]

Politico indicates that during the administration of Lyndon B. Johnson, Buckley's writing grew more accommodating toward the civil rights movement. In his columns, he "ridiculed practices designed to keep African Americans off the voter registration rolls", "condemned proprietors of commercial establishments who declined service to African Americans in violation of the recently enacted 1964 Civil Rights Act", and showed "little patience" for "Southern politicians who incited racial violence and race-baited in their campaigns".[132] According to Politico, the turning point for Buckley was when white supremacists set off a bomb in a Birmingham church on September 15, 1963, which resulted in the deaths of four African American girls.[133] A biographer said that Buckley privately wept about it when he found out about the incident.[133]

But he disagreed with the concept of structural racism and placed a large amount of blame for lack of economic growth on the black community itself, most prominently during a highly publicized 1965 debate at the Cambridge Union with African-American writer James Baldwin, in which Baldwin carried the floor vote 544 to 164.[134][135][136] In the late 1960s, Buckley disagreed with segregationist George Wallace of Alabama, debating against Wallace's segregationist platform on a January 1968 episode of Firing Line.[137][138]

Buckley later said he wished National Review had been more supportive of civil rights legislation in the 1960s.[139] He grew to admire Martin Luther King Jr. and supported the creation of Martin Luther King Jr. Day.[140] In 2004, Buckley told Time, "I once believed we could evolve our way up from Jim Crow. I was wrong. Federal intervention was necessary."[132] The same year, he endeavored to clarify his earlier comments on race, saying: "[T]he point I made about white cultural supremacy was sociological." Buckley also linked his usage of the word advancement to its usage in the name NAACP, saying that "[the] call for the 'advancement' of colored people presupposes they are behind. Which they were, in 1958, by any standards of measurement."[141]

Anti-Semitism

During the 1950s, Buckley worked to remove anti-Semitism from the conservative movement and barred anti-Semites from working for National Review.[140]

When Norman Podhoretz demanded that the conservative movement banish paleoconservative columnists Patrick Buchanan and Joseph Sobran, who, according to cultural critic Jeffrey Hart, had promulgated a "a neoisolationist nativism tinged with anti-Semitism", Buckley would have none of it, and wrote that Buchanan and Sobran (a colleague of Buckley and formerly a senior editor of National Review) were not anti-Semitic but anti-Israel.[142]

In 1991, Buckley wrote a 40,000-word article denouncing Buchanan. He wrote, "I find it impossible to defend Pat Buchanan against the charge that what he did and said during the period under examination amounted to anti-Semitism",[143][144] but concluded: "If you ask, do I think Pat Buchanan is an anti-Semite, my answer is he is not one. But I think he's said some anti-Semitic things".[145]

Conservative Roger Scruton wrote: "Buckley used the pages of the National Review to distance conservatism from anti-Semitism, and from any other kind of racial stereotyping. The important goal, for him, was to establish a believable stance towards the modern world, in which all Americans, whatever their race or background, could be included, and which would uphold the religious and social traditions of the American people, as well as the institutions of government as the Founders had conceived them".[146]

Foreign policy

Buckley's opposition to communism extended to support for the overthrow and replacement of leftist governments by nondemocratic forces. Buckley admired Spanish dictator General Francisco Franco, who led the rightist military rebellion in its military defeat of the Spanish Republic, and praised him effusively in his magazine, National Review. In his 1957 "Letter From Spain",[147] Buckley called Franco "an authentic national hero",[147][148] who "above others" had the qualities needed to wrest Spain from "the hands of the visionaries, ideologues, Marxists and nihilists", i.e., the country's democratically elected government.[149] He supported the military dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet, who led the 1973 coup that overthrew Chilean president Salvador Allende's democratically elected Marxist government; Buckley called Allende "a president who was defiling the Chilean constitution and waving proudly the banner of his friend and idol, Fidel Castro."[150] In 2020, the Columbia Journalism Review uncovered documents that implicated Buckley in a media campaign by the Argentina military junta promoting the regime's image while covering up the Dirty War.[151]

Regarding the War in Iraq, Buckley stated, "The reality of the situation is that missions abroad to effect regime change in countries without a bill of rights or democratic tradition are terribly arduous." He added: "This isn't to say that the Iraq war is wrong, or that history will judge it to be wrong. But it is absolutely to say that conservatism implies a certain submission to reality; and this war has an unrealistic frank and is being conscripted by events."[152] In a February 2006 column published at National Review Online and distributed by Universal Press Syndicate, Buckley wrote, "One cannot doubt that the American objective in Iraq has failed" and "it's important that we acknowledge in the inner councils of state that [the war] has failed, so that we should look for opportunities to cope with that failure."[153]

Marijuana

Buckley supported the legalization of marijuana and some other drug legalization as early as his 1965 candidacy for mayor of New York City.[154][155] But in 1972, he said that while he supported removing criminal penalties for using marijuana, he also supported cracking down on trafficking marijuana.[156] Buckley wrote a pro-marijuana-legalization piece for National Review in 2004 in which he called for conservatives to change their views on legalization, writing, "We're not going to find someone running for president who advocates reform of those laws. What is required is a genuine republican groundswell. It is happening, but ever so gradually. Two of every five Americans ... believe 'the government should treat marijuana more or less the same way it treats alcohol: It should regulate it, control it, tax it, and make it illegal only for children.'"[157]

Gay rights

Buckley took a middle course on the issues of gay rights and sexual ethics: He strongly opposed gay marriage, but supported the legalization of homosexual relations.[158]

In a March 18, 1986, New York Times op-ed, Buckley addressed the AIDS epidemic. Calling it "a fact" that AIDS is "the special curse of the homosexual", he argued that people infected with HIV should marry only if they agreed to sterilization and that universal testing—led by insurance companies, not the government—should be mandatory. Most controversially, he wrote: "Everyone detected with AIDS should be tattooed in the upper forearm, to protect common-needle users, and on the buttocks, to prevent the victimization of other homosexuals."[159] The piece led to much criticism; some gay activists advocated boycotting Patricia Buckley's fund-raising efforts for AIDS. William Buckley later backtracked from the piece, but in 2004 he told The New York Times Magazine: "If the protocol had been accepted, many who caught the infection unguardedly would be alive. Probably over a million."[160]

Spy novelist

In 1975, Buckley recounted being inspired to write a spy novel by Frederick Forsyth's The Day of the Jackal: "If I were to write a book of fiction, I'd like to have a whack at something of that nature."[161] He went on to explain that he was determined to avoid the moral ambiguity of Graham Greene and John le Carré. Buckley wrote the 1976 spy novel Saving the Queen, featuring Blackford Oakes as a rule-bound CIA agent, based in part on his own CIA experiences. Over the next 30 years, he would write another ten novels featuring Oakes. New York Times critic Charlie Rubin wrote that the series "at its best, evokes John O'Hara in its precise sense of place amid simmering class hierarchies".[162] Stained Glass, second in the series, won a 1980 National Book Award in the one-year category "Mystery (paperback)".[163][b]

Buckley was particularly concerned about the view that what the CIA and the KGB were doing was morally equivalent. He wrote in his memoirs, "To say that the CIA and the KGB engage in similar practices is the equivalent of saying that the man who pushes an old lady into the path of a hurtling bus is not to be distinguished from the man who pushes an old lady out of the path of a hurtling bus: on the grounds that, after all, in both cases someone is pushing old ladies around."[164]

Buckley began writing on computers in 1982, starting with a Zenith Z-89.[165] According to his son, Buckley developed an almost fanatical loyalty to WordStar, installing it on every new PC he got despite its growing obsolescence over the years. Buckley used it to write his last novel, and when asked why he continued using something so outdated, he answered "They say there's better software, but they also say there's better alphabets."

Later career

 
Buckley shaking hands with President George W. Bush on October 6, 2005

In 1988, Buckley helped defeat liberal Republican Senator Lowell Weicker in Connecticut. Buckley organized a committee to campaign against Weicker and endorsed his Democratic opponent, Connecticut Attorney General Joseph Lieberman.[166]

In 1991, Buckley received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George H. W. Bush. Upon turning 65 in 1990, he retired from the day-to-day running of the National Review.[57][58] He relinquished his controlling shares of National Review in June 2004 to a pre-selected board of trustees. The following month, he published the memoir Miles Gone By. Buckley continued to write his syndicated newspaper column, as well as opinion pieces for National Review magazine and National Review Online. He remained the ultimate source of authority at the magazine and also conducted lectures and gave interviews.[167]

Views on modern-day conservatism

Buckley criticized certain aspects of policy within the modern conservative movement. Of George W. Bush's presidency, he said, "If you had a European prime minister who experienced what we've experienced it would be expected that he would retire or resign."[168]

According to Jeffrey Hart, writing in The American Conservative, Buckley had a "tragic" view of the Iraq war: he "saw it as a disaster and thought that the conservative movement he had created had in effect committed intellectual suicide by failing to maintain critical distance from the Bush administration .... At the end of his life, Buckley believed the movement he made had destroyed itself by supporting the war in Iraq."[169] Regarding the Iraq War troop surge of 2007, however, it was noted by the editors of National Review that: "Buckley initially opposed the surge, but after seeing its early success believed it deserved more time to work."[170]

In his December 3, 2007 column, shortly after his wife's death, which he attributed, at least in part, to her smoking, Buckley seemed to advocate banning tobacco use in America.[171] Buckley wrote articles for Playboy, despite criticizing the magazine and its philosophy.[172] About neoconservatives, he said in 2004: "I think those I know, which is most of them, are bright, informed and idealistic, but that they simply overrate the reach of U.S. power and influence."[141][173][174][175][176]

Death and legacy

Buckley suffered from emphysema and diabetes in his later years. In a December 2007 column, he commented on the cause of his emphysema, citing his lifelong habit of smoking tobacco, despite endorsing a legal ban of it.[171] On February 27, 2008, he died from a heart attack at his home in Stamford, Connecticut, at the age of 82. Initially, it was reported that he was found dead at his desk in his study, a converted garage; his son, Christopher Buckley, said, "He died with his boots on, after a lifetime of riding pretty tall in the saddle."[46] But in his 2009 book Losing Mum and Pup: A Memoir, he admitted that this account was a slight embellishment on his part: while his father died in his study, he was found lying on the floor.[4] Buckley was buried at the Saint Bernard Cemetery in Sharon, Connecticut, next to his wife, Patricia.

