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Ross Perot

Henry Ross Perot (/pəˈr/; June 27, 1930 – July 9, 2019) was an American business magnate, billionaire, politician and philanthropist. He was the founder and chief executive officer of Electronic Data Systems and Perot Systems. He ran an independent campaign in the 1992 U.S. presidential election and a third-party campaign in the 1996 U.S. presidential election as the nominee of the Reform Party, which was formed by grassroots supporters of Perot's 1992 campaign. Although he failed to carry a single state in either election, both campaigns were among the strongest presidential showings by a third party or independent candidate in U.S. history.

Ross Perot
Portrait of Perot by Allan Warren, 1986
Born
Henry Ross Perot

(1930-06-27)June 27, 1930
DiedJuly 9, 2019(2019-07-09) (aged 89)
Resting placeSparkman-Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetery, Dallas
Education
Political party
Spouse
Margot Birmingham
(m. 1956)
Children5, including Ross Jr.
Military career
Service/branchUnited States Navy
Years of service1953–1957
RankLieutenant
WebsiteOfficial website
Signature

Born and raised in Texarkana, Texas, Perot became a salesman for IBM after serving in the United States Navy. In 1962, he founded Electronic Data Systems, a data processing service company. In 1984, General Motors bought a controlling interest in the company for $2.4 billion. Perot established Perot Systems in 1988 and was an angel investor for NeXT, a computer company founded by Steve Jobs after he left Apple. Perot also became heavily involved in the Vietnam War POW/MIA issue, arguing that hundreds of American servicemen were left behind in Southeast Asia after the Vietnam War. During the presidency of George H. W. Bush, Perot became increasingly active in politics and strongly opposed the Gulf War and ratification of the North American Free Trade Agreement.

In 1992, Perot announced his intention to run for president and advocated a balanced budget, an end to the outsourcing of jobs, and the enactment of electronic direct democracy. A June 1992 Gallup poll showed Perot leading a three-way race against President Bush and presumptive Democratic nominee Bill Clinton. Perot briefly withdrew from the race in July, but re-entered the race in early October after he qualified for all 50 state ballots. He chose Admiral James Stockdale as his running mate and appeared in the 1992 debates with Bush and Clinton. In the election, Perot did not win any electoral votes, but won over 19.7 million votes for an 18.9% share of the popular vote. He won support from across the ideological and partisan spectrum, but performed best among self-described moderates. Perot ran for president again in 1996, establishing the Reform Party as a vehicle for his campaign. He won 8.4 percent of the popular vote against President Clinton and Republican nominee Bob Dole.

Perot did not seek public office again after 1996. He endorsed Republican George W. Bush over Reform nominee Pat Buchanan in the 2000 election and supported Republican Mitt Romney in 2008 and 2012. In 2009, Dell acquired Perot Systems for $3.9 billion. According to Forbes, Perot was the 167th richest person in the United States as of 2016.[1]

Early life, education, and military career

Ross Perot was born in Texarkana, Texas, the son of Lula May (née Ray) and Gabriel Ross Perot,[2] a commodity broker specializing in cotton contracts. His patrilineal line traces back to a French-Canadian immigrant to the colony of Louisiana in the 1740s.[3][4] He attended a local private school, Patty Hill, before graduating from Texas High School in Texarkana in 1947.[5][6] One of Perot's childhood friends was Hayes McClerkin, who later became the Speaker of the Arkansas House of Representatives and a prominent lawyer in Texarkana, Arkansas.[7]

Perot started his first job at 8 years old, helping to distribute the Texarkana Gazette as a paperboy. His father died when Perot was 25 years old. Perot had an older brother, Gabriel Perot Jr., who died as a toddler.[8]

Perot joined the Boy Scouts of America and made Eagle Scout in 1942, after 13 months in the program. He was a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.[9][10]

From 1947 to 1949, he attended Texarkana Junior College, then entered the United States Naval Academy in 1949 and helped establish its honor system.[9][11] Perot claimed his appointment notice to the academy—sent by telegram—was sent by W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel, Texas's 34th governor and former senator.[12] Perot served as a junior officer on a destroyer, and later, an aircraft carrier from 1953 to 1957.[13] Perot, who had only ever owned one pair of shoes at a time, was shocked to find that he was issued multiple pairs of shoes in the navy, which he would later point to as "possibly my first example of government waste".[8] Perot then went to the Naval Reserve, which he left on June 30, 1961, with the rank of Lieutenant.[14]

In 1956 Perot married Margot Birmingham, whom he met on a blind date as a midshipman docked in Baltimore.[13][8]

Business

After he left the Navy in 1957, Perot became a salesman for IBM. He quickly became a top employee (one year, he fulfilled his annual sales quota in a mere two weeks)[15] and tried to pitch his ideas to supervisors, who largely ignored him.[16] He left IBM in 1962 to found Electronic Data Systems (EDS) in Dallas, Texas, and courted large corporations for his data processing services. Perot was denied bids for contracts 77 times before receiving his first contract. EDS received lucrative contracts from the US government in the 1960s, computerizing Medicare records. EDS went public in 1968, and the stock price rose from $16 a share to $160 within days. Fortune called Perot the "fastest, richest Texan" in a 1968 cover story.[17] In 1984, General Motors bought a controlling interest in EDS for $2.4 billion.[13]

 
Perot in 1983

In 1974, Perot gained some press attention for being "the biggest individual loser ever on the New York Stock Exchange" when his EDS shares dropped $450 million in value in a single day in April 1970.[why?][18]

Just before the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the government of Iran imprisoned two EDS employees in a contract dispute. Perot organized and sponsored their rescue. The rescue team was led by retired United States Army Special Forces Colonel Arthur D. "Bull" Simons. When the team was unable to find a way to extract the two prisoners, they decided to wait for a mob of pro-Ayatollah revolutionaries to storm the jail and free all 10,000 inmates, many of whom were political prisoners. The two prisoners then connected with the rescue team, and the team spirited them out of Iran via a risky border crossing into Turkey. The exploit was recounted in the book On Wings of Eagles by Ken Follett.[19] In 1986 this was turned into a 2-part television mini-series (alternatively titled "Teheran") with the actor Burt Lancaster playing the role of Colonel Simons.

In 1984, Perot's Perot Foundation bought a very early copy of Magna Carta, one of only a few to leave the United Kingdom. The foundation lent it to the National Archives in Washington, D.C., where it was displayed alongside the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States. In 2007, the foundation sold it to David Rubenstein, managing director of The Carlyle Group for $21.3 million to be used "for medical research, for improving public education and for assisting wounded soldiers and their families".[20] It remains on display at the National Archives.[21]

After Steve Jobs lost the power struggle at Apple and left to found NeXT, his angel investor was Perot, who invested over $20 million. Perot believed in Jobs and did not want to miss out, as he had with his chance to invest in Bill Gates's fledgling Microsoft.[22]

In 1988, he founded Perot Systems in Plano, Texas. His son, Ross Perot Jr., eventually succeeded him as CEO. In September 2009, Perot Systems was acquired by Dell for $3.9 billion.[23]

Political activities

Early political activities

 
Perot with a portrait of George Washington in his office in 1986

After a visit to Laos in 1969, made at the request of the White House,[13] in which he met with senior North Vietnamese officials, Perot became heavily involved in the Vietnam War POW/MIA issue. He believed that hundreds of American servicemen were left behind in Southeast Asia at the end of the U.S. involvement in the war,[24] and that government officials were covering up POW/MIA investigations to avoid revealing a drug-smuggling operation used to finance a secret war in Laos.[25] Perot engaged in unauthorized back-channel discussions with Vietnamese officials in the late 1980s, which led to fractured relations between Perot and the Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations.[24][25] In 1990, Perot reached an agreement with Vietnam's Foreign Ministry to become its business agent if diplomatic relations were normalized.[26] Perot also launched private investigations of, and attacks upon, United States Department of Defense official Richard Armitage.[24][25]

In Florida in 1990, retired financial planner Jack Gargan, employing a famous quotation from the 1976 movie Network, funded a series of "I'm mad as hell and I'm not going to take it anymore" newspaper advertisements denouncing Congress for voting to give legislators pay raises at a time when average wages nationwide were not increasing. Gargan later founded "Throw the Hypocritical Rascals Out" (THRO), which Perot supported.[27]

Perot did not support President George H. W. Bush, and vigorously opposed the United States' involvement in the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf War. He unsuccessfully urged Senators to vote against the war resolution, and began to consider a presidential run.[28][29]

1992 presidential campaign

 
Perot meets Bill Clinton and George H. W. Bush at the third presidential debate at Michigan State University, October 19, 1992.

