The Paiwan (Paiwan: Kacalisian) are an indigenous people of Taiwan. They speak the Paiwan language. In 2014, the Paiwan numbered 96,334. This was approximately 17.8% of Taiwan's total indigenous population, making them the second-largest indigenous group.[2][3]
The majority of Paiwan people live in the southern chain of the Central Mountain Range, from Damumu Mountain and the upper Wuluo River in the north of the southern chain to the Hengchun Peninsula [zh] in the south of it, and also in the hills and coastal plains of southeastern Taiwan. There are two subgroups under the Paiwan people: the Raval and the Butsul.[4]
The unique ceremonies in Paiwan are Masaru and Maleveq. The Masaru is a ceremony that celebrates the harvest of rice, whereas the Maleveq commemorates their ancestors or gods.
The name "Paiwan" may have originated from a myth. According to the myth, Paiwan ancestors lived