Notable members of the Republican political establishment paying tribute to Buckley included President George W. Bush,[177] former Speaker of the House of Representatives Newt Gingrich, and former First Lady Nancy Reagan.[178] Bush said of Buckley, "He influenced a lot of people, including me. He captured the imagination of a lot of people."[179] Gingrich added, "Bill Buckley became the indispensable intellectual advocate from whose energy, intelligence, wit, and enthusiasm the best of modern conservatism drew its inspiration and encouragement ... Buckley began what led to Senator Barry Goldwater and his Conscience of a Conservative that led to the seizing of power by the conservatives from the moderate establishment within the Republican Party. From that emerged Ronald Reagan."[180] Reagan's widow, Nancy, commented, "Ronnie valued Bill's counsel throughout his political life, and after Ronnie died, Bill and Pat were there for me in so many ways."[179] House Minority Whip Roy Blunt stated that "William F. Buckley was more than a journalist or commentator. He was the indisputable leader of the conservative movement that laid the groundwork for the Reagan Revolution. Every Republican owes him a debt of gratitude for his tireless efforts on behalf of our party and nation."[181]

Despite praise from some commentators, Buckley's standing as an intellectual has been questioned. Prominent leftist philosopher and linguist Noam Chomsky has dismissed Buckley's intellectual acumen.[182]

Various organizations have awards and honors named after Buckley.[183][184] The Intercollegiate Studies Institute awards the William F. Buckley Award for Outstanding Campus Journalism.[185]

Language and idiolect

Buckley was well known for his command of language.[186] He came late to formal instruction in English, not learning it until he was seven years old and having earlier learned Spanish and French.[15] Michelle Tsai in Slate says that he spoke English with an idiosyncratic accent: something between an old-fashioned, upper-class Mid-Atlantic accent, and British Received Pronunciation, yet with a Southern drawl.[187] Sociologist Patricia Leavy called it "Buckley's High Church, mid-Atlantic accent (taught to actors in the Hollywood studios of the 1930s and 1940s) that was curdled by an ascendant tincture of Southern drawl that softened somewhat the supercilious inflection that very likely was spawned during his education at Yale".[188]

Professor of political science Gerald L. Houseman wrote that Buckley's vaunted love of language did not ensure the quality of his writing, and criticized some of Buckley's work for "inappropriate metaphors and inelegant syntax" and for his habit of interjecting in his quotations of others parenthetical references to the "temperament or morals" of those being quoted.[189]

Rhetorical style

On Firing Line, Buckley had a reputation for being polite to his guests. But he also occasionally softly teased his guests if they were friends.[190] Sometimes during heated debates, as with Noam Chomsky and Gore Vidal, Buckley became less polite.[191][192]

Epstein (1972) says that liberals were especially fascinated by Buckley, and often wanted to debate him, in part because his ideas resembled their own, for Buckley typically formulated his arguments in reaction to left-liberal opinion, rather than being founded on conservative principles that were alien to the liberals.[193]

Appel (1992) argues from rhetorical theory that Buckley's essays are often written in "low" burlesque in the manner of Samuel Butler's satirical poem "Hudibras". Considered as drama, such discourse features black-and-white disorder, a guilt-mongering logician, distorted clownish opponents, limited scapegoating, and a self-serving redemption.[194]

Lee (2008) contends that Buckley introduced a new rhetorical style that conservatives often tried to emulate. The "gladiatorial style", as Lee calls it, is flashy and combative, filled with sound bites, and leads to inflammatory drama. As conservatives encountered Buckley's arguments about government, liberalism and markets, the theatrical appeal of Buckley's gladiatorial style inspired conservative imitators, becoming one of the principal templates for conservative rhetoric.[195]

Nathan J. Robinson, writing in Current Affairs about Buckley's role as a major conservative intellectual, says, "Buckley created a template for conservative intellectualism that is still used today: be glib, confident, and a good debater, throw in a dash of wit and some references to the Classics. Do it all with a self-satisfied smile, and the validity or invalidity of your underlying arguments will cease to be a matter of serious discussion."[196]

In popular culture

For the 1991 film Hook, Dustin Hoffman based his vocal mannerisms as Captain Hook on Buckley.[197]

In the 1992 film Aladdin, the Genie (voiced by Robin Williams) impersonates Buckley in two scenes.[198][199]

The 2016 film X-Men: Apocalypse briefly shows footage of Buckley on a TV news clip.[200][201]

Buckley is a major character in James Graham's 2021 play Best of Enemies.

Works

Main article: William F. Buckley Jr. bibliography
See also: List of Blackford Oakes novels

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ "William Francis" in the editorial obituary "Up From Liberalism" The Wall Street Journal February 28, 2008, p. A16; Martin, Douglas, "William F. Buckley Jr., 82, Dies; Sesquipedalian Spark of Right", obituary, New York Times, February 28, 2008, which reported that his parents preferred "Frank", which would make him a "Jr.", but at his christening, the priest "insisted on a saint's name, so Francis was chosen. When the younger William Buckley was five, he asked to change his middle name to Frank, and his parents agreed. At that point, he became William F. Buckley, Jr."
  2. ^ From 1980 to 1983 in National Book Award history there were dual awards for hardcover and paperback books in many categories. Most of the paperback award-winners were reprints, including this one.

References

Citations

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Works cited

Further reading

  • Buckley, Reid (1999). Strictly Speaking. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-134610-4.
  • Dunn, Betty. "The Buckleys of Great Elm." Life, Vol. 69, No. 25, December 18, 1970, pp. 34–45.
  • Farber, David. The Rise and Fall of Modern American Conservatism: A Short History (2010) pp. 39–76
  • Gottfried, Paul (1993). The Conservative Movement. ISBN 0-8057-9749-1
  • Lamb, Brian (2001). Booknotes: Stories from American History. New York: Penguin. ISBN 1-58648-083-9.
  • Lee, Michael J. "WFB: The Gladiatorial Style and the Politics of Provocation", Rhetoric and Public Affairs, Summer 2010, Vol. 13, Issue 2, pp. 43–76
  • Miller, David (1990). Chairman Bill: A Biography of William F. Buckley Jr.. New York
  • Nash, George H. The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (2006)
  • Winchell, Mark Royden (1984). William F. Buckley Jr. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8057-7431-9.
  • Sarchett, Barry W. "Unreading the Spy Thriller: The Example of William F. Buckley Jr.", Journal of Popular Culture, Fall 1992, Vol. 26 Issue 2, pp. 127–139, theoretical literary analysis
  • Straus, Tamara (1997). The Literary Almanac: The Best of the Printed Word: 1900 to the Present. New York: High Tide Press. ISBN 1-56731-328-0.
  • McManus, John (July 15, 2002). William F. Buckley, Jr.: Pied Piper for the Establishment. Wisconsin: John Birch Society. ISBN 1881919064. from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  • "Writings of Kirk and Buckley". American Writers: A Journey Through History. C-SPAN. from the original on December 3, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  • Weinkopf, Chris (September 3, 1999). "William F. Buckley Jr". Salon. from the original on February 6, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
  • Hickman, John (April 6, 2007). "Happy is the Columnist who has no History". Baltimore Chronicle. from the original on April 29, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2015.

External links

  • Appearances on C-SPAN
  • William F. Buckley at IMDb
  • The William F. Buckley, Jr. Program at Yale University
  • William F. Buckley, Jr., papers (MS 576) Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library
  • Buckley Online, a complete guide to the writings William F. Buckley at Hillsdale College
  • William F. Buckley at Library of Congress Authorities – with 109 catalog records
  • William F. Buckley's FBI files, hosted at the Internet Archive: part 1, part 2
  • Historic debate between James Baldwin and William F. Buckley Jr. at Cambridge University (1965) on the question: "Is the American Dream at the expense of the American Negro?"
Party political offices
New political party Conservative Party nominee for Mayor of New York City
1965 		Succeeded by

