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Wikipedia

macOS

January 13, 2023

"OSX" and "OS X" redirect here. For other uses, see OSX (disambiguation).
For the Ugandan school nicknamed "Macos", see Makerere College School.
This article is about the current Apple operating system for Mac computers. For the previous operating system up to Mac OS 9, see Classic Mac OS. For an overview of all Mac operating systems from Apple, see Mac operating systems.

macOS (/ˌmækoʊˈɛs/;[7] previously OS X and originally Mac OS X) is a Unix operating system[8] developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac computers. Within the market of desktop and laptop computers it is the second most widely used desktop OS, after Microsoft Windows and ahead of ChromeOS.

macOS
macOS Ventura, the latest release of macOS
DeveloperApple Inc.
Written in
OS family
Working stateCurrent
Source modelProprietary (with open source components)
Initial releaseMarch 24, 2001; 21 years ago (2001-03-24)
Latest release13.1[3] (22C65)[4] (December 13, 2022; 30 days ago (2022-12-13)) [±]
Latest preview13.2 beta[5] (22D5027d)[6] (December 14, 2022; 29 days ago (2022-12-14)) [±]
Platforms
Kernel typeHybrid (XNU)
Default
user interface		Aqua (Graphical)
LicenseCommercial software, proprietary software
Preceded byClassic Mac OS, NeXTSTEP
Official websiteapple.com/macos
Support status
Supported

macOS succeeded the classic Mac OS, a Mac operating system with nine releases from 1984 to 1999. During this time, Apple cofounder Steve Jobs had left Apple and started another company, NeXT, developing the NeXTSTEP platform that would later be acquired by Apple to form the basis of macOS.

The first desktop version, Mac OS X 10.0, was released in March 2001, with its first update, 10.1, arriving later that year. All releases from Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard[9] and after are UNIX 03 certified,[10] with an exception for OS X 10.7 Lion.[11] Apple's other operating systems (iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, tvOS, audioOS) are derivatives of macOS.

A prominent part of macOS's original brand identity was the use of Roman numeral X, pronounced "ten" as in Mac OS X and also the iPhone X, as well as code naming each release after species of big cats, or places within California.[12] Apple shortened the name to "OS X" in 2011 and then changed it to "macOS" in 2016 to align with the branding of Apple's other operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. After sixteen distinct versions of macOS 10, macOS Big Sur was presented as version 11 in 2020, macOS Monterey was presented as version 12 in 2021, and macOS Ventura was presented as version 13 in 2022.

macOS has supported three major processor architectures, beginning with PowerPC-based Macs in 1999. In 2006, Apple transitioned to the Intel architecture with a line of Macs using Intel Core processors. In 2020, Apple began the Apple silicon transition, using self-designed, 64-bit ARM-based Apple M series processors on the latest Macintosh computers.

History

Development

Main article: macOS version history

The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT, a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, before being launched in 1989. The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach kernel, which was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University, with additional kernel layers and low-level user space code derived from parts of BSD.[13] Its graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C programming language.

Throughout the early 1990s, Apple had tried to create a "next-generation" OS to succeed its classic Mac OS through the Taligent, Copland and Gershwin projects, but all were eventually abandoned.[14] This led Apple to purchase NeXT in 1996, allowing NeXTSTEP, then called OPENSTEP, to serve as the basis for Apple's next generation operating system.[15] This purchase also led to Steve Jobs returning to Apple as an interim, and then the permanent CEO, shepherding the transformation of the programmer-friendly OPENSTEP into a system that would be adopted by Apple's primary market of home users and creative professionals. The project was first code named "Rhapsody" and then officially named Mac OS X.[16][17]

Mac OS X

Mac OS X was originally presented as the tenth major version of Apple's operating system for Macintosh computers; until 2020, versions of macOS retained the major version number "10". The letter "X" in Mac OS X's name refers to the number 10, a Roman numeral, and Apple has stated that it should be pronounced "ten" in this context. However, it is also commonly pronounced like the letter "X".[18][19] Previous Macintosh operating systems (versions of the classic Mac OS) were named using Arabic numerals, as with Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9.[20][18] As of 2020 and 2021, Apple reverted to Arabic numeral versioning for successive releases, macOS 11 Big Sur and macOS 12 Monterey, as they have done for the iPhone 11 and iPhone 12 following the iPhone X.

The first version of Mac OS X, Mac OS X Server 1.0, was a transitional product, featuring an interface resembling the classic Mac OS, though it was not compatible with software designed for the older system. Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API; many could also be run directly through the Classic Environment with a reduction in performance.

The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X 10.0. Reviews were variable, with extensive praise for its sophisticated, glossy Aqua interface, but criticizing it for sluggish performance.[21] With Apple's popularity at a low, the maker of FrameMaker, Adobe Inc., declined to develop new versions of it for Mac OS X.[22] Ars Technica columnist John Siracusa, who reviewed every major OS X release up to 10.10, described the early releases in retrospect as 'dog-slow, feature poor' and Aqua as 'unbearably slow and a huge resource hog'.[21][23][24]

Apple rapidly developed several new releases of Mac OS X.[25] Siracusa's review of version 10.3, Panther, noted "It's strange to have gone from years of uncertainty and vaporware to a steady annual supply of major new operating system releases."[26] Version 10.4, Tiger, reportedly shocked executives at Microsoft by offering a number of features, such as fast file searching and improved graphics processing, that Microsoft had spent several years struggling to add to Windows with acceptable performance.[27]

As the operating system evolved, it moved away from the classic Mac OS, with applications being added and removed.[28] Considering music to be a key market, Apple developed the iPod music player and music software for the Mac, including iTunes and GarageBand.[29] Targeting the consumer and media markets, Apple emphasized its new "digital lifestyle" applications such as the iLife suite, integrated home entertainment through the Front Row media center and the Safari web browser. With increasing popularity of the internet, Apple offered additional online services, including the .Mac, MobileMe and most recently iCloud products. It later began selling third-party applications through the Mac App Store.

Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface, moving away from the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions. Some applications began to use a brushed metal appearance, or non-pinstriped title bar appearance in version 10.4.[30] In Leopard, Apple announced a unification of the interface, with a standardized gray-gradient window style.[31][32]

In 2006, the first Intel Macs released used a specialized version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger.[33]

A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the iPhone from 2007 onwards. While Apple's previous iPod media players used a minimal operating system, the iPhone used an operating system based on Mac OS X, which would later be called "iPhone OS" and then iOS. The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same frameworks placed tension on Apple, which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard.[34] However, after Apple opened the iPhone to third-party developers its commercial success drew attention to Mac OS X, with many iPhone software developers showing interest in Mac development.[35]

In 2007, Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was the sole release with universal binary components, allowing installation on both Intel Macs and select PowerPC Macs.[36] It is also the final release with PowerPC Mac support. Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was the first version of Mac OS X to be built exclusively for Intel Macs, and the final release with 32-bit Intel Mac support.[37] The name was intended to signal its status as an iteration of Leopard, focusing on technical and performance improvements rather than user-facing features; indeed it was explicitly branded to developers as being a 'no new features' release.[38] Since its release, several OS X or macOS releases (namely OS X Mountain Lion, OS X El Capitan, macOS High Sierra, and macOS Monterey) follow this pattern, with a name derived from its predecessor, similar to the 'tick–tock model' used by Intel.

In two succeeding versions, Lion and Mountain Lion, Apple moved some applications to a highly skeuomorphic style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS while simplifying some elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use.[23] This direction was, like brushed metal interfaces, unpopular with some users, although it continued a trend of greater animation and variety in the interface previously seen in design aspects such as the Time Machine backup utility, which presented past file versions against a swirling nebula, and the glossy translucent dock of Leopard and Snow Leopard.[39] In addition, with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, Apple ceased to release separate server versions of Mac OS X, selling server tools as a separate downloadable application through the Mac App Store. A review described the trend in the server products as becoming "cheaper and simpler... shifting its focus from large businesses to small ones."[40]

OS X

 
OS X logo from 2011 to 2013

In 2012, with the release of OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion, the name of the system was officially shortened from Mac OS X to OS X, after the previous version shortened the system name in a similar fashion a year prior. That year, Apple removed the head of OS X development, Scott Forstall, and design was changed towards a more minimal direction.[41] Apple's new user interface design, using deep color saturation, text-only buttons and a minimal, 'flat' interface, was debuted with iOS 7 in 2013. With OS X engineers reportedly working on iOS 7, the version released in 2013, OS X 10.9 Mavericks, was something of a transitional release, with some of the skeuomorphic design removed, while most of the general interface of Mavericks remained unchanged.[42] The next version, OS X 10.10 Yosemite, adopted a design similar to iOS 7 but with greater complexity suitable for an interface controlled with a mouse.[43]

From 2012 onwards, the system has shifted to an annual release schedule similar to that of iOS. It also steadily cut the cost of updates from Snow Leopard onwards, before removing upgrade fees altogether from 2013 onwards.[44] Some journalists and third-party software developers have suggested that this decision, while allowing more rapid feature release, meant less opportunity to focus on stability, with no version of OS X recommendable for users requiring stability and performance above new features.[45] Apple's 2015 update, OS X 10.11 El Capitan, was announced to focus specifically on stability and performance improvements.[46]

macOS

 
macOS logo

In 2016, with the release of macOS 10.12 Sierra, the name was changed from OS X to macOS to align it with the branding of Apple's other primary operating systems: iOS, watchOS, and tvOS.[47] The Apple File System (APFS) was announced at Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) in June 2016 as a replacement for HFS+, which had been criticized as dated.[48][49][50] macOS 10.13 High Sierra, released in 2017, turned on APFS by default for SSDs.[51]

Its successor, macOS 10.14 Mojave, was released in 2018, adding a dark user interface option and a dynamic wallpaper setting.[52] It was succeeded by macOS 10.15 Catalina in 2019, which replaces iTunes with separate apps for different types of media, and introduces the Catalyst system for porting iOS apps.[53]

In 2020, Apple previewed macOS 11 Big Sur at the WWDC 2020. This was the first increment in the primary version number of macOS since the release of Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000; updates to macOS 11 were given 11.x numbers, matching the version numbering scheme used by Apple's other operating systems. Big Sur brought major changes to the UI and was the first version to run on the ARM instruction set.[54] The new numbering system was continued in 2021 with macOS 12 Monterey, and 2022 with macOS 13 Ventura.

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of macOS

At macOS's core is a POSIX-compliant operating system built on top of the XNU kernel,[55] with standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface. Apple has released this family of software as a free and open source operating system named Darwin. On top of Darwin, Apple layered a number of components, including the Aqua interface and the Finder, to complete the GUI-based operating system which is macOS.[56]

With its original introduction as Mac OS X, the system brought a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor, the classic Mac OS. For example, pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection improved the system's ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other. Many aspects of macOS's architecture are derived from OPENSTEP, which was designed to be portable, to ease the transition from one platform to another. For example, NeXTSTEP was ported from the original 68k-based NeXT workstations to x86 and other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple,[57] and OPENSTEP was later ported to the PowerPC architecture as part of the Rhapsody project.

