Haplogroup O-M122

Haplogroup O-M122 (also known as Haplogroup O2 (formerly Haplogroup O3)) is an Eastern Eurasian Y-chromosome haplogroup. The lineage ranges across Southeast Asia and East Asia, where it dominates the paternal lineages with extremely high frequencies. It is also significantly present in Central Asia, especially among the Naiman tribe of Kazakhs.^[8]

Haplogroup O-M122
Possible time of origin	33,943 (95% CI 25,124 <-> 37,631) ybp ^[1] 35,000 (with slower average mutation rate) or 30,000 (with faster average mutation rate) years ago^[2]
Coalescence age	30,365 (95% CI 22,492 <-> 33,956) ybp^[1]
Possible place of origin	South Asia^[citation needed] or Southeast Asia ^[3]
Ancestor	O-M175
Defining mutations	M122 ^[4]
Highest frequencies	Nyishi 94%, ^[5] Adi 89%,^[5] Tamang 87%, ^[6] Kachari (Boro) 85%,^[7] Apatani 82%,^[5] Rabha 76.5%,^[7] Naga 76%,^[5] Bhutanese 74%^[citation needed], Naiman Kazakhs 68%,^[8] Han Chinese 56%, Tibetan 48%, She People 48% (78.6% Northern,^[9] 62.7%^[10]), Manchus 47%, Hmong/Miao 46% (69.0% China,^[10] 64.3% Thailand,^[11] 44.0% Hunan,^[9] 41.2% Laos,^[9] 36.7% Yunnan,^[9] 30.6% Guizhou,^[9] 14.6% Điện Biên Phủ^[12]), Vietnamese 44%, Korean 43%, Karen 37%,^[13] Filipinos 33%, Southwestern Tai approx. 30.4%^[14] (Shan 40%,^[15] Siamese 39.5%,^[14] Northern Thai 37.2%,^[15] Yong 37%,^[13] Tai Lue 29%,^[15] Saek 29%,^[14] Phuan 29%,^[14] Thái in Vietnam 29%,^[12] Lao 27.5%,^[14] Kaleun 24%,^[14] Nyaw 22%,^[14] Isan 21%,^[14] Tai Khün 21%,^[15] Phutai 17%,^[14] Tai Dam 14%^[14])

This lineage is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup O-M175.

Origins

Researchers believe that O-M122 first appeared in Southeast Asia approximately 25,000-30,000 years ago ^[3] or roughly between 30,000 and 35,000 years ago according to more recent studies (Karmin et al. 2015, Poznik et al. 2016, YFull January 4, 2018). In a systematic sampling and genetic screening of an East Asian–specific Y-chromosome haplogroup (O-M122) in 2,332 individuals from diverse East Asian populations, results indicate that the O-M122 lineage is dominant in East Asian populations, with an average frequency of 44.3%. Microsatellite data show that the O-M122 haplotypes are more diverse in Southeast Asia than those in northern East Asia.^[3] This suggests a southern origin of the O-M122 mutation to be likely.

It was part of the settlement of East Asia. However, the prehistoric peopling of East Asia by modern humans remains controversial with respect to early population migrations and the place of the O-M122 lineage in these migrations is ambivalent.^{[citation needed]}

Distribution

Although Haplogroup O-M122 appears to be primarily associated with ethnic Tibeto-Burman speaking groups inhabiting the Seven Sister States of north eastern India, it also forms a significant component of the Y-chromosome diversity of most modern populations of the East Asian region.

East Asia

Haplogroup O-M122 is found in approximately 53.29% of all modern Chinese males^[16] (with frequency ranging from 30/101=29.7% among Pinghua-speaking Hans in Guangxi ^[17] to 110/148=74.3% among Hans in Changting, Fujian ^[18]), about 40% of Manchu, Chinese Mongolian, Korean, and Vietnamese males, about 33.3% ^[19] to 62% (Jin 2009 and ^[20]) of Filipino males, about 10.5% ^[21] to 55.6% ^[21] of Malaysian males, about 10% (4/39 Guide County, Qinghai) ^[22] to 45% (22/49 Zhongdian County, Yunnan) ^[23] of Tibetan males, about 20% (10/50 Shuangbai, northern Yunnan) ^[23] to 44% (8/18 Xishuangbanna, southern Yunnan) ^[23] and ^[24] of Yi males, about 25% of Zhuang ^[25] and Indonesian ^[26] males, and about 16%^[27][28] to 20% ^[19] of Japanese males. The distribution of Haplogroup O-M122 stretches far into Asia (approx. 40% of Dungans,^[29] 30% of Salars,^[30] 28% of Bonan,^[30] 24% of Dongxiang,^[30] 18% to 22.8% of Mongolian citizens in Ulaanbaatar,^[19] 11%-15.4% of Khalkha Mongolians (Yamamoto et al. 2013^[31]) but also as high as 31.1% (Kim et al. 2011), 12% of Uyghurs,^[29] 9% of Kazakhs ^[29] but in the Naiman of Kazakhs 65.81%,^[8] 6.8% of Kalmyks^[32] (17.1% of Khoshuud, 6.1% of Dörwöd, 3.3% of Torguud, 0% of Buzawa), 6.2% of Altaians,^[33] 5.3% of Kyrgyz,^[34] 4.1% of Uzbeks,^[29] and 4.0% of Buryats.^[35]

Modern northern Han Chinese Y haplogroups and mtdna match those of ancient northern Han Chinese ancestors 3,000 years ago from the Hengbei archeological site. 89 ancient samples were taken. Y haplogroups O3a, O3a3, M, O2a, Q1a1, and O* were all found in Hengbei samples.^[36] Three men who lived in the Neolithic era are the ancestors of 40% of Han Chinese, with their Y haplogroups being subclades of O3a-M324 and they are estimated to have lived 6,800 years ago, 6,500 years ago and 5,400 years ago.^[37]

The East Asian O3-M122 Y chromosome Haplogroup is found in large quantities in other Muslims close to the Hui people like Dongxiang, Bo'an and Salar. The majority of Tibeto-Burmans, Han Chinese, and Ningxia and Liaoning Hui share paternal Y chromosomes of East Asian origin which are unrelated to Middle Easterners and Europeans. In contrast to distant Middle Eastern and Europeans whom the Muslims of China are not related to, East Asians, Han Chinese, and most of the Hui and Dongxiang of Linxia share more genes with each other. This indicates that native East Asian populations converted to Islam and were culturally assimilated to these ethnicities and that Chinese Muslim populations are mostly not descendants of foreigners as claimed by some accounts while only a small minority of them are.^[38]

South Asia

Haplogroup O-M122 is restricted among tribal groups of Northeast India where it is found at very high frequencies. In Arunachal Pradesh, it is found at 89% among Adi, 82% among Apatani, and 94% among Nishi, while the Naga people show it at 100% (Cordaux 2004). In Meghalaya, 59.2% (42/71) of a sample of Garos and 31.7% (112/353) of a sample of Khasis have been found to belong to O-M122.^[39] In Nepal, Tamang people present a very high frequency of O-M122 (39/45 = 86.7%), while much lower percentages of Newar (14/66 = 21.2%) and the general population of Kathmandu (16/77 = 20.8%) belong to this haplogroup.^[40] A study published in 2009 found O-M122 in 52.6% (30/57, including 28 members of O-M117 and two members of O-M134(xM117)) of a sample of Tharus from a village in Chitwan District of south-central Nepal, 28.6% (22/77, all O-M117) of a sample of Tharus from another village in Chitwan District, and 18.9% (7/37, all O-M117) of a sample of Tharus from a village in Morang District of southeastern Nepal.^[41] In contrast, the same study found O-M122 in only one individual in a sample of non-Tharu Hindus collected in Chitwan District (1/26 = 3.8% O-M134(xM117)), one tribal individual from Andhra Pradesh, India (1/29 = 3.4% O-M117), and one individual in a sample of Hindus from New Delhi, India (1/49 = 2.0% O-M122(xM134)).^[41]

Southeast Asia

Among all the populations of East and Southeast Asia, Haplogroup O-M122 is most closely associated with those that speak a Sinitic, Tibeto-Burman, or Hmong–Mien language. Haplogroup O-M122 comprises about 50% or more of the total Y-chromosome variation among the populations of each of these language families. The Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman language families are generally believed to be derived from a common Sino-Tibetan protolanguage, and most linguists place the homeland of the Sino-Tibetan language family somewhere in northern China. The Hmong–Mien languages and cultures, for various archaeological and ethnohistorical reasons, are also generally believed to have derived from a source somewhere north of their current distribution, perhaps in northern or central China. The Tibetans, however, despite the fact that they speak a language of the Tibeto-Burman language family, have high percentages of the otherwise rare haplogroups D-M15 and D3, which are also found at much lower frequencies among the members of some other ethnic groups in East Asia and Central Asia.