On February 20, 1992, Perot appeared on CNN's Larry King Live and announced his intention to run as an independent if his supporters could get his name on the ballot in all 50 states. With such declared policies as balancing the federal budget, favoring certain types of gun control, ending the outsourcing of jobs and enacting electronic direct democracy via "electronic town halls," he became a potential candidate and soon polled roughly even with the two major-party candidates.[30]

Perot's candidacy received increasing media attention when the competitive phase of the primary season ended for the two major parties. With the insurgent candidacies of Republican Pat Buchanan and Democrat Jerry Brown winding down, Perot was the natural beneficiary of populist resentment toward establishment politicians. On May 25, 1992, he was featured on the cover of Time with the title "Waiting for Perot," an allusion to Samuel Beckett's play Waiting for Godot.[31]

Several months before the Democratic and Republican conventions, Perot filled the vacuum of election news, as his supporters began petition drives to get him on the ballot in all 50 states. This sense of momentum was reinforced when Perot employed two savvy campaign managers in Democrat Hamilton Jordan and Republican Ed Rollins. While Perot was pondering whether to run for office, his supporters established a campaign organization United We Stand America. Perot was late in making formal policy proposals, but most of what he did call for was intended to reduce the deficit, such as a fuel tax increase and cutbacks to Social Security.[32] In June, Perot led a Gallup poll with 39% of the vote.[33]

In July, the Perot campaign fell into disarray and his polls fell sharply. The 1992 Democratic National Convention was held on Monday, July 13 through Thursday, July 16, during which time there was increased media coverage of the general election. The Milwaukee Sentinel reported that Perot's campaign managers were becoming increasingly disillusioned by Perot's unwillingness to follow their advice to be more specific on issues,[34] and his need to be in full control of operations.[34] The St. Petersburg Times reported such tactics as forcing volunteers to sign loyalty oaths.[35] Perot's poll numbers had slipped to 25%, and his advisers warned that if he continued to ignore them, he would fall into single digits. Hamilton Jordan (a high-ranking manager in the Perot campaign) allegedly threatened to quit, but senior campaign officials denied this.[36]

On July 15, Ed Rollins resigned after Perot fired advertisement specialist Hal Riney, who had worked with Rollins on the Reagan campaign. Rollins would later claim that a member of the campaign accused him of being a Bush plant with ties to the Central Intelligence Agency.[37] Amid the chaos, Perot's support fell to 20%.[38] The next day, Perot announced on Larry King Live that he would not seek the presidency. He explained that he did not want the House of Representatives to decide the election if the result caused the electoral college to be split. Perot eventually stated the reason was that he received threats that digitally altered photographs would be released by the Bush campaign to sabotage his daughter's wedding.[39] Whatever his reasons for withdrawing, his reputation was badly damaged. Many of his supporters felt betrayed, and public opinion polls subsequently showed a largely negative view of Perot that was absent before his decision to end the campaign.[40]

In September, he qualified for all 50 state ballots. On October 1, he announced his intention to re-enter the presidential race. He campaigned in 16 states and spent an estimated $12.3 million of his own money.[41] Perot employed the innovative strategy of purchasing half-hour blocks of time on major networks for infomercial-type campaign advertisements; this advertising garnered more viewership than many sitcoms, with one Friday night program in October attracting 10.5 million viewers.[42]

At one point in June, Perot led the polls with 39% (versus 31% for Bush and 25% for Clinton). Just prior to the debates, Perot received 7–9% support in nationwide polls.[43] The debates likely played a significant role in his ultimate receipt of almost 19% of the popular vote. Although his answers during the debates were often general, Frank Newport of Gallup concluded that Perot "convincingly won the first debate, coming in significantly ahead of both the Democratic challenger Clinton and incumbent President George H.W. Bush".[44] In the debate, he remarked:

Keep in mind our Constitution predates the Industrial Revolution. Our founders did not know about electricity, the train, telephones, radio, television, automobiles, airplanes, rockets, nuclear weapons, satellites, or space exploration. There's a lot they didn't know about. It would be interesting to see what kind of document they'd draft today. Just keeping it frozen in time won't hack it.[45]

Perot denounced Congress for its inaction in his speech at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., on March 18, 1992; he said:

This city has become a town filled with sound bites, shell games, handlers, media stuntmen who posture, create images, talk, shoot off Roman candles, but don't ever accomplish anything. We need deeds, not words, in this city.[46]

In the 1992 election, he received 18.9% of the popular vote, about 19,741,065 votes, but no electoral college votes, making him the most successful third-party presidential candidate in terms of share of the popular vote since Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 election.[47] Unlike Perot, however, other third-party candidates since Roosevelt won multiple electoral college votes: Robert La Follette in 1924, Strom Thurmond in 1948, and George Wallace in 1968. Compared with Thurmond and Wallace, who polled very strongly in a small number of states, Perot's vote was more evenly spread across the country. Perot managed to finish second in two states: In Maine, Perot received 30.44% of the vote—ahead of part-time resident Bush's 30.39% (Clinton won Maine with 38.77%); in Utah, Perot received 27.34% of the vote—ahead of Clinton's 24.65% (Bush won Utah with 43.36%). Although Perot did not win a state, he received a plurality of votes in some counties.[48][49] His popular vote total is still by far the most ever garnered for a third-party candidate, almost double the previous record set by Wallace in 1968.

A detailed analysis of voting demographics revealed that Perot's support drew heavily from across the political spectrum, with 20% of his votes coming from self-described liberals, 27% from self-described conservatives, and 53% coming from self-described moderates. Economically, however, the majority of Perot voters (57%) were middle class, earning between $15,000 and $49,000 annually, with the bulk of the remainder drawing from the upper-middle class (29% earning more than $50,000 annually).[50] Exit polls also showed that 38% of Perot voters would have otherwise voted for Bush, and 38% would have voted for Clinton.[51] Though there were widespread claims that Perot acted as a "spoiler," post-election analysis suggested that his presence in the race likely did not affect the outcome.[52] According to Seymour Martin Lipset, the 1992 election had several unique characteristics. Voters felt that economic conditions were worse than they actually were, which harmed Bush. A strong third-party candidate was a rare event. Liberals launched a backlash against 12 years of a conservative White House. The chief factor was Clinton's uniting his party, and winning over a number of heterogeneous groups.[53] In 2016, FiveThirtyEight described the theory that Perot was a spoiler as "unlikely."[54]

Based on his performance in the popular vote in 1992, Perot was entitled to receive federal election funding for 1996. Perot remained in the public eye after the election and championed opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). During the campaign, he had urged voters to listen for the "giant sucking sound" of American jobs heading south to Mexico should NAFTA be ratified.[55]