January 20, 2023
william, buckley, other, people, with, similar, name, william, buckley, disambiguation, william, frank, buckley, born, william, francis, buckley, november, 1925, february, 2008, american, public, intellectual, conservative, author, political, commentator, 1955. For other people with a similar name see William F Buckley disambiguation William Frank Buckley Jr born William Francis Buckley a November 24 1925 February 27 2008 was an American public intellectual conservative author 1 and political commentator In 1955 he founded National Review the magazine that stimulated the conservative movement in the mid 20th century United States Buckley hosted 1 429 episodes of the public affairs television show Firing Line 1966 1999 the longest running public affairs show with a single host in American television history where he became known for his distinctive Mid Atlantic accent and wide vocabulary 2 William F Buckley Jr Buckley in an undated handout photographBornWilliam Francis Buckley 1925 11 24 November 24 1925New York City U S DiedFebruary 27 2008 2008 02 27 aged 82 Stamford Connecticut U S OccupationEditorauthorpolitical commentatorAlma materYale University BA SubjectAmerican conservatismpoliticsanti communismespionageSpousePatricia Taylor Buckley m 1950 died 2007 wbr ChildrenChristopher BuckleyRelativesJames L Buckley brother Priscilla Buckley sister Patricia Buckley Bozell sister Reid Buckley brother L Brent Bozell III nephew William F B O Reilly nephew Military careerService wbr branchUnited States ArmyYears of service1944 1946RankFirst lieutenantBattles warsWorld War IIBorn in New York City Buckley served stateside in the United States Army during the Second World War After the war he attended Yale University where he engaged in debate and right wing political commentary Afterward he worked for two years in the Central Intelligence Agency In addition to editorials in National Review Buckley wrote God and Man at Yale 1951 and more than fifty other books on diverse topics including writing speaking history politics and sailing His works include a series of novels featuring fictitious CIA agent Blackford Oakes as well as a nationally syndicated newspaper column 3 4 Buckley called himself both a conservative and a libertarian 5 6 George H Nash a historian of the modern American conservative movement said in 2008 that Buckley was arguably the most important public intellectual in the United States in the past half century For an entire generation he was the preeminent voice of American conservatism and its first great ecumenical figure 7 Conversely political consultant Stuart Stevens who served as a top strategist on Mitt Romney s 2012 presidential campaign 8 and later as a leading figure with The Lincoln Project writes that for all his well crafted sentences and love of language Buckley was often a more articulate version of the same deep ugliness and bigotry that is the hallmark of Trumpism 9 In both 1979 and 1981 Buckley s moral convictions were brought into question through court proceedings and crackdowns on his and his family s businesses by the Securities and Exchange Commission 10 11 Contents 1 Early life 1 1 Music 1 2 Religion 2 Education and military service 3 Central Intelligence Agency 4 Marriage and family 5 First books 5 1 God and Man at Yale 5 2 McCarthy and His Enemies 6 National Review 6 1 Defining the boundaries of conservatism 6 1 1 On Robert Welch and the John Birch Society 6 2 Buckley rule 6 3 Starr Broadcasting Group 7 Political commentary and action 7 1 Broadcasts and publications 7 2 Young Americans for Freedom 7 3 Edgar Smith murder case 7 4 Mayoral candidacy 7 5 Feud with Gore Vidal 7 6 Associations with liberal politicians 7 7 Amnesty International 8 Political views 8 1 Political candidates 8 2 Race and segregation 8 3 Anti Semitism 8 4 Foreign policy 8 5 Marijuana 8 6 Gay rights 9 Spy novelist 10 Later career 10 1 Views on modern day conservatism 11 Death and legacy 12 Language and idiolect 12 1 Rhetorical style 13 In popular culture 14 Works 15 Explanatory notes 16 References 16 1 Citations 16 2 Works cited 17 Further reading 18 External linksEarly life EditBuckley was born November 24 1925 in New York City to Aloise Josephine Antonia Steiner and William Frank Buckley Sr a Texas born lawyer and oil developer 12 His mother from New Orleans was of Swiss German German and Irish descent while his paternal grandparents from Hamilton Ontario Canada were of Irish ancestry 13 The sixth of ten children Buckley moved as a boy with his family to Mexico 14 and then to Sharon Connecticut before beginning his formal schooling in Paris where he attended first grade By age seven he received his first formal training in English at a day school in London his first and second languages were Spanish and French 15 As a boy Buckley developed a love for music sailing horses hunting and skiing all interests reflected in his later writings He was homeschooled through the eighth grade using the Calvert School of Baltimore s Homeschool Curriculum 16 Just before World War II at age 12 13 he attended the Jesuit preparatory school St John s Beaumont in England Buckley s father William Sr 1881 1958 was an American oil developer whose wealth was based in Mexico The elder Buckley became influential in Mexican politics during the military dictatorship of Victoriano Huerta but was expelled when leftist general Alvaro Obregon became president in 1920 The younger Buckley had nine siblings including eldest sister Aloise Buckley Heath a writer and conservative activist 17 sister Maureen Buckley O Reilly 1933 1964 who married Gerald A O Reilly CEO of Richardson Vicks Drugs sister Priscilla Buckley author of Living It Up with National Review A Memoir for which William wrote the foreword sister Patricia Buckley Bozell who was Patricia Taylor s roommate at Vassar before each married brother Reid Buckley an author debate master and founder of the Buckley School of Public Speaking and brother James L Buckley who became a U S Senator from New York and was later a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the D C Circuit 18 During the war Buckley s family took in the future British historian Alistair Horne son of Sir Allan Horne as a child war evacuee He and Buckley remained lifelong friends They both attended the Millbrook School in Millbrook New York graduating in 1943 Buckley was a member of the American Boys Club for the Defense of Errol Flynn ABCDEF during Flynn s trial for statutory rape in 1943 At Millbrook Buckley founded and edited the school s yearbook The Tamarack this was his first experience in publishing When Buckley was a young man libertarian author Albert Jay Nock was a frequent guest at the Buckley family house in Sharon Connecticut 19 William F Buckley Sr urged his son to read Nock s works 20 the best known of which was Our Enemy the State in which Nock maintained that the founding fathers of the United States at their Constitutional Convention in 1787 had executed a coup d etat of the system of government established under the Articles of Confederation 21 Music Edit In his youth Buckley developed many musical talents He played the harpsichord very well 22 later calling it the instrument I love beyond all others 23 although he admitted he was not proficient enough to develop his own style 24 He was a close friend of harpsichordist Fernando Valenti who offered to sell Buckley his sixteen foot pitch harpsichord 24 Buckley was also an accomplished pianist and appeared once on Marian McPartland s National Public Radio show Piano Jazz 25 A great admirer of Johann Sebastian Bach 23 Buckley wanted Bach s music played at his funeral 26 Religion Edit Buckley was raised a Catholic and was a member of the Knights of Malta 27 He described his faith by saying I grew up as reported in a large family of Catholics without even a decent ration of tentativeness among the lot of us about our religious faith 28 When he attended Millbrook School Buckley was permitted to attend Catholic Mass at a nearby church despite the school s Protestant affiliation As a youth he became aware of a perceived anti Catholic bias in the United States through reading American Freedom and Catholic Power a Paul Blanshard book that accused American Catholics of having divided loyalties citation needed The release of his first book God and Man at Yale in 1951 was met with some specific criticism pertaining to his Catholicism McGeorge Bundy dean of Harvard at the time wrote in The Atlantic that it seems strange for any Roman Catholic to undertake to speak for the Yale religious tradition Henry Sloane Coffin a Yale trustee accused Buckley s book of being distorted by his Roman Catholic point of view and stated that Buckley should have attended Fordham or some similar institution 29 In his 1997 book Nearer My God Buckley condemned what he viewed as the Supreme Court s war against religion in the public school and argued that Christian faith was being replaced by another God multiculturalism 30 As an adult Buckley regularly attended the Tridentine Mass in Connecticut citation needed He disapproved of the liturgical reforms following the Second Vatican Council 31 Buckley also revealed an interest in the writings and revelations of the 20th Century Italian writer Maria Valtorta 32 In his spiritual memoir Buckley reproduced Valtorta s detailed accounts of Jesus Christ s crucifixion these accounts were based on Valtorta s visionary experiences of Christ and the mystical revelations she recorded in her book The Poem of the Man God citation needed Education and military service EditBuckley attended the National Autonomous University of Mexico or UNAM until 1943 The next year upon his graduation from the U S Army Officer Candidate School OCS he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Army In his book Miles Gone By he briefly recounts being a member of Franklin Roosevelt s honor guard upon Roosevelt s death He served stateside throughout the war at Fort Benning Georgia Fort Gordon Georgia and Fort Sam Houston Texas 33 After the war ended in 1945 Buckley enrolled at Yale University where he became a member of the secret Skull and Bones society 34 35 and was a masterful debater 35 36 He was an active member of the Conservative Party of the Yale Political Union 37 and served as chairman of the Yale Daily News and as an informer for the FBI 38 At Yale Buckley studied political science history and economics and graduated with honors in 1950 35 He excelled on the Yale Debate Team under the tutelage of Yale professor Rollin G Osterweis Buckley honed his acerbic style 39 Central Intelligence Agency EditBuckley remained at Yale working as a Spanish instructor from 1947 to 1951 40 before being recruited into the CIA like many other Ivy League alumni at that time he served for two years including one year in Mexico City working on political action for E Howard Hunt 41 who was later imprisoned for his part in the Watergate scandal The two officers remained lifelong friends 42 In a November 1 2005 column for National Review Buckley recounted that while he worked for the CIA the only CIA employee he knew was Hunt his immediate boss While stationed in Mexico Buckley edited The Road to Yenan a book by Peruvian author Eudocio Ravines 43 After leaving the CIA he worked as an editor at The American Mercury in 1952 but left after perceiving newly emerging anti Semitic tendencies in the magazine 44 Marriage and family EditIn 1950 Buckley married Patricia Aldyen Austin Pat Taylor 1926 2007 daughter of Canadian industrialist Austin C Taylor He met Taylor a Protestant from Vancouver British Columbia while she was a student at Vassar College She later became a prominent fundraiser for such charitable organizations as the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center the Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery at New York University Medical Center and the Hospital for Special Surgery She also raised money for Vietnam War veterans On April 15 2007 Pat Buckley died at age 80 of an infection after a long illness 45 After her death Buckley seemed dejected and rudderless according to friend Christopher Little 46 William and Patricia Buckley had one son author Christopher Buckley 47 They lived at Wallack s Point in Stamford Connecticut with a Manhattan duplex apartment at 73 East 73rd Street a private entrance to 778 Park Avenue in Manhattan 48 Beginning in 1970 Buckley and his wife lived and worked in Rougemont Switzerland for six to seven weeks per year for more than three decades 49 First books EditGod and Man at Yale Edit Buckley right and L Brent Bozell Jr promote their book McCarthy and His Enemies 1954 Buckley s first book God and Man at Yale was published in 1951 Offering a critique of Yale University Buckley argued in the book that the school had strayed from its original mission Critics viewed the work as miscasting the role of academic freedom 50 The American academic and commentator McGeorge Bundy a Yale graduate himself wrote in The Atlantic God and Man at Yale written by William F Buckley Jr is a savage attack on that institution as a hotbed of atheism and collectivism I find the book is dishonest in its use of facts false in its theory and a discredit to its author 51 Buckley himself credited the attention the book received to its Introduction by John Chamberlain saying that it chang ed the course of his life and that the famous Life magazine editorial writer had acted out of reckless generosity 52 Buckley was referred to in Richard Condon s 1959 novel The Manchurian Candidate as that fascinating younger fellow who had written about men and God at Yale 53 McCarthy and His Enemies Edit In 1954 Buckley and his brother in law L Brent Bozell Jr co authored a book McCarthy and His Enemies Bozell worked with Buckley at The American Mercury in the early 1950s when it was edited by William Bradford Huie 54 The book defended Senator Joseph McCarthy as a patriotic crusader against communism and asserted that McCarthyism is a movement around which men of good will and stern morality can close ranks 55 Buckley and Bozell described McCarthy as responding to a communist ambition to occupy the world They conceded that he was often guilty of exaggeration