Haplogroup O-M122 has been implicated as a diagnostic genetic marker^[42] of the Austronesian expansion when it is found in populations of insular Southeast Asia and Oceania. It appears at moderately high frequencies in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Its distribution in Oceania is mostly limited to the traditionally Austronesian culture zones, chiefly Polynesia (approx. 25% ^[19] to 32.5% ^[21]). O-M122 is found at generally lower frequencies in coastal and island Melanesia, Micronesia, and Taiwanese aboriginal tribes (18% ^[19] to 27.4% ^[21] of Micronesians, and 5% of Melanesians,^[43] albeit with reduced frequencies of most subclades.

Haplogroup O-M122* Y-chromosomes, which are not defined by any identified downstream markers, are actually more common among certain non-Han Chinese populations than among Han Chinese ones, and the presence of these O-M122* Y-chromosomes among various populations of Central Asia, East Asia, and Oceania is more likely to reflect a very ancient shared ancestry of these populations rather than the result of any historical events. It remains to be seen whether Haplogroup O-M122* Y-chromosomes can be parsed into distinct subclades that display significant geographical or ethnic correlations.

Subclade Distribution

Paragroup O-M122*

Paragroup O2*-M122(xO2a-P197) Y-DNA is quite rare, having been detected only in 2/165 = 1.2% of a sample of Han Chinese in a pool of samples from mainland China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Malaysia (n=581), 8/641 = 1.2% of a sample of Balinese in a pool of samples from western Indonesia (n=960), and 7/350 = 2.0% of a sample of males from Sumba in a pool of samples from eastern Indonesia (n=957). In the same study, O2*-M122(xO2a-P197) Y-DNA was not observed in a pool of samples from Oceania (n=182).^[44]

A paper published by a group of mainly Chinese geneticists in the American Journal of Human Genetics in 2005 reported the detection of O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in 1.6% (8/488) of a pool of seven samples of Han Chinese (3/64 = 4.7% Sichuan, 2/98 = 2.0% Zibo, Shandong, 1/60 = 1.7% Inner Mongolia, 1/81 = 1.2% Yunnan, 1/86 = 1.2% Laizhou, Shandong, 0/39 Guangxi, 0/60 Gansu). O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA also was detected in the following samples of ethnic minorities in China: 5.9% (1/17) Jingpo from Yunnan, 4.3% (2/47) Zhuang from Yunnan, 4.1% (2/49) Lisu from Yunnan, 3.2% (1/31) Wa from Yunnan, 2.6% (1/39) Zhuang from Guangxi, 2.5% (2/80) Bai from Yunnan, 2.4% (1/41) Hani from Yunnan, 2.3% (2/88) Lahu from Yunnan, 2.1% (1/47) Yi from Yunnan, 2.1% (1/48) Miao from Yunnan, 1.5% (2/132) Dai from Yunnan, 1.0% (1/105) Miao from Hunan, and 0.9% (2/225) Yao from Guangxi.^[45]

O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA has been found as a singleton (1/156 = 0.6%) in a sample from Tibet.^[40] It also has been found as a singleton in a sample of nineteen members of the Chin people in Chin State, Myanmar.^[46]

In a paper published in 2011, Korean researchers have reported finding O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in the following samples: 5.9% (3/51) Beijing Han, 3.1% (2/64) Filipino, 2.1% (1/48) Vietnamese, 1.7% (1/60) Yunnan Han, 0.4% (2/506) Korean, including 1/87 from Jeju and 1/110 from Seoul-Gyeonggi.^[47] In another study published in 2012, Korean researchers have found O-M122(xM324) Y-DNA in 0.35% (2/573) of a sample from Seoul; however, no individual belonging to O-M122(xM324) was observed in a sample of 133 individuals from Daejeon.^[48]

In 2011, Chinese researchers published a paper reporting their finding of O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in 3.0% (5/167) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in East China (defined as consisting of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Anhui) and in 1.5% (1/65) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China. O2* Y-DNA was not detected in their sample of Han Chinese with origins in Northern China (n=129).

In a paper published in 2012, O2*-M122(xO2a-P200) Y-DNA was found in 12% (3/25) of a sample of Lao males from Luang Prabang, Laos. O2* Y-DNA was not detected in this study's samples of Cham from Binh Thuan, Vietnam (n=59), Kinh from Hanoi, Vietnam (n=76), or Thai from northern Thailand (n=17).^[49]

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O2-M122(xO2a-M324) in 6/40 (15.0%) Siraya in Kaohsiung, 1/17 (5.9%) Sulawesi, 1/25 (4.0%) Paiwan, 2/55 (3.6%) Fujian Han, 1/30 (3.3%) Ketagalan, 2/60 (3.3%) Taiwan Minnan, 1/34 (2.9%) Taiwan Hakka, 1/38 (2.6%) Siraya in Hwalien, 5/258 (1.9%) miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, and 1/75 (1.3%) in a sample of the general population of Thailand.^[50]

Brunelli et al. (2017) found O2-M122(xO2a-M324) in 5/66 (7.6%) Tai Yuan, 1/91 (1.1%) Tai Lue, and 1/205 (0.5%) Khon Mueang in samples of the people of Northern Thailand.^[15]

O-M324

O-M121

O2a1a1a1a1-M121 is a subclade of O2a1-L127.1, parallel to O2a1b-M164 and O2a1c-JST002611.

In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M121 was detected only in 5.6% (1/18) of a sample from Cambodia and Laos and in 5.0% (1/20) of a sample from China.^[51]

In a large study of 2,332 unrelated male samples collected from 40 populations in East Asia (and especially Southwest China), O-M121/DYS257 Y-DNA was detected only in 7.1% (1/14) of a sample of Cambodians and in 1.0% (1/98) of a sample of Han Chinese from Zibo, Shandong.^[45]

In a study published in 2011, O-M121 Y-DNA was found in 1.2% (2/167) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in East China, defined as consisting of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Shanghai, and in 0.8% (1/129) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Northern China. O-M121 was not detected in this study's sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China (n=65).^[52]

O-L599 (considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to O-M121^[53]) also has been found in one individual in the 1000 Genomes Project sample of Han Chinese from Hunan, China (n=37), one individual in the 1000 Genomes Project sample of Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, one individual in the Human Genome Diversity Project sample of Tujia, an individual from Singapore, and an individual from the Jakarta metropolitan area.^[54] According to 23mofang, O-L599 currently accounts for about 0.79% of the male population in China and is concentrated in Fujian, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang and other provinces and cities; it appears to have undergone explosive population growth between about 2600 and 2300 years ago.^[55]

O-M164

O2a1b-M164 is a subclade of O2a1-L127.1, parallel to O2a1a1a1a1-M121 and O2a1c-JST002611.

In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M164 was detected only in 5.6% (1/18) of a sample from Cambodia and Laos.^[51]

In a large study of 2,332 unrelated male samples collected from 40 populations in East Asia (and especially Southwest China), O2a1b-M164 Y-DNA was detected only in 7.1% (1/14) of a sample of Cambodians.^[45]

According to 23mofang, O-M164 is a recent branch (TMRCA 2120 years) downstream of O2a1c-JST002611 rather than parallel to it. Out of fourteen members total, six are from Guangdong, five are from Fujian, one is from Nantong, one is from Wenzhou, and one is from Taiwan.^[55]

O-JST002611

Haplogroup O2a1c-JST002611 is derived from O2-M122 via O2a-M324/P93/P197/P199/P200 and O2a1-L127.1/L465/L467. O2a1c-JST002611 is the most commonly observed type of O2a1 Y-DNA, and, more generally, represents the majority of extant O2-M122 Y-DNA that does not belong to the expansive subclade O2a2-P201.