Prior to macOS High Sierra, and on drives other than solid state drives (SSDs), the default file system is HFS+, which it inherited from the classic Mac OS. Operating system designer Linus Torvalds has criticized HFS+, saying it is "probably the worst file system ever", whose design is "actively corrupting user data". He criticized the case insensitivity of file names, a design made worse when Apple extended the file system to support Unicode.[58][59]

The Darwin subsystem in macOS manages the file system, which includes the Unix permissions layer. In 2003 and 2005, two Macworld editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme; Ted Landau called misconfigured permissions "the most common frustration" in macOS, while Rob Griffiths suggested that some users may even have to reset permissions every day, a process which can take up to 15 minutes.[60] More recently, another Macworld editor, Dan Frakes, called the procedure of repairing permissions vastly overused.[61] He argues that macOS typically handles permissions properly without user interference, and resetting permissions should only be tried when problems emerge.[62]

The architecture of macOS incorporates a layered design:[63] the layered frameworks aid rapid development of applications by providing existing code for common tasks.[64] Apple provides its own software development tools, most prominently an integrated development environment called Xcode. Xcode provides interfaces to compilers that support several programming languages including C, C++, Objective-C, and Swift. For the Mac transition to Intel processors, it was modified so that developers could build their applications as a universal binary, which provides compatibility with both the Intel-based and PowerPC-based Macintosh lines.[65] First and third-party applications can be controlled programmatically using the AppleScript framework,[66] retained from the classic Mac OS,[67] or using the newer Automator application that offers pre-written tasks that do not require programming knowledge.[68]

Software compatibility

See also: List of Mac software
List of macOS versions and the software they run
Operating system Safari Mail QuickTime iTunes Messages/iChat iWork
13 "Ventura" 16.0 16.0 10.5 — 14.0 2022 (12.0)
12 "Monterey"
11 "Big Sur" 14.0
10.15 "Catalina" 15.4 13.0 13.0 2021 partial, 2020
10.14 "Mojave" 14.1.2 12.0 12.9.5 12.0 2020
10.13 "High Sierra" 13.1.2 11.0 10.4 12.8.2 11.0 2019
10.12 "Sierra" 12.1.2 10.0 2018
10.11 "El Capitan" 11.1.2 9.3 9.2 2014
10.10 "Yosemite" 10.1.2 8.0
10.9 "Mavericks" 9.1.3 7.3 10.3 12.6.2 2013
10.8 "Mountain Lion" 6.2.8 Un­known 10.2 12.4.3[69] '09
10.7 "Lion"[note 1] 6.1.6 10.1 12.2.2[70] 8.0b or 6.0.1
10.6 "Snow Leopard" 5.1.10[71] 4.5[72] 11.4[73] 5.0
10.5 "Leopard" 5.0.6 3.6 7.7 10.6.3[74] 4.0
10.4 "Tiger" 4.1.3 2.1.3 7.6.4 9.2.1[75] 3.0
10.3 "Panther" 1.3.2 1.x 7.5 7.7.1[76] 2.1[77] '05
10.2 "Jaguar"[note 2] 1.0.3 6.5.3 6.0.5 2.0 Keynote
10.1 "Puma" — 6.3.1 4.7.1 — —
10.0 "Cheetah"[note 3] 5.0 2.0.4
  1. ^ Messages 8.0b April 17, 2017, at the Wayback Machine was a beta release that only functioned from February 16 to December 12, 2012. Afterwards, users could either revert to iChat or upgrade to a newer version of OS X (10.8 "Mountain Lion" for US$19.99, or 10.9 "Mavericks" or newer for free) to continue using Messages.
  2. ^ is the only iLife program that is compatible with Mac OS X 10.2 "Jaguar". Two minor updates, 1.1 and 1.1.1, can be applied to this version.
  3. ^ iTunes 2.0.4 can only run if Classic is installed. Otherwise, Mac OS X 10.0 can only run iTunes 1.1.1 natively.

Apple offered two main APIs to develop software natively for macOS: Cocoa and Carbon. Cocoa was a descendant of APIs inherited from OPENSTEP with no ancestry from the classic Mac OS, while Carbon was an adaptation of classic Mac OS APIs, allowing Mac software to be minimally rewritten to run natively on Mac OS X.[17]

The Cocoa API was created as the result of a 1993 collaboration between NeXT Computer and Sun Microsystems. This heritage is highly visible for Cocoa developers, since the "NS" prefix is ubiquitous in the framework, standing variously for NeXTSTEP or NeXT/Sun. The official OPENSTEP API, published in September 1994, was the first to split the API between Foundation and ApplicationKit and the first to use the "NS" prefix.[57] Traditionally, Cocoa programs have been mostly written in Objective-C, with Java as an alternative. However, on July 11, 2005, Apple announced that "features added to Cocoa in Mac OS X versions later than 10.4 will not be added to the Cocoa-Java programming interface."[78] macOS also used to support the Java Platform as a "preferred software package"—in practice this means that applications written in Java fit as neatly into the operating system as possible while still being cross-platform compatible, and that graphical user interfaces written in Swing look almost exactly like native Cocoa interfaces. Since 2014, Apple has promoted its new programming language Swift as the preferred language for software development on Apple platforms.

Apple's original plan with macOS was to require all developers to rewrite their software into the Cocoa APIs. This caused much outcry among existing Mac developers, who threatened to abandon the platform rather than invest in a costly rewrite, and the idea was shelved.[17][79] To permit a smooth transition from Mac OS 9 to Mac OS X, the Carbon Application Programming Interface (API) was created.[17] Applications written with Carbon were initially able to run natively on both classic Mac OS and Mac OS X, although this ability was later dropped as Mac OS X developed. Carbon was not included in the first product sold as Mac OS X: the little-used original release of Mac OS X Server 1.0, which also did not include the Aqua interface.[80] Apple limited further development of Carbon from the release of Leopard onwards and announced that Carbon applications would not run at 64-bit.[79][17] A number of macOS applications continued to use Carbon for some time afterwards, especially ones with heritage dating back to the classic Mac OS and for which updates would be difficult, uneconomic or not necessary. This included Microsoft Office up to Office 2016, and Photoshop up to CS5.[81][79] Early versions of macOS could also run some classic Mac OS applications through the Classic Environment with performance limitations; this feature was removed from 10.5 onwards and all Macs using Intel processors.

Because macOS is POSIX compliant, many software packages written for the other Unix-like systems including Linux can be recompiled to run on it, including much scientific and technical software.[82] Third-party projects such as Homebrew, Fink, MacPorts and pkgsrc provide pre-compiled or pre-formatted packages. Apple and others have provided versions of the X Window System graphical interface which can allow these applications to run with an approximation of the macOS look-and-feel.[83][84][85] The current Apple-endorsed method is the open-source XQuartz project; earlier versions could use the X11 application provided by Apple, or before that the XDarwin project.[86]

Applications can be distributed to Macs and installed by the user from any source and by any method such as downloading (with or without code signing, available via an Apple developer account) or through the Mac App Store, a marketplace of software maintained by Apple through a process requiring the company's approval. Apps installed through the Mac App Store run within a sandbox, restricting their ability to exchange information with other applications or modify the core operating system and its features. This has been cited as an advantage, by allowing users to install apps with confidence that they should not be able to damage their system, but also as a disadvantage due to blocking the Mac App Store's use for professional applications that require elevated privileges.[87][88] Applications without any code signature cannot be run by default except from a computer's administrator account.[89][90]

Apple produces macOS applications. Some are included with macOS and some sold separately. This includes iWork, Final Cut Pro, Logic Pro, iLife, and the database application FileMaker. Numerous other developers also offer software for macOS.

In 2018, Apple introduced an application layer, codenamed Marzipan, to port iOS apps to macOS.[91][92] macOS Mojave included ports of four first-party iOS apps including Home and News, and it was announced that the API would be available for third-party developers to use from 2019.[93][94][95] In 2019, in macOS Catalina, the application layer was made available to third-party developers as Mac Catalyst.[96]

Hardware compatibility

List of macOS versions, the supported systems on which they run, and their RAM requirements

Operating system Supported systems[97] RAM requirement
10.0 – 10.2 G3, G4 and G5 iBook and PowerBook, Power Mac and iMac
(except PowerBook G3 "Kanga") 		128 MB
10.3 Macs with a New World ROM[98]
10.4 Macs with built-in FireWire and either a New World ROM or Intel processor 256 MB
10.5 Select G4, G5, and Intel Macs (32-bit or 64-bit) at 867 MHz or faster
Classic support dropped from 10.5 and later. 		512 MB
10.6 Intel Macs (32-bit or 64-bit)[99] 1 GB
10.7 Intel Macs (64-bit)[99]
Rosetta support dropped from 10.7 and later. 		2 GB
10.8 – 10.11
10.12 – 10.13
10.14
10.15
4 GB
11
12
13

Tools such as XPostFacto and patches applied to the installation media have been developed by third parties to enable installation of newer versions of macOS on systems not officially supported by Apple. This includes a number of pre-G3 Power Macintosh systems that can be made to run up to and including Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, all G3-based Macs which can run up to and including Tiger, and sub-867 MHz G4 Macs can run Leopard by removing the restriction from the installation DVD or entering a command in the Mac's Open Firmware interface to tell the Leopard Installer that it has a clock rate of 867 MHz or greater. Except for features requiring specific hardware such as graphics acceleration or DVD writing, the operating system offers the same functionality on all supported hardware.

As most Mac hardware components, or components similar to those, since the Intel transition are available for purchase,[101] some technology-capable groups have developed software to install macOS on non-Apple computers. These are referred to as Hackintoshes, a portmanteau of the words "hack" and "Macintosh". This violates Apple's EULA (and is therefore unsupported by Apple technical support, warranties etc.), but communities that cater to personal users, who do not install for resale and profit, have generally been ignored by Apple.[102][103][104] These self-made computers allow more flexibility and customization of hardware, but at a cost of leaving the user more responsible for their own machine, such as on matter of data integrity or security.[105] Psystar, a business that attempted to profit from selling macOS on non-Apple certified hardware, was sued by Apple in 2008.[106]

PowerPC–Intel transition

Main article: Mac transition to Intel processors
 
Steve Jobs talks about the transition to Intel processors.

In April 2002, eWeek announced a rumor that Apple had a version of Mac OS X code-named Marklar, which ran on Intel x86 processors. The idea behind Marklar was to keep Mac OS X running on an alternative platform should Apple become dissatisfied with the progress of the PowerPC platform.[107] These rumors subsided until late in May 2005, when various media outlets, such as The Wall Street Journal[108] and CNET,[109] announced that Apple would unveil Marklar in the coming months.[110][111][112]

On June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced in his keynote address at WWDC that Apple would be making the transition from PowerPC to Intel processors over the following two years, and that Mac OS X would support both platforms during the transition. Jobs also confirmed rumors that Apple had versions of Mac OS X running on Intel processors for most of its developmental life. Intel-based Macs would run a new recompiled version of OS X along with Rosetta, a binary translation layer which enables software compiled for PowerPC Mac OS X to run on Intel Mac OS X machines.[113] The system was included with Mac OS X versions up to version 10.6.8.[114] Apple dropped support for Classic mode on the new Intel Macs. Third party emulation software such as Mini vMac, Basilisk II and SheepShaver provided support for some early versions of Mac OS. A new version of Xcode and the underlying command-line compilers supported building universal binaries that would run on either architecture.[115]

PowerPC-only software is supported with Apple's official binary translation software, Rosetta, though applications eventually had to be rewritten to run properly on the newer versions released for Intel processors. Apple initially encouraged developers to produce universal binaries with support for both PowerPC and Intel.[116] PowerPC binaries suffer a performance penalty when run on Intel Macs through Rosetta. Moreover, some PowerPC software, such as kernel extensions and System Preferences plugins, are not supported on Intel Macs at all. Plugins for Safari need to be compiled for the same platform as Safari, so when Safari is running on Intel, it requires plug-ins that have been compiled as Intel-only or universal binaries, so PowerPC-only plug-ins will not work.[117] While Intel Macs can run PowerPC, Intel, and universal binaries, PowerPC Macs support only universal and PowerPC builds.

Support for the PowerPC platform was dropped following the transition. In 2009, Apple announced at WWDC that Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard would drop support for PowerPC processors and be Intel-only.[118] Rosetta continued to be offered as an optional download or installation choice in Snow Leopard before it was discontinued with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion.[119] In addition, new versions of Mac OS X first- and third-party software increasingly required Intel processors, including new versions of iLife, iWork, Aperture and Logic Pro.

Intel–Apple silicon transition

Main article: Mac transition to Apple silicon
 
An illustration of Apple's M1 processor.

Rumors of Apple shifting Macs to the ARM processors used by iOS devices began circulating as early as 2011,[120] and ebbed and flowed throughout the 2010s.[121] Rumors intensified in 2020, when numerous reports announced that the company would announce its shift to its custom processors at WWDC.[122]

Apple officially announced its shift to processors designed in-house on June 22, 2020, at WWDC 2020, with the transition planned to last for two years.[123] The first release of macOS to support ARM is macOS Big Sur. Big Sur and later versions support Universal 2 binaries, which are applications consisting of both Intel (x86_64) and Apple silicon (AArch64) binaries; when launched, only the appropriate binary is run. Additionally, Intel binaries can be run on Apple silicon-based Macs using the Rosetta 2 binary translation software.