but believed the cause he pursued was just 56 National Review EditBuckley founded National Review in 1955 at a time when there were few publications devoted to conservative commentary He served as the magazine s editor in chief until 1990 57 58 During that time National Review became the standard bearer of American conservatism promoting the fusionism of traditional conservatives and libertarians Examining postwar conservative intellectual history Kim Phillips Fein writes 59 60 The most influential synthesis of the subject remains George H Nash s The Conservative Intellectual Tradition since 1945 He argued that postwar conservatism brought together three powerful and partially contradictory intellectual currents that previously had largely been independent of each other libertarianism traditionalism and anticommunism Each particular strain of thought had predecessors earlier in the twentieth and even nineteenth centuries but they were joined in their distinctive postwar formulation through the leadership of William F Buckley Jr and National Review The fusion of these different competing and not easily reconciled schools of thought led to the creation Nash argued of a coherent modern Right Buckley sought out intellectuals who were ex Communists or had once worked on the far Left including Whittaker Chambers Willi Schlamm John Dos Passos Frank Meyer and James Burnham 61 as editors and writers for National Review When Burnham became a senior editor he urged the adoption of a more pragmatic editorial position that would extend the influence of the magazine toward the political center Smant 1991 finds that Burnham overcame sometimes heated opposition from other members of the editorial board including Meyer Schlamm William Rickenbacker and the magazine s publisher William A Rusher and had a significant impact on both the editorial policy of the magazine and on the thinking of Buckley himself 62 63 Defining the boundaries of conservatism Edit See also Conservatism in the United States Buckley and his editors used National Review to define the boundaries of conservatism and to exclude people ideas or groups they considered unworthy of the conservative title 64 For example Buckley denounced Ayn Rand the John Birch Society George Wallace racists white supremacists and anti Semites When he first met author Ayn Rand according to Buckley she greeted him with the following You are much too intelligent to believe in God 65 In turn Buckley felt that Rand s style as well as her message clashed with the conservative ethos 66 He decided that Rand s hostility to religion made her philosophy unacceptable to his understanding of conservatism After 1957 he attempted to weed her out of the conservative movement by publishing Whittaker Chambers s highly negative review of Rand s Atlas Shrugged 67 68 In 1964 he wrote of her desiccated philosophy s conclusive incompatibility with the conservative s emphasis on transcendence intellectual and moral as well as the incongruity of tone that hard schematic implacable unyielding dogmatism that is in itself intrinsically objectionable whether it comes from the mouth of Ehrenburg Savonarola or Ayn Rand 69 Other attacks on Rand were penned by Garry Wills and M Stanton Evans Nevertheless Burns argues her popularity and her influence on the right forced Buckley and his circle into a reconsideration of how traditional notions of virtue and Christianity could be integrated with all out support for capitalism 70 In 1962 Buckley denounced Robert W Welch Jr and the John Birch Society in National Review as far removed from common sense and urged the Republican Party to purge itself of Welch s influence 71 He hedged the statement by insisting that among them were some of the most morally energetic self sacrificing and dedicated anti Communists in America 72 On Robert Welch and the John Birch Society Edit In 1952 their mutual publisher Henry Regnery introduced Buckley to Robert Welch Both Buckley and Welch became editors of political journals and both had a knack for communication and organization 73 Welch launched his publication One Man s Opinion in 1956 renamed American Opinion in 1958 one year after the founding of The National Review Welch twice donated 1 000 to Buckley s magazine and Buckley offered to provide Welch a little publicity for his publication 73 Both believed that the United States suffered from diplomatic and military setbacks during the early years of the Cold War and both were staunchly anti communist 74 But Welch expressed doubts about Eisenhower s loyalties in 1957 and the two disagreed on the reasons for the United States perceived failure in the Cold War s early years 75 According to Alvin Felzenberg s assessment the disagreements between the two blossomed into a major battle in 1958 73 That year Boris Pasternak won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his novel Doctor Zhivago Buckley was impressed by the novel s vivid and depressing depictions of life in a communist society and believed that the CIA s smuggling of the novel into the Soviet Union was an ideological victory 75 In September 1958 Buckley ran a review of Doctor Zhivago by John Chamberlain In November 1958 Welch sent Buckley and other associates copies of his unpublished manuscript The Politician which accused Eisenhower and several of Eisenhower s appointees of involvement in a communist conspiracy 75 When Buckley returned the manuscript to Welch he commented that the allegations were curiously almost pathetically optimistic 74 On December 9 1958 Welch founded the John Birch Society with a group of business leaders in Indianapolis 76 By the end of 1958 Welch had both the organizational and the editorial infrastructure to launch his subsequent far right political advocacy campaigns In 1961 reflecting on his correspondences with Welch and Birchers Buckley told someone who subscribed to both the National Review and the John Birch Society I have had more discussions about the John Birch Society in the past year than I have about the existence of God or the financial difficulties of National Review 74 Buckley rule Edit The Buckley rule states that National Review will support the rightwardmost viable candidate for a given office 77 Buckley first stated the Buckley rule during the 1964 Republican primary election featuring Barry Goldwater and Nelson Rockefeller The rule is often misquoted and misapplied as proclaiming support for the rightwardmost electable candidate or simply the most electable candidate 78 According to National Review s Neal B Freeman the Buckley rule meant that National Review would support somebody who saw the world as we did Somebody who would bring credit to our cause Somebody who win or lose would conservatize the Republican party and the country It meant somebody like Barry Goldwater 77 Starr Broadcasting Group Edit Buckley was the chairman of Starr Broadcasting Group a company in which he owned a 20 stake Peter Starr was president of the company and his brother Michael Starr was executive vice president In February 1979 the U S Securities and Exchange Commission accused Buckley and 10 other defendants of defrauding shareholders in Starr Broadcasting Group As part of a settlement Buckley agreed to return 1 4 million in stock and cash to shareholders in the company The other defendants were ordered to contribute 360 000 10 In 1981 there was another agreement with the SEC 11 Political commentary and action EditBroadcasts and publications Edit Buckley in 1985 Buckley s column On the Right was syndicated by Universal Press Syndicate beginning in 1962 From the early 1970s his twice weekly column was distributed regularly to more than 320 newspapers across the country 79 He authored 5 600 editions of the column which totaled to over 4 5 million words 44 For many Americans Buckley s erudition on his weekly PBS show Firing Line 1966 1999 was their primary exposure to him and his manner of speech often with vocabulary common in academia but unusual on television 80 Throughout his career as a media figure Buckley had received much criticism largely from the American left but also from certain factions on the right such as the John Birch Society and its second president Larry McDonald as well as from Objectivists 81 In 1953 54 long before he founded Firing Line Buckley was an occasional panelist on the conservative public affairs program Answers for Americans broadcast on ABC and based on material from the H L Hunt supported publication Facts Forum 82 Young Americans for Freedom Edit In 1960 Buckley helped form Young Americans for Freedom YAF The YAF was guided by principles Buckley called The Sharon Statement Buckley was proud of the successful campaign of his older brother Jim Buckley on the Conservative Party ticket to capture the US Senate seat from New York State held by incumbent Republican Charles Goodell in 1970 giving very generous credit to the activist support of the New York State chapter of YAF Buckley served one term in the Senate then was defeated by Democrat Daniel Patrick Moynihan in 1976 83 Edgar Smith murder case Edit In 1962 Edgar Smith who had been sentenced to death for the murder of 15 year old high school student Victoria Ann Zielinski in New Jersey began a correspondence with Buckley from death row As a result of the correspondence Buckley began to doubt Smith s guilt Buckley later said the case against Smith was inherently implausible 84 An article by Buckley about the case published in Esquire in November 1965 drew national media attention 84 Smith said he told friend Don Hommell during their brief conversation on the night of the murder just where he had discarded his pants The woman who occupies property across the road from which Smith claimed to have thrown the pants swore at the trial that she had seen Hommell rummaging there the day after the murder The pants were later found by the police near a well travelled road Did Hommell find them and leave them in the other location thinking to discredit Smith s story and make sure they would turn up Buckley s article brought renewed media interest in Hommell who Smith claimed was the real killer In 1971 there was a retrial 84 Smith took a plea deal and was freed from prison that year 84 Buckley interviewed him on Firing Line soon thereafter 85 In 1976 five years after being released from prison Smith attempted to murder another woman this time in San Diego California 85 After witnesses corroborated the story of Lisa Ozbun who survived being stabbed by Smith he was sentenced to life in prison He admitted at the trial that he had in fact also murdered Zielinski 85 Buckley subsequently expressed great regret at having believed Smith and supported him 85 Friends of Buckley said he was devastated and blamed himself for what happened 86 Mayoral candidacy Edit In 1965 Buckley ran for mayor of New York City as the candidate for the new Conservative Party He ran to restore momentum to the conservative cause in the wake of Goldwater s defeat 87 He tried to take votes away from the relatively liberal Republican candidate and fellow Yale alumnus John Lindsay who later became a Democrat Buckley did not expect to win when asked what he would do if he won the race he responded Demand a recount 88 He used an unusual campaign style During one televised debate with Lindsay Buckley declined to use his allotted rebuttal time and instead replied I am satisfied to sit back and contemplate my own former eloquence 89 To relieve traffic congestion Buckley proposed charging drivers a fee to enter the central city and creating a network of bike lanes He opposed a civilian review board for the New York Police Department which Lindsay had recently introduced to control police corruption and install community policing 90 Buckley finished third with 13 4 of the vote possibly having inadvertently aided Lindsay s election by instead taking votes from Democratic candidate Abe Beame 88 Buckley with President Ronald Reagan at Reagan s birthday celebration 1986 Buckley with Reagan in the Oval Office 1988 Feud with Gore Vidal Edit When asked if there was one person with whom Buckley would not share a stage Buckley s response was Gore Vidal Likewise Vidal s antagonism toward Buckley was well known even before 1968 91 Buckley nevertheless appeared in a series of televised debates with Vidal during the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami and the Democratic National Convention in Chicago 92 In their penultimate debate on August 28 of that year the two disagreed over the actions of the Chicago Police Department and the protesters at the convention In reference to the response of the police involved in supposedly taking down a Viet Cong flag moderator Howard K Smith asked whether raising a Nazi flag during the Second World War would have elicited a similar response Vidal responded that people were free to state their political views as they saw fit whereupon Buckley interrupted and noted that people were free to speak their views but others were also free to ostracize them for holding those views noting that in the US during the Second World War some people were pro Nazi and they were well i e correctly treated by those who ostracized them and I m for ostracizing people who egg on other people to shoot American Marines and American soldiers I know you Vidal don t care because you have no sense of identification with Vidal then interjected that the only sort of pro or crypto Nazi I can think of is yourself whereupon Smith interjected Now let s not call names Buckley visibly angered rose several inches from his seat and replied Now listen you queer stop calling me a crypto Nazi or I ll sock you in your goddamn face and you ll stay plastered 92 Buckley later apologized in print for having called Vidal a queer in a burst of anger rather than in a clinical context but also reiterated his distaste for Vidal as an evangelist for bisexuality The man who in his essays proclaims the normalcy of his affliction and in his art the desirability of it is not to be confused with the man who bears his sorrow quietly The addict is to be pitied and even respected not the pusher 93 The debates are chronicled in the 2015 documentary Best of Enemies 92 This feud continued the next