Haplogroup O2a1c-JST002611 was first identified in 3.8% (10/263) of a sample of Japanese (Nonaka et al. 2007). It also has been found in 3.5% (2/57) of the JPT (Japanese in Tokyo, Japan) sample of the 1000 Genomes Project, including one member of the rare and deeply divergent paragroup O2a1c1-F18*(xO2a1c1a1-F117, O2a1c1a2-F449).^[54][2] Subsequently, this haplogroup has been found with higher frequency in some samples taken in and around China, including 12/58 = 20.7% Miao (China), 10/70 = 14.3% Vietnam, 18/165 = 10.9% Han (China & Taiwan), 4/49 = 8.2% Tujia (China).^[44] O-002611 also has been found in a singleton from the Philippines (1/48 = 2.1%), but it has not been detected in samples from Malaysia (0/32), Taiwanese Aboriginals (0/48), She from China (0/51), Yao from China (0/60), Oceania (0/182), eastern Indonesia (0/957), or western Indonesia (0/960).^[44] Haplogroup O2a1c‐JST002611 is prevalent in different ethnic groups in China and Southeast Asia, including Vietnam (14.29%), Sichuan of southwestern China (Han, 14.60%; Tibetan in Xinlong County, 15.22%),^[56] Jilin of northeastern China (Korean, 9.36%), Inner Mongolia (Mongolian, 6.58%), and Gansu of northwestern China (Baima, 7.35%; Han, 11.30%).^[57] Y-DNA belonging to haplogroup O-JST002611 has been observed in 10.6% (61/573) of a sample collected in Seoul and 8.3% (11/133) of a sample collected in Daejeon, South Korea.^[48][58]

According to 23mofang, haplogroup O-IMS-JST002611 currently accounts for approximately 14.69% of the entire male population of China, and its TMRCA is estimated to be 12,770 years.^[55]

O-P201

O2a2-JST021354/P201 has been divided into primary subclades O2a2a-M188 (TMRCA 18,830 ybp, accounts for approximately 4.74% of all males in present-day China^[59]) and O2a2b-P164 (TMRCA 20,410 ybp, accounts for approximately 30.4% of all males in present-day China^[60][61]). Among the various branches of O2a2a-M188, O-M7 (TMRCA 15,110 ybp, accounts for approximately 2.15% of all males in present-day China^[62]) is notable for its relatively high frequency over a wide swath of Southeast Asia and southern China, especially among certain populations that currently speak Hmong-Mien, Austroasiatic, or Austronesian languages. Other branches of O2a2a-M188, such as O-CTS201 (TMRCA 15,980 ybp, accounts for approximately 1.77% of all males in present-day China^[63]), O-MF39662 i.e. O-F2588(xCTS445), and O-MF109044 i.e. O-M188(xF2588) (TMRCA 9,290 ybp, accounts for approximately 0.4% of all males in present-day China^[64]) have been found with generally low frequency in China; however, the O-CTS201 > O-FGC50590 > O-MF114497 subclade is fairly common among males in Korea and Japan. O2a2b-P164 has been divided cleanly into O2a2b1-M134 (TMRCA 18,270 ybp, accounts for approximately 27.61% of all males in present-day China^[65]), which has been found with high frequency throughout East Asia and especially among speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages, and O2a2b2-AM01822 (TMRCA 15,780 ybp, accounts for approximately 2.79% of all males in present-day China^[66]), which has been found with relatively low frequency but high diversity throughout East Asia and with high frequency in Austronesia.

O2a2-P201(xO2a2a1a2-M7, O2a2b1-M134) Y-DNA has been detected with high frequency in many samples of Austronesian-speaking populations, in particular some samples of Batak Toba from Sumatra (21/38 = 55.3%), Tongans (5/12 = 41.7%), and Filipinos (12/48 = 25.0%). ^[44] Outside of Austronesia, O2a2-P201(xO2a2a1a2-M7, O2a2b1-M134) Y-DNA has been observed in samples of Tujia (7/49 = 14.3%), Han Chinese (14/165 = 8.5%), Japanese (11/263 = 4.2%), Miao (1/58 = 1.7%), and Vietnam (1/70 = 1.4%) (Karafet 2010 and Nonaka 2007).

O-M159

O2a2a1a1a-M159 is a subclade of O2a2-P201. In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M159 was detected only in 5.0% (1/20) of a sample from China.^[51]

Unlike its phylogenetic siblings, O-M7 and O-M134, O-M159 is very rare, having been found only in 2.9% (1/35) of a sample of Han males from Meixian, Guangdong in a study of 988 males from East Asia.^[67]

In a study published in 2011, O-M159 was detected in 1.5% (1/65) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China. O-M159 was not detected in the same study's samples of Han Chinese with origins in East China (n=167) or Northern China (n=129).^[52]

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M159 in 5.0% (3/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 4.2% (1/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 3.88% (10/258) miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, 3.6% (2/55) Han in Fujian, 3.24% (12/370) Plains Aborigines in Taiwan (mostly assimilated to Han Chinese), 1.04% (2/192) Western Indonesia (1/25 Kalimantan, 1/26 Sumatra), and 0.68% (1/146) Philippines (1/55 South Luzon).^[50]

Kutanan et al. (2019) found O-M159 in 1.6% (2/129) of their samples of Thai people from Central Thailand.^[14]

According to 23mofang, the TMRCA of haplogroup O-M159 is estimated to be 8,230 years. It is currently distributed mainly in southern China, accounting for about 0.80% of the total male population of China.^[68]

O-M7

 

Projected spatial frequency distribution for haplogroup O3-M7.^[69]

Haplogroup O2a2a1a2-M7 Y-DNA has been detected with high frequency in some samples of populations who speak Hmong-Mien languages, Katuic languages, or Bahnaric languages, scattered through some mostly mountainous areas of southern China, Laos, and Vietnam.^[70]

O-M7 has been noted for having a widespread but uneven distribution among populations that speak Hmong-Mien languages, such as She (29/51 = 56.9% She, 10/34 = 29.4% She, 14/56 = 25.0% Northern She from Zhejiang), Miao (21/58 = 36.2% Miao from China, 17/51 = 33.3% Hmong Daw from northern Laos, 6/49 = 12.2% Yunnan Miao, 2/49 = 4.1% Guizhou Miao, 4/100 = 4.0% Hunan Miao), and Yao (18/35 = 51.4% Yao from Liannan, Guangdong, 29/60 = 48.3% Yao from Guangxi, 12/35 = 34.3% Yao from Bama, Guangxi, 12/37 = 32.4% Zaomin from Guangdong, 5/36 = 13.9% Bunu from Guangxi, 1/11 = 9.1% Top-Board Mien, 3/41 = 7.3% Native Mien, 2/31 = 6.5% Southern Mien from Guangxi, 1/19 = 5.3% Flowery-Headed Mien from Guangxi, 1/20 = 5.0% Mountain Straggler Mien from Hunan, 1/28 = 3.6% Blue Kimmun from Guangxi, 1/31 = 3.2% Pahng from Guangxi, 1/47 = 2.1% Western Mien from Yunnan, 0/11 Thin Board Mien, 0/31 Lowland Yao from Guangxi, 0/32 Mountain Kimmun from Yunnan, 0/33 Northern Mien, and 0/41 Lowland Kimmun from Guangxi). ^[70][44][67]

Cai et al. 2010 have reported finding high frequencies of O-M7 in their samples of Katuic (17/35 = 48.6% Ngeq, 10/45 = 22.2% Katu, 6/37 = 16.2% Kataang, 3/34 = 8.8% Inh (Ir), 4/50 = 8.0% So, 1/39 = 2.6% Suy) and Bahnaric (15/32 = 46.9% Jeh, 17/50 = 34.0% Oy, 8/32 = 25.0% Brau, 8/35 = 22.9% Talieng, 4/30 = 13.3% Alak, 6/50 = 12.0% Laven) peoples from southern Laos. However, O-M7 has been found only with low frequency in samples of linguistically related Khmuic populations from northern Laos (1/50 = 2.0% Mal,^[9] 1/51 = 2.0% Khmu,^[9] 0/28 Bit,^[9] 0/29 Xinhmul^[9]), Vietic peoples from Vietnam and central Laos (8/76 = 10.5% Kinh from Hanoi, Vietnam,^[71] 4/50 = 8.0% Kinh from northern Vietnam,^[12] 2/28 = 7.1% Bo,^[9] 4/70 = 5.7% Vietnamese,^[10] 0/12 Muong,^[9] 0/15 Kinh,^[9] 0/38 Aheu^[9]), Palaungic peoples from northwestern Laos and southwestern Yunnan (2/35 = 5.7% Lamet,^[9] 0/29 Ava,^[9] 0/52 Blang^[9]), and Pakanic peoples from southeastern Yunnan and northwestern Guangxi (0/30 Palyu,^[9] 0/32 Bugan^[9]).^[70][44][49]

Haplogroup O-M7 has been found with notable frequency in some samples of Austronesian populations from the central part of the Malay Archipelago (17/86 = 19.8% Indonesians from Borneo,^[10] 4/32 = 12.5% Malaysia,^[10] 7/61 = 11.5% Java (mostly sampled in Dieng),^[10] 6/56 = 10.7% Sumatra,^[72] 4/53 = 7.5% Java,^[72] 1/17 = 5.9% Malaysia^[72]), but the frequency of this haplogroup appears to drop off very quickly toward the east (1/48 = 2.1% Philippines,^[10] 5/641 = 0.8% Balinese,^[10] 0/9 Timor,^[10] 0/28 Alor,^[10] 0/30 Moluccas,^[10] 0/31 Nusa Tenggaras,^[72] 0/33 Moluccas,^[72] 0/37 Philippines,^[72] 0/40 Borneo,^[72] 0/48 Taiwanese Aboriginals,^[10] 0/54 Mandar from Sulawesi,^[10] 0/92 Lembata,^[10] 0/350 Sumba,^[10] 0/394 Flores^[10]) and toward the west (0/38 Batak Toba from Sumatra,^[10] 0/60 Nias,^[10] 0/74 Mentawai^[10]). O-M7 has been found in 14.8% (4/27) of a sample of Giarai from southern Vietnam,^[12] 8.3% (2/24) of a sample of Ede from southern Vietnam,^[12] and 5.1% (3/59) of a sample of Cham from Binh Thuan, Vietnam.^[71] These Chamic-speaking peoples inhabit southern Vietnam and eastern Cambodia, but their languages are related to those of the Acehnese and Malays. O-M7 also has been found in 21.1% (8/38) of a small set of samples of highlanders of northern Luzon (including 1/1 Ifugao, 1/2 Ibaloi, 4/12 Kalangoya, and 2/6 Kankanaey).^[73]