The change in processor architecture allows Macs with ARM processors to be able to run iOS and iPadOS apps natively.[124]

Features

Aqua user interface

Main article: Aqua (user interface)
 
The original Aqua user interface as seen in the Mac OS X Public Beta from 2000.

One of the major differences between the classic Mac OS and the current macOS was the addition of Aqua, a graphical user interface with water-like elements, in the first major release of Mac OS X. Every window element, text, graphic, or widget is drawn on-screen using spatial anti-aliasing technology.[125] ColorSync, a technology introduced many years before, was improved and built into the core drawing engine, to provide color matching for printing and multimedia professionals.[126] Also, drop shadows were added around windows and isolated text elements to provide a sense of depth. New interface elements were integrated, including sheets (dialog boxes attached to specific windows) and drawers, which would slide out and provide options.

The use of soft edges, translucent colors, and pinstripes, similar to the hardware design of the first iMacs, brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X Server 1.0's "Platinum" appearance had offered. According to Siracusa, the introduction of Aqua and its departure from the then conventional look "hit like a ton of bricks."[127]Bruce Tognazzini (who founded the original Apple Human Interface Group) said that the Aqua interface in Mac OS X 10.0 represented a step backwards in usability compared with the original Mac OS interface.[128][129] Third-party developers started producing skins for customizable applications and other operating systems which mimicked the Aqua appearance. To some extent, Apple has used the successful transition to this new design as leverage, at various times threatening legal action against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its copyrighted design.[130]

Apple has continued to change aspects of the macOS appearance and design, particularly with tweaks to the appearance of windows and the menu bar. Since 2012, Apple has sold many of its Mac models with high-resolution Retina displays, and macOS and its APIs have extensive support for resolution-independent development on supporting high-resolution displays. Reviewers have described Apple's support for the technology as superior to that on Windows.[131][132][133]

The human interface guidelines published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications, giving them consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts.[134] In addition, new services for applications are included, which include spelling and grammar checkers, special characters palette, color picker, font chooser and dictionary; these global features are present in every Cocoa application, adding consistency. The graphics system OpenGL composites windows onto the screen to allow hardware-accelerated drawing. This technology, introduced in version 10.2, is called Quartz Extreme, a component of Quartz. Quartz's internal imaging model correlates well with the Portable Document Format (PDF) imaging model, making it easy to output PDF to multiple devices.[126] As a side result, PDF viewing and creating PDF documents from any application are built-in features.[135] Reflecting its popularity with design users, macOS also has system support for a variety of professional video and image formats and includes an extensive pre-installed font library, featuring many prominent brand-name designs.[136]

Components

Main article: List of macOS built-in apps

The Finder is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer, which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS.[137][138] Quick Look has been part of the Finder since version 10.5. It allows for dynamic previews of files, including videos and multi-page documents without opening any other applications. Spotlight, a file searching technology which has been integrated into the Finder since version 10.4, allows rapid real-time searches of data files; mail messages; photos; and other information based on item properties (metadata) or content.[139][140] macOS makes use of a Dock, which holds file and folder shortcuts as well as minimized windows.

Apple added Exposé in version 10.3 (called Mission Control since version 10.7), a feature which includes three functions to help accessibility between windows and desktop. Its functions are to instantly display all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks, display all open windows as thumbnails from the current application, and hide all windows to access the desktop.[141] FileVault is optional encryption of the user's files with the 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-128).[142]

Features introduced in version 10.4 include Automator, an application designed to create an automatic workflow for different tasks;[143] Dashboard, a full-screen group of small applications called desktop widgets that can be called up and dismissed in one keystroke;[144] and Front Row, a media viewer interface accessed by the Apple Remote.[145] Sync Services allows applications to access a centralized extensible database for various elements of user data, including calendar and contact items. The operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency.[146]

All system icons are scalable up to 512×512 pixels as of version 10.5 to accommodate various places where they appear in larger size, including for example the Cover Flow view, a three-dimensional graphical user interface included with iTunes, the Finder, and other Apple products for visually skimming through files and digital media libraries via cover artwork. That version also introduced Spaces, a virtual desktop implementation which enables the user to have more than one desktop and display them in an Exposé-like interface;[147] an automatic backup technology called Time Machine, which allows users to view and restore previous versions of files and application data;[148] and Screen Sharing was built in for the first time.[149]

In more recent releases, Apple has developed support for emoji characters by including the proprietary Apple Color Emoji font.[150][151] Apple has also connected macOS with social networks such as Twitter and Facebook through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and text.[152] Apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in iOS, its mobile operating system, to macOS in recent releases, notably the intelligent personal assistant Siri, which was introduced in version 10.12 of macOS.[153][154]

Multilingual support

There are 39 system languages available in macOS for the user at the moment of installation; the system language is used throughout the entire operating system environment.[155] Input methods for typing in dozens of scripts can be chosen independently of the system language.[156] Recent updates have added increased support for Chinese characters and interconnections with popular social networks in China.[157][158][159][160]

Updating methods

macOS can be updated using the Software Update settings pane in System Settings or the softwareupdate command line utility. Until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion, a separate Software Update application performed this functionality. In Mountain Lion and later, this was merged into the Mac App Store application, although the underlying update mechanism remains unchanged and is fundamentally different from the download mechanism used when purchasing an App Store application. In macOS 10.14 Mojave, the updating function was moved again to the Software Update settings pane.

Release history

Main article: macOS version history § Releases
 
Box/Mac App Store artwork for every version of macOS from Mac OS X Cheetah to macOS Ventura.
Left to right, top row: Cheetah/Puma (1), Jaguar (2), Panther (3), Tiger (4), Leopard (5), Snow Leopard (6), Lion (7), Mountain Lion (8), Mavericks (9), Yosemite (10), El Capitan (11). Bottom row: Sierra (12), High Sierra (13), Mojave (14), Catalina (15), Big Sur (16), Monterey (17), Ventura (18).


Mac OS X, OS X, and macOS version information
Version Release Name Darwin
version 		Processor
support 		Application
support 		Kernel Date
announced 		Release
date 		Most recent
version
Old version, no longer maintained: Rhapsody Developer Release Grail1Z4/Titan1U (internal codename) Un­known 32-bit PowerPC 32-bit PowerPC 32-bit January 7, 1997[161] August 31, 1997 DR2
(May 14, 1998)
Old version, no longer maintained: Mac OS X Server 1.0 Hera (internal codename) Un­known Un­known March 16, 1999 1.2v3
(October 27, 2000)
Old version, no longer maintained: Mac OS X Developer Preview Un­known Un­known May 11, 1998[162] March 16, 1999 DP4
(April 5, 2000)
Old version, no longer maintained: Mac OS X Public Beta Kodiak[163] (internal codename) Un­known May 15, 2000[164] September 13, 2000 —
Old version, no longer maintained: Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah (internal codename) 1.3.1 January 9, 2001[165] March 24, 2001 10.0.4 (4Q12)
(June 22, 2001)
Old version, no longer maintained: Mac OS X 10.1 Puma (internal codename) 1.4.1/5 July 18, 2001[166] September 25, 2001 10.1.5 (5S60)
(June 6, 2002)
Old version, no longer maintained: Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar 6 32/64-bit PowerPC[Note 1] May 6, 2002[167] August 24, 2002 10.2.8
(October 3, 2003)
Old version, no longer maintained: Mac OS X 10.3 Panther 7 June 23, 2003[168] October 24, 2003 10.3.9 (7W98)
(April 15, 2005)
Old version, no longer maintained: Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger 8 32/64-bit PowerPC
and Intel 		32/64-bit PowerPC
and Intel [Note 2] [Note 3]		 May 4, 2004[169] April 29, 2005 10.4.11
(November 14, 2007)
Old version, no longer maintained: Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard 9 June 26, 2006[170] October 26, 2007 10.5.8 (9L31a)
(August 13, 2009)
Old version, no longer maintained: Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard 10 32/64-bit Intel 32/64-bit Intel
32-bit PowerPC[Note 3]		 32/64-bit[171] June 9, 2008[172] August 28, 2009 10.6.8 (10K549)
(July 25, 2011)
Old version, no longer maintained: Mac OS X 10.7 Lion 11 64-bit Intel 32/64-bit Intel October 20, 2010[173] July 20, 2011 10.7.5 (11G63)
(October 4, 2012)
Old version, no longer maintained: OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion 12 64-bit[174] February 16, 2012[175] July 25, 2012[176] 10.8.5 (12F2560)
(August 13, 2015)
Old version, no longer maintained: OS X 10.9 Mavericks 13 June 10, 2013[177] October 22, 2013 10.9.5 (13F1911)
(July 18, 2016)
Old version, no longer maintained: OS X 10.10 Yosemite 14 June 2, 2014[178] October 16, 2014 10.10.5 (14F2511)
(July 19, 2017)
Old version, no longer maintained: OS X 10.11 El Capitan 15 June 8, 2015[179] September 30, 2015 10.11.6 (15G22010)
(July 9, 2018)
Old version, no longer maintained: macOS 10.12 Sierra 16 June 13, 2016[180] September 20, 2016 10.12.6 (16G2136)
(September 26, 2019)
Old version, no longer maintained: macOS 10.13 High Sierra 17 June 5, 2017 September 25, 2017 10.13.6 (17G14042)
(November 12, 2020)
Old version, no longer maintained: macOS 10.14 Mojave 18 June 4, 2018 September 24, 2018 10.14.6 (18G9323)
(July 21, 2021)
Old version, no longer maintained: macOS 10.15 Catalina 19 64-bit Intel June 3, 2019 October 7, 2019 10.15.7 (19H2026)
(July 20, 2022)
Older version, yet still maintained: macOS 11 Big Sur 20 64-bit Intel and ARM 64-bit Intel and ARM[Note 4] June 22, 2020 November 12, 2020 11.7.2 (20G1020)
(December 13, 2022)
Older version, yet still maintained: macOS 12 Monterey 21 June 7, 2021 October 25, 2021 12.6.2 (21G320)
(December 13, 2022)
Current stable version: macOS 13 Ventura 22 June 6, 2022 October 24, 2022 13.1 (22C65)
(December 13, 2022)
Legend:
Old version
Older version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release
1.↑ The Power Mac G5 had special Jaguar builds.
2.↑ Tiger did not support 64-bit GUI applications, only 64-bit CLI applications.[181][182]
3.1 2 32-bit (but not 64-bit) PowerPC applications were supported on Intel processors with Rosetta.
4.↑ 64-bit Intel applications are supported on Apple silicon Macs with Rosetta 2. However, Intel-based Macs are unable to run ARM-based applications, such as iOS and iPadOS apps.
Rhapsody (operating system)Mac OS X Server 1.0Mac OS X Public BetaMac OS X 10.0Mac OS X 10.1Mac OS X JaguarMac OS X PantherMac OS X TigerMac OS X LeopardMac OS X Snow LeopardMac OS X LionOS X Mountain LionOS X MavericksOS X YosemiteOS X El CapitanmacOS SierramacOS High SierramacOS MojavemacOS CatalinamacOS Big SurmacOS MontereymacOS Ventura
Timeline of versions

With the exception of Mac OS X Server 1.0 and the original public beta, OS X versions were named after big cats until OS X 10.9 Mavericks, when Apple switched to using California locations. Prior to its release, Mac OS X 10.0 was code named "Cheetah" internally at Apple, and Mac OS X 10.1 was code named internally as "Puma". After the immense buzz surrounding Mac OS X 10.2, codenamed "Jaguar", Apple's product marketing began openly using the code names to promote the operating system. Mac OS X 10.3 was marketed as "Panther", Mac OS X 10.4 as "Tiger", Mac OS X 10.5 as "Leopard", Mac OS X 10.6 as "Snow Leopard", Mac OS X 10.7 as "Lion", OS X 10.8 as "Mountain Lion", and OS X 10.9 as "Mavericks".