year in Esquire magazine which commissioned essays from Buckley and Vidal on the incident Buckley s essay On Experiencing Gore Vidal was published in the August 1969 issue In September Vidal responded with his own essay A Distasteful Encounter with William F Buckley 94 In it Vidal strongly implied that in 1944 Buckley s unnamed siblings and possibly Buckley had vandalized a Protestant church in their Sharon Connecticut hometown after the pastor s wife sold a house to a Jewish family He also implied that Buckley was homosexual and a racist antiblack anti Semitic and a pro crypto Nazi 95 96 Buckley sued Vidal and Esquire for libel Vidal countersued Buckley for libel citing Buckley s characterization of Vidal s novel Myra Breckenridge as pornography After Buckley received an out of court settlement from Esquire he dropped the suit against Vidal Both cases were dropped 97 with Buckley settling for court costs paid by Esquire which had published the piece while Vidal who did not sue the magazine absorbed his own court costs Neither paid the other compensation Buckley also received an editorial apology from Esquire as part of the settlement 97 98 The feud was reopened in 2003 when Esquire republished the original Vidal essay as part of a collection titled Esquire s Big Book of Great Writing After further litigation Esquire agreed to pay 65 000 to Buckley and his attorneys to destroy every remaining copy of the book that included Vidal s essay to furnish Buckley s 1969 essay to anyone who asked for it and to publish an open letter stating that Esquire s current management was not aware of the history of this litigation and greatly regretted the re publication of the libels in the 2003 collection 98 Buckley maintained a philosophical antipathy toward Vidal s other bete noire Norman Mailer calling him almost unique in his search for notoriety and absolutely unequalled in his co existence with it 99 Meanwhile Mailer called Buckley a second rate intellect incapable of entertaining two serious thoughts in a row 100 After Mailer s 2007 death Buckley wrote warmly about their personal acquaintance Associations with liberal politicians Edit Buckley became a close friend of liberal Democratic activist Allard K Lowenstein He featured Lowenstein on numerous Firing Line programs publicly endorsed his candidacies for Congress and delivered a eulogy at his funeral 101 102 Buckley was also a friend of economist John Kenneth Galbraith 103 104 and former senator and presidential candidate George McGovern 105 both of whom he frequently featured or debated on Firing Line and college campuses He and Galbraith occasionally appeared on The Today Show where host Frank McGee would introduce them and then step aside and defer to their verbal thrusts and parries 106 Amnesty International Edit In the late 1960s Buckley joined the board of directors of Amnesty International USA 107 He resigned in January 1978 in protest over the organization s stance against capital punishment as expressed in its Stockholm Declaration of 1977 which he said would lead to the inevitable sectarianization of the amnesty movement 108 Political views EditPolitical candidates EditIn 1963 64 Buckley mobilized support for the candidacy of Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater first for the Republican nomination against New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller and then for the presidency Buckley used National Review as a forum for mobilizing support for Goldwater 109 Buckley with President Richard Nixon Henry Kissinger and Frank Shakespeare in 1970In July 1971 Buckley assembled a group of conservatives to discuss some of Richard Nixon s domestic and foreign policies that the group opposed In August 1969 Nixon had proposed and later attempted to enact the Family Assistance Plan FAP welfare legislation that would establish a national income floor of 1 600 per year for a family of four 110 Buckley greeting President Gerald Ford in 1976On the international front he negotiated talks with the Soviet Union and initiated relations with China which Buckley as a hawk and anti communist opposed The group known as the Manhattan Twelve included National Review s publisher William A Rusher and editors James Burnham and Frank Meyer Other organizations represented were the newspaper Human Events The Conservative Book Club Young Americans for Freedom and the American Conservative Union 111 On July 28 1971 they published a letter announcing that they would no longer support Nixon 112 The letter said In consideration of his record the undersigned who have heretofore generally supported the Nixon Administration have resolved to suspend our support of the Administration 113 Nonetheless in 1973 the Nixon Administration appointed Buckley as a delegate to the United Nations about which Buckley later wrote a book 113 In 1973 Buckley supported Ronald Reagan s presidential campaign against sitting President Gerald Ford and expressed disappointment at Reagan s narrow loss to Ford 114 In 1981 Buckley informed President elect Reagan that he would decline any official position offered to him Reagan jokingly replied that was too bad because he had wanted to make Buckley ambassador to then Soviet occupied Afghanistan Buckley later wrote When Ronald Reagan offered me the ambassadorship to Afghanistan I said Yes but only if you give me fifteen divisions of bodyguards 115 Race and segregation Edit The central question that emerges is whether the White community in the South is entitled to take such measures as are necessary to prevail politically and culturally in areas where it does not predominate numerically The sobering answer is Yes the White community is so entitled because for the time being it is the advanced race William F Buckley Jr National Review August 1957 116 In the 1950s and early 1960s Buckley opposed federal civil rights legislation and expressed support for continued racial segregation in the South In Freedom Is Not Enough The Opening of the American Workplace author Nancy MacLean states that National Review made James J Kilpatrick a prominent supporter of segregation in the South its voice on the civil rights movement and the Constitution as Buckley and Kilpatrick united North and South in a shared vision for the nation that included upholding white supremacy 117 In the August 24 1957 issue of National Review Buckley s editorial Why the South Must Prevail spoke out explicitly in favor of temporary segregation in the South until long term equality could be achieved Buckley opined that temporary segregation in the South was necessary at the time because the black population lacked the education economic and cultural development to make racial equality possible 118 119 120 Buckley claimed that the white South had the right to impose superior mores for whatever period it takes to effect a genuine cultural equality between the races 119 121 122 123 Buckley said white Southerners were entitled to disenfranchise black voters because for the time being it is the advanced race 124 Buckley characterized Blacks as distinctly ignorant The great majority of the Negroes of the South who do not vote do not care to vote and would not know for what to vote if they could 124 Two weeks after that editorial was published another prominent conservative writer L Brent Bozell Jr Buckley s brother in law wrote in the National Review This magazine has expressed views on the racial question that I consider dead wrong and capable of doing great hurt to the promotion of conservative causes There is a law involved and a Constitution and the editorial gives White Southerners leave to violate them both in order to keep the Negro politically impotent 125 126 Buckley visited South Africa in the 1960s on several paid fact finding missions in which he distributed publications that supported the South African government s policy of apartheid 127 On January 15 1963 the day after George Wallace the white supremacist governor of Alabama made his Segregation Forever inaugural address Buckley published a feature essay in National Review on his recent South African Fortnight concluding it with these words concerning apartheid I know it is a sincere people s effort to fashion the land of peace they want so badly 128 129 In his report Buckley tried to define apartheid and came up with four axioms on which the policy stands the fourth being The notion that the Bantu could participate in power on equal terms with the whites is the worst kind of ideological and social romance 130 After publishing this defense of the Henrik Verwoerd government Buckley wrote that he was bursting with pride over the West German social critic Wilhelm Ropke s praise of the piece 131 Politico indicates that during the administration of Lyndon B Johnson Buckley s writing grew more accommodating toward the civil rights movement In his columns he ridiculed practices designed to keep African Americans off the voter registration rolls condemned proprietors of commercial establishments who declined service to African Americans in violation of the recently enacted 1964 Civil Rights Act and showed little patience for Southern politicians who incited racial violence and race baited in their campaigns 132 According to Politico the turning point for Buckley was when white supremacists set off a bomb in a Birmingham church on September 15 1963 which resulted in the deaths of four African American girls 133 A biographer said that Buckley privately wept about it when he found out about the incident 133 But he disagreed with the concept of structural racism and placed a large amount of blame for lack of economic growth on the black community itself most prominently during a highly publicized 1965 debate at the Cambridge Union with African American writer James Baldwin in which Baldwin carried the floor vote 544 to 164 134 135 136 In the late 1960s Buckley disagreed with segregationist George Wallace of Alabama debating against Wallace s segregationist platform on a January 1968 episode of Firing Line 137 138 Buckley later said he wished National Review had been more supportive of civil rights legislation in the 1960s 139 He grew to admire Martin Luther King Jr and supported the creation of Martin Luther King Jr Day 140 In 2004 Buckley told Time I once believed we could evolve our way up from Jim Crow I was wrong Federal intervention was necessary 132 The same year he endeavored to clarify his earlier comments on race saying T he point I made about white cultural supremacy was sociological Buckley also linked his usage of the word advancement to its usage in the name NAACP saying that the call for the advancement of colored people presupposes they are behind Which they were in 1958 by any standards of measurement 141 Anti Semitism Edit During the 1950s Buckley worked to remove anti Semitism from the conservative movement and barred anti Semites from working for National Review 140 When Norman Podhoretz demanded that the conservative movement banish paleoconservative columnists Patrick Buchanan and Joseph Sobran who according to cultural critic Jeffrey Hart had promulgated a a neoisolationist nativism tinged with anti Semitism Buckley would have none of it and wrote that Buchanan and Sobran a colleague of Buckley and formerly a senior editor of National Review were not anti Semitic but anti Israel 142 In 1991 Buckley wrote a 40 000 word article denouncing Buchanan He wrote I find it impossible to defend Pat Buchanan against the charge that what he did and said during the period under examination amounted to anti Semitism 143 144 but concluded If you ask do I think Pat Buchanan is an anti Semite my answer is he is not one But I think he s said some anti Semitic things 145 Conservative Roger Scruton wrote Buckley used the pages of the National Review to distance conservatism from anti Semitism and from any other kind of racial stereotyping The important goal for him was to establish a believable stance towards the modern world in which all Americans whatever their race or background could be included and which would uphold the religious and social traditions of the American people as well as the institutions of government as the Founders had conceived them 146 Foreign policy Edit Buckley s opposition to communism extended to support for the overthrow and replacement of leftist governments by nondemocratic forces Buckley admired Spanish dictator General Francisco Franco who led the rightist military rebellion in its military defeat of the Spanish Republic and praised him effusively in his magazine National Review In his 1957 Letter From Spain 147 Buckley called Franco an authentic national hero 147 148 who above others had the qualities needed to wrest Spain from the hands of the visionaries ideologues Marxists and nihilists i e the country s democratically elected government 149 He supported the military dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet who led the 1973 coup that overthrew Chilean president Salvador Allende s democratically elected Marxist government Buckley called Allende a president who was defiling the Chilean constitution and waving proudly the banner of his friend and idol Fidel Castro 150 In 2020 the Columbia Journalism Review uncovered documents that implicated Buckley in a media campaign by the Argentina military junta promoting the regime s image while covering up the Dirty War 151 Regarding the War in Iraq Buckley stated The reality of the situation is that missions abroad to effect regime change in countries without a bill of rights or democratic tradition are terribly arduous He added This isn t to say that the Iraq war is wrong or that history will judge it to be wrong But it is absolutely to say that conservatism implies a certain submission to reality and this war has an unrealistic frank and is being conscripted by events 152 In a February 2006 column published at National Review Online and distributed by Universal Press Syndicate Buckley wrote One cannot doubt that the American objective in Iraq has failed and it s important that we acknowledge in the inner councils of state that the war has failed so that we should look for opportunities to cope with that failure 153 Marijuana Edit Buckley supported the