In the northern fringes of its distribution, O-M7 has been found in samples of Oroqen (2/31 = 6.5%), Tujia from Hunan (3/49 = 6.1%), Qiang (2/33 = 6.1%), Han Chinese (2/32 = 6.3% Han from Yili, Xinjiang, 4/66 = 6.1% Han from Huize, Yunnan, 2/35 = 5.7% Han from Meixian, Guangdong, 1/18 = 5.6% Han from Wuhan, Hubei, 6/148 = 4.1% Han from Changting, Fujian, 20/530 = 3.8% Han Chinese from Chongming Island,^[74] 2/63 = 3.2% Han from Weicheng, Sichuan, 18/689 = 2.6% Han Chinese from Pudong,^[74] 2/100 = 2.0% Han from Nanjing, Jiangsu, 3/165 = 1.8% Han Chinese,^[44] 1/55 = 1.8% Han from Shanghai),^[23][67] Manchus (1/50 = 2.0% Manchu from Liaoning^[75]), and Koreans (2/133 = 1.5% Daejeon,^[48] 1/300 = 0.3% unrelated Korean males obtained from the National Biobank of Korea,^[76] 1/573 = 0.2% Seoul^[48]).

According to 23mofang, O-M7 has a TMRCA of approximately 13,700 years and is currently relatively common among many ethnic groups in Sichuan and Yunnan, as well as among the Zhuang, Austroasiatic, and Austronesian groups. O-M7 now accounts for about 2.19% of the total male population in China.^[55] The O-N5 subclade (TMRCA 3,810 ybp) by itself accounts for about 0.40% of the total male population in China at present, with its proportion among Hmong-Mien-speaking populations in Southwest China being rather high; in regard to geography, it is found mainly in Guizhou (3.43% of the total provincial population), Hunan (1.61%), Chongqing (1.04%), Sichuan (0.85%), Guangxi (0.77%), Fujian (0.44%), Yunnan (0.36%), Guangdong (0.27%), Jiangxi (0.27%), Hubei (0.26%), Shaanxi (0.21%), and Ningxia (0.18%).^[77]

O-M134

O-M134*

Paragroup O-M134(xM117) has been found with very high frequency in some samples of Kim Mun people, a subgroup of the Yao people of southern China (16/32 = 50.0% Mountain Kimmun from southern Yunnan, 11/28 = 39.3% Blue Kimmun from western Guangxi). However, this paragroup has been detected in only 3/41 = 7.3% of a sample of Lowland Kimmun from eastern Guangxi.^[70] This paragroup also has been found with high frequency in some Kazakh samples, especially the Naiman tribe (102/155 = 65.81%)(Dulik 2011) Dulik hypothesizes that O-M134 in Kazakhs was due to a later expansion due to its much more recent TMRCA time.

The general outline of the distribution of O-M134(xM117) among modern populations is different as that of the related clade O-M117. In particular, O-M134(xM117) occurs with only low frequency or is nonexistent among most Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, Northeast India, and Nepal, who exhibit extremely high frequencies of O-M117.^{[citation needed]} This paragroup also occurs with very low frequency or is non-existent among most Mon-Khmer population of Laos, who exhibit much higher frequencies of O-M117.^[70] In Han Chinese, the paragroup is found in approximately the same percentage as O-M117, but has a higher distribution in northern Han Chinese than Southern Han Chinese.^{[citation needed]}

According to 23mofang, the TMRCA of O-M134 is estimated to be 17,900 years, and O-M134(xM117) can be divided into two subsets: O-F122 (TMRCA 17,380 years), which is subsumed alongside O-M117 in an O-F450 clade (TMRCA 17,800 years), and O-MF59333 (TMRCA 13,130 years, currently distributed mainly in southern China and accounting for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.06% of the total male population of China), which is derived from O-M134 but basal to O-F450. O-F122 in turn is divided into O-MF38 (TMRCA 4,560 years, currently distributed mainly in northern China and accounting for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.03% of the total male population of China) and O-F114 (TMRCA 15,310 years, accounts for the Y-DNA of approximately 11.39% of the total male population of China).^[55] The O-F46 (TMRCA 9,190 years) subclade of O-F114 by itself accounts for the Y-DNA of approximately 10.17% of the total male population of present-day China.^[55]

In a study of Koreans from Seoul (n=573) and Daejeon (n=133), haplogroup O-M134(xM117), all members of which have been found to belong to O-F444^[58] (phylogenetically equivalent to O-F114^[55]), has been found in 9.42% of the sample from Seoul and 10.53% of the sample from Daejeon.^[48]

In a study of Japanese (n=263), haplogroup O-M134(xM117) has been observed in nine individuals, or 3.4% of the entire sample set.^[78] The Japanese members of O-M134(xM117) in this study have originated from Shizuoka (3/12 = 25%), Tokyo (2/52 = 3.8%), Toyama (1/3), Ishikawa (1/4), Tochigi (1/5), and Ibaraki (1/5), respectively.^[79]

O-M117

Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 (also defined by the phylogenetically equivalent mutation Page23) is a subclade of O2a2b1-M134 that occurs frequently in China and in neighboring countries, especially among Tibeto-Burman-speaking peoples.

O-M117 has been detected in samples of Tamang (38/45 = 84.4%)，Tibetans (45/156 = 28.8% or 13/35 = 37.1%), Tharus (57/171 = 33.3%), Han Taiwanese (40/183 = 21.9%), Newars (14/66 = 21.2%), the general population of Kathmandu, Nepal (13/77 = 16.9%), Han Chinese (5/34 = 14.7% Chengdu, 5/35 = 14.3% Harbin, 4/35 = 11.4% Meixian, 3/30 = 10.0% Lanzhou, 2/32 = 6.3% Yili), Tungusic peoples from the PRC (7/45 = 15.6% Hezhe, 4/26 = 15.4% Ewenki, 5/35 = 14.3% Manchu, 2/41 = 4.9% Xibe, 1/31 = 3.2% Oroqen), Koreans (4/25 = 16.0% Koreans from the PRC, 5/43 = 11.6% Koreans from South Korea), Mongols (5/45 = 11.1% Inner Mongolian, 3/39 = 7.7% Daur, 3/65 = 4.6% Outer Mongolian), and Uyghurs (2/39 = 5.1% Yili, 1/31 = 3.2% Urumqi) (Xue 2006, Gayden 2007, and Fornarino 2009).

Like O-M7, O-M117 has been found with greatly varying frequency in many samples of Hmong-Mien-speaking peoples, such as Mienic peoples (7/20 = 35.0% Mountain Straggler Mien, 9/28 = 32.1% Blue Kimmun, 6/19 = 31.6% Flower Head Mien, 3/11 = 27.3% Top Board Mien, 3/11 = 27.3% Thin Board Mien, 11/47 = 23.4% Western Mien, 6/33 = 18.2% Northern Mien, 5/31 = 16.1% Lowland Yao, 5/35 = 14.3% Yao from Liannan, Guangdong, 5/37 = 13.5% Zaomin, 5/41 = 12.2% Lowland Kimmun, 3/41 = 7.3% Native Mien, 2/31 = 6.5% Southern Mien, 2/32 = 6.3% Mountain Kimmun, but 0/35 Yao from Bama, Guangxi), She (6/34 = 17.6% She, 4/56 = 7.1% Northern She), and Hmongic peoples (9/100 = 9.0% Miao from Hunan, 4/51 = 7.8% Hmong Daw from northern Laos, 3/49 = 6.1% Miao from Yunnan, 1/49 = 2.0% Miao from Guizhou, but 0/36 Bunu from Guangxi) (Cai 2011 and Xue 2006).