"Panther", "Tiger" and "Leopard" are registered as trademarks of Apple,[183][184][185] but "Cheetah", "Puma" and "Jaguar" have never been registered. Apple has also registered "Lynx" and "Cougar" as trademarks, though these were allowed to lapse.[186][187] Computer retailer Tiger Direct sued Apple for its use of the name "Tiger". On May 16, 2005, a US federal court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that Apple's use did not infringe on Tiger Direct's trademark.[188]

Mac OS X Public Beta

Main article: Mac OS X Public Beta

On September 13, 2000, Apple released a $29.95[189] "preview" version of Mac OS X, internally codenamed Kodiak, to gain feedback from users.

The "PB", as it was known, marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback. Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to function in Spring 2001.[190]

Mac OS X 10.0 (Cheetah)

Main article: Mac OS X 10.0
 
Screenshot of OS X 10.0

On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 (internally codenamed Cheetah).[191] The initial version was slow,[192] incomplete,[193] and had very few applications available at launch, mostly from independent developers.[194] While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption, they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve.[193] Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment,[193] for attempts to overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996, and delayed by countless setbacks.

Mac OS X 10.1 (Puma)

Main article: Mac OS X 10.1

Later that year on September 25, 2001, Mac OS X 10.1 (internally codenamed Puma) was released. It featured increased performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. Apple released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users, in addition to the US$129 boxed version for people running Mac OS 9. It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped-down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems.[195] On January 7, 2002, Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month.[196]

Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar

Main article: Mac OS X Jaguar

On August 23, 2002,[197] Apple followed up with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, the first release to use its code name as part of the branding.[198] It brought great raw performance improvements, a sleeker look, and many powerful user-interface enhancements (over 150, according to Apple[199]), including Quartz Extreme for compositing graphics directly on an ATI Radeon or Nvidia GeForce2 MX AGP-based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM, a system-wide repository for contact information in the new Address Book, and an instant messaging client named iChat.[200] The Happy Mac which had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence for almost 18 years was replaced with a large grey Apple logo with the introduction of Mac OS X v10.2.[201]

Mac OS X 10.3 Panther

Main article: Mac OS X Panther

Mac OS X v10.3 Panther was released on October 24, 2003. It significantly improved performance and incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface. Panther included as many or more new features as Jaguar had the year before, including an updated Finder, incorporating a brushed-metal interface, Fast user switching, Exposé (Window manager), FileVault, Safari, iChat AV (which added video conferencing features to iChat), improved Portable Document Format (PDF) rendering and much greater Microsoft Windows interoperability.[202] Support for some early G3 computers such as "beige" Power Macs and "WallStreet" PowerBooks was discontinued.[203]

Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger

Main article: Mac OS X Tiger
 
Screenshot of Tiger

Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on April 29, 2005. Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features.[204] As with Panther, certain older machines were no longer supported; Tiger requires a Mac with 256 MB and a built-in FireWire port.[98] Among the new features, Tiger introduced Spotlight, Dashboard, Smart Folders, updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes, QuickTime 7, Safari 2, Automator, VoiceOver, Core Image and Core Video. The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services.[205] On January 10, 2006, Apple released the first Intel-based Macs along with the 10.4.4 update to Tiger. This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC-based Macs and the new Intel-based machines, with the exception of the Intel release lacking support for the Classic environment.[206]

Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard

Main article: Mac OS X Leopard

Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released on October 26, 2007. It was called by Apple "the largest update of Mac OS X". It brought more than 300 new features.[207] Leopard supports both PowerPC- and Intel x86-based Macintosh computers; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz, and at least 512 MB of RAM to be installed. The single DVD works for all supported Macs (including 64-bit machines). New features include a new look, an updated Finder, Time Machine, Spaces, Boot Camp pre-installed,[208] full support for 64-bit applications (including graphical applications), new features in Mail and iChat, and a number of new security features. Leopard is an Open Brand UNIX 03 registered product on the Intel platform. It was also the first BSD-based OS to receive UNIX 03 certification.[9][209] Leopard dropped support for the Classic Environment and all Classic applications.[210] It was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture.[211]

Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard

Main article: Mac OS X Snow Leopard

Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28, 2009. Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS X, Snow Leopard focused on "under the hood" changes, increasing the performance, efficiency, and stability of the operating system. For most users, the most noticeable changes were: the disk space that the operating system frees up after a clean install compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, a more responsive Finder rewritten in Cocoa, faster Time Machine backups, more reliable and user-friendly disk ejects, a more powerful version of the Preview application, as well as a faster Safari web browser. Snow Leopard only supported machines with Intel CPUs, required at least 1 GB of RAM, and dropped default support for applications built for the PowerPC architecture (Rosetta could be installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC-only applications).[212]

Snow Leopard also featured new 64-bit technology capable of supporting greater amounts of RAM, improved support for multi-core processors through Grand Central Dispatch, and advanced GPU performance with OpenCL.[213]

The 10.6.6 update introduced support for the Mac App Store, Apple's digital distribution platform for macOS applications.[214]

 
OS X Lion was announced at WWDC 2011 at Moscone West.

OS X 10.7 Lion

Main article: OS X Lion

OS X 10.7 Lion was released on July 20, 2011. It brought developments made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily navigable display of installed applications called Launchpad and a greater use of multi-touch gestures, to the Mac. This release removed Rosetta, making it incompatible with PowerPC applications.[119]

Changes made to the GUI include auto-hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are used, and Mission Control which unifies Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen applications within a single interface.[215] Apple also made changes to applications: they resume in the same state as they were before they were closed, similar to iOS. Documents auto-save by default.[216]

OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion

Main article: OS X Mountain Lion

OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012.[176] Following the release of Lion the previous year, it was the first of the annual rather than two-yearly updates to OS X (and later macOS), which also closely aligned with the annual iOS operating system updates. It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5, which include Game Center, support for iMessage in the new Messages messaging application, and Reminders as a to-do list app separate from iCal (which is renamed as Calendar, like the iOS app). It also includes support for storing iWork documents in iCloud.[217] Notification Center, which makes its debut in Mountain Lion, is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher. Application pop-ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features including support for Baidu as an option for Safari search engine, QQ, 163.com and 126.com services for Mail, Contacts and Calendar, Youku, Tudou and Sina Weibo are integrated into share sheets.[160]

Starting with Mountain Lion, Apple software updates (including the OS) are distributed via the App Store.[218] This updating mechanism replaced the Apple Software Update utility.[219]

 
A screenshot of OS X Mavericks

OS X 10.9 Mavericks

Main article: OS X Mavericks

OS X 10.9 Mavericks was released on October 22, 2013. It was a free upgrade to all users running Snow Leopard or later with a 64-bit Intel processor.[220] Its changes include the addition of the previously iOS-only Maps and iBooks applications, improvements to the Notification Center, enhancements to several applications, and many under-the-hood improvements.[221]

OS X 10.10 Yosemite

Main article: OS X Yosemite

OS X 10.10 Yosemite was released on October 16, 2014. It features a redesigned user interface similar to that of iOS 7, intended to feature a more minimal, text-based 'flat' design, with use of translucency effects and intensely saturated colors.[222] Apple's showcase new feature in Yosemite is Handoff, which enables users with iPhones running iOS 8.1 or later to answer phone calls, receive and send SMS messages, and complete unfinished iPhone emails on their Mac. As of OS X 10.10.3, Photos replaced iPhoto and Aperture.[223]

OS X 10.11 El Capitan

Main article: OS X El Capitan
 
Screenshot of El Capitan

OS X 10.11 El Capitan was released on September 30, 2015. Similar to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard, Apple described this release as emphasizing "refinements to the Mac experience" and "improvements to system performance".[224] Refinements include public transport built into the Maps application, GUI improvements to the Notes application, adopting San Francisco as the system font for clearer legibility, and the introduction of System Integrity Protection.

The Metal API, first introduced in iOS 8, was also included in this operating system for "all Macs since 2012".[225] According to Apple, Metal accelerates system-level rendering by up to 50 percent, resulting in faster graphics performance for everyday apps. Metal also delivers up to 10 times faster draw call performance for more fluid experience in games and pro apps.[226]

macOS 10.12 Sierra

Main article: macOS Sierra

macOS 10.12 Sierra was released to the public on September 20, 2016. New features include the addition of Siri, Optimized Storage, and updates to Photos, Messages, and iTunes.[227][228]

macOS 10.13 High Sierra

Main article: macOS High Sierra

macOS 10.13 High Sierra was released to the public on September 25, 2017.[229] Like OS X El Capitan and OS X Mountain Lion, High Sierra is a refinement-based update having very few new features visible to the user, including updates to Safari, Photos, and Mail, among other changes.[230]

The major change under the hood is the switch to the Apple File System, optimized for the solid-state storage used in most new Mac computers.[231]

macOS 10.14 Mojave

Main article: macOS Mojave

macOS 10.14 Mojave was released on September 24, 2018.[52] The update introduced a system-wide dark mode and several new apps lifted from iOS, such as Apple News. It was the first version to require a GPU that supports Metal. Mojave also changed the system software update mechanism from the App Store (where it had been since OS X Mountain Lion) to a new panel in System Preferences. App updates remain in the App Store.

macOS 10.15 Catalina

Main article: macOS Catalina

macOS 10.15 Catalina was released on October 7, 2019.[232] Updates included enhanced voice control, and bundled apps for music, video, and podcasts that together replace the functions of iTunes, and the ability to use an iPad as an external monitor. Catalina officially dropped support for 32-bit applications.[233]

macOS 11 Big Sur

Main article: macOS Big Sur

macOS Big Sur was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 22, 2020,[234] and it was made available to the general public on November 12, 2020. This is the first time the major version number of the operating system has been incremented since the Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000. It brings ARM support,[235] new icons, and aesthetic user interface changes to the system.[236]

macOS 12 Monterey

Main article: macOS Monterey

macOS Monterey was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 7, 2021 and released on October 25, 2021, introducing Universal Control (which allows input devices to be used with multiple devices simultaneously), Focus (which allows selectively limiting notifications and alerts depending on user-defined user/work modes), Shortcuts (a task automation framework previously only available on iOS and iPadOS expected to replace Automator), a redesigned Safari Web browser, and updates and improvements to FaceTime.[237]

macOS 13 Ventura

Main article: macOS Ventura

macOS Ventura was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 6, 2022[238] and released on October 24, 2022.[239] It came with the redesigned System Preferences to a more iOS-like settings, and now with the new Weather and Clock app for Mac. Users can use an iPhone as a webcam for video conferencing.

Reception

Usage share

See also: Usage share of operating systems

As of July 2016, macOS is the second-most-active general-purpose desktop client operating system used on the World Wide Web following Microsoft Windows, with a 4.90% usage share according to statistics compiled by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is the second-most widely used desktop operating system (for web browsing), after Windows, and is estimated at five times the usage of Linux (which has 1.01%). Usage share generally continues to shift away from the desktop and toward mobile operating systems such as iOS and Android.[240]

Malware and spyware

Main article: macOS malware

In its earlier years, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of malware and spyware that have affected Microsoft Windows users.[241][242][243] macOS has a smaller usage share compared to Windows.[244] Worms, as well as potential vulnerabilities, were noted in 2006, which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple's Mac OS X is not immune to malware.[245] Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks.[246] In early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks,[247] and malware such as Mac Defender, MacProtector, and MacGuard was seen as an increasing problem for Mac users. At first, the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions installed without user input.[248] Initially, Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue, but as the malware spread, a support document was issued. Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem. An estimated 100,000 users were affected.[249][250] Apple releases security updates for macOS regularly,[251] as well as signature files containing malware signatures for Xprotect, an anti-malware feature part of File Quarantine present since Mac OS X Snow Leopard.[252]

Promotion

As a device company, Apple has mostly promoted macOS to sell Macs, with promotion of macOS updates focused on existing users, promotion at Apple Store and other retail partners, or through events for developers. In larger scale advertising campaigns, Apple specifically promoted macOS as better for handling media and other home-user applications, and comparing Mac OS X (especially versions Tiger and Leopard) with the heavy criticism Microsoft received for the long-awaited Windows Vista operating system.[253][254]

See also

References

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to macOS.
  • Official website  
  • macOS Support – official support page