legalization of marijuana and some other drug legalization as early as his 1965 candidacy for mayor of New York City 154 155 But in 1972 he said that while he supported removing criminal penalties for using marijuana he also supported cracking down on trafficking marijuana 156 Buckley wrote a pro marijuana legalization piece for National Review in 2004 in which he called for conservatives to change their views on legalization writing We re not going to find someone running for president who advocates reform of those laws What is required is a genuine republican groundswell It is happening but ever so gradually Two of every five Americans believe the government should treat marijuana more or less the same way it treats alcohol It should regulate it control it tax it and make it illegal only for children 157 Gay rights Edit Buckley took a middle course on the issues of gay rights and sexual ethics He strongly opposed gay marriage but supported the legalization of homosexual relations 158 In a March 18 1986 New York Times op ed Buckley addressed the AIDS epidemic Calling it a fact that AIDS is the special curse of the homosexual he argued that people infected with HIV should marry only if they agreed to sterilization and that universal testing led by insurance companies not the government should be mandatory Most controversially he wrote Everyone detected with AIDS should be tattooed in the upper forearm to protect common needle users and on the buttocks to prevent the victimization of other homosexuals 159 The piece led to much criticism some gay activists advocated boycotting Patricia Buckley s fund raising efforts for AIDS William Buckley later backtracked from the piece but in 2004 he told The New York Times Magazine If the protocol had been accepted many who caught the infection unguardedly would be alive Probably over a million 160 Spy novelist EditIn 1975 Buckley recounted being inspired to write a spy novel by Frederick Forsyth s The Day of the Jackal If I were to write a book of fiction I d like to have a whack at something of that nature 161 He went on to explain that he was determined to avoid the moral ambiguity of Graham Greene and John le Carre Buckley wrote the 1976 spy novel Saving the Queen featuring Blackford Oakes as a rule bound CIA agent based in part on his own CIA experiences Over the next 30 years he would write another ten novels featuring Oakes New York Times critic Charlie Rubin wrote that the series at its best evokes John O Hara in its precise sense of place amid simmering class hierarchies 162 Stained Glass second in the series won a 1980 National Book Award in the one year category Mystery paperback 163 b Buckley was particularly concerned about the view that what the CIA and the KGB were doing was morally equivalent He wrote in his memoirs To say that the CIA and the KGB engage in similar practices is the equivalent of saying that the man who pushes an old lady into the path of a hurtling bus is not to be distinguished from the man who pushes an old lady out of the path of a hurtling bus on the grounds that after all in both cases someone is pushing old ladies around 164 Buckley began writing on computers in 1982 starting with a Zenith Z 89 165 According to his son Buckley developed an almost fanatical loyalty to WordStar installing it on every new PC he got despite its growing obsolescence over the years Buckley used it to write his last novel and when asked why he continued using something so outdated he answered They say there s better software but they also say there s better alphabets Later career Edit Buckley shaking hands with President George W Bush on October 6 2005 In 1988 Buckley helped defeat liberal Republican Senator Lowell Weicker in Connecticut Buckley organized a committee to campaign against Weicker and endorsed his Democratic opponent Connecticut Attorney General Joseph Lieberman 166 In 1991 Buckley received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George H W Bush Upon turning 65 in 1990 he retired from the day to day running of the National Review 57 58 He relinquished his controlling shares of National Review in June 2004 to a pre selected board of trustees The following month he published the memoir Miles Gone By Buckley continued to write his syndicated newspaper column as well as opinion pieces for National Review magazine and National Review Online He remained the ultimate source of authority at the magazine and also conducted lectures and gave interviews 167 Views on modern day conservatism Edit Buckley criticized certain aspects of policy within the modern conservative movement Of George W Bush s presidency he said If you had a European prime minister who experienced what we ve experienced it would be expected that he would retire or resign 168 According to Jeffrey Hart writing in The American Conservative Buckley had a tragic view of the Iraq war he saw it as a disaster and thought that the conservative movement he had created had in effect committed intellectual suicide by failing to maintain critical distance from the Bush administration At the end of his life Buckley believed the movement he made had destroyed itself by supporting the war in Iraq 169 Regarding the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 however it was noted by the editors of National Review that Buckley initially opposed the surge but after seeing its early success believed it deserved more time to work 170 In his December 3 2007 column shortly after his wife s death which he attributed at least in part to her smoking Buckley seemed to advocate banning tobacco use in America 171 Buckley wrote articles for Playboy despite criticizing the magazine and its philosophy 172 About neoconservatives he said in 2004 I think those I know which is most of them are bright informed and idealistic but that they simply overrate the reach of U S power and influence 141 173 174 175 176 Death and legacy EditBuckley suffered from emphysema and diabetes in his later years In a December 2007 column he commented on the cause of his emphysema citing his lifelong habit of smoking tobacco despite endorsing a legal ban of it 171 On February 27 2008 he died from a heart attack at his home in Stamford Connecticut at the age of 82 Initially it was reported that he was found dead at his desk in his study a converted garage his son Christopher Buckley said He died with his boots on after a lifetime of riding pretty tall in the saddle 46 But in his 2009 book Losing Mum and Pup A Memoir he admitted that this account was a slight embellishment on his part while his father died in his study he was found lying on the floor 4 Buckley was buried at the Saint Bernard Cemetery in Sharon Connecticut next to his wife Patricia Notable members of the Republican political establishment paying tribute to Buckley included President George W Bush 177 former Speaker of the House of Representatives Newt Gingrich and former First Lady Nancy Reagan 178 Bush said of Buckley He influenced a lot of people including me He captured the imagination of a lot of people 179 Gingrich added Bill Buckley became the indispensable intellectual advocate from whose energy intelligence wit and enthusiasm the best of modern conservatism drew its inspiration and encouragement Buckley began what led to Senator Barry Goldwater and his Conscience of a Conservative that led to the seizing of power by the conservatives from the moderate establishment within the Republican Party From that emerged Ronald Reagan 180 Reagan s widow Nancy commented Ronnie valued Bill s counsel throughout his political life and after Ronnie died Bill and Pat were there for me in so many ways 179 House Minority Whip Roy Blunt stated that William F Buckley was more than a journalist or commentator He was the indisputable leader of the conservative movement that laid the groundwork for the Reagan Revolution Every Republican owes him a debt of gratitude for his tireless efforts on behalf of our party and nation 181 Despite praise from some commentators Buckley s standing as an intellectual has been questioned Prominent leftist philosopher and linguist Noam Chomsky has dismissed Buckley s intellectual acumen 182 Various organizations have awards and honors named after Buckley 183 184 The Intercollegiate Studies Institute awards the William F Buckley Award for Outstanding Campus Journalism 185 Language and idiolect EditBuckley was well known for his command of language 186 He came late to formal instruction in English not learning it until he was seven years old and having earlier learned Spanish and French 15 Michelle Tsai in Slate says that he spoke English with an idiosyncratic accent something between an old fashioned upper class Mid Atlantic accent and British Received Pronunciation yet with a Southern drawl 187 Sociologist Patricia Leavy called it Buckley s High Church mid Atlantic accent taught to actors in the Hollywood studios of the 1930s and 1940s that was curdled by an ascendant tincture of Southern drawl that softened somewhat the supercilious inflection that very likely was spawned during his education at Yale 188 Professor of political science Gerald L Houseman wrote that Buckley s vaunted love of language did not ensure the quality of his writing and criticized some of Buckley s work for inappropriate metaphors and inelegant syntax and for his habit of interjecting in his quotations of others parenthetical references to the temperament or morals of those being quoted 189 Rhetorical style Edit On Firing Line Buckley had a reputation for being polite to his guests But he also occasionally softly teased his guests if they were friends 190 Sometimes during heated debates as with Noam Chomsky and Gore Vidal Buckley became less polite 191 192 Epstein 1972 says that liberals were especially fascinated by Buckley and often wanted to debate him in part because his ideas resembled their own for Buckley typically formulated his arguments in reaction to left liberal opinion rather than being founded on conservative principles that were alien to the liberals 193 Appel 1992 argues from rhetorical theory that Buckley s essays are often written in low burlesque in the manner of Samuel Butler s satirical poem Hudibras Considered as drama such discourse features black and white disorder a guilt mongering logician distorted clownish opponents limited scapegoating and a self serving redemption 194 Lee 2008 contends that Buckley introduced a new rhetorical style that conservatives often tried to emulate The gladiatorial style as Lee calls it is flashy and combative filled with sound bites and leads to inflammatory drama As conservatives encountered Buckley s arguments about government liberalism and markets the theatrical appeal of Buckley s gladiatorial style inspired conservative imitators becoming one of the principal templates for conservative rhetoric 195 Nathan J Robinson writing in Current Affairs about Buckley s role as a major conservative intellectual says Buckley created a template for conservative intellectualism that is still used today be glib confident and a good debater throw in a dash of wit and some references to the Classics Do it all with a self satisfied smile and the validity or invalidity of your underlying arguments will cease to be a matter of serious discussion 196 In popular culture EditFor the 1991 film Hook Dustin Hoffman based his vocal mannerisms as Captain Hook on Buckley 197 In the 1992 film Aladdin the Genie voiced by Robin Williams impersonates Buckley in two scenes 198 199 The 2016 film X Men Apocalypse briefly shows footage of Buckley on a TV news clip 200 201 Buckley is a major character in James Graham s 2021 play Best of Enemies Works EditMain article William F Buckley Jr bibliography See also List of Blackford Oakes novelsExplanatory notes Edit William Francis in the editorial obituary Up From Liberalism The Wall Street Journal February 28 2008 p A16 Martin Douglas William F Buckley Jr 82 Dies Sesquipedalian Spark of Right obituary New York Times February 28 2008 which reported that his parents preferred Frank which would make him a Jr but at his christening the priest insisted on a saint s name so Francis was chosen When the younger William Buckley was five he asked to change his middle name to Frank and his parents agreed At that point he became William F Buckley Jr From 1980 to 1983 in National Book Award history there were dual awards for hardcover and paperback books in many categories Most of the paperback award winners were reprints including this one References EditCitations Edit Italie Hillel February 27 2008 Author Conservative Commentator William F Buckley Jr Dies at 82 KVIA com Associated Press Archived from the original on April 18 2021 Retrieved November 21 2020 The Wall Street Journal February 28 2008 p A16 Cumulus hillsdale edu Archived from the original on May 25 2010 a b Martin Douglas February 27 2008 William F Buckley Jr Is Dead at 82 The New York Times Archived from the original on February 28 2008 Retrieved February 27 2008 C SPAN Booknotes October 23 1993 Buckley William F Jr Happy Days Were Here Again Reflections of a Libertarian Journalist Random House ISBN 0 679 40398 1 1993 Nash George H February 28 2008 Simply Superlative Words for Buckley National Review Online Archived from the original on March 3 2008 Retrieved February 29 2008 Parker Ashley September 19 2011 An Unconventional Strategist Reshaping Romney The New York Times Archived from the original on September 21 2011 Retrieved July 24 2022 Stevens Stuart 2021 It was All a Lie How the Republican Party Became Donald Trump Alfred A Knopf p 113 ISBN 978 0 593 08097 9 Archived from the original on January 19 2023 Retrieved July 24 2022 a b Berry John F February 8 1979 Buckley Agrees to Pay Back 1 4 Million in Fraud Case The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved March 14 2022 a b Magnuson Ed November 16 1981 Free Enterprise Buckley Style Time ISSN 0040 781X Archived from the original on March 14 2022 Retrieved March 14 2022 Ancestry of William F Buckley www wargs com Archived from the original on June 21 2018 Retrieved February 18 2014 The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography Being the History of the United States as Illustrated in