In a study published by Chinese researchers in the year 2006, O-M117 has been found with high frequency (8/47 = 17.0%) in a sample of Japanese that should be from Kagawa Prefecture according to the geographical coordinates (134.0°E, 34.2°N) that have been provided.^[67] However, in a study published by Japanese researchers in the year 2007, the same haplogroup has been found with much lower frequency (11/263 = 4.2%) in a larger sample of Japanese from various regions of Japan.^[28] More precisely, the Japanese members of O-M117 in this study's sample set have originated from Tokyo (4/52), Chiba (2/44), Gifu (1/2), Yamanashi (1/2), Hiroshima (1/3), Aichi (1/6), and Shizuoka (1/12).^[79]

In Meghalaya, a predominantly tribal state of Northeast India, O-M133 has been found in 19.7% (14/71) of a sample of the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Garos, but in only 6.2% (22/353, ranging from 0/32 Bhoi to 6/44 = 13.6% Pnar) of a pool of eight samples of the neighboring Khasian-speaking tribes.^[39]

O-M300

O-M333

Population	Frequency	n	Source	SNPs
Derung	1		Shi 2009
Naga (Sagaing, Myanmar)	1.000	15	^[citation needed]	Page23=15
Nishi	0.94		Cordaux 2004
Adi	0.89		Cordaux 2004
Tamang	0.867	45	Gayden 2007	M134
Nu	0.86		Wen 2004
Yao (Liannan)	0.829	35	Xue 2006	M7=18 M117=5 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=4 M134(xM117)=2
Achang	0.825		Shi 2009
Apatani	0.82		Cordaux 2004
Bai	0.82		Shi 2009
CHS (Han in Hunan & Fujian)	0.788	52	Poznik 2016	M122=41
Naga (NE India)	0.765	34	Cordaux 2004	M134=26
Ava (Yunnan)	0.759	29	Cai 2011	M122
Han Chinese	0.74		Wen 2004
She	0.735	34	Xue 2006	M7=10 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=7 M117=6 M134(xM117)=2
Nu	0.7		Shi 2009
Miao	0.7		Karafet 2001
Shui	0.7		Shi 2009
Han (Harbin)	0.657	35	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=10 M134(xM117)=8 M117=5
Lisu	0.65		Wen 2004
Zaomin (Guangdong)	0.649	37	Cai 2011	M122
She	0.63		Karafet 2001
Filipinos	0.62		Jin 2009
Taiwan Han	0.619	21	Tajima 2004	M122
Philippines	0.607	28	Hurles 2005	M122
Han (East China)	0.593	167	Yan 2011	M122
Garo	0.59		Reddy 2007
Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam)	0.58	48	^[citation needed]	M122=28
Chin (Chin State, Myanmar)	0.579	19	^[citation needed]	Page23=10 M122(xM324)=1
Han (North China)	0.566	129	Yan 2011	M122
Toba (Sumatra)	0.553	38	Karafet 2010	P201(xM7, M134)
Northern Han	0.551	49	Tajima 2004	M122
Garo	0.55		Kumar 2007
Tujia	0.54		Shi 2009
Tujia	0.53		Karafet 2001
Han (Chengdu)	0.529	34	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=8 M134(xM117)=5 M117=5
Han (NE China)	0.524	42	Katoh 2005	M122=22
Han (Meixian)	0.514	35	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=10 M117=4 M7=2 M159=1 M134(xM117)=1
CHB (Han Chinese in Beijing)	0.500	46	Poznik 2016	F444=8 M117=7 JST002611=5 KL2(xJST002611)=2 M188(xM7)=1
Han (South China)	0.492	65	Yan 2011	M122
Va	0.48		Shi 2009
Bai	0.48		Shi 2009 Wen 2004
KHV (Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City)	0.478	46	Poznik 2016	M7=6 M133=4 F444=4 JST002611=4 KL2(xJST002611)=2 N6>F4124=1 CTS1754=1
Koreans	0.472	216	Kim 2007
Lisu	0.47		Shi 2009
Hani	0.47		Wen 2004
Han (Yili)	0.469	32	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=10 M7=2 M117=2 M134(xM117)=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)	0.46	50	Wen 2004	M122
Mongols (Baotou)	0.455	33	^[citation needed]	F273=2 F4249=2 FGC23868=1 Z26109=1 F133=1 F12=1 Y26383=1 CTS201=1 F8=1 Y20928=1 F748=1 SK1783=1 SK1775=1
Hezhe (China)	0.444	45	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=11 M134(xM117)=2 M117=7
Koreans	0.443	506	Kim 2011	P201=146 M324(xP201)=76 M122(xM324)=2
Tibetans (Zhongdian, Yunnan)	0.440	50	Wen 2004	M122
Miao	0.44		Shi 2009
Yi	0.44		Wen 2004
Lahu	0.43		Shi 2009
Bit (Laos)	0.429	28	Cai 2011	M122
Manchu (NE China)	0.426	101	Katoh 2005	M122=43
Koreans (Seoul)	0.422	573	Park 2012	M122
Koreans (Daejeon)	0.414	133	Park 2012	M122
Hmong Daw (Laos)	0.412	51	Cai 2011	M122
Vietnamese	0.41		Karafet 2001
Dai	0.4		Yang 2005
Dungan (Kyrgyzstan)	0.40	40	Wells 2001	M122
Tibetans	0.400	35	Xue 2006	M117=13 M134(xM117)=1
Koreans (China)	0.400	25	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=6 M117=4
Shan (Northern Thailand)	0.400	20	Brunelli 2017	M117=7 M7=1
Thai (Central Thailand)	0.395	129	Kutanan 2019	F8/F42*=17 M7=11 JST002611=10 F474/F317=4 F323/F46=4 M159=2 F2055/CTS445=1 F2137=1 F837=1
Koreans (South Korea)	0.395	43	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=7 M134(xM117)=5 M117=5
Vietnamese	0.39		Jin 2009
Khon Mueang (Northern Thailand)	0.390	205	Brunelli 2017	O-M117=46 O-M7=17 O-M324(xM7, M134)=16 O-M122(xM324)=1
Mon (Northern Thailand)	0.389	18	Brunelli 2017	M117=4 M324(xM7, M134)=3
Blang (Yunnan)	0.385	52	Cai 2011	M122
Northern Thai people (Khon Mueang & Tai Yuan)	0.384	86	Kutanan 2019	F8/F42=24 M7=7 JST002611=1 F999/F717=1
Manchu	0.38		Karafet 2001
Philippine (Tagalog language group)	0.380	50	Tajima 2004	M122
Hanoi, Vietnam	0.375	24	Trejaut 2014	M7=3 M134(xM133)=3 M133=1 JST002611=1 M159=1
Manchu	0.371	35	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=6 M117=5 M134(xM117)=2
Han (Lanzhou)	0.367	30	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=6 M117=3 M134(xM117)=2
Lahu	0.36		Wen 2004
Qiang	0.364	33	Xue 2006	M134(xM117)=4 M117=3 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=3 M7=2
Bamar (Myanmar)	0.361	72	^[citation needed]	Page23=26
Borneo, Indonesia	0.360	86	Karafet 2010	M122
Korean	0.356	45	Wells 2001	M122
Pahng (Guangxi)	0.355	31	Cai 2011	M122
Philippines	0.354	48	Karafet 2010	M122
Western Yugur	0.35		Zhou 2008
Thai (Chiang Mai & Khon Kaen)	0.353	34	Shi 2009 Tajima 2004	M122
Tai Yong (Northern Thailand)	0.346	26	Brunelli 2017	M324(xM7, M134)=4 M117=3 M7=2
Tharu	0.345	171	Fornarino 2009	M134
Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam)	0.342	76	He 2012	M122
Koreans (Seoul)	0.341	85	Katoh 2005	M122=29
Tibet	0.340	156	Gayden 2007	M122
Yao (Bama)	0.343	35	Xue 2006	M7=12
Kazakhs (SE Altai)	0.337	89	Dulik 2011	M134(xM117, P101)
Tai Yuan (Thailand)	0.329	85	Brunelli 2017	M117=15 M7=5 M122(xM324)=5 M134(xM117)=3