January 13, 2023
macos, redirect, here, other, uses, disambiguation, ugandan, school, nicknamed, macos, makerere, college, school, this, article, about, current, apple, operating, system, computers, previous, operating, system, classic, overview, operating, systems, from, appl. OSX and OS X redirect here For other uses see OSX disambiguation For the Ugandan school nicknamed Macos see Makerere College School This article is about the current Apple operating system for Mac computers For the previous operating system up to Mac OS 9 see Classic Mac OS For an overview of all Mac operating systems from Apple see Mac operating systems macOS ˌ m ae k oʊ ˈ ɛ s 7 previously OS X and originally Mac OS X is a Unix operating system 8 developed and marketed by Apple Inc since 2001 It is the primary operating system for Apple s Mac computers Within the market of desktop and laptop computers it is the second most widely used desktop OS after Microsoft Windows and ahead of ChromeOS macOSmacOS Ventura the latest release of macOSDeveloperApple Inc Written inC C 1 Objective C Swift 2 assembly languageOS familyMac UnixWorking stateCurrentSource modelProprietary with open source components Initial releaseMarch 24 2001 21 years ago 2001 03 24 Latest release13 1 3 22C65 4 December 13 2022 30 days ago 2022 12 13 Latest preview13 2 beta 5 22D5027d 6 December 14 2022 29 days ago 2022 12 14 PlatformsARM64 11 0 x86 64 10 4 7 IA 32 10 4 4 10 6 8 PowerPC 10 0 10 5 8 Kernel typeHybrid XNU Defaultuser interfaceAqua Graphical LicenseCommercial software proprietary softwarePreceded byClassic Mac OS NeXTSTEPOfficial websiteapple com macosSupport statusSupportedmacOS succeeded the classic Mac OS a Mac operating system with nine releases from 1984 to 1999 During this time Apple cofounder Steve Jobs had left Apple and started another company NeXT developing the NeXTSTEP platform that would later be acquired by Apple to form the basis of macOS The first desktop version Mac OS X 10 0 was released in March 2001 with its first update 10 1 arriving later that year All releases from Mac OS X 10 5 Leopard 9 and after are UNIX 03 certified 10 with an exception for OS X 10 7 Lion 11 Apple s other operating systems iOS iPadOS watchOS tvOS audioOS are derivatives of macOS A prominent part of macOS s original brand identity was the use of Roman numeral X pronounced ten as in Mac OS X and also the iPhone X as well as code naming each release after species of big cats or places within California 12 Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2011 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 to align with the branding of Apple s other operating systems iOS watchOS and tvOS After sixteen distinct versions of macOS 10 macOS Big Sur was presented as version 11 in 2020 macOS Monterey was presented as version 12 in 2021 and macOS Ventura was presented as version 13 in 2022 macOS has supported three major processor architectures beginning with PowerPC based Macs in 1999 In 2006 Apple transitioned to the Intel architecture with a line of Macs using Intel Core processors In 2020 Apple began the Apple silicon transition using self designed 64 bit ARM based Apple M series processors on the latest Macintosh computers Contents 1 History 1 1 Development 1 2 Mac OS X 1 3 OS X 1 4 macOS 2 Architecture 2 1 Software compatibility 2 2 Hardware compatibility 2 3 PowerPC Intel transition 2 4 Intel Apple silicon transition 3 Features 3 1 Aqua user interface 3 2 Components 3 3 Multilingual support 3 4 Updating methods 4 Release history 4 1 Mac OS X Public Beta 4 2 Mac OS X 10 0 Cheetah 4 3 Mac OS X 10 1 Puma 4 4 Mac OS X 10 2 Jaguar 4 5 Mac OS X 10 3 Panther 4 6 Mac OS X 10 4 Tiger 4 7 Mac OS X 10 5 Leopard 4 8 Mac OS X 10 6 Snow Leopard 4 9 OS X 10 7 Lion 4 10 OS X 10 8 Mountain Lion 4 11 OS X 10 9 Mavericks 4 12 OS X 10 10 Yosemite 4 13 OS X 10 11 El Capitan 4 14 macOS 10 12 Sierra 4 15 macOS 10 13 High Sierra 4 16 macOS 10 14 Mojave 4 17 macOS 10 15 Catalina 4 18 macOS 11 Big Sur 4 19 macOS 12 Monterey 4 20 macOS 13 Ventura 5 Reception 5 1 Usage share 5 2 Malware and spyware 5 3 Promotion 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistoryDevelopment Main article macOS version history The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985 There the Unix like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed before being launched in 1989 The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach kernel which was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University with additional kernel layers and low level user space code derived from parts of BSD 13 Its graphical user interface was built on top of an object oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective C programming language Throughout the early 1990s Apple had tried to create a next generation OS to succeed its classic Mac OS through the Taligent Copland and Gershwin projects but all were eventually abandoned 14 This led Apple to purchase NeXT in 1996 allowing NeXTSTEP then called OPENSTEP to serve as the basis for Apple s next generation operating system 15 This purchase also led to Steve Jobs returning to Apple as an interim and then the permanent CEO shepherding the transformation of the programmer friendly OPENSTEP into a system that would be adopted by Apple s primary market of home users and creative professionals The project was first code named Rhapsody and then officially named Mac OS X 16 17 Mac OS X Mac OS X was originally presented as the tenth major version of Apple s operating system for Macintosh computers until 2020 versions of macOS retained the major version number 10 The letter X in Mac OS X s name refers to the number 10 a Roman numeral and Apple has stated that it should be pronounced ten in this context However it is also commonly pronounced like the letter X 18 19 Previous Macintosh operating systems versions of the classic Mac OS were named using Arabic numerals as with Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9 20 18 As of 2020 and 2021 Apple reverted to Arabic numeral versioning for successive releases macOS 11 Big Sur and macOS 12 Monterey as they have done for the iPhone 11 and iPhone 12 following the iPhone X The first version of Mac OS X Mac OS X Server 1 0 was a transitional product featuring an interface resembling the classic Mac OS though it was not compatible with software designed for the older system Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API many could also be run directly through the Classic Environment with a reduction in performance The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X 10 0 Reviews were variable with extensive praise for its sophisticated glossy Aqua interface but criticizing it for sluggish performance 21 With Apple s popularity at a low the maker of FrameMaker Adobe Inc declined to develop new versions of it for Mac OS X 22 Ars Technica columnist John Siracusa who reviewed every major OS X release up to 10 10 described the early releases in retrospect as dog slow feature poor and Aqua as unbearably slow and a huge resource hog 21 23 24 Apple rapidly developed several new releases of Mac OS X 25 Siracusa s review of version 10 3 Panther noted It s strange to have gone from years of uncertainty and vaporware to a steady annual supply of major new operating system releases 26 Version 10 4 Tiger reportedly shocked executives at Microsoft by offering a number of features such as fast file searching and improved graphics processing that Microsoft had spent several years struggling to add to Windows with acceptable performance 27 As the operating system evolved it moved away from the classic Mac OS with applications being added and removed 28 Considering music to be a key market Apple developed the iPod music player and music software for the Mac including iTunes and GarageBand 29 Targeting the consumer and media markets Apple emphasized its new digital lifestyle applications such as the iLife suite integrated home entertainment through the Front Row media center and the Safari web browser With increasing popularity of the internet Apple offered additional online services including the Mac MobileMe and most recently iCloud products It later began selling third party applications through the Mac App Store Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface moving away from the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions Some applications began to use a brushed metal appearance or non pinstriped title bar appearance in version 10 4 30 In Leopard Apple announced a unification of the interface with a standardized gray gradient window style 31 32 In 2006 the first Intel Macs released used a specialized version of Mac OS X 10 4 Tiger 33 A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the iPhone from 2007 onwards While Apple s previous iPod media players used a minimal operating system the iPhone used an operating system based on Mac OS X which would later be called iPhone OS and then iOS The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same frameworks placed tension on Apple which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay Mac OS X 10 5 Leopard 34 However after Apple opened the iPhone to third party developers its commercial success drew attention to Mac OS X with many iPhone software developers showing interest in Mac development 35 In 2007 Mac OS X 10 5 Leopard was the sole release with universal binary components allowing installation on both Intel Macs and select PowerPC Macs 36 It is also the final release with PowerPC Mac support Mac OS X 10 6 Snow Leopard was the first version of Mac OS X to be built exclusively for Intel Macs and the final release with 32 bit Intel Mac support 37 The name was intended to signal its status as an iteration of Leopard focusing on technical and performance improvements rather than user facing features indeed it was explicitly branded to developers as being a no new features release 38 Since its release several OS X or macOS releases namely OS X Mountain Lion OS X El Capitan macOS High Sierra and macOS Monterey follow this pattern with a name derived from its predecessor similar to the tick tock model used by Intel In two succeeding versions Lion and Mountain Lion Apple moved some applications to a highly skeuomorphic style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS while simplifying some elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use 23 This direction was like brushed metal interfaces unpopular with some users although it continued a trend of greater animation and variety in the interface previously seen in design aspects such as the Time Machine backup utility which presented past file versions against a swirling nebula and the glossy translucent dock of Leopard and Snow Leopard 39 In addition with Mac OS X 10 7 Lion Apple ceased to release separate server versions of Mac OS X selling server tools as a separate downloadable application through the Mac App Store A review described the trend in the server products as becoming cheaper and simpler shifting its focus from large businesses to small ones 40 OS X OS X logo from 2011 to 2013 In 2012 with the release of OS X 10 8 Mountain Lion the name of the system was officially shortened from Mac OS X to OS X after the previous version shortened the system name in a similar fashion a year prior That year Apple removed the head of OS X development Scott Forstall and design was changed towards a more minimal direction 41 Apple s new user interface design using deep color saturation text only buttons and a minimal flat interface was debuted with iOS 7 in 2013 With OS X engineers reportedly working on iOS 7 the version released in 2013 OS X 10 9 Mavericks was something of a transitional release with some of the skeuomorphic design removed while most of the general interface of Mavericks remained unchanged 42 The next version OS X 10 10 Yosemite adopted a design similar to iOS 7 but with greater complexity suitable for an interface controlled with a mouse 43 From 2012 onwards the system has shifted to an annual release schedule similar to that of iOS It also steadily cut the cost of updates from Snow Leopard onwards before removing upgrade fees altogether from 2013 onwards 44 Some journalists and third party software developers have suggested that this decision while allowing more rapid feature release meant less opportunity to focus on stability with no version of OS X recommendable for users requiring stability and performance above new features 45 Apple s 2015 update OS X 10 11 El Capitan was announced to focus specifically on stability and performance improvements 46 macOS macOS logo In 2016 with the release of macOS 10 12 Sierra the name was changed from OS X to macOS to align it with the branding of Apple s other primary operating systems iOS watchOS and tvOS 47 The Apple File System APFS was announced at Apple s annual Worldwide Developers Conference WWDC in June 2016 as a replacement for HFS which had been criticized as dated 48 49 50 macOS 10 13 High Sierra released in 2017 turned on APFS by default for SSDs 51 Its successor macOS 10 14 Mojave was released in 2018 adding a dark user interface option and a dynamic wallpaper setting 52 It was succeeded by macOS 10 15 Catalina in 2019 which replaces iTunes with separate apps for different types of media and introduces the Catalyst system for porting iOS apps 53 In 2020 Apple previewed macOS 11 Big Sur at the WWDC 2020 This was the first increment in the primary version number of macOS since the release of Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000 updates to macOS 11 were given 11 x numbers matching the version numbering scheme used by Apple s other operating systems Big Sur brought major changes to the UI and was the first version to run on the ARM instruction set 54 The new numbering system was continued in 2021 with macOS 12 Monterey and 2022 with macOS 13 Ventura ArchitectureMain article Architecture of macOS At macOS s core is a POSIX compliant operating system built on top of the XNU kernel 55 with standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface Apple has released this family of software as a free and open source operating system named Darwin On top of Darwin Apple layered a number of components including the Aqua interface and the Finder to complete the GUI based operating system which is macOS 56 With its original introduction as Mac OS X the system brought a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor the classic Mac OS For example pre emptive multitasking and memory protection improved the system s ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other Many aspects of macOS s architecture are derived from OPENSTEP which was designed to be portable to ease the transition