Reform Party and 1996 presidential campaign

1996 presidential campaign

 
Flyer from Perot's 1996 presidential campaign

Perot tried to keep his movement alive through the mid-1990s, continuing to speak about the increasing national debt. He was a prominent campaigner against NAFTA, and frequently claimed that American manufacturing jobs would go to Mexico. On November 10, 1993, Perot debated with then-Vice President Al Gore on the issue on Larry King Live with an audience of 16 million viewers.[56] Perot's behavior during the debate was a source of mirth thereafter, including his repeated pleas to "let me finish" in his southern drawl. The debate was seen by many as effectively ending Perot's political career.[57] Support for NAFTA went from 34% to 57%.[58]

In 1995, he founded the Reform Party and won their presidential nomination for the 1996 United States presidential election. His vice presidential running mate was Pat Choate. Because of the ballot access laws, he had to run as an Independent on many state ballots. Perot received 8% of the popular vote in 1996, lower than in the 1992 race, but still an unusually successful third-party showing by U.S. standards. He spent much less of his own money in this race than he had four years prior, and he also allowed other people to contribute to his campaign, unlike his prior race. One common explanation for the decline was Perot's exclusion from the presidential debates, based on the preferences of the Democratic and Republican party candidates. Jamie B. Raskin of Open Debates filed a lawsuit over Perot's exclusion years later.[59][60]

Later activities

In the 2000 presidential election, Perot refused to become openly involved with the internal Reform Party dispute between supporters of Pat Buchanan and John Hagelin. Perot was reportedly unhappy with what he saw as the disintegration of the party, as well as his own portrayal in the press; thus, he chose to remain quiet. He appeared on Larry King Live four days before the election and endorsed George W. Bush for president. Despite his earlier opposition to NAFTA, Perot remained largely silent about expanded use of guest-worker visas in the United States, with Buchanan supporters attributing this silence to his corporate reliance on foreign workers.[61]

 
Perot addresses the audience at the "A Time of Remembrance" ceremony in Washington, D.C., September 20, 2008.

In 2005, Perot was asked to testify before the Texas Legislature in support of proposals to extend access to technology to students, including making laptops available to them. He supported changing the process of buying textbooks by making e-books available and by allowing schools to purchase books at the local level instead of going through the state. In an April 2005 interview, Perot expressed concern about the state of progress on issues that he had raised in his presidential runs.[62]

In January 2008, Perot publicly came out against Republican candidate John McCain and endorsed Mitt Romney for president. He also announced that he would soon be launching a new website with updated economic graphs and charts.[63] In June 2008, his blog launched, focusing on entitlements (Medicare, Medicaid, Social security), the U.S. national debt, and related issues.[64] In 2012, Perot endorsed Romney for president again.[65] Perot did not give any endorsements for the 2016 election.[66]

Political views

Perot did not fit the usual political stereotypes; his views were seen as either pragmatic or populist, depending on the observer, and usually focused on his economic policy, such as balancing the budget, to gain support from both Democratic and Republican voters. Perot supported gay rights, stricter gun controls such as an assault weapons ban and increased research in AIDS.[67][68][69]

From 1992, Perot was a pro-choice activist, and a strong supporter of Planned Parenthood. He stated that poorer women in particular should have access to abortions via federal funding. From 2000, he was pro-choice reluctantly.[70]

Economic policy

Perot believed taxes should be increased on the wealthy, while spending should be cut to help pay off the national debt. Perot also believed the capital gains tax should be increased, while giving tax breaks to those starting new businesses.

"We cut the capital gains tax rate from a maximum rate of 35% to a maximum rate that got as low as 20% during the 1980s. Who got the benefit? The rich did, of course, because that's who owns most of the capital assets."

— Not For Sale at Any Price

In his 1993 book Not For Sale at Any Price,[71] Perot expressed support for giving tax cuts for small and medium-sized enterprises, as opposed to larger corporations.[72] Additionally, Perot supported a balanced budget amendment, stating, "spending should not exceed revenue for 27 consecutive years." On trade, Perot stated that NAFTA caused the trade deficit between Mexico and the United States and a loss of manufacturing jobs.[73] His position on free trade and NAFTA became his defining campaign principle of both the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections. Perot argued: "We have got to stop sending jobs overseas. It's pretty simple: If you're paying $12, $13, $14 an hour for factory workers and you can move your factory south of the border, pay a dollar an hour for labor, ... have no health care—that's the most expensive single element in making a car—have no environmental controls, no pollution controls and no retirement, and you don't care about anything but making money, there will be a giant sucking sound going south."

... when [Mexico's] jobs come up from a dollar an hour to six dollars an hour, and ours go down to six dollars an hour, and then it's leveled again. But in the meantime, you've wrecked the country with these kinds of deals.

— The 1992 Campaign: Transcript of 2nd TV Debate Between Bush, Clinton and Perot". The New York Times. New York Times Company. October 16, 1992. Retrieved May 16, 2016.

Personal life

 
From left to right: Larry Hagman, Ross Perot, Margot Perot and Suzanne Perot (1988)

Perot and his wife Margot (née Birmingham), a graduate of Goucher College, had five children (Ross Jr., Nancy, Suzanne, Carolyn, and Katherine)[8] and 19 grandchildren.[13] With an estimated net worth of about US$4.1 billion in 2019,[74] he was ranked by Forbes as the 167th-richest person in the United States.[75]

Death

Perot died from leukemia in Dallas, Texas, on July 9, 2019, less than two weeks after his 89th birthday.[66] He was buried at the Sparkman-Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetery and a memorial service was held at Highland Park United Methodist Church, with 1,300 invited guests.[76]

Honors and achievements

Electoral history

1992 United States Presidential Election[92]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Bill Clinton/Al Gore 44,909,806 43%
Republican George H. W. Bush/Dan Quayle 39,104,550 37.4%
Independent Ross Perot/James Stockdale 19,743,821 18.9%
1996 Reform Party presidential primaries
Party Candidate Votes %
Reform Ross Perot 32,145 65.2%
Reform Richard Lamm 17,121 34.8%
1996 United States Presidential Election[93]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Bill Clinton/Al Gore 47,401,185 49.2%
Republican Bob Dole/Jack Kemp 39,197,469 40.7%
Reform Ross Perot/Pat Choate 8,085,294 8.4%

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Further reading

  • Berens, Charlyne. "Amplifying the giant sucking sound: Ross Perot and the media in the NAFTA negotiations." Newspaper Research Journal 20.2 (1999): 90-103.
  • DeFrank, Thomas M. et al. Quest for the Presidency, 1992. (Texas A&M University Press. 1994).
  • Gold, Howard J. "Third party voting in presidential elections: A study of Perot, Anderson, and Wallace." Political Research Quarterly 48.4 (1995): 751-773.
  • Gross, Ken. Ross Perot: The Man Behind the Myth (Random House, 2012).
  • Holian, David B., Timothy B. Krebs, and Michael H. Walsh. "Constituency opinion, Ross Perot, and roll-call behavior in the US House: The case of the NAFTA." Legislative Studies Quarterly (1997): 369-392.
  • Jelen, Ted G., ed. Ross for boss: The Perot phenomenon and beyond (SUNY Press, 2001).
  • Lacy, Dean, and Barry C. Burden. "The vote-stealing and turnout effects of Ross Perot in the 1992 US presidential election." American Journal of Political Science (1999): 233-255. online
  • Levin, Doron P. Irreconcilable Differences: Ross Perot Versus General Motors (New York: Plume, 1990)
  • Mason, Todd. Perot. (Business One Irwin, 1990). ISBN 978-1-55623-236-7 An unauthorized biography by a longtime Perot watcher.
  • Moore, Thomas. The GM System is Like a Blanket of Fog, Fortune, February 15, 1988
  • Owen, Diana, and Jack Dennis. "Anti‐partyism in the USA and support for Ross Perot." European Journal of Political Research 29.3 (1996): 383-400.
  • Posner, Gerald Citizen Perot: His Life and Times (Random House, 1996).
  • Post, Jerrold M. "The Political psychology of the Ross Perot phenomenon." in The Clinton Presidency (Routledge, 2019. 37-56).
  • Rapoport, Ronald and Walter Stone. Three's a Crowd: The Dynamic of Third Parties, Ross Perot, and Republican Resurgence (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005).
  • Simons, Herbert W. "Judging a policy proposal by the company it keeps: The Gore‐Perot NAFTA debate." Quarterly Journal of Speech 82.3 (1996): 274-287.