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.327	52	Poznik 2016	O-M133=13 O-M7=2 O-F444=1 O-JST002611=1
Polynesians	0.325		Su 2000
Tibetans	0.32		Wen 2004
Khasi	0.32		Reddy 2007
Lao (Luang Prabang, Laos)	0.32	25	He 2012	M122
Eastern Yugur	0.31		Zhou 2008
Malays	0.31		Karafet 2001
Buyei	0.314	35	Xue 2006	M7=6 M134(xM117)=3 M117=1 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1
Mongolian (Khalkh)	0.311		Kim 2011
Filipinos	0.308	146	Trejaut 2014	P164(xM134)=26 JST002611=7 M7=3 M133=3 M134(xM133)=2 P201(xM159, M7, P164)=2 M159=1 M324(xKL1, P201)=1
Han (Pinghua speakers)	0.3		Gan 2008
Salar	0.302	43	Wang 2003	M122
Dong	0.300	20	Xie 2004	M134=3 M122(xM7, M134)=3
Thailand	0.293	75	Trejaut 2014	M133(xM162)=10 M7=5 M134(xM133)=3 JST002611=2 P164(xM134)=1 M122(xM324)=1
Koreans (NE China)	0.291	79	Katoh 2005	M122=23
Khasi	0.29		Kumar 2007
Zhuang	0.29		Su 2000
Inner Mongolian	0.289	45	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=5 M117=5 M134(xM117)=3
Tai Lue (Northern Thailand)	0.286	91	Brunelli 2017	O-M117=16 O-M7=6 O-M324(xM7, M134)=3 O-M122(xM324)=1
Zhuang	0.286	28	Xie 2004	M134=7 M122(xM7, M134)=1
Laotian (Vientiane & Luang Prabang)	0.275	40	Kutanan 2019	F8/F42=6 M7=2 M188(xM7)=2 P164(xF8,F46,F4110,F706,F717)=1
Bonan	0.273	44	Wang 2003	M122
Sibe	0.268	41	Xue 2006	M134(xM117)=5 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=4 M117=2
Micronesia	0.27		Su 2000
Mon (Thailand)	0.267	105	Kutanan 2019	F8/F42=15 M7=4 F323/F46=4 JST002611=3 F2859=1 M122(x002611,M188,P164,F837)=1
Daur	0.256	39	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=7 M117=3
Polynesians	0.25		Hammer 2005 Kayser 2006
Bunu (Guangxi)	0.25	36	Cai 2011	M122
Malay (near Kuala Lumpur)	0.25	12	Tajima 2004	M122
Zhuang (Guangxi)	0.247	166	Chen 2006	M122(xM121, M134)=23 M117=9 M134(xM117)=7 M121=2
Japanese (Kyūshū)	0.240	104	Tajima 2004	M122
Dongxiang	0.24		Wang 2003
Manchurian Evenks	0.24		Karafet 2001
Thai (Northern Thailand)	0.235	17	He 2012	M122
Japanese (Kagawa)	0.234	47	Xue 2006	M117=8 M134(xM117)=2 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1
Mosuo (Ninglang, Yunnan)	0.234	47	Wen 2004	M122
Evenks (China)	0.231	26	Xue 2006	M117=4 M134(xM117)=1 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1
Mongolia (mainly Khalkhs^[80])	0.228	149	Hammer 2005	M134=24 M122(xM134)=10
Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi)	0.222	63	^[citation needed]	M117=5 M122(xM188, M134)=4 M188=3 M134(xM117)=2
Lawa (Northern Thailand)	0.220	50	Brunelli 2017	M324(xM7, M134)=6 M117=5
Mal (Laos)	0.220	50	Cai 2011	M122
Cambodian (Siem Reap)	0.216	125	Black 2006	M122
Japanese (Tokushima)	0.214	70	Hammer 2005	M134=11 M122(xM134, LINE)=2 LINE=2
Newar	0.212	66	Gayden 2007	M117
Lao Isan	0.210	62	Kutanan 2019	M7=6 F8=4 JST002611=3
Blang	0.21		Shi 2009
Okinawans	0.21		Nonaka 2007
Tai Khün (Northern Thailand)	0.208	24	Brunelli 2017	M117=4 M134(xM117)=1
Kathmandu, Nepal	0.208	77	Gayden 2007	M324
Sui	0.200	50	Xie 2004	M134=10
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)	0.20	50	Wen 2004	M122(xM7)
Japanese (Shizuoka)	0.197	61	Hammer 2005	M122(xM134, LINE)=7 M134=5
Khmu (Laos)	0.196	51	Cai 2011	M122
Dongxiang	0.196	46	Wang 2003	M122
Oroqen	0.194	31	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=2 M7=2 M134(xM117)=1 M117=1
Khalkh (Mongolia)	0.188	85	Katoh 2005	M122=16
Japanese (Miyazaki)	0.183	1285	Nohara 2021	M134=118 M122(xM134)=117
Japanese (Tokyo)	0.179	56	Poznik 2016	M117=5 M134(xM117)=3 JST002611=2
Hani	0.176	34	Xue 2006	M134(xM117)=3 M117=2 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1
Micronesia	0.176	17	Hammer 2005	M122(xM134, LINE)=3
Hui	0.171	35	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=4 M134(xM117)=1 M117=1
Kalmyk (Khoshuud)	0.171	82	Malyarchuk 2013	M122=14
Japanese	0.167	263	Nonaka 2007	M122
Mandar (Sulawesi)	0.167	54	Karafet 2010	M122
Mulam (Luocheng)	0.167	42	Wang 2003	JST002611=3 M134(xM117)=3 M117=1
Japanese (Kantō)	0.162	117	Katoh 2005	M122=19
Thai	0.16		Jin 2009
Zhuang	0.16		Karafet 2001
Aheu (Laos)	0.158	38	Cai 2011	M122
Bugan (Yunnan)	0.156	32	Cai 2011	M122
Okinawans	0.156	45	Hammer 2005	M122(xM134, LINE)=3 LINE=3 M134=1
Uygur (Yili)	0.154	39	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=2 M134(xM117)=2 M117=2
Japanese (Aomori)	0.154	26	Hammer 2005	M134=3 M122(xM134, LINE)=1
Cambodia	0.14		Shi 2009
Cham (Binh Thuan, Vietnam)	0.136	59	He 2012	M122
Java (mainly sampled in Dieng)	0.131	61	Karafet 2010	M122
Aboriginal Taiwanese	0.126	223	Tajima 2004	M122
Uighur (Kazakhstan)	0.122	41	Wells 2001	M122
Uzbek (Bukhara)	0.121	58	Wells 2001	M122
Ulchi	0.115	52	^[citation needed]	O-M122(xP201)=6
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan)	0.114	44	Wells 2001	M122
Utsat (Sanya, Hainan)	0.111	72	Li 2013	M117=3 M122(xM159, M117)=3 M159=2
Outer Mongolian	0.108	65	Xue 2006	M122(xM159, M7, M134)=3 M117=3 M134(xM117)=1
Bo (Laos)	0.107	28	Cai 2011	M122
Tibetans	0.1		Zhou 2008
Maluku Islands	0.1	30	Karafet 2010	M122
Kazakh (Kazakhstan)	0.093	54	Wells 2001	M122
Bouyei	0.089	45	Xie 2004	M122(xM7, M134)=2 M7=1 M134=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)	0.085	47	Wen 2004	M122(xM7)
Zakhchin (Mongolia)	0.083	60	Katoh 2005	M122=5
Mongols	0.083	24	Wells 2001	M122
Balinese (Bali)	0.073	641	Karafet 2010	M122
Japanese	0.068	59	Ochiai 2016	P198
Uriankhai (Mongolia)	0.067	60	Katoh 2005	M122=4
Sinte (Uzbekistan)	0.067	15	Wells 2001	M122
Uygur (Urumqi)	0.065	31	Xue 2006	M134(xM117)=1 M117=1
Iranian (Esfahan)	0.063	16	Wells 2001	M122
Kalmyk (Dörwöd)	0.061	165	Malyarchuk 2013	M122=10
Flores	0.046	394	Karafet 2010	M122
Buryat	0.040	298	Kharkov 2014	M324(xM134)=5 M134(xM117)=4 M117=3
Buyei	0.04		Yang 2005
Kalmyk (Torguud)	0.033	150	Malyarchuk 2013	M122=5
Kazakhs (SW Altai)	0.033	30	Dulik 2011	M134(xM117, P101)
Munda (Jharkhand)	0.032	94	^[citation needed]	M134=3
Burusho	0.031	97	Firasat 2007	M122
Li	0.029	34	Xue 2006	M134(xM117)=1
Sumba	0.029	350	Karafet 2010	M122
Khoton (Mongolia)	0.025	40	Katoh 2005	M122=1
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)	0.025	40	Wen 2004	M134
Rajbanshi (West Bengal)	0.022	45	^[citation needed]	M134=1
Pathan	0.010	96	Firasat 2007	M122
Pakistan	0.005	638	Firasat 2007	M122