from one platform to another For example NeXTSTEP was ported from the original 68k based NeXT workstations to x86 and other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple 57 and OPENSTEP was later ported to the PowerPC architecture as part of the Rhapsody project Prior to macOS High Sierra and on drives other than solid state drives SSDs the default file system is HFS which it inherited from the classic Mac OS Operating system designer Linus Torvalds has criticized HFS saying it is probably the worst file system ever whose design is actively corrupting user data He criticized the case insensitivity of file names a design made worse when Apple extended the file system to support Unicode 58 59 The Darwin subsystem in macOS manages the file system which includes the Unix permissions layer In 2003 and 2005 two Macworld editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme Ted Landau called misconfigured permissions the most common frustration in macOS while Rob Griffiths suggested that some users may even have to reset permissions every day a process which can take up to 15 minutes 60 More recently another Macworld editor Dan Frakes called the procedure of repairing permissions vastly overused 61 He argues that macOS typically handles permissions properly without user interference and resetting permissions should only be tried when problems emerge 62 The architecture of macOS incorporates a layered design 63 the layered frameworks aid rapid development of applications by providing existing code for common tasks 64 Apple provides its own software development tools most prominently an integrated development environment called Xcode Xcode provides interfaces to compilers that support several programming languages including C C Objective C and Swift For the Mac transition to Intel processors it was modified so that developers could build their applications as a universal binary which provides compatibility with both the Intel based and PowerPC based Macintosh lines 65 First and third party applications can be controlled programmatically using the AppleScript framework 66 retained from the classic Mac OS 67 or using the newer Automator application that offers pre written tasks that do not require programming knowledge 68 Software compatibility See also List of Mac software List of macOS versions and the software they run Operating system Safari Mail QuickTime iTunes Messages iChat iWork13 Ventura 16 0 16 0 10 5 14 0 2022 12 0 12 Monterey 11 Big Sur 14 010 15 Catalina 15 4 13 0 13 0 2021 partial 202010 14 Mojave 14 1 2 12 0 12 9 5 12 0 202010 13 High Sierra 13 1 2 11 0 10 4 12 8 2 11 0 201910 12 Sierra 12 1 2 10 0 201810 11 El Capitan 11 1 2 9 3 9 2 201410 10 Yosemite 10 1 2 8 010 9 Mavericks 9 1 3 7 3 10 3 12 6 2 201310 8 Mountain Lion 6 2 8 Un known 10 2 12 4 3 69 0910 7 Lion note 1 6 1 6 10 1 12 2 2 70 8 0b or 6 0 110 6 Snow Leopard 5 1 10 71 4 5 72 11 4 73 5 010 5 Leopard 5 0 6 3 6 7 7 10 6 3 74 4 010 4 Tiger 4 1 3 2 1 3 7 6 4 9 2 1 75 3 010 3 Panther 1 3 2 1 x 7 5 7 7 1 76 2 1 77 0510 2 Jaguar note 2 1 0 3 6 5 3 6 0 5 2 0 Keynote10 1 Puma 6 3 1 4 7 1 10 0 Cheetah note 3 5 0 2 0 4 Messages 8 0b Archived April 17 2017 at the Wayback Machine was a beta release that only functioned from February 16 to December 12 2012 Afterwards users could either revert to iChat or upgrade to a newer version of OS X 10 8 Mountain Lion for US 19 99 or 10 9 Mavericks or newer for free to continue using Messages Keynote 1 0 is the only iLife program that is compatible with Mac OS X 10 2 Jaguar Two minor updates 1 1 and 1 1 1 can be applied to this version iTunes 2 0 4 can only run if Classic is installed Otherwise Mac OS X 10 0 can only run iTunes 1 1 1 natively Apple offered two main APIs to develop software natively for macOS Cocoa and Carbon Cocoa was a descendant of APIs inherited from OPENSTEP with no ancestry from the classic Mac OS while Carbon was an adaptation of classic Mac OS APIs allowing Mac software to be minimally rewritten to run natively on Mac OS X 17 The Cocoa API was created as the result of a 1993 collaboration between NeXT Computer and Sun Microsystems This heritage is highly visible for Cocoa developers since the NS prefix is ubiquitous in the framework standing variously for NeXTSTEP or NeXT Sun The official OPENSTEP API published in September 1994 was the first to split the API between Foundation and ApplicationKit and the first to use the NS prefix 57 Traditionally Cocoa programs have been mostly written in Objective C with Java as an alternative However on July 11 2005 Apple announced that features added to Cocoa in Mac OS X versions later than 10 4 will not be added to the Cocoa Java programming interface 78 macOS also used to support the Java Platform as a preferred software package in practice this means that applications written in Java fit as neatly into the operating system as possible while still being cross platform compatible and that graphical user interfaces written in Swing look almost exactly like native Cocoa interfaces Since 2014 Apple has promoted its new programming language Swift as the preferred language for software development on Apple platforms Apple s original plan with macOS was to require all developers to rewrite their software into the Cocoa APIs This caused much outcry among existing Mac developers who threatened to abandon the platform rather than invest in a costly rewrite and the idea was shelved 17 79 To permit a smooth transition from Mac OS 9 to Mac OS X the Carbon Application Programming Interface API was created 17 Applications written with Carbon were initially able to run natively on both classic Mac OS and Mac OS X although this ability was later dropped as Mac OS X developed Carbon was not included in the first product sold as Mac OS X the little used original release of Mac OS X Server 1 0 which also did not include the Aqua interface 80 Apple limited further development of Carbon from the release of Leopard onwards and announced that Carbon applications would not run at 64 bit 79 17 A number of macOS applications continued to use Carbon for some time afterwards especially ones with heritage dating back to the classic Mac OS and for which updates would be difficult uneconomic or not necessary This included Microsoft Office up to Office 2016 and Photoshop up to CS5 81 79 Early versions of macOS could also run some classic Mac OS applications through the Classic Environment with performance limitations this feature was removed from 10 5 onwards and all Macs using Intel processors Because macOS is POSIX compliant many software packages written for the other Unix like systems including Linux can be recompiled to run on it including much scientific and technical software 82 Third party projects such as Homebrew Fink MacPorts and pkgsrc provide pre compiled or pre formatted packages Apple and others have provided versions of the X Window System graphical interface which can allow these applications to run with an approximation of the macOS look and feel 83 84 85 The current Apple endorsed method is the open source XQuartz project earlier versions could use the X11 application provided by Apple or before that the XDarwin project 86 Applications can be distributed to Macs and installed by the user from any source and by any method such as downloading with or without code signing available via an Apple developer account or through the Mac App Store a marketplace of software maintained by Apple through a process requiring the company s approval Apps installed through the Mac App Store run within a sandbox restricting their ability to exchange information with other applications or modify the core operating system and its features This has been cited as an advantage by allowing users to install apps with confidence that they should not be able to damage their system but also as a disadvantage due to blocking the Mac App Store s use for professional applications that require elevated privileges 87 88 Applications without any code signature cannot be run by default except from a computer s administrator account 89 90 Apple produces macOS applications Some are included with macOS and some sold separately This includes iWork Final Cut Pro Logic Pro iLife and the database application FileMaker Numerous other developers also offer software for macOS In 2018 Apple introduced an application layer codenamed Marzipan to port iOS apps to macOS 91 92 macOS Mojave included ports of four first party iOS apps including Home and News and it was announced that the API would be available for third party developers to use from 2019 93 94 95 In 2019 in macOS Catalina the application layer was made available to third party developers as Mac Catalyst 96 Hardware compatibility List of macOS versions the supported systems on which they run and their RAM requirements Operating system Supported systems 97 RAM requirement10 0 10 2 G3 G4 and G5 iBook and PowerBook Power Mac and iMac except PowerBook G3 Kanga 128 MB10 3 Macs with a New World ROM 98 10 4 Macs with built in FireWire and either a New World ROM or Intel processor 256 MB10 5 Select G4 G5 and Intel Macs 32 bit or 64 bit at 867 MHz or fasterClassic support dropped from 10 5 and later 512 MB10 6 Intel Macs 32 bit or 64 bit 99 1 GB10 7 Intel Macs 64 bit 99 Rosetta support dropped from 10 7 and later 2 GB10 8 10 11 MacBook Aluminum Late 2008 or later MacBook Pro Mid 2007 or later MacBook Air Late 2008 or later Mac mini Early 2009 or later iMac Mid 2007 or later Mac Pro Early 2008 or later Xserve Early 2009 10 12 10 13 MacBook Late 2009 or later MacBook Pro Mid 2010 or later MacBook Air Late 2010 or later Mac mini Mid 2010 or later iMac Late 2009 or later iMac Pro 2017 macOS 10 13 Mac Pro Mid 2010 or later 10 14 MacBook Early 2015 or later MacBook Air Mid 2012 or later MacBook Pro Mid 2012 or later Mac mini Late 2012 or later iMac Late 2012 or later iMac Pro 2017 Mac Pro Mid 2010 or later 100 10 15 MacBook Early 2015 or later MacBook Air Mid 2012 or later MacBook Pro Mid 2012 or later Mac mini Late 2012 or later iMac Late 2012 or later iMac Pro 2017 Mac Pro Late 2013 or later 4 GB11 MacBook Early 2015 or later MacBook Air Mid 2013 or later MacBook Pro Late 2013 or later Mac mini Late 2014 or later iMac Mid 2014 or later iMac Pro 2017 Mac Pro Late 2013 or later 12 MacBook Early 2016 or later MacBook Air Early 2015 or later MacBook Pro Early 2015 or later Mac mini Late 2014 or later iMac Late 2015 or later iMac Pro 2017 Mac Pro Late 2013 or later Mac Studio 2022 13 MacBook 2017 MacBook Air 2018 or later MacBook Pro 2017 or later Mac mini 2018 or later iMac 2017 or later iMac Pro 2017 Mac Pro 2019 Mac Studio 2022 Tools such as XPostFacto and patches applied to the installation media have been developed by third parties to enable installation of newer versions of macOS on systems not officially supported by Apple This includes a number of pre G3 Power Macintosh systems that can be made to run up to and including Mac OS X 10 2 Jaguar all G3 based Macs which can run up to and including Tiger and sub 867 MHz G4 Macs can run Leopard by removing the restriction from the installation DVD or entering a command in the Mac s Open Firmware interface to tell the Leopard Installer that it has a clock rate of 867 MHz or greater Except for features requiring specific hardware such as graphics acceleration or DVD writing the operating system offers the same functionality on all supported hardware As most Mac hardware components or components similar to those since the Intel transition are available for purchase 101 some technology capable groups have developed software to install macOS on non Apple computers These are referred to as Hackintoshes a portmanteau of the words hack and Macintosh This violates Apple s EULA and is therefore unsupported by Apple technical support warranties etc but communities that cater to personal users who do not install for resale and profit have generally been ignored by Apple 102 103 104 These self made computers allow more flexibility and customization of hardware but at a cost of leaving the user more responsible for their own machine such as on matter of data integrity or security 105 Psystar a business that attempted to profit from selling macOS on non Apple certified hardware was sued by Apple in 2008 106 PowerPC Intel transition Main article Mac transition to Intel processors Steve Jobs talks about the transition to Intel processors In April 2002 eWeek announced a rumor that Apple had a version of Mac OS X code named Marklar which ran on Intel x86 processors The idea behind Marklar was to keep Mac OS X running on an alternative platform should Apple become dissatisfied with the progress of the PowerPC platform 107 These rumors subsided until late in May 2005 when various media outlets such as The Wall Street Journal 108 and CNET 109 announced that Apple would unveil Marklar in the coming months 110 111 112 On June 6 2005 Steve Jobs announced in his keynote address at WWDC that Apple would be making the transition from PowerPC to Intel processors over the following two years and that Mac OS X would support both platforms during the transition Jobs also confirmed rumors that Apple had versions of Mac OS X running on Intel processors for most of its developmental life Intel based Macs would run a new recompiled version of OS X along with Rosetta a binary translation layer which enables software compiled for PowerPC Mac OS X to run on Intel Mac OS X machines 113 The system was included with Mac OS X versions up to version 10 6 8 114 Apple dropped support for Classic mode on the new Intel Macs Third party emulation software such as Mini vMac Basilisk II and SheepShaver provided support for some early versions of Mac OS A new version of Xcode and the underlying command line compilers supported building universal binaries that would run on either architecture 115 PowerPC only software is supported with Apple s official binary translation software Rosetta though applications eventually had to be rewritten to run properly on the newer versions released for Intel processors Apple initially encouraged developers to produce universal binaries with support for both PowerPC and Intel 116 PowerPC binaries suffer a performance penalty when run on Intel Macs through Rosetta Moreover some PowerPC software such as kernel extensions and System Preferences plugins are not supported on Intel Macs at all Plugins for Safari need to be compiled for the same platform as Safari so when Safari is running on Intel it requires plug ins that have been compiled as Intel only or universal binaries so PowerPC only plug ins will not work 117 While Intel Macs can run PowerPC Intel and universal binaries PowerPC Macs support only universal and PowerPC builds Support for the PowerPC