the Lives of the Founders Builders and Defenders of the Republic and of the Men and Women who are Doing the Work and Moulding the Thought of the Present Time University Microfilms January 1 1967 via Google Books Judis 2001 p 29 a b Buckley William F Jr 2004 Miles Gone By A Literary Autobiography Regnery Publishing Early chapters recount his early education and mastery of languages William F Buckley Jr Calvert Homeschooler Calvert Blog Network Alumni Calvert Education January 28 2014 Archived from the original on April 2 2015 Retrieved March 18 2015 Aloise Buckley Heath The News and Courier January 21 1967 Retrieved March 11 2013 permanent dead link Judis p 103 312 316 sfn error no target CITEREFJudis help Buckley William F Jr 2008 Let Us Talk of Many Things The Collected Speeches Basic Books p 466 ISBN 978 0 7867 2689 9 Archived from the original on January 19 2023 Retrieved June 3 2022 Edwards 2014 p 16 Nock Albert Jay 1937 Our Enemy the State Ludwig von Mises Institute pp 165 168 ISBN 978 1 61016 372 9 William F Buckley Jr and the Phoenix Symphony Firing Line Archived from the original on December 17 2021 Retrieved January 8 2019 via YouTube a b Once Again Buckley Takes on Bach Archived March 5 2016 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times October 25 1992 a b William F Buckley Jr Mad About Music WNYC Retrieved September 18 2020 via American Archive of Public Broadcasting Tanglewood Jazz Festival September 1 3 2006 in Lenox Massachusetts Allaboutjazz com Archived from the original on July 6 2012 Retrieved May 6 2015 An Hour with Editor William F Buckley Jr Charlie Rose March 24 2006 50 43 minutes in PBS Archived from the original on December 16 2014 Phelan Matthew February 28 2011 Seymour Hersh and the men who want him committed Archived March 2 2011 at the Wayback Machine Salon com Buckley 1997 p 241 Buckley 1997 p 30 Buckley 1997 p 37 William F Buckley on the New Mass Archived from the original on June 17 2008 Retrieved July 11 2008 William F Buckley s Fascination with Italian Mystic Maria Valtorta Archived from the original on December 27 2010 Retrieved December 25 2010 Judis 2001 p 49 50 Robbins Alexandra 2002 Secrets of the Tomb Skull and Bones the Ivy League and the Hidden Paths of Power Boston Little Brown p 41 ISBN 0 316 72091 7 a b c Buckley William F rank Jr 1925 2008 Biography Retrieved February 27 2008 dead link The Manuscripts and Archives Digital Images Database MADID Archived from the original on March 3 2016 Retrieved May 27 2010 Richard Shapiro Wins PU Debate on Aid to China Yale Daily News January 22 1948 Retrieved April 28 2018 via Yale Daily News Historical Archive Yale University Library Diamond Sigmund 1992 Compromised Campus The Collaboration of Universities with the Intelligence Community 1945 1955 New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 195 05382 1 Chapter 7 is devoted to Buckley History Osterweis Debate Tournament Yale Debate Association Osterweis Tournament Retrieved March 14 2020 Vaughan Sam 1996 William F Buckley Jr The Art of Fiction No 146 The Paris Review Vol Summer 1996 no 139 Retrieved April 6 2021 Buckley William F Jr March 4 2007 My friend E Howard Hunt Los Angeles Times ISSN 0458 3035 Archived from the original on May 18 2015 Retrieved May 6 2015 Tad Szulc Compulsive Spy The Strange Career of E Howard Hunt New York Viking 1974 William F Buckley Jr Salon September 3 1999 Archived from the original on September 27 2020 Retrieved September 2 2020 a b Martin Douglas February 27 2008 William F Buckley Jr is dead at 82 International Herald Tribune Archived from the original on May 25 2010 Retrieved February 27 2008 CNN February 27 2008 Archived June 5 2008 at the Wayback Machine a b Buck Rinker February 28 2007 William F Buckley Jr 1925 2008 Icon of the Right Entertaining Erudite Voice of Conservatism The Hartford Courant Archived from the original on March 3 2008 Retrieved March 1 2008 Bob Colacello on Pat and Bill Buckley Vanity Fair December 2008 Archived from the original on July 28 2017 Retrieved October 22 2019 Toy Vivian S March 18 2010 A Liberal Price Cut The New York Times Archived from the original on March 6 2019 Retrieved March 5 2019 Why Do Things Work in Switzerland and Not in the U S A Archived December 17 2021 at the Wayback Machine Firing Line with William F Buckley Jr Ep 850 February 22 1990 Guests Evan G Galbraith and Jacques Freymond Full transcript available at the Hoover Institution Countryman Vern 1952 Review of William F Buckley God and Man at Yale The Yale Law Journal Archived October 9 2016 at the Wayback Machine 61 2 272 283 Once upon a time there was a little boy named William Buckley Although he was a very little boy he was much too big for his britches Bundy McGeorge November 1 1951 The Attack on Yale The Atlantic Chamberlain John A Life With the Printed Word Chicago Regnery 1982 p 147 McCann David R Strauss Barry S 2015 War and Democracy A Comparative Study of the Korean War and the Peloponnesian War Routledge Judis 2001 p 103 Buckley Jr William F Bozell L Brent 1954 McCarthy and His Enemies The Record and Its Meaning H Regnery Company p 335 ISBN 978 0 89526 472 5 Buccola Nicholas 2020 The Fire Is Upon Us James Baldwin William F Buckley Jr and the Debate Over Race in America Princeton University Press pp 62 63 ISBN 978 0 691 21077 3 a b Encyclopedia com June 10 1990 Archived January 12 2009 at the Wayback Machine a b Flashback National Review Online Archived from the original on January 9 2009 Phillips Fein Kim Conservatism A State of the Field Journal of American History Dec 2011 Vol 98 No 3 p 729 Nash George H The Conservative Intellectual Tradition Since 1945 1976 Diggins John P Buckley s Comrades The Ex Communist as Conservative Dissent July 1975 Vol 22 No 4 pp 370 386 Smant Kevin Whither Conservatism James Burnham and National Review 1955 1964 Continuity No 15 1991 pp 83 97 Smant Kevin Principles and Heresies Frank S Meyer and the Shaping of the American Conservative Movement 2002 pp 33 66 Roger Chapman Culture wars an encyclopedia of issues viewpoints and voices 2009 vol 1 p 58 Ayn Rand R I P The National Review April 2 1982 Burns Jennifer Goddess of the Market Ayn Rand and the American Right 1930 1980 2010 p 162 Chambers Whittaker December 28 1957 Big Sister is Watching You National Review Archived from the original on October 13 2007 Retrieved October 13 2007 Online reprint October 12 2007 Chambers Whittaker December 28 1957 Big Sister is Watching You National Review Archived from the original on June 30 2013 Retrieved March 18 2012 via WhittakerChambers org Online reprint Buckley William F Jr Notes Toward an Empirical Definition of Conservatism in Meyer Frank S ed What is Conservatism 1964 p 214 Burns Jennifer Godless Capitalism Ayn Rand and the Conservative Movement Modern Intellectual History 2004 1 3 pp 359 385 Buckley William F Jr Goldwater the John Birch Society and Me Archived November 30 2012 at the Wayback Machine Commentary March 2008 Hemmer Nicole 2016 Messengers of the Right Conservative Media and the Transformation of American Politics University of Pennsylvania Press p 189 ISBN 978 0 8122 9307 4 a b c Felzenberg Alvin June 19 2017 How William F Buckley Became the Gatekeeper of the Conservative Movement National Review Retrieved December 18 2020 a b c Alvin Felzenberg June 20 2017 The Inside Story of William F Buckley Jr s Crusade against the John Birch Society National Review Retrieved December 18 2020 a b c Felzenberg Alvin A Man and His Presidents The Political Odyssey of William F Buckley Jr Timeline and History The John Birch Society Archived from the original on December 3 2020 Retrieved December 19 2020 a b Freeman Neal B Buckley Rule According to Bill not Karl National Review Online Archived from the original on December 16 2014 Retrieved February 20 2014 Murdock Deroy November 8 2016 Follow the Buckley Standard Vote for Trump National Review Online Archived from the original on November 14 2020 Retrieved March 14 2020 Quarles Philip William F Buckley Jr Mayoral Candidate on Political Rhetoric and Theater 1965 WNYC org New York Public Radio Archived from the original on May 27 2020 Retrieved March 14 2020 Kesler Charles R Kienker John B 2012 Life Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness Ten Years of the Claremont Review of Books Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers p 86 ISBN 9781442213357 William F Buckley Jr The Witch Doctor is Dead Capmag com Archived from the original on January 14 2010 Retrieved May 6 2015 MacDonald amp Associates Facts Forum press release jfredmacdonald com Archived from the original on January 12 2011 Retrieved June 13 2011 Judis 2001 p 185 198 311 a b c d Manning Lona October 9 2009 Edgar Smith The Great Prevaricator Crime Magazine Archived from the original on January 3 2010 Retrieved March 10 2007 a b c d Stout David September 24 2017 Edgar Smith Killer Who Duped William F Buckley Dies at 83 The New York Times Archived from the original on September 25 2017 Retrieved September 25 2017 How a murderer duped William F Buckley Jr into fighting for his release New York Post February 19 2022 Archived from the original on February 19 2022 Retrieved May 30 2022 Jonathan Schoenwald A Time for Choosing The Rise of Modern American Conservatism 2002 pp 162 189 a b Tanenhaus Sam October 2 2005 The Buckley Effect The New York Times Archived from the original on September 24 2008 Retrieved November 12 2007 Having a beer with William F Buckley Jr Los Angeles Daily News February 28 2008 Perlstein Rick 2008 Nixonland The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America Simon and Schuster pp 144 146 ISBN 978 0 7432 4302 5 Rosen James September 7 2015 The Long Hot Summer of 68 National Review 67 16 37 42 Archived from the original on January 19 2017 Retrieved September 28 2015 a b c Grynbaum Michael M July 24 2015 Buckley vs Vidal When Debate Became Bloodsport The New York Times New York ed p 12 eISSN 1553 8095 ISSN 0362 4331 OCLC 1645522 Archived from the original on February 5 2021 Retrieved December 14 2021 On a night of riots at the Democratic convention in Chicago Buckley and Vidal had their own climactic on air clash Vidal called Buckley a crypto Nazi prompting a reaction that still stuns Now listen you queer Buckley replied stop calling me a crypto Nazi or I ll sock you in the goddamn face and you ll stay plastered Esquire August 1969 p 132 Vidal Gore September 1969 A Distasteful Encounter with William F Buckley Jr Esquire pp 140 145 150 Archived from the original on February 16 2005 Retrieved February 28 2008 Colacello Bob January 2009 Mr and Mrs Right Vanity Fair Archived from the original on July 28 2017 Retrieved June 22 2016 In follow up pieces in Esquire Buckley focused on homosexual themes in Vidal s work and Vidal responded by implying that Buckley was a homosexual and an anti Semite whereupon Buckley sued and Vidal countersued Buckley Drops Vidal Suit Settles With Esquire The New York Times September 26 1972 Archived from the original on January 24 2016 Retrieved June 22 2016 Mr Gingrich confirmed that Esquire would publish a statement in its November issue disavowing the most vivid statements of the Vidal article calling Mr Buckley racist antiblack anti Semitic and a pro crypto Nazi a b National Review National Review Archived from the original on August 26 2009 a b Murphy Jarrett December 20 2004 Buckley and Vidal One More Round Archived from the original on October 21 2019 Retrieved October 21 2019 National Review Archived January 9 2009 at the Wayback Machine Martin Douglas February 27 2008 William F Buckley Jr Is Dead at 82 The New York Times Archived from the original on July 1 2017 Retrieved February 23 2017 Firing Line episode 415 Allard Lowenstein A Retrospective May 18 1980 Archived November 4 2013 at the Wayback Machine Buckley William F Jr On the Firing Line The Public Life of Our Public Figures 1988 pp 423 434 The Sydney Morning Herald Mordant wit perched atop Manhattan society Pat Buckley 1926 2007 Archived September 24 2015 at the Wayback Machine McGinness Mark April 28 2007 The Daily Beast Buckley Bows Out of National Review Archived July 21 2012 at the Wayback Machine Christopher Buckley October 14 2008 C SPAN Conservative v Liberal Ideology Archived November 3 2013 at the Wayback Machine Debate William F Buckley v George S McGovern Southeast Missouri State University April 10 1997 Hoover Institute Stanford University Library and Archives The Firing Line Archive Archived April 23 2015 at the Wayback Machine Buckley William F April 13 1970 Amnesty International Newark Advocate p 4 Montgomery Bruce P Spring 1995 Archiving Human Rights The Records of Amnesty International USA Archivaria 39 108 131 Archived from the original on August 1 2008 Retrieved April 11 2008 Judis 2001 ch 10 Small Melvin 1999 The Presidency of Richard Nixon University Press of Kansas ISBN 0 7006 0973 3 Laurence Jurdem October 25 2016 When National Review Finally Had Enough of Richard Nixon A Chorus of Disapproval http laurencejurdem com 2016 10 when national review finally had enough of richard nixon a chorus of disapproval Archived March 12 2018 at the Wayback Machine Tad Szulc July 29 1971 11 Conservatives criticize Nixon New York Times page 7 https www nytimes com 1971 07 29 archives 11 conservatives criticize nixon headed by william buckley they html Archived March 12 2018 at the Wayback Machine a b Redman Eric William Buckley Reports on a Tour of Duty The New York Times Retrieved March 14 2020 Buckley and Reagan Fighting the Good Fight National Review April 27 2010 Archived from the original on November 24 2022 Retrieved November 24 2022 Feulner Edwin J 1998 The March of Freedom Modern Classics in Conservative Thought Spence Publishing Company p 9 ISBN 978 0 9653208 8 7 Recalling an Ugly Time The New York Times February 24 2003 Archived from the original on January 25 2021 Retrieved September 2 2020 MacLean Nancy Freedom Is Not Enough The Opening of the American Workplace 2008 p 46 Wilentz Sean The Age of Reagan A History 1974 2008 HarperCollins 2009 p 471 a b Judis 2001 p 138 Buckley William F August 24 1957 Why the South Must Prevail PDF National Review Vol 4 pp 148 149 Archived PDF from the original on March 27 2019 Retrieved September 16 