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic History

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012
O-M175	26	VII	1U	28	Eu16	H9	I	O*	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O
O-M119	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H9	H	O1*	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a
O-M101	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H9	H	O1a	O1a1	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1	O1a1	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a
O-M50	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H10	H	O1b	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2
O-P31	26	VII	1U	33	Eu16	H5	I	O2*	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2
O-M95	26	VII	1U	34	Eu16	H11	G	O2a*	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a1	O2a1
O-M88	26	VII	1U	34	Eu16	H12	G	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1a	O2a1a
O-SRY465	20	VII	1U	35	Eu16	H5	I	O2b*	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b
O-47z	5	VII	1U	26	Eu16	H5	I	O2b1	O2b1a	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1a	O2b1a	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1
O-M122	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3*	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3
O-M121	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3a	O3a	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1a	O3a1a
O-M164	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3b	O3b	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a1b	O3a1b
O-M159	13	VII	1U	31	Eu16	H6	L	O3c	O3c	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3	O3a3	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a
O-M7	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H7	L	O3d*	O3c	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a4	O3a4	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a2b	O3a2b
O-M113	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H7	L	O3d1	O3c1	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	-	O3a4a	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	O3a2b1	O3a2b1
O-M134	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e*	O3d	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a5	O3a5	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a2c1	O3a2c1
O-M117	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e1*	O3d1	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a5a	O3a5a	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a2c1a	O3a2c1a
O-M162	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e1a	O3d1a	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a5a1	O3a5a1	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a2c1a1	O3a2c1a1

Original Research Publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

• α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
• β Underhill 2000
• γ Hammer 2001
• δ Karafet 2001
• ε Semino 2000
• ζ Su 1999
• η Capelli 2001

Phylogenetic Trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree ^[81] and subsequent published research.