Primary sources

  • Clinton, Bill. My Life. (Vintage, 2005). ISBN 978-1-4000-3003-3.
  • Perot, Ross. United We Stand: How We Can Take Back Our Country (1992) online.
  • Schulte-Sasse, Linda. "Meet Ross Perot: The Lasting Legacy of Capraesque Populism." Cultural Critique 25 (1993): 91-119. online
  • at the Wayback Machine (archived December 9, 2000); text of the book published by Perot in 1992 to mark the launch of his presidential campaign, complete with charts. The text is hosted by the site of the organization he created that year United We Stand America, as saved by The Internet Archive.

External links

Party political offices
First Reform nominee for President of the United States
1996
Succeeded by

ross, perot, henry, june, 1930, july, 2019, american, business, magnate, billionaire, politician, philanthropist, founder, chief, executive, officer, electronic, data, systems, perot, systems, independent, campaign, 1992, presidential, election, third, party, . Henry Ross Perot p e ˈ r oʊ June 27 1930 July 9 2019 was an American business magnate billionaire politician and philanthropist He was the founder and chief executive officer of Electronic Data Systems and Perot Systems He ran an independent campaign in the 1992 U S presidential election and a third party campaign in the 1996 U S presidential election as the nominee of the Reform Party which was formed by grassroots supporters of Perot s 1992 campaign Although he failed to carry a single state in either election both campaigns were among the strongest presidential showings by a third party or independent candidate in U S history Ross PerotPortrait of Perot by Allan Warren 1986BornHenry Ross Perot 1930 06 27 June 27 1930Texarkana Texas U S DiedJuly 9 2019 2019 07 09 aged 89 Dallas Texas U S Resting placeSparkman Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetery DallasEducationTexarkana College United States Naval Academy BS Political partyIndependent before 1995 Reform 1995 2000 Republican 2000 2019 SpouseMargot Birmingham m 1956 wbr Children5 including Ross Jr Military careerService wbr branchUnited States NavyYears of service1953 1957RankLieutenantWebsiteOfficial websiteSignatureBorn and raised in Texarkana Texas Perot became a salesman for IBM after serving in the United States Navy In 1962 he founded Electronic Data Systems a data processing service company In 1984 General Motors bought a controlling interest in the company for 2 4 billion Perot established Perot Systems in 1988 and was an angel investor for NeXT a computer company founded by Steve Jobs after he left Apple Perot also became heavily involved in the Vietnam War POW MIA issue arguing that hundreds of American servicemen were left behind in Southeast Asia after the Vietnam War During the presidency of George H W Bush Perot became increasingly active in politics and strongly opposed the Gulf War and ratification of the North American Free Trade Agreement In 1992 Perot announced his intention to run for president and advocated a balanced budget an end to the outsourcing of jobs and the enactment of electronic direct democracy A June 1992 Gallup poll showed Perot leading a three way race against President Bush and presumptive Democratic nominee Bill Clinton Perot briefly withdrew from the race in July but re entered the race in early October after he qualified for all 50 state ballots He chose Admiral James Stockdale as his running mate and appeared in the 1992 debates with Bush and Clinton In the election Perot did not win any electoral votes but won over 19 7 million votes for an 18 9 share of the popular vote He won support from across the ideological and partisan spectrum but performed best among self described moderates Perot ran for president again in 1996 establishing the Reform Party as a vehicle for his campaign He won 8 4 percent of the popular vote against President Clinton and Republican nominee Bob Dole Perot did not seek public office again after 1996 He endorsed Republican George W Bush over Reform nominee Pat Buchanan in the 2000 election and supported Republican Mitt Romney in 2008 and 2012 In 2009 Dell acquired Perot Systems for 3 9 billion According to Forbes Perot was the 167th richest person in the United States as of 2016 1 Contents 1 Early life education and military career 2 Business 3 Political activities 3 1 Early political activities 3 2 1992 presidential campaign 3 3 Reform Party and 1996 presidential campaign 3 4 1996 presidential campaign 3 5 Later activities 4 Political views 4 1 Economic policy 5 Personal life 5 1 Death 6 Honors and achievements 7 Electoral history 8 References 9 Further reading 9 1 Primary sources 10 External linksEarly life education and military career EditRoss Perot was born in Texarkana Texas the son of Lula May nee Ray and Gabriel Ross Perot 2 a commodity broker specializing in cotton contracts His patrilineal line traces back to a French Canadian immigrant to the colony of Louisiana in the 1740s 3 4 He attended a local private school Patty Hill before graduating from Texas High School in Texarkana in 1947 5 6 One of Perot s childhood friends was Hayes McClerkin who later became the Speaker of the Arkansas House of Representatives and a prominent lawyer in Texarkana Arkansas 7 Perot started his first job at 8 years old helping to distribute the Texarkana Gazette as a paperboy His father died when Perot was 25 years old Perot had an older brother Gabriel Perot Jr who died as a toddler 8 Perot joined the Boy Scouts of America and made Eagle Scout in 1942 after 13 months in the program He was a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award 9 10 From 1947 to 1949 he attended Texarkana Junior College then entered the United States Naval Academy in 1949 and helped establish its honor system 9 11 Perot claimed his appointment notice to the academy sent by telegram was sent by W Lee Pappy O Daniel Texas s 34th governor and former senator 12 Perot served as a junior officer on a destroyer and later an aircraft carrier from 1953 to 1957 13 Perot who had only ever owned one pair of shoes at a time was shocked to find that he was issued multiple pairs of shoes in the navy which he would later point to as possibly my first example of government waste 8 Perot then went to the Naval Reserve which he left on June 30 1961 with the rank of Lieutenant 14 In 1956 Perot married Margot Birmingham whom he met on a blind date as a midshipman docked in Baltimore 13 8 Business EditAfter he left the Navy in 1957 Perot became a salesman for IBM He quickly became a top employee one year he fulfilled his annual sales quota in a mere two weeks 15 and tried to pitch his ideas to supervisors who largely ignored him 16 He left IBM in 1962 to found Electronic Data Systems EDS in Dallas Texas and courted large corporations for his data processing services Perot was denied bids for contracts 77 times before receiving his first contract EDS received lucrative contracts from the US government in the 1960s computerizing Medicare records EDS went public in 1968 and the stock price rose from 16 a share to 160 within days Fortune called Perot the fastest richest Texan in a 1968 cover story 17 In 1984 General Motors bought a controlling interest in EDS for 2 4 billion 13 Perot in 1983 In 1974 Perot gained some press attention for being the biggest individual loser ever on the New York Stock Exchange when his EDS shares dropped 450 million in value in a single day in April 1970 why 18 Just before the 1979 Iranian Revolution the government of Iran imprisoned two EDS employees in a contract dispute Perot organized and sponsored their rescue The rescue team was led by retired United States Army Special Forces Colonel Arthur D Bull Simons When the team was unable to find a way to extract the two prisoners they decided to wait for a mob of pro Ayatollah revolutionaries to storm the jail and free all 10 000 inmates many of whom were political prisoners The two prisoners then connected with the rescue team and the team spirited them out of Iran via a risky border crossing into Turkey The exploit was recounted in the book On Wings of Eagles by Ken Follett 19 In 1986 this was turned into a 2 part television mini series alternatively titled Teheran with the actor Burt Lancaster playing the role of Colonel Simons In 1984 Perot s Perot Foundation bought a very early copy of Magna Carta one of only a few to leave the United Kingdom The foundation lent it to the National Archives in Washington D C where it was displayed alongside the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States In 2007 