2017 Whitfield Stephen J A death in the Delta The story of Emmett Till Johns Hopkins University Press p 11 Lott Jeremy William F Buckley Jr 2010 p 136 Crespinon Joseph In Search of another Country Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution Princeton University Press 2007 pp 81 82 a b Mississippi Elections Chief Warns Biden May Register Woke Uninformed College Voters Mississippi Free Press April 6 2021 Archived from the original on April 7 2021 Retrieved April 7 2021 Bogus Carl T November 1 2011 Buckley William F Buckley Jr and the Rise of American Conservatism Bloomsbury Publishing USA via Internet Archive Lowndes Joseph E October 1 2008 From the New Deal to the New Right Race and the Southern Origins of Modern Conservatism Yale University Press ISBN 978 0300148282 via Google Books Slobodian Quinn 2020 Globalists The End of Empire and the Birth of Neoliberalism Harvard University Press p 168 ISBN 978 0 674 24484 9 Blumenthal Sidney August 28 1985 U S Conservatives Ambivalent on S Africa The Washington Post Retrieved March 27 2022 Buccola Nicholas 2020 The Fire Is Upon Us James Baldwin William F Buckley Jr and the Debate Over Race in America Princeton University Press p 190 ISBN 978 0 691 21077 3 Lulat Y G M 1991 U S Relations with South Africa An Annotated Bibliography Volume Two Periodical Literature and Guide to Sources of Current Information Avalon Publishing ISBN 978 0 8133 7747 6 Slobodian Quinn November 1 2014 The World Economy and the Color Line Wilhelm Ropke Apartheid and the White Atlantic Bulletin of the German Historical Institute Supplement 10 62 Archived from the original on March 27 2022 Retrieved March 27 2022 a b Felzenberg Alvin How William F Buckley Jr Changed His Mind on Civil Rights POLITICO Magazine Archived from the original on March 24 2019 Retrieved March 24 2019 a b Felzenberg Alvin How William F Buckley Jr Changed His Mind on Civil Rights POLITICO Magazine Archived from the original on March 24 2019 Retrieved May 30 2022 When James Baldwin Squared Off Against William F Buckley Jr The New York Times October 18 2019 Archived from the original on September 3 2020 Retrieved September 1 2020 James Baldwin Debates William F Buckley 1965 The Riverbends Channel October 27 2012 Archived from the original on May 21 2019 Retrieved November 3 2015 via YouTube Schultz Kevin M June 2015 Buckley and Mailer The Difficult Friendship That Shaped the Sixties ISBN 9780393248234 Retrieved June 7 2015 Anatomy of a Takedown William F Buckley Jr vs George Wallace WBUR org Archived from the original on March 24 2019 Retrieved March 24 2019 Firing Line with William F Buckley Jr The Wallace Crusade Hoover Institution January 25 2017 Archived from the original on December 12 2021 Retrieved October 3 2020 via YouTube Felzenberg Alvin S 2017 A Man and His Presidents The Political Odyssey of William F Buckley Jr New Haven London Yale University Press pp 159 60 ISBN 978 0 300 16384 1 I once believed we could evolve our way up from Jim Crow I was wrong Federal intervention was necessary a b Tanenhaus Sam on William F Buckley Archived June 4 2010 at the Wayback Machine Paper Cuts blog at The New York Times website February 27 2008 a b Sanger Deborah Questions for William F Buckley Conservatively Speaking Archived November 18 2020 at the Wayback Machine interview in The New York Times Magazine July 11 2004 Retrieved March 6 2008 Edwards 2014 p 84 85 Is Pat Buchanan anti semitic Newsweek December 22 1991 Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved December 15 2022 Glazer Nathan July 16 2000 The Enmity Within The New York Times Retrieved April 28 2020 Chavez Linda April 30 2009 An Unlikely Conservative The Transformation Of An Ex liber Basic Books p 207 ISBN 978 0 7867 4672 9 Scruton Roger June 19 2018 Conservatism An Invitation to the Great Tradition St Martin s Publishing Group ISBN 978 1 250 17073 6 a b Buckley William F Jr October 26 1957 Yes and Many Thanks But Now the War is Over National Review Vol 4 no 16 p 369 Buckley Jr William F 1963 Rumbles Left and Right A Book about Troublesome People and Ideas Putnam p 49 Krugman Paul 2009 The Conscience of a Liberal W W Norton amp Company pp 103 108 ISBN 978 0 393 06711 8 Buckley William F Jr November 23 1998 Pinochet Why Him National Review Vol 50 no 22 p 63 Gallagher Erin May 4 2020 William F Buckley and Argentina s Dirty War Columbia Journalism Review Retrieved May 3 2021 Season of Conservative Sloth Archived from the original on June 7 2007 Retrieved July 27 2007 It Didn t Work National Review Archived from the original on July 2 2007 Retrieved July 27 2007 Interview William F Buckley PDF Reason March 1983 pp 40 44 Retrieved May 24 2014 The Openmind Buckley on Drug Legalization 1996 Retrieved July 27 2007 Fowler Glenn November 29 1972 BUCKLEY SHIFTS MARIJUANA STAND The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved December 15 2022 Buckley William F Jr Free weed The marijuana debate National Review Archived from the original on August 8 2010 Retrieved October 26 2010 Buckley William F Jr March 28 2003 No Gay Things Allowed National Review Crucial Steps in Combating the AIDS Epidemic Identify All the Carriers The New York Times March 18 1986 Buckley William F Jr July 11 2004 The Way We Live Now 7 11 04 Questions for William F Buckley Conservatively Speaking The New York Times Magazine Interview Interviewed by Solomon Deborah Archived from the original on November 18 2020 Retrieved June 26 2019 The Art of Fiction No 146 William F Buckley Jr The Paris Review Interview Interviewed by Vaughan Sam November 24 1925 Retrieved May 6 2015 Last Call for Blackford Oakes Cocktails With Philby Charlie Rubin The New York Times July 17 2005 National Book Awards 1980 Archived April 26 2020 at the Wayback Machine National Book Foundation Retrieved 2012 02 28 With essay by Harold Augenbraum from the Awards 60 year anniversary blog Bridges Linda Coyne John R Jr 2007 Strictly Right William F Buckley Jr and the American Conservative Movement Hoboken Wiley p 182 ISBN 978 0 471 75817 4 Shea Tom September 13 1982 Buckley finds word processing on Z 89 liberating InfoWorld p 26 Retrieved January 9 2015 National Review Archived January 9 2009 at the Wayback Machine A Life on the Right William F Buckley NPR National Public Radio Archived from the original on April 29 2015 Retrieved May 6 2015 Buckley Bush Not a True Conservative CBS News July 22 2006 Archived from the original on November 4 2013 Retrieved May 6 2015 Right at the end The American Conservative March 24 2008 National Review Archived from the original on July 17 2011 a b Buckley William F Jr December 3 2007 My Smoking Confessional Archived from the original on March 4 2008 Retrieved February 28 2008 Rosen James W Hef B Bill Buckley Playboy and the Struggle for the Soul of America Real Clear Politics Archived from the original on November 27 2021 Retrieved November 27 2021 Video of Buckley debating James Baldwin October 26 1965 Cambridge University digitized by UC Berkeley Archived from the original on December 12 2010 The Collected Controversies of William F Buckley Archived December 6 2008 at the Wayback Machine February 28 2008 Where does one Start A Guide to Reading WFB National Review February 29 2008 Archived from the original on March 5 2008 Johns Michael March 7 2008 Michael Johns Walking the Road that Buckley Built Michaeljohnsonfreedomandprosperity blogspot com Archived from the original on December 26 2014 Retrieved May 6 2015 Bush George W February 27 2008 Statement by the President on Death of William F Buckley Press release Office of the Press Secretary the White House Retrieved February 28 2008 Reagan Nancy February 27 2008 Nancy Reagan Reacts to Death of William F Buckley Press release The Office of Nancy Reagan Retrieved February 28 2008 permanent dead link a b Italie Hillele February 27 2008 Conservative author Buckley dies at 82 Yahoo News Associated Press Archived from the original on March 1 2008 Retrieved February 28 2008 Gingrich Newt Before there was Goldwater or Reagan there was Bill Buckley Newt org Archived from the original on March 6 2008 Retrieved March 4 2008 Blunt Statement on Passing of William F Buckley Jr Fox Business February 7 2008 Archived from the original on March 2 2008 Noam Chomsky The Passing of William F Buckley Big Think archived from the original on March 14 2022 retrieved March 14 2022 The William F Buckley Prize Is an Award I m Unable to Reject rushlimbaugh com Archived from the original on February 22 2020 Retrieved March 14 2020 The 8th Annual Buckley Awards cei org Competitive Enterprise Institute Retrieved March 14 2020 The UPenn Statesman Wins Award for Outstanding Campus Reporting The UPenn Statesman December 7 2018 Archived from the original on December 31 2021 Retrieved August 29 2021 See Schmidt Julian June 6 2005 National Review Notes amp asides Letter to the Editor Volume 53 Issue 2 p 17 Tsai Michelle February 28 2008 Why Did William F Buckley Jr talk like that Slate Archived from the original on February 29 2008 Retrieved February 28 2008 Leavy Patricia 2021 Popularizing Scholarly Research The Academic Landscape Representation and Professional Identity in the 21st Century Oxford University Press pp 362 363 ISBN 978 0 19 008522 3 Houseman Gerald L 1982 City of the Right Urban Applications of American Conservative Thought Greenwood Press p 39 ISBN 978 0 313 23181 0 Archived from the original on November 2 2022 Retrieved November 2 2022 Martin Douglas December 8 2008 William Buckley Jr is dead at 82 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on March 27 2022 Retrieved March 27 2022 Lind Michael Buckley vs Vidal The Real Story POLITICO Magazine Archived from the original on March 27 2022 Retrieved March 27 2022 Vietnam and the Intellectuals digitalcollections hoover org Archived from the original on April 18 2022 Retrieved March 27 2022 Joseph Epstein The Politics of William Buckley Conservative Ideologue as Liberal Celebrity Dissent Oct 1972 Vol 19 Issue 4 pp 602 661 Edward C Appel Burlesque drama as a rhetorical genre The hudibrastic ridicule of William F Buckley Jr Western Journal of Communication Summer 1996 Vol 60 Issue 3 pp 269 284 Michael J Lee WFB The Gladiatorial Style and the Politics of Provocation Rhetoric and Public Affairs Summer 2010 Vol 13 Issue 2 pp 43 76 Robinson Nathan J September 10 2020 How To Be A Respectable Public Intellectual Current Affairs Archived from the original on May 17 2022 Retrieved April 10 2022 Murphy Ryan January 5 1992 Dustin Hoffman takes all roles seriously Hook too The Baltimore Sun Archived from the original on December 28 2018 Retrieved January 2 2023 Daly Steve December 4 1992 The Aladdin gamble Entertainment Weekly Archived from the original on October 6 2014 Retrieved August 25 2022 Kempley Rita November 25 1992 Aladdin The Washington Post Bradshaw Peter May 9 2016 X Men Apocalypse review lots of bangs for your bucks but loopiness is lost The Guardian Archived from the original on November 11 2016 Retrieved August 25 2022 Singer Bryan 2016 X Men Apocalypse 00 43 55 to 00 43 56 Works cited Edit Buckley William F 1997 Nearer My God An Autobiography of Faith New York Doubleday ISBN 9780385478182 Edwards Lee 2014 William F Buckley Jr The Maker of a Movement Open Road Media ISBN 978 1 4976 2076 6 Judis John B 2001 William F Buckley Jr Patron Saint of the Conservatives New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 0 671 45494 4 Further reading EditBuckley Reid 1999 Strictly Speaking New York McGraw Hill ISBN 0 07 134610 4 Dunn Betty The Buckleys of Great Elm Life Vol 69 No 25 December 18 1970 pp 34 45 Farber David The Rise and Fall of Modern American Conservatism A Short History 2010 pp 39 76 Gottfried Paul 1993 The Conservative Movement ISBN 0 8057 9749 1 Lamb Brian 2001 Booknotes Stories from American History New York Penguin ISBN 1 58648 083 9 Lee Michael J WFB The Gladiatorial Style and the Politics of Provocation Rhetoric and Public Affairs Summer 2010 Vol 13 Issue 2 pp 43 76 Miller David 1990 Chairman Bill A Biography of William F Buckley Jr New York Nash George H The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 2006 Winchell Mark Royden 1984 William F Buckley Jr New York Macmillan Publishing Company ISBN 0 8057 7431 9 Sarchett Barry W Unreading the Spy Thriller The Example of William F Buckley Jr Journal of Popular Culture Fall 1992 Vol 26 Issue 2 pp 127 139 theoretical literary analysis Straus Tamara 1997 The Literary Almanac The Best of the Printed Word 1900 to the Present New York High Tide Press ISBN 1 56731 328 0 McManus John July 15 2002 William F Buckley Jr Pied Piper for the Establishment Wisconsin John Birch Society ISBN 1881919064 Archived from the original on May 18 2021 Retrieved May 18 2021 Writings of Kirk and Buckley American Writers A Journey Through History C SPAN Archived from the original on December 3 2020 Retrieved March 12 2016 Weinkopf Chris September 3 1999 William F Buckley Jr Salon Archived from the original on February 6 2011 Retrieved May 6 2015 Hickman John April 6 2007 Happy is the Columnist who has no History Baltimore Chronicle Archived from the original on April 29 2015 Retrieved May 6 2015 External links EditAppearances on C SPAN William F Buckley at IMDb The William F Buckley Jr Program at Yale University William F Buckley Jr papers MS 576 Manuscripts and Archives Yale University Library Buckley Online a complete guide to the writings William F Buckley at Hillsdale College William F Buckley at Library of Congress Authorities with 109 catalog records William F Buckley s FBI files hosted at the Internet Archive part 1 part 2 Historic debate between James Baldwin and William F Buckley Jr at Cambridge University 1965 on the question Is the American Dream at the expense of the American Negro William F Buckley Jr at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Party political officesNew political party Conservative Party nominee for Mayor of New York City1965 Succeeded byJohn Marchi Portals United States Conservatism Politics Television Literature Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title William F Buckley Jr amp oldid 1134645415, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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