• O-M122 (M122, P198)
  • O-P93 (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)
    • O-M121 (M121, P27.2)
    • O-M164 (M164)
    • O-P201 (P201/021354)
    • O-002611 (002611)
    • O-M300 (M300)
    • O-M333 (M333)

See also

Genetics

• Genetic genealogy
• Haplogroup
• Haplotype
• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
• Molecular phylogeny
• Paragroup
• Subclade
• Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
• Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia

Y-DNA O Subclades

• O-47z
• O-M101
• O-M113
• O-M117
• O-M119
• O-M121
• O-M122
• O-M134
• O-M159
• O-M162
• O-M164
• O-M175
• O-M176
• O-M50
• O-M7
• O-M88
• O-M95
• O-MSY2.2
• O-P31

Y-DNA Backbone Tree

References

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Sources

Journal articles

• Black, M. L.; Dufall, K.; Wise, C.; Sullivan, S.; Bittles, A. H. (2006). "Genetic ancestries in northwest Cambodia". Annals of Human Biology. 33 (5–6): 620–7. doi:10.1080/03014460600882561. PMID 17381059. S2CID 34579092.
• Brunelli, Andrea; Kampuansai, Jatupol; Seielstad, Mark; Lomthaisong, Khemika; Kangwanpong, Daoroong; Ghirotto, Silvia; Kutanan, Wibhu (24 July 2017). "Y chromosomal evidence on the origin of northern Thai people". PLOS ONE. 12 (7): e0181935. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1281935B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181935. PMID 28742125.
• Chen, Chen; Hui, LI; Zhen-Dong, QIN; Wen-Hong, LIU; Wei-Xiong, LIN; Rui-Xing, YIN; Li, JIN; Shang-Ling, PAN (2006). "Y-chromosome Genotyping and Genetic Structure of Zhuang Populations". Acta Genetica Sinica. 33 (12): 1060–72. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.602.5490. doi:10.1016/S0379-4172(06)60143-1. PMID 17185165.
• Cai, Xiaoyun; Qin, Zhendong; Wen, Bo; Xu, Shuhua; Wang, Yi; Lu, Yan; Wei, Lanhai; Wang, Chuanchao; et al. (2011). O'Rourke, Dennis (ed.). "Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes". PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e24282. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624282C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282. PMC 3164178. PMID 21904623.
• Cordaux, R.; Weiss, G; Saha, N; Stoneking, M (2004). "The Northeast Indian Passageway: A Barrier or Corridor for Human Migrations?". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (8): 1525–33. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh151. PMID 15128876.
• Dulik, Matthew C.; Osipova, Ludmila P.; Schurr, Theodore G. (11 March 2011). "Y-Chromosome Variation in Altaian Kazakhs Reveals a Common Paternal Gene Pool for Kazakhs and the Influence of Mongolian Expansions". PLOS ONE. 6 (3): e17548. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617548D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017548. PMC 3055870. PMID 21412412.
• Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A.; Ayub, Qasim (2007). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–126. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675.
• Gan, Rui-Jing; Pan, Shang-Ling; Mustavich, Laura F.; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Cai, Xiao-Yun; Qian, Ji; Liu, Cheng-Wu; Peng, Jun-Hua; et al. (2008). "Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure". Journal of Human Genetics. 53 (4): 303–13. doi:10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x. PMID 18270655.
• Gayden, Tenzin; Cadenas, Alicia M.; Regueiro, Maria; Singh, Nanda B.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi L.; Herrera, Rene J. (2007). "The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (5): 884–94. doi:10.1086/516757. PMC 1852741. PMID 17436243.
• Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2005). "Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
• He, Jun-Dong; Peng, Min-Sheng; Quang, Huy Ho; Dang, Khoa Pham; Trieu, An Vu; Wu, Shi-Fang; Jin, Jie-Qiong; Murphy, Robert W.; et al. (2012). Kayser, Manfred (ed.). "Patrilineal Perspective on the Austronesian Diffusion in Mainland Southeast Asia". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e36437. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...736437H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036437. PMC 3346718. PMID 22586471.
• Hurles, M; Sykes, B; Jobling, M; Forster, P (2005). "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 76 (5): 894–901. doi:10.1086/430051. PMC 1199379. PMID 15793703.
• Jin, Han-Jun; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Kim, Wook (2009). Batzer, Mark A (ed.). "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers". PLOS ONE. 4 (1): e4210. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4210J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004210. PMC 2615218. PMID 19148289.
• Jing, Chen; Hui, LI; Zhen-Dong, QIN; Wen-Hong, LIU; Wei-Xiong, LIN; Rui-Xing, YIN; Li, JIN; Shang-Ling, PAN (2006). "Y-chromosome Genotyping and Genetic Structure of Zhuang Populations". Acta Genetica Sinica. 33 (12): 1060–72. doi:10.1016/S0379-4172(06)60143-1. PMID 17185165.
• Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; Feng, Shi; Wells, R.S.; Redd, Alan J.; Zegura, Stephen L.; Hammer, Michael F. (2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–28. doi:10.1086/323299. PMC 1235490. PMID 11481588.
• Karafet, Tatiana M.; Lansing, J. S.; Redd, Alan J.; Watkins, Joseph C.; Surata, S. P. K.; Arthawiguna, W. A.; Mayer, Laura; Bamshad, Michael; et al. (2005). "Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders" (PDF). Human Biology. 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. hdl:1808/13586. PMID 16114819. S2CID 7953854.
• Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008), "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree", Genome Research, 18 (5): 830–8, doi:10.1101/gr.7172008, PMC 2336805, PMID 18385274
• Karafet, T. M.; Hallmark, B.; Cox, M. P.; Sudoyo, H.; Downey, S.; Lansing, J. S.; Hammer, M. F. (2010). "Major East-West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (8): 1833–44. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq063. PMID 20207712. S2CID 4819475.
• Katoh, Toru; Munkhbat, Batmunkh; Tounai, Kenichi; Mano, Shuhei; Ando, Harue; Oyungerel, Ganjuur; Chae, Gue-Tae; Han, Huun; Jia, Guan-Jun; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Munkhtuvshin, Namid; Tamiya, Gen; Inoko, Hidetoshi (2005). "Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y-chromosomal analysis". Gene. 346: 63–70. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2004.10.023. PMID 15716011.
• Kayser, M.; Brauer, S; Cordaux, R; Casto, A; Lao, O; Zhivotovsky, LA; Moyse-Faurie, C; Rutledge, RB; et al. (2006). "Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: MtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (11): 2234–44. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl093. PMID 16923821.
• Kharkov, V. N.; Stepanov, V. A.; Medvedeva, O. F.; Spiridonova, M. G.; Voevoda, M. I.; Tadinova, V. N.; Puzyrev, V. P. (2007). "Gene pool differences between Northern and Southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups". Russian Journal of Genetics. 43 (5): 551–562. doi:10.1134/S1022795407050110. PMID 17633562. S2CID 566825.
• Kim, Wook; Yoo, Tag-Keun; Kim, Sung-Joo; Shin, Dong-Jik; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Jin, Han-Jun; Kwak, Kyoung-Don; Kim, Eun-Tak; Bae, Yoon-Sun (2007). Blagosklonny, Mikhail (ed.). "Lack of Association between Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups and Prostate Cancer in the Korean Population". PLOS ONE. 2 (1): e172. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2..172K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000172. PMC 1766463. PMID 17245448.
• Kumar, Vikrant; Reddy, Arimanda NS; Babu, Jagedeesh P; Rao, Tipirisetti N; Langstieh, Banrida T; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Reddy, Alla G; Singh, Lalji; Reddy, Battini M (2007). "Y-chromosome evidence suggests a common paternal heritage of Austro-Asiatic populations". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 47. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-47. PMC 1851701. PMID 17389048.
• Kutanan, Wibhu; Kampuansai, Jatupol; Srikummool, Metawee; Brunelli, Andrea; Ghirotto, Silvia; Arias, Leonardo; Macholdt, Enrico; Hübner, Alexander; Schröder, Roland; Stoneking, Mark (1 July 2019). "Contrasting Paternal and Maternal Genetic Histories of Thai and Lao Populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36 (7): 1490–1506. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz083. PMC 6573475. PMID 30980085.</ref>
• Li, Hui; Wen, Bo; Chen, Shu-Juo; Su, Bing; Pramoonjago, Patcharin; Liu, Yangfan; Pan, Shangling; Qin, Zhendong; Liu, Wenhong; Cheng, Xu; Yang, Ningning; Li, Xin; Tran, Dinhbinh; Lu, Daru; Hsu, Mu-Tsu; Deka, Ranjan; Marzuki, Sangkot; Tan, Chia-Chen; Jin, Li (2008). "Paternal genetic affinity between western Austronesians and Daic populations". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (1): 146. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-146. PMC 2408594. PMID 18482451.
• Li, Dong-Na; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Yang, Kun; et al. (2013). "Substitution of Hainan Indigenous Genetic Lineage in the Utsat People, Exiles of the Champa Kingdom: Genetic Structure of Hainan Utsat People". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 51 (3): 287–294. doi:10.1111/jse.12000.
• Nohara, Hirofumi; Maeda, Ikuko; Hisazumi, Rinnosuke; Uchiyama, Taketo; Hirashima, Hiroko; Nakata, Masahito; Ohno, Rika; Hasegawa, Tetsuro; Shimizu, Kenshi (2021). "Geographic distribution of Y-STR haplotypes and Y-haplogroups among Miyazaki Prefecture residents". Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology. 26 (1): 17–27. doi:10.3408/jafst.778. S2CID 226748034.
• Nonaka, I.; Minaguchi, K.; Takezaki, N. (2007). "Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms". Annals of Human Genetics. 71 (4): 480–95. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00343.x. hdl:10130/491. PMID 17274803. S2CID 1041367.
• Ochiai E, Minaguchi K, Nambiar P, Kakimoto Y, Satoh F, Nakatome M, et al. (September 2016). "Evaluation of Y chromosomal SNP haplogrouping in the HID-Ion AmpliSeq™ Identity Panel". Legal Medicine. 22: 58–61. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.08.001. PMID 27591541.
• Park, Myung Jin; Lee, Hwan Young; Yang, Woo Ick; Shin, Kyoung-Jin (2012). "Understanding the Y chromosome variation in Korea—relevance of combined haplogroup and haplotype analyses". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 126 (4): 589–99. doi:10.1007/s00414-012-0703-9. PMID 22569803. S2CID 27644576.
• Poznik, G David; Xue, Yali; Mendez, Fernando L; Willems, Thomas F; Massaia, Andrea; Wilson Sayres, Melissa A; Ayub, Qasim; McCarthy, Shane A; et al. (June 2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036.
• Reddy, B. Mohan; Langstieh, B. T.; Kumar, Vikrant; Nagaraja, T.; Reddy, A. N. S.; Meka, Aruna; Reddy, A. G.; Thangaraj, K.; Singh, Lalji (2007). Awadalla, Philip (ed.). "Austro-Asiatic Tribes of Northeast India Provide Hitherto Missing Genetic Link between South and Southeast Asia". PLOS ONE. 2 (11): e1141. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2.1141R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001141. PMC 2065843. PMID 17989774.
• Shi, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): A reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 154. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232.
• Su, B.; Jin, L.; Underhill, P.; Martinson, J.; Saha, N.; McGarvey, S. T.; Shriver, M. D.; Chu, J.; et al. (2000). "Polynesian origins: Insights from the Y chromosome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (15): 8225–8228. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.8225S. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.15.8225. PMC 26928. PMID 10899994. *H6 (=O-M122(xO-M7, O-M134)) in 18/73=24.7% *H8 (=O-M134) in 2/73=2.7% for a total of 20/73=27.4% O-M122 in a pool of seven samples from Micronesia. *13/40=32.5% O-M122(xM7, M134) in a pool of three samples from Polynesia. *9/27=33.3% H6 (=O-M122(xM7, M134)) *6/27=22.2% H8 (=O-M134) for a total of 15/27=55.6% O-M122 in "Malay" sample *2/19=10.5% H6 (=O-M122(xM7, M134)) in "Kota Kinabalu" sample.
• Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; Zhang, Weiling; Akey, Joshua; Huang, Wei; Shen, Di; et al. (1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–24. doi:10.1086/302680. PMC 1288383. PMID 10577926.
• Tajima, Atsushi; Hayami, Masanori; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Juji, Takeo; Matsuo, Masafumi; Marzuki, Sangkot; Omoto, Keiichi; Horai, Satoshi (2004). "Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages". Journal of Human Genetics. 49 (4): 187–93. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x. PMID 14997363.
• Wang, Wei; Wise, Cheryl; Baric, Tom; Black, Michael L.; Bittles, Alan H. (August 1, 2003). "The origins and genetic structure of three co-resident Chinese Muslim populations: the Salar, Bo'an and Dongxiang". Human Genetics. Springer-Verlag. 113 (3): 244–52. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-0948-y. ISSN 0340-6717. PMID 12759817. S2CID 11138499.
• Wells, R. S.; Yuldasheva, N.; Ruzibakiev, R.; Underhill, P. A.; Evseeva, I.; Blue-Smith, J.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; et al. (2001). "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (18): 10244–9. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236.
• Wen, Bo; Li, Hui; Lu, Daru; Song, Xiufeng; Zhang, Feng; He, Yungang; Li, Feng; Gao, Yang; et al. (2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture". Nature. 431 (7006): 302–5. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..302W. doi:10.1038/nature02878. PMID 15372031. S2CID 4301581.
• Wen, Bo; Xie, Xuanhua; Gao, Song; Li, Hui; Shi, Hong; Song, Xiufeng; Qian, Tingzhi; Xiao, Chunjie; et al. (2004). "Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 856–865. doi:10.1086/386292. PMC 1181980. PMID 15042512.
• Wen, Bo; Hong, S; Ling, R; Huifeng, X; Kaiyuan, L; Wenyi, Z; Bing, S; Shiheng, S; et al. (2004). "The origin of Mosuo people as revealed by mtDNA and Y chromosome variation". Science China Life Sciences. 47 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1360/02yc0207. PMID 15382670. S2CID 7999778.
• Xie, Xuan-Hua (2004). "Genetic Structure of Tujia as Revealed by Y Chromosomes". Yi Chuan Xue Bao = Acta Genetica Sinica. 31 (10): 1023–9. PMID 15552034.
• Xue, Y.; Zerjal, T; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Shu, Q; Xu, J; Du, R; Fu, S; et al. (2006). "Male Demography in East Asia: A North-South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times". Genetics. 172 (4): 2431–9. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC 1456369. PMID 16489223.
• Yan, Shi (September 2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (9): 1013–5. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMC 3179364. PMID 21505448.
• Yang, Zhili; Dong, Yongli; Gao, Lu; Cheng, Baowen; Yang, Jie; Zeng, Weimin; Lu, Jing; Su, Yanhua; Xiao, Chunjie (2005). "The distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups in the nationalities from Yunnan Province of China". Annals of Human Biology. 32 (1): 80–7. doi:10.1080/03014460400027557. PMID 15788357. S2CID 39153696.
• Zhou, Ruixia; Yang, Daqun; Zhang, Hua; Yu, Weiping; An, Lizhe; Wang, Xilong; Li, Hong; Xu, Jiujin; Xie, Xiaodong (2008). "Origin and evolution of two Yugur sub-clans in Northwest China: A case study in paternal genetic landscape". Annals of Human Biology. 35 (2): 198–211. doi:10.1080/03014460801922927. PMID 18428013. S2CID 5453358.

Websites

• Genographic Project, R. Spencer; Wells. . Archived from the original on 2011-02-05.
• Krahn; FTDNA (2003). . Archived from the original on 2015-08-15.

Sources for conversion tables

÷

• Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–443. doi:10.1086/318205. PMC 1235276. PMID 11170891.
• Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001). "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–1203. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906. PMID 11420360.
• Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62, doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6, PMID 10904265
• Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597. PMID 11313742. S2CID 21432405.
• Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–628. doi:10.1086/323299. PMC 1235490. PMID 11481588.
• Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective", Science, 290 (5494): 1155–9, Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S, doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155, PMID 11073453
• Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–1724. doi:10.1086/302680. PMC 1288383. PMID 10577926.
• Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480. S2CID 12893406.

Further reading

• Karmin, Monika; Saag, Lauri; Vicente, Mário; et al. (2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088.

External links

• , from The Genographic Project, National Geographic
• China DNA interest group at Facebook
• China DNA Project Website at Family Tree DNA