the foundation sold it to David Rubenstein managing director of The Carlyle Group for 21 3 million to be used for medical research for improving public education and for assisting wounded soldiers and their families 20 It remains on display at the National Archives 21 After Steve Jobs lost the power struggle at Apple and left to found NeXT his angel investor was Perot who invested over 20 million Perot believed in Jobs and did not want to miss out as he had with his chance to invest in Bill Gates s fledgling Microsoft 22 In 1988 he founded Perot Systems in Plano Texas His son Ross Perot Jr eventually succeeded him as CEO In September 2009 Perot Systems was acquired by Dell for 3 9 billion 23 Political activities EditEarly political activities Edit Perot with a portrait of George Washington in his office in 1986 After a visit to Laos in 1969 made at the request of the White House 13 in which he met with senior North Vietnamese officials Perot became heavily involved in the Vietnam War POW MIA issue He believed that hundreds of American servicemen were left behind in Southeast Asia at the end of the U S involvement in the war 24 and that government officials were covering up POW MIA investigations to avoid revealing a drug smuggling operation used to finance a secret war in Laos 25 Perot engaged in unauthorized back channel discussions with Vietnamese officials in the late 1980s which led to fractured relations between Perot and the Reagan and George H W Bush administrations 24 25 In 1990 Perot reached an agreement with Vietnam s Foreign Ministry to become its business agent if diplomatic relations were normalized 26 Perot also launched private investigations of and attacks upon United States Department of Defense official Richard Armitage 24 25 In Florida in 1990 retired financial planner Jack Gargan employing a famous quotation from the 1976 movie Network funded a series of I m mad as hell and I m not going to take it anymore newspaper advertisements denouncing Congress for voting to give legislators pay raises at a time when average wages nationwide were not increasing Gargan later founded Throw the Hypocritical Rascals Out THRO which Perot supported 27 Perot did not support President George H W Bush and vigorously opposed the United States involvement in the 1990 1991 Persian Gulf War He unsuccessfully urged Senators to vote against the war resolution and began to consider a presidential run 28 29 1992 presidential campaign Edit Main article Ross Perot 1992 presidential campaign Perot meets Bill Clinton and George H W Bush at the third presidential debate at Michigan State University October 19 1992 On February 20 1992 Perot appeared on CNN s Larry King Live and announced his intention to run as an independent if his supporters could get his name on the ballot in all 50 states With such declared policies as balancing the federal budget favoring certain types of gun control ending the outsourcing of jobs and enacting electronic direct democracy via electronic town halls he became a potential candidate and soon polled roughly even with the two major party candidates 30 Perot s candidacy received increasing media attention when the competitive phase of the primary season ended for the two major parties With the insurgent candidacies of Republican Pat Buchanan and Democrat Jerry Brown winding down Perot was the natural beneficiary of populist resentment toward establishment politicians On May 25 1992 he was featured on the cover of Time with the title Waiting for Perot an allusion to Samuel Beckett s play Waiting for Godot 31 Several months before the Democratic and Republican conventions Perot filled the vacuum of election news as his supporters began petition drives to get him on the ballot in all 50 states This sense of momentum was reinforced when Perot employed two savvy campaign managers in Democrat Hamilton Jordan and Republican Ed Rollins While Perot was pondering whether to run for office his supporters established a campaign organization United We Stand America Perot was late in making formal policy proposals but most of what he did call for was intended to reduce the deficit such as a fuel tax increase and cutbacks to Social Security 32 In June Perot led a Gallup poll with 39 of the vote 33 In July the Perot campaign fell into disarray and his polls fell sharply The 1992 Democratic National Convention was held on Monday July 13 through Thursday July 16 during which time there was increased media coverage of the general election The Milwaukee Sentinel reported that Perot s campaign managers were becoming increasingly disillusioned by Perot s unwillingness to follow their advice to be more specific on issues 34 and his need to be in full control of operations 34 The St Petersburg Times reported such tactics as forcing volunteers to sign loyalty oaths 35 Perot s poll numbers had slipped to 25 and his advisers warned that if he continued to ignore them he would fall into single digits Hamilton Jordan a high ranking manager in the Perot campaign allegedly threatened to quit but senior campaign officials denied this 36 On July 15 Ed Rollins resigned after Perot fired advertisement specialist Hal Riney who had worked with Rollins on the Reagan campaign Rollins would later claim that a member of the campaign accused him of being a Bush plant with ties to the Central Intelligence Agency 37 Amid the chaos Perot s support fell to 20 38 The next day Perot announced on Larry King Live that he would not seek the presidency He explained that he did not want the House of Representatives to decide the election if the result caused the electoral college to be split Perot eventually stated the reason was that he received threats that digitally altered photographs would be released by the Bush campaign to sabotage his daughter s wedding 39 Whatever his reasons for withdrawing his reputation was badly damaged Many of his supporters felt betrayed and public opinion polls subsequently showed a largely negative view of Perot that was absent before his decision to end the campaign 40 In September he qualified for all 50 state ballots On October 1 he announced his intention to re enter the presidential race He campaigned in 16 states and spent an estimated 12 3 million of his own money 41 Perot employed the innovative strategy of purchasing half hour blocks of time on major networks for infomercial type campaign advertisements this advertising garnered more viewership than many sitcoms with one Friday night program in October attracting 10 5 million viewers 42 At one point in June Perot led the polls with 39 versus 31 for Bush and 25 for Clinton Just prior to the debates Perot received 7 9 support in nationwide polls 43 The debates likely played a significant role in his ultimate receipt of almost 19 of the popular vote Although his answers during the debates were often general Frank Newport of Gallup concluded that Perot convincingly won the first debate coming in significantly ahead of both the Democratic challenger Clinton and incumbent President George H W Bush 44 In the debate he remarked Keep in mind our Constitution predates the Industrial Revolution Our founders did not know about electricity the train telephones radio television automobiles airplanes rockets nuclear weapons satellites or space exploration There s a lot they didn t know about It would be interesting to see what kind of document they d draft today Just keeping it frozen in time won t hack it 45 Perot denounced Congress for its inaction in his speech at the National Press Club in Washington D C on March 18 1992 he said This city has become a town filled with sound bites shell games handlers media stuntmen who posture create images talk shoot off Roman candles but don t ever accomplish anything We need deeds not words in this city 46 In the 1992 election he received 18 9 of the popular vote about 19 741 065 votes but no electoral college votes making him the most successful third party presidential candidate in terms of share of the popular vote since Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 election 47 Unlike Perot however other third party candidates since Roosevelt won multiple electoral college votes Robert La Follette in 1924 Strom Thurmond in 1948 and George Wallace in 1968 Compared with Thurmond and Wallace who polled very strongly in a small number of states Perot s vote was more evenly spread across the country Perot managed to finish second in two states In Maine Perot received 30 44 of the vote ahead of part time resident Bush s 30 39 Clinton won Maine with 38 