platform was dropped following the transition In 2009 Apple announced at WWDC that Mac OS X 10 6 Snow Leopard would drop support for PowerPC processors and be Intel only 118 Rosetta continued to be offered as an optional download or installation choice in Snow Leopard before it was discontinued with Mac OS X 10 7 Lion 119 In addition new versions of Mac OS X first and third party software increasingly required Intel processors including new versions of iLife iWork Aperture and Logic Pro Intel Apple silicon transition Main article Mac transition to Apple silicon An illustration of Apple s M1 processor Rumors of Apple shifting Macs to the ARM processors used by iOS devices began circulating as early as 2011 120 and ebbed and flowed throughout the 2010s 121 Rumors intensified in 2020 when numerous reports announced that the company would announce its shift to its custom processors at WWDC 122 Apple officially announced its shift to processors designed in house on June 22 2020 at WWDC 2020 with the transition planned to last for two years 123 The first release of macOS to support ARM is macOS Big Sur Big Sur and later versions support Universal 2 binaries which are applications consisting of both Intel x86 64 and Apple silicon AArch64 binaries when launched only the appropriate binary is run Additionally Intel binaries can be run on Apple silicon based Macs using the Rosetta 2 binary translation software The change in processor architecture allows Macs with ARM processors to be able to run iOS and iPadOS apps natively 124 FeaturesAqua user interface Main article Aqua user interface The original Aqua user interface as seen in the Mac OS X Public Beta from 2000 One of the major differences between the classic Mac OS and the current macOS was the addition of Aqua a graphical user interface with water like elements in the first major release of Mac OS X Every window element text graphic or widget is drawn on screen using spatial anti aliasing technology 125 ColorSync a technology introduced many years before was improved and built into the core drawing engine to provide color matching for printing and multimedia professionals 126 Also drop shadows were added around windows and isolated text elements to provide a sense of depth New interface elements were integrated including sheets dialog boxes attached to specific windows and drawers which would slide out and provide options The use of soft edges translucent colors and pinstripes similar to the hardware design of the first iMacs brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X Server 1 0 s Platinum appearance had offered According to Siracusa the introduction of Aqua and its departure from the then conventional look hit like a ton of bricks 127 Bruce Tognazzini who founded the original Apple Human Interface Group said that the Aqua interface in Mac OS X 10 0 represented a step backwards in usability compared with the original Mac OS interface 128 129 Third party developers started producing skins for customizable applications and other operating systems which mimicked the Aqua appearance To some extent Apple has used the successful transition to this new design as leverage at various times threatening legal action against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its copyrighted design 130 Apple has continued to change aspects of the macOS appearance and design particularly with tweaks to the appearance of windows and the menu bar Since 2012 Apple has sold many of its Mac models with high resolution Retina displays and macOS and its APIs have extensive support for resolution independent development on supporting high resolution displays Reviewers have described Apple s support for the technology as superior to that on Windows 131 132 133 The human interface guidelines published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications giving them consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts 134 In addition new services for applications are included which include spelling and grammar checkers special characters palette color picker font chooser and dictionary these global features are present in every Cocoa application adding consistency The graphics system OpenGL composites windows onto the screen to allow hardware accelerated drawing This technology introduced in version 10 2 is called Quartz Extreme a component of Quartz Quartz s internal imaging model correlates well with the Portable Document Format PDF imaging model making it easy to output PDF to multiple devices 126 As a side result PDF viewing and creating PDF documents from any application are built in features 135 Reflecting its popularity with design users macOS also has system support for a variety of professional video and image formats and includes an extensive pre installed font library featuring many prominent brand name designs 136 Components Main article List of macOS built in apps The Finder is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS 137 138 Quick Look has been part of the Finder since version 10 5 It allows for dynamic previews of files including videos and multi page documents without opening any other applications Spotlight a file searching technology which has been integrated into the Finder since version 10 4 allows rapid real time searches of data files mail messages photos and other information based on item properties metadata or content 139 140 macOS makes use of a Dock which holds file and folder shortcuts as well as minimized windows Apple added Expose in version 10 3 called Mission Control since version 10 7 a feature which includes three functions to help accessibility between windows and desktop Its functions are to instantly display all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks display all open windows as thumbnails from the current application and hide all windows to access the desktop 141 FileVault is optional encryption of the user s files with the 128 bit Advanced Encryption Standard AES 128 142 Features introduced in version 10 4 include Automator an application designed to create an automatic workflow for different tasks 143 Dashboard a full screen group of small applications called desktop widgets that can be called up and dismissed in one keystroke 144 and Front Row a media viewer interface accessed by the Apple Remote 145 Sync Services allows applications to access a centralized extensible database for various elements of user data including calendar and contact items The operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency 146 All system icons are scalable up to 512 512 pixels as of version 10 5 to accommodate various places where they appear in larger size including for example the Cover Flow view a three dimensional graphical user interface included with iTunes the Finder and other Apple products for visually skimming through files and digital media libraries via cover artwork That version also introduced Spaces a virtual desktop implementation which enables the user to have more than one desktop and display them in an Expose like interface 147 an automatic backup technology called Time Machine which allows users to view and restore previous versions of files and application data 148 and Screen Sharing was built in for the first time 149 In more recent releases Apple has developed support for emoji characters by including the proprietary Apple Color Emoji font 150 151 Apple has also connected macOS with social networks such as Twitter and Facebook through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and text 152 Apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in iOS its mobile operating system to macOS in recent releases notably the intelligent personal assistant Siri which was introduced in version 10 12 of macOS 153 154 Multilingual support There are 39 system languages available in macOS for the user at the moment of installation the system language is used throughout the entire operating system environment 155 Input methods for typing in dozens of scripts can be chosen independently of the system language 156 Recent updates have added increased support for Chinese characters and interconnections with popular social networks in China 157 158 159 160 Updating methods macOS can be updated using the Software Update settings pane in System Settings or the softwareupdate command line utility Until OS X 10 8 Mountain Lion a separate Software Update application performed this functionality In Mountain Lion and later this was merged into the Mac App Store application although the underlying update mechanism remains unchanged and is fundamentally different from the download mechanism used when purchasing an App Store application In macOS 10 14 Mojave the updating function was moved again to the Software Update settings pane Release historyMain article macOS version history Releases Box Mac App Store artwork for every version of macOS from Mac OS X Cheetah to macOS Ventura Left to right top row Cheetah Puma 1 Jaguar 2 Panther 3 Tiger 4 Leopard 5 Snow Leopard 6 Lion 7 Mountain Lion 8 Mavericks 9 Yosemite 10 El Capitan 11 Bottom row Sierra 12 High Sierra 13 Mojave 14 Catalina 15 Big Sur 16 Monterey 17 Ventura 18 vte Mac OS X OS X and macOS version information Version Release Name Darwinversion Processorsupport Applicationsupport Kernel Dateannounced Releasedate Most recentversionOld version no longer maintained Rhapsody Developer Release Grail1Z4 Titan1U internal codename Un known 32 bit PowerPC 32 bit PowerPC 32 bit January 7 1997 161 August 31 1997 DR2 May 14 1998 Old version no longer maintained Mac OS X Server 1 0 Hera internal codename Un known Un known March 16 1999 1 2v3 October 27 2000 Old version no longer maintained Mac OS X Developer Preview Un known Un known May 11 1998 162 March 16 1999 DP4 April 5 2000 Old version no longer maintained Mac OS X Public Beta Kodiak 163 internal codename Un known May 15 2000 164 September 13 2000 Old version no longer maintained Mac OS X 10 0 Cheetah internal codename 1 3 1 January 9 2001 165 March 24 2001 10 0 4 4Q12 June 22 2001 Old version no longer maintained Mac OS X 10 1 Puma internal codename 1 4 1 5 July 18 2001 166 September 25 2001 10 1 5 5S60 June 6 2002 Old version no longer maintained Mac OS X 10 2 Jaguar 6 32 64 bit PowerPC Note 1 May 6 2002 167 August 24 2002 10 2 8 October 3 2003 Old version no longer maintained Mac OS X 10 3 Panther 7 June 23 2003 168 October 24 2003 10 3 9 7W98 April 15 2005 Old version no longer maintained Mac OS X 10 4 Tiger 8 32 64 bit PowerPCand Intel 32 64 bit PowerPCand Intel Note 2 Note 3 May 4 2004 169 April 29 2005 10 4 11 November 14 2007 Old version no longer maintained Mac OS X 10 5 Leopard 9 June 26 2006 170 October 26 2007 10 5 8 9L31a August 13 2009 Old version no longer maintained Mac OS X 10 6 Snow Leopard 10 32 64 bit Intel 32 64 bit Intel32 bit PowerPC Note 3 32 64 bit 171 June 9 2008 172 August 28 2009 10 6 8 10K549 July 25 2011 Old version no longer maintained Mac OS X 10 7 Lion 11 64 bit Intel 32 64 bit Intel October 20 2010 173 July 20 2011 10 7 5 11G63 October 4 2012 Old version no longer maintained OS X 10 8 Mountain Lion 12 64 bit 174 February 16 2012 175 July 25 2012 176 10 8 5 12F2560 August 13 2015 Old version no longer maintained OS X 10 9 Mavericks 13 June 10 2013 177 October 22 2013 10 9 5 13F1911 July 18 2016 Old version no longer maintained OS X 10 10 Yosemite 14 June 2 2014 178 October 16 2014 10 10 5 14F2511 July 19 2017 Old version no longer maintained OS X 10 11 El Capitan 15 June 8 2015 179 September 30 2015 10 11 6 15G22010 July 9 2018 Old version no longer maintained macOS 10 12 Sierra 16 June 13 2016 180 September 20 2016 10 12 6 16G2136 September 26 2019 Old version no longer maintained macOS 10 13 High Sierra 17 June 5 2017 September 25 2017 10 13 6 17G14042 November 12 2020 Old version no longer maintained macOS 10 14 Mojave 18 June 4 2018 September 24 2018 10 14 6 18G9323 July 21 2021 Old version no longer maintained macOS 10 15 Catalina 19 64 bit Intel June 3 2019 October 7 2019 10 15 7 19H2026 July 20 2022 Older version yet still maintained macOS 11 Big Sur 20 64 bit Intel and ARM 64 bit Intel and ARM Note 4 June 22 2020 November 12 2020 11 7 2 20G1020 December 13 2022 Older version yet still maintained macOS 12 Monterey 21 June 7 2021 October 25 2021 12 6 2 21G320 December 13 2022 Current stable version macOS 13 Ventura 22 June 6 2022 October 24 2022 13 1 22C65 December 13 2022 Legend Old versionOlder version still maintainedLatest versionLatest preview versionFuture release1 The Power Mac G5 had special Jaguar builds 2 Tiger did not support 64 bit GUI applications only 64 bit CLI applications 181 182 3 1 2 32 bit but not 64 bit PowerPC applications were supported on Intel processors with Rosetta 4 64 bit Intel applications are supported on Apple silicon Macs with Rosetta 2 However Intel based Macs are unable to run ARM based applications such as iOS and iPadOS apps Timeline of versions With the exception of Mac OS X Server 1 0 and the original public beta OS X versions were named after big cats until OS X 10 9 Mavericks when Apple switched to using California locations Prior to its release Mac OS X 10 0 was code named Cheetah internally at Apple and Mac OS X 10 1 was code named internally as Puma After the immense buzz surrounding Mac OS X 10 2 codenamed Jaguar Apple s product marketing began openly using the code names to promote the operating system Mac OS X 10 3 was marketed as Panther Mac OS X 10 4 as Tiger Mac OS X 10 5 as Leopard Mac OS X 10 6 as Snow Leopard Mac OS X 10 7 as Lion OS X 10 8 as Mountain Lion and OS X 10 9 as Mavericks Panther Tiger and Leopard are registered as trademarks of Apple 183 184 185 but Cheetah Puma and Jaguar have never been registered Apple has also registered Lynx and Cougar as trademarks though these were allowed to lapse 186 187 Computer retailer Tiger Direct sued Apple for its use of the name Tiger On May 16 2005 a US federal court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that Apple s use did not infringe on Tiger Direct s trademark 188 Mac OS X Public Beta Main article Mac OS X Public Beta On September 13 2000 Apple released a 29 95 189 preview version of Mac OS X internally codenamed Kodiak to gain feedback from users The PB as it was known marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to function in Spring 2001 190 Mac OS X 10 0 Cheetah Main article Mac OS X 10 0 Screenshot of OS X 10 0 On March 24 2001 Apple released Mac OS X 10 0 internally codenamed Cheetah 191 The initial version was slow 192 incomplete 193 and had very few applications available at launch mostly from independent developers 194 While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve 193 Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment 193 for attempts to overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996 and delayed by countless setbacks Mac OS X 10 1 Puma Main article Mac OS X 10 1 Later that year on September 25 2001 Mac OS X 10 1 internally codenamed Puma was released It featured increased performance and provided missing features such as DVD playback Apple released 10 1 as a free upgrade CD for 10 0 users in addition to the US 129 boxed version for people running Mac OS 9 It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file Apple later re released the CDs in an actual stripped down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems 195 On January 7 2002 Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month 196 Mac OS X 10 2 Jaguar Main article Mac OS X Jaguar On August 23 2002 197 Apple followed up with Mac OS X 10 2 Jaguar the first release to use its code name as part of the branding 198 It brought great raw performance improvements a sleeker look and many powerful user interface enhancements over 150 according to Apple 199 including Quartz Extreme for compositing graphics directly on an ATI Radeon or Nvidia GeForce2 MX AGP based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM a system wide repository for contact information in the new Address Book and an instant messaging client named iChat 200 The Happy Mac which had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence for almost 18 years was replaced with a large grey Apple logo with the introduction of Mac OS X v10 2 201 Mac OS X 10 3 Panther Main article Mac OS X Panther Mac OS X v10 3 Panther was released on October 24 2003 It significantly improved performance and incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface Panther included as many or more new features as Jaguar had the year before including an updated Finder incorporating a brushed metal interface Fast user switching Expose Window manager FileVault Safari iChat AV which added video conferencing features to iChat improved Portable Document Format PDF rendering and much greater Microsoft Windows interoperability 202 Support for some early G3 computers such as beige Power Macs and WallStreet PowerBooks was discontinued 203 Mac OS X 10 4 Tiger Main article Mac OS X Tiger Screenshot of Tiger Mac OS X 10 4 Tiger was released on April 29 2005 Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features 204 As with Panther certain older machines were no longer supported Tiger requires a Mac with 256 MB and a built in FireWire port 98 Among the new features Tiger introduced Spotlight Dashboard Smart Folders updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes QuickTime 7 Safari 2 Automator VoiceOver Core Image and Core Video The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services 205 On January 10 2006 Apple released the first Intel based Macs along with the 10 4 4 update to Tiger This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC based Macs and the new Intel based machines with the exception of the Intel release lacking support for the Classic environment 206 Mac OS X 10 5 Leopard Main article Mac OS X Leopard Mac OS X 10 5 Leopard was released on October 26 2007 It was called by Apple the largest update of Mac OS X It brought more than 300 new features 207 Leopard supports both PowerPC and Intel x86 based Macintosh computers support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz and at least 512 MB of RAM to be installed The single DVD works for all supported Macs including 64 bit machines New features include a new look an updated Finder Time Machine Spaces Boot Camp pre installed 208 full support for 64 bit applications including graphical applications new features in Mail and iChat and a number of new security features Leopard is an Open Brand UNIX 03 registered product on the Intel platform It was also the first BSD based OS to receive UNIX 03 certification 9 209 Leopard dropped support for the Classic Environment and all Classic applications 210 It was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture 211 Mac OS X 10 6 Snow Leopard Main article Mac OS X Snow Leopard Mac OS X 10 6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28 2009 Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS X Snow Leopard focused on under the hood changes increasing the performance efficiency and stability of the operating system For most users the most noticeable changes were the disk space that the operating system frees up after a clean install compared to Mac OS X 10 5 Leopard a more responsive Finder rewritten in Cocoa faster Time Machine backups more reliable and user friendly disk ejects a more powerful version of the Preview application as well as a faster Safari web browser Snow Leopard only supported machines with Intel CPUs required at least 1 GB of RAM and dropped default support for applications built for the PowerPC architecture Rosetta could be installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC only applications 212 Snow Leopard also featured new 64 bit technology capable of supporting greater amounts of RAM improved support for multi core processors through Grand Central Dispatch and advanced GPU performance with OpenCL 213 The 10 6 6 update introduced support for the Mac App Store Apple s digital distribution platform for macOS applications 214 OS X Lion was announced at WWDC 2011 at Moscone West OS X 10 7 Lion Main article OS X Lion OS X 10 7 Lion was released on July 20 2011 It brought developments made in Apple s iOS such as an easily navigable display of installed applications called Launchpad and a greater use of multi touch gestures to the Mac This release removed Rosetta making it incompatible with PowerPC applications 119 Changes made to the GUI include auto hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are used and Mission Control which unifies Expose Spaces Dashboard and full screen applications within a single interface 215 Apple also made changes to applications they resume in the same state as they were before they were closed similar to iOS Documents auto save by default 216 OS X 10 8 Mountain Lion Main article OS X Mountain Lion OS X 10 8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25 2012 176 Following the release of Lion the previous year it was the first of the annual rather than two yearly updates to OS X and later macOS which also closely aligned with the annual iOS operating system updates It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5 which include Game Center support for iMessage in the new Messages messaging application and Reminders as a to do list app separate from iCal which is renamed as Calendar like the iOS app It also includes support for storing iWork documents in iCloud 217 Notification Center which makes its debut in Mountain Lion is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5 0 and higher Application pop ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features including support for Baidu as an option for Safari search engine QQ 163 com and 126 com services for Mail Contacts and Calendar Youku Tudou and Sina Weibo are integrated into share sheets 160 Starting with Mountain Lion Apple software updates including the OS are distributed via the App Store 218 This updating mechanism replaced the Apple Software Update utility 219 A screenshot of OS X Mavericks OS X 10 9 Mavericks Main article OS X Mavericks OS X 10 9 Mavericks was released on October 22 2013 It was a free upgrade to all users running Snow Leopard or later with a 64 bit Intel processor 220 Its changes include the addition of the previously iOS only Maps and iBooks applications improvements to the Notification Center enhancements to several applications and many under the hood improvements 221 OS X 10 10 Yosemite Main article OS X Yosemite OS X 10 10 Yosemite was released on October 16 2014 It features a redesigned user interface similar to that of iOS 7 intended to feature a more minimal text based flat design with use of translucency effects and intensely saturated colors 222 Apple s showcase new feature in Yosemite is Handoff which enables users with iPhones running iOS 8 1 or later to answer phone calls receive and send SMS messages and complete unfinished iPhone emails on their Mac As of OS X 10 10 3 Photos replaced iPhoto and Aperture 223 OS X 10 11 El Capitan Main article OS X El Capitan Screenshot of El Capitan OS X 10 11 El Capitan was released on September 30 2015 Similar to Mac OS X 10 6 Snow Leopard Apple described this release as emphasizing refinements to the Mac experience and improvements to system performance 224 Refinements include public transport built into the Maps application GUI improvements to the Notes application adopting San Francisco as the system font for clearer legibility and the introduction of System Integrity Protection The Metal API first introduced in iOS 8 was also included in this operating system for all Macs since 2012 225 According to Apple Metal accelerates system level rendering by up to 50 percent resulting in faster graphics performance for everyday apps Metal also delivers up to 10 times faster draw call performance for more fluid experience in games and pro apps 226 macOS 10 12 Sierra Main article macOS Sierra macOS 10 12 Sierra was released to the public on September 20 2016 New features include the addition of Siri Optimized Storage and updates to Photos Messages and iTunes 227 228 macOS 10 13 High Sierra Main article macOS High Sierra macOS 10 13 High Sierra was released to the public on September 25 2017 229 Like OS X El Capitan and OS X Mountain Lion High Sierra is a refinement based update having very few new features visible to the user including updates to Safari Photos and Mail among other changes 230 The major change under the hood is the switch to the Apple File System optimized for the solid state storage used in most new Mac computers 231 macOS 10 14 Mojave Main article macOS Mojave macOS 10 14 Mojave was released on September 24 2018 52 The update introduced a system wide dark mode and several new apps lifted from iOS such as Apple News It was the first version to require a GPU that supports Metal Mojave also changed the system software update mechanism from the App Store where it had been since OS X Mountain Lion to a new panel in System Preferences App updates remain in the App Store macOS 10 15 Catalina Main article macOS Catalina macOS 10 15 Catalina was released on October 7 2019 232 Updates included enhanced voice control and bundled apps for music video and podcasts that together replace the functions of iTunes and the ability to use an iPad as an external monitor Catalina officially dropped support for 32 bit applications 233 macOS 11 Big Sur Main article macOS Big Sur macOS Big Sur was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 22 2020 234 and it was made available to the general public on November 12 2020 This is the first time the major version number of the operating system has been incremented since the Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000 It brings ARM support 235 new icons and aesthetic user interface changes to the system 236 macOS 12 Monterey Main article macOS Monterey macOS Monterey was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 7 2021 and released on October 25 2021 introducing Universal Control which allows input devices to be used with multiple devices simultaneously Focus which allows selectively limiting notifications and alerts depending on user defined user work modes Shortcuts a task automation framework previously only available on iOS and iPadOS expected to replace Automator a redesigned Safari Web browser and updates and improvements to FaceTime 237 macOS 13 Ventura Main article macOS Ventura macOS Ventura was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 6 2022 238 and released on October 24 2022 239 It came with the redesigned System Preferences to a more iOS like settings and now with the new Weather and Clock app for Mac Users can use an iPhone as a webcam for video conferencing ReceptionUsage share See also Usage share of operating systems As of July 2016 macOS is the second most active general purpose desktop client operating system used on the World Wide Web following Microsoft Windows with a 4 90 usage share according to statistics compiled by the Wikimedia Foundation It is the second most widely used desktop operating system for web browsing after Windows and is estimated at five times the usage of Linux which has 1 01 Usage share generally continues to shift away from the desktop and toward mobile operating systems such as iOS and Android 240 Malware and spyware Main article macOS malware In its earlier years Mac OS X enjoyed a near absence of the types of malware and spyware that have affected Microsoft Windows users 241 242 243 macOS has a smaller usage share compared to Windows 244 Worms as well as potential vulnerabilities were noted in 2006 which led some industry analysts and anti virus companies to issue warnings that Apple s Mac OS X is not immune to malware 245 Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks 246 In early 2011 Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks 247 and malware such as Mac Defender MacProtector and MacGuard was seen as an increasing problem for Mac users At first the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password but later versions installed without user input 248 Initially Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue but as the malware spread a support document was issued Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem An estimated 100 000 users were affected 249 250 Apple releases security updates for macOS regularly 251 as well as signature files containing malware signatures for Xprotect an anti malware feature part of File Quarantine present since Mac OS X Snow Leopard 252 Promotion As a device company Apple has mostly promoted macOS to sell Macs with promotion of macOS updates focused on existing users promotion at Apple Store and other retail partners or through events for developers In larger scale advertising campaigns Apple specifically promoted macOS as better for handling media and other home user applications and comparing Mac OS X especially versions Tiger and Leopard with the heavy criticism Microsoft received for the long awaited Windows Vista operating system 253 254 See alsoDock macOS Classic Mac OS 1984 2001 Comparison of BSD operating systems Comparison of operating systems List of operating systems List of Mac software Mac operating systemsReferences What Is the I O Kit IOKit Fundamentals Archived from the original on January 22 2021 Retrieved September 4 2018 Apple considered several programming languages for the I O Kit and chose a 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