77 in Utah Perot received 27 34 of the vote ahead of Clinton s 24 65 Bush won Utah with 43 36 Although Perot did not win a state he received a plurality of votes in some counties 48 49 His popular vote total is still by far the most ever garnered for a third party candidate almost double the previous record set by Wallace in 1968 A detailed analysis of voting demographics revealed that Perot s support drew heavily from across the political spectrum with 20 of his votes coming from self described liberals 27 from self described conservatives and 53 coming from self described moderates Economically however the majority of Perot voters 57 were middle class earning between 15 000 and 49 000 annually with the bulk of the remainder drawing from the upper middle class 29 earning more than 50 000 annually 50 Exit polls also showed that 38 of Perot voters would have otherwise voted for Bush and 38 would have voted for Clinton 51 Though there were widespread claims that Perot acted as a spoiler post election analysis suggested that his presence in the race likely did not affect the outcome 52 According to Seymour Martin Lipset the 1992 election had several unique characteristics Voters felt that economic conditions were worse than they actually were which harmed Bush A strong third party candidate was a rare event Liberals launched a backlash against 12 years of a conservative White House The chief factor was Clinton s uniting his party and winning over a number of heterogeneous groups 53 In 2016 FiveThirtyEight described the theory that Perot was a spoiler as unlikely 54 Based on his performance in the popular vote in 1992 Perot was entitled to receive federal election funding for 1996 Perot remained in the public eye after the election and championed opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA During the campaign he had urged voters to listen for the giant sucking sound of American jobs heading south to Mexico should NAFTA be ratified 55 Reform Party and 1996 presidential campaign Edit 1996 presidential campaign Edit Main article Ross Perot 1996 presidential campaign Flyer from Perot s 1996 presidential campaign Perot tried to keep his movement alive through the mid 1990s continuing to speak about the increasing national debt He was a prominent campaigner against NAFTA and frequently claimed that American manufacturing jobs would go to Mexico On November 10 1993 Perot debated with then Vice President Al Gore on the issue on Larry King Live with an audience of 16 million viewers 56 Perot s behavior during the debate was a source of mirth thereafter including his repeated pleas to let me finish in his southern drawl The debate was seen by many as effectively ending Perot s political career 57 Support for NAFTA went from 34 to 57 58 In 1995 he founded the Reform Party and won their presidential nomination for the 1996 United States presidential election His vice presidential running mate was Pat Choate Because of the ballot access laws he had to run as an Independent on many state ballots Perot received 8 of the popular vote in 1996 lower than in the 1992 race but still an unusually successful third party showing by U S standards He spent much less of his own money in this race than he had four years prior and he also allowed other people to contribute to his campaign unlike his prior race One common explanation for the decline was Perot s exclusion from the presidential debates based on the preferences of the Democratic and Republican party candidates Jamie B Raskin of Open Debates filed a lawsuit over Perot s exclusion years later 59 60 Later activities Edit In the 2000 presidential election Perot refused to become openly involved with the internal Reform Party dispute between supporters of Pat Buchanan and John Hagelin Perot was reportedly unhappy with what he saw as the disintegration of the party as well as his own portrayal in the press thus he chose to remain quiet He appeared on Larry King Live four days before the election and endorsed George W Bush for president Despite his earlier opposition to NAFTA Perot remained largely silent about expanded use of guest worker visas in the United States with Buchanan supporters attributing this silence to his corporate reliance on foreign workers 61 Perot addresses the audience at the A Time of Remembrance ceremony in Washington D C September 20 2008 In 2005 Perot was asked to testify before the Texas Legislature in support of proposals to extend access to technology to students including making laptops available to them He supported changing the process of buying textbooks by making e books available and by allowing schools to purchase books at the local level instead of going through the state In an April 2005 interview Perot expressed concern about the state of progress on issues that he had raised in his presidential runs 62 In January 2008 Perot publicly came out against Republican candidate John McCain and endorsed Mitt Romney for president He also announced that he would soon be launching a new website with updated economic graphs and charts 63 In June 2008 his blog launched focusing on entitlements Medicare Medicaid Social security the U S national debt and related issues 64 In 2012 Perot endorsed Romney for president again 65 Perot did not give any endorsements for the 2016 election 66 Political views EditPerot did not fit the usual political stereotypes his views were seen as either pragmatic or populist depending on the observer and usually focused on his economic policy such as balancing the budget to gain support from both Democratic and Republican voters Perot supported gay rights stricter gun controls such as an assault weapons ban and increased research in AIDS 67 68 69 From 1992 Perot was a pro choice activist and a strong supporter of Planned Parenthood He stated that poorer women in particular should have access to abortions via federal funding From 2000 he was pro choice reluctantly 70 Economic policy Edit Perot believed taxes should be increased on the wealthy while spending should be cut to help pay off the national debt Perot also believed the capital gains tax should be increased while giving tax breaks to those starting new businesses We cut the capital gains tax rate from a maximum rate of 35 to a maximum rate that got as low as 20 during the 1980s Who got the benefit The rich did of course because that s who owns most of the capital assets Not For Sale at Any Price In his 1993 book Not For Sale at Any Price 71 Perot expressed support for giving tax cuts for small and medium sized enterprises as opposed to larger corporations 72 Additionally Perot supported a balanced budget amendment stating spending should not exceed revenue for 27 consecutive years On trade Perot stated that NAFTA caused the trade deficit between Mexico and the United States and a loss of manufacturing jobs 73 His position on free trade and NAFTA became his defining campaign principle of both the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections Perot argued We have got to stop sending jobs overseas It s pretty simple If you re paying 12 13 14 an hour for factory workers and you can move your factory south of the border pay a dollar an hour for labor have no health care that s the most expensive single element in making a car have no environmental controls no pollution controls and no retirement and you don t care about anything but making money there will be a giant sucking sound going south when Mexico s jobs come up from a dollar an hour to six dollars an hour and ours go down to six dollars an hour and then it s leveled again But in the meantime you ve wrecked the country with these kinds of deals The 1992 Campaign Transcript of 2nd TV Debate Between Bush Clinton and Perot The New York Times New York Times Company October 16 1992 Retrieved May 16 2016 Personal life Edit From left to right Larry Hagman Ross Perot Margot Perot and Suzanne Perot 1988 Perot and his wife Margot nee Birmingham a graduate of Goucher College had five children Ross Jr Nancy Suzanne Carolyn and Katherine 8 and 19 grandchildren 13 With an estimated net worth of about US 4 1 billion in 2019 74 he was ranked by Forbes as the 167th richest person in the United States 75 Death Edit Perot died from leukemia in Dallas Texas on July 9 2019 less than two weeks after his 89th birthday 66 He was buried at the Sparkman Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetery and a memorial service was held at Highland Park United Methodist Church with 1 300 invited guests 76 Honors and achievements EditIn 1970 he was the recipient of the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 77 In 1985 he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy amp Western Heritage Museum 78 In 1986 Perot became the third American to receive the Winston Churchill Award for his efforts on behalf of American POWs in Vietnam in the 1960s and for organizing the rescue of two EDS employees from a prison in Iran 8 79 In 1980 he received the Oak Cliff Lions Clubs Humanitarian Award 80 In 1986 Perot received the S Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards 81 Perot was inducted into the Junior Achievement U S Business Hall of Fame in 1988 82 On April 22 2009 Ross Perot was made an honorary Green Beret at the John F Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School at Fort Bragg North Carolina 83 In May 2009 he was appointed an honorary chairman of the OSS Society 84 On September 18 2009 the Texarkana Independent School District named him 1947 graduate of Texas High School as a 2009 Distinguished Alumnus 85 On October 15 2009 the United States Military Academy at West Point awarded him with the distinguished Sylvanus Thayer Award 86 On April 20 2010 Perot was presented with the Distinguished Leadership Award from the Command and General Staff College Foundation Inc Fort Leavenworth Kansas 87 In honor of Perot s 80th birthday the bridge connecting Walton and University drives in Texarkana Texas was named the H Ross Perot Bridge 88 On October 2 2010 Perot was given the William J Donovan Award from the OSS Society at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Washington D C He is the 26th recipient of the award 89 In September 2011 Perot accepted the Army Heritage Center Foundation s Boots on the Ground Award 90 On October 28 2011 the Perot Museum of Nature and Science announced it was naming a new species of the dinosaur genus Pachyrhinosaurus after the Perot family The new species is named Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum 91 Electoral history Edit1992 United States Presidential Election 92 Party Candidate Votes Democratic Bill Clinton Al Gore 44 909 806 43 Republican George H W Bush Dan Quayle 39 104 550 37 4 Independent Ross Perot James Stockdale 19 743 821 18 9 1996 Reform Party presidential primaries Party Candidate Votes Reform Ross Perot 32 145 65 2 Reform Richard Lamm 17 121 34 8 1996 United States Presidential Election 93 Party Candidate Votes Democratic Bill Clinton Al Gore 47 401 185 49 2 Republican Bob Dole Jack Kemp 39 197 469 40 7 Reform Ross Perot Pat Choate 8 085 294 8 4 References Edit Forbes 400 2017 Ranking Forbes October 2017 Retrieved October 17 2017 The Ancestors of Ross Perot Wargs com Retrieved June 13 2010 Posner Gerald 1996 Citizen Perot New York City Random House p 8 Reagan Danny The Perot Bordelon Branches Archived from the original on July 18 2009 Retrieved February 18 2014 Deep In The Heart Of Texarkana Newsweek June 28 1992 Retrieved August 20 2019 Texarkana Independent School District Names H Ross Perot as 2009 Distinguished Alumni PDF Texarkana Independent School District September 17 2009 Archived PDF from the original on October 10 2022 Retrieved October 6 2012 Furlong Tom June 10 1992 Perot as Hometown Hero Just Don t Get in His Way Los Angeles Times Retrieved June 26 2010 a b c d e Hall Cheryl July 9 2019 Ross Perot self made billionaire patriot and philanthropist dies at 89 The Dallas Morning News Retrieved July 9 2019 a b Townley Alvin December 26 2006 Legacy of Honor The Values and Influence of America s Eagle Scouts New York St Martin s Press pp 89 100 108 187 194 249 260 265 ISBN 978 0 312 36653 7 Archived from the original on December 19 2006 Retrieved December 29 2006 Ray Mark 2007 What It Means to Be an Eagle Scout Scouting Magazine Boy Scouts of America Retrieved January 5 2007 Ross Perot Gives 1 Million to Texarkana College Arkansas Democrat Gazette Associated Press March 23 2012 Retrieved April 7 2012 Martin Marie Murray March 25 2012 Native Son TC benefactor Ross Perot reflects on growing up in Texarkana Texarkana Gazette Archived from the original on June 9 2013 Retrieved March 25 2012 a b c d e Jackson Harold July 9 2019 Ross Perot obituary The Guardian Retrieved July 10 2019 Henry Ross Perot veterantributes org Retrieved February 8 2021 Sam Wyly 1000 Dollars amp an Idea Publisher Newmarket ISBN 978 1 55704 803 5 Landrum Gene N 2004 Entrepreneurial Genius The Power of Passion Naples FL Brendan Kelly Publishing Inc p 174 ISBN 978 1 895997 23 1 Retrieved December 27 2015 Ross Perot Famous Entrepreneurs Retrieved December 28 2015 Henry Moscow An Astonishment of New York Superlatives Biggest Smallest Longest Shortest Oldest First Last Most Etc New York vol 7 no 1 31 December 1973 7 January 1974 p 53 Ken Follett Welcome Ken Follett Retrieved August 27 2019 Barron James September 25 2007 Magna Carta Is Going on the Auction Block The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 27 2019 Magna Carta Copy Sold The New York Times December 19 2007 Retrieved April 1 2016 Isaacson Walter 2011 Steve Jobs New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 1 4516 4853 9 dead link Guglielmo Connie Hoffmann Katie September 22 2009 Dell Pays 68 Premium for Perot s Health Technology Update3 Archived from the original on June 3 2012 Retrieved September 22 2009 a b c Patrick E Tyler June 20 1992 Perot and Senators Seem Headed for a Fight on P O W s M I A s The New York Times Retrieved January 5 2008 a b c George J Church June 29 1992 The Other Side of Perot Time Archived from the original on February 14 2008 Retrieved January 24 2008 Patrick E Tyler June 5 1992 Perot to Testify in Senate on Americans Missing in Southeast Asia The New York Times Retrieved January 24 2008 Isikoff Michael May 31 1992 Unlikely Suitors Pushed Perot Bid The Washington Post Retrieved December 28 2015 The 1992 Run For The Presidency Reform Party Archived from the original on January 31 2014 Quindlen Anna June 3 1992 Public amp Private Waiting for Perot The New York Times Retrieved November 13 2012 The Pew Research Center for People amp the Press Year of the Outsider June 16 1992 Retrieved October 5 2010 Time magazine cover H Ross Perot May 25 1992 Archived from the original on June 27 2006 Retrieved May 22 2010 Mike Royko October 14 1992 Ross Perots plan to tax gasoline primes the pump Orlando Sentinel The 1992 Campaign On the Trail Poll Gives Perot a Clear Lead The New York Times June 11 1992 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 24 2016 a b Perot advisers reportedly at odds The Milwaukee Sentinel July 14 1992 p 2A Retrieved May 27 2010 permanent dead link Perot asks volunteers to sign loyalty oaths Tampa Bay Times Associated Press July 14 1992 Holmes Steven A July 14 1992 Perot Adviser Threatens to Quit Over Frustrations With Campaign The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 24 2020 Lewis Anthony October 2 1992 Abroad at Home Why Perot The New York Times p 31 Retrieved May 27 2010 Holmes Steven A July 16 1992 Rollins Quits Perot s Campaign Asserts His Advice Was Ignored The New York Times p 1 Retrieved May 27 2010 Berke Richard L October 26 1992 The 1992 Campaign The Overview Perot Says He Quit in July to Thwart G O P Dirty Tricks The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 27 2019 Berke Richard L September 19 1992 The 1992 Campaign Ross Perot Perot Says He May Rejoin Race To Publicize His Economic Plan The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 27 2019 Clymer Adam August 25 1992 The 1992 Campaign Perot Gave 12 Million to Aborted Campaign The New York Times Kolbert Elizabeth October 27 1992 The 1992 Campaign The Media Perot s 30 Minute TV Ads Defy the Experts Again The New York Times p A 19 The 1992 Campaign On the Trail Poll Gives Perot a Clear Lead The New York Times June 11 1992 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 27 2019 What History Tells Us About Second and Third Debates Gallup com October 7 2004 Sumner Mark April 19 2009 All This Has Happened Before Daily Kos Retrieved June 13 2010 Perot Ross 1992 Ross Perot Speaks Out Issue by Issue what He Says about Our Nation Its Problems and Its Promise Prima Pub p 55 ISBN 978 1 55958 274 2 Presidential Election of 1912 270towin com Retrieved April 1 2016 Downing Suzanne July 9 2019 Ross Perot 89 has passed He placed 3rd in Alaska presidential election in 1992 Must Read Alaska Retrieved July 10 2019 Krishnakumar Priya Arm Emamdjomeh Moore Maloy After decades of Republican victories here s how California became a blue state again Los Angeles Times Retrieved July 10 2019 Peirce Lewis Casey McCracken Roger Hunt October 1994 Politics Who Cares American Demographics 16 23 Archived from the original on March 21 2008 Holmes Steven A November 5 1992 The 1992 Election Disappointment News Analysis An Eccentric but No Joke Perot s Strong Showing Raises Questions On What Might Have Been and Might Be The New York Times Retrieved May 22 2010 The Ross Perot Myth FiveThirtyEight October 6 2016 Retrieved August 27 2019 Seymour Martin Lipset The significance of the 1992 election PS Political Science and Politics 26 1 1993 7 16 online Druke Galen October 24 2016 Long Before Trump There Was Ross Perot FiveThirtyEight Retrieved May 9 2021 Perot TV Ad Assails U S Trade Policies The New York Times Retrieved July 10 2019 Tharoor Ishaan December 15 2010 Al Gore and Ross Perot Debate NAFTA Top 10 Larry King Moments Time ISSN 0040 781X Retrieved July 9 2021 Reaves Jessica Frank Pelligrini October 3 2000 Bush plays off expectations Gore learns from mistakes CNN Online Archived from the original on September 15 2008 Retrieved August 14 2008 Gore s decisive victory was the saving of NAFTA and the beginning of the end of Perot as even a semi serious public figure Tharoor Ishaan December 15 2010 Al Gore and Ross Perot Debate NAFTA Time Open Debates Board of Directors Opendebates org Archived from the original on September 21 2013 Retrieved November 13 2012 Richards Paul J Do the debates unfairly shut out third parties CBS news Archived from the original on November 18 2012 Retrieved November 13 2012 Perot H1Bs and PNTR The Giant Silence Buchanan org May 24 2000 Archived from the original on August 16 2000 Retrieved October 20 2004 Point of Contact H Ross Perot The Dallas Morning News April 23 2005 Archived from the original on May 15 2007 Ross Perot Slams McCain Newsweek January 16 2008 Retrieved June 13 2010 Jason Carroll June 19 2008 Ross Perot wants more focus on national debt CNN Dinan Stephen Ross Perot endorses Mitt Romney The Washington Times Retrieved October 16 2012 a b McFadden Robert D July 9 2019 Ross Perot Brash Texas Billionaire Who Ran for President Dies at 89 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved July 10 2019 Ross Perot on Gun Control ontheissues org Retrieved June 16 2017 Ross Perot on Health Care OnTheIssues Ross Perot on Civil Rights OnTheIssues Ross Perot on Abortion ontheissues org Retrieved June 16 2017 Perot Ross April 1993 Not for Sale At Any Price How We Can Save America for Our Children Hyperion ISBN 978 1 56282 723 6 Retrieved July 10 2019 Not For Sale at Any Price by Ross Perot ontheissues org Retrieved June 16 2017 Ross Perot on Free Trade OnTheIssues U S billionaire Ross Perot who shook up 1990s presidential politics dead at 89 Reuters com Reuters July 9 2019 Forbes 400 2017 Ranking Forbes October 2017 Retrieved October 17 2017 Fink Jack July 16 2019 Dallas Icon Ross Perot Remembered as Visionary Philanthropist Family Man CBS Retrieved July 17 2019 Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement achievement org American Academy of Achievement Hall of Great Westerners National Cowboy amp Western Heritage Museum Retrieved November 22 2019 The Winston Churchill Foundation Honors Ross Perot 1986 January 18 2017 Archived from the original on February 24 2020 via YouTube Holt Jo Ann February 12 2018 Oak Cliff Lions Club Presents 40th Annual Humanitarian Award Focus Daily News Retrieved September 27 2019 Jefferson Awards FoundationNational Jefferson Awards Foundation Jeffersonawards org Archived from the original on November 24 2010 Retrieved April 1 2016 The U S Business Hall of Fame CNN March 14 1988 Retrieved August 20 2019 Koenig David July 9 2019 H Ross Perot Billionaire Navy Vet and Honorary Marine Green Beret Dies at 89 Military com Retrieved July 10 2019 The OSS Society PDF Foreign Area Officer Association 2010 Archived PDF from the original on October 10 2022 Retrieved August 20 2019 Martin Marie Murray September 19 2009 Perot receives TISD Distinguished Alumni Award Texarkana Gazette Archived from the original on September 24 2009 Retrieved June 9 2010 List of Thayer Award Recipients West Point AOG October 10 2009 Archived from the original on December 1 2010 Retrieved October 14 2009 CGSC Foundation presents Ross Perot with 2010 Distinguished Leadership Award The Command and General Staff College Foundation Inc April 21 2010 Retrieved July 27 2014 Martin Marie Murray June 9 2010 Native Son gets birthday surprise Texarkana Gazette Archived from the original on June 12 2010 Retrieved June 9 2010 Ross Perot to Receive the William J Donovan Award Press release The OSS Society PR Newswire Retrieved August 27 2019 Martin Marie Murray July 7 2011 Ross Perot will be presented with award Texarkana Gazette Archived from the original on June 9 2013 Retrieved September 16 2012 New dinosaur species named for Perot family statesman com Associated Press October 28 2011 Archived from the original on November 1 2011 Retrieved October 30 2011 1992 Presidential General Election Data National Uselectionatlas org Retrieved February 11 2012 1996 Presidential General Election Data National Uselectionatlas org Further reading EditFurther information 1992 United States presidential election Further reading and 1996 United States presidential election Further reading Berens Charlyne Amplifying the giant sucking sound Ross Perot and the media in the NAFTA negotiations Newspaper Research Journal 20 2 1999 90 103 DeFrank Thomas M et al Quest for the Presidency 1992 Texas A amp M University Press 1994 Gold Howard J Third party voting in presidential elections A study of Perot Anderson and Wallace Political Research Quarterly 48 4 1995 751 773 Gross Ken Ross Perot The Man Behind the Myth Random House 2012 Holian David B Timothy B Krebs and Michael H Walsh Constituency opinion Ross Perot and roll call behavior in the US House The case of the NAFTA Legislative Studies Quarterly 1997 369 392 Jelen Ted G ed Ross for boss The Perot phenomenon and beyond SUNY Press 2001 Lacy Dean and Barry C Burden The vote stealing and turnout effects of Ross Perot in the 1992 US presidential election American Journal of Political Science 1999 233 255 online Levin Doron P Irreconcilable Differences Ross Perot Versus General Motors New York Plume 1990 Mason Todd Perot Business One Irwin 1990 ISBN 978 1 55623 236 7 An unauthorized biography by a longtime Perot watcher Moore Thomas The GM System is Like a Blanket of Fog Fortune February 15 1988 Owen Diana and Jack Dennis Anti partyism in the USA and support for Ross Perot European Journal of Political Research 29 3 1996 383 400 Posner Gerald Citizen Perot His Life and Times Random House 1996 Post Jerrold M The Political psychology of the Ross Perot phenomenon in The Clinton Presidency Routledge 2019 37 56 Rapoport Ronald and Walter Stone Three s a Crowd The Dynamic of Third Parties Ross Perot and Republican Resurgence Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press 2005 Simons Herbert W Judging a policy proposal by the company it keeps The Gore Perot NAFTA debate Quarterly Journal of Speech 82 3 1996 274 287 Primary sources Edit Clinton Bill My Life Vintage 2005 ISBN 978 1 4000 3003 3 Perot Ross United We Stand How We Can Take Back Our Country 1992 online Schulte Sasse Linda Meet Ross Perot The Lasting Legacy of Capraesque Populism Cultural Critique 25 1993 91 119 online United We Stand H Ross Perot at the Wayback Machine archived December 9 2000 text of the book published by Perot in 1992 to mark the launch of his presidential campaign complete with charts The text is hosted by the site of the organization he created that year United We Stand America as saved by The Internet Archive External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ross Perot Wikiquote has quotations related to Ross Perot 57 Henry Ross Perot Forbes Retrieved August 20 2019 Appearances on C SPAN Booknotes interview with Carolyn Barta on Perot and His People Disrupting the Balance of Political Power January 16 1994 Ross Perot Presidential Contender from C SPAN s The Contenders Ross Perot at Find a Grave H Ross Perot Political Collection finding aid at University of Texas at Arlington Libraries Special Collections via Texas Archival Resources Online TARO 1992 election episode in CNN s Race for the White HouseParty political officesFirst Reform nominee for President of the United States1996 Succeeded byPat Buchanan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ross Perot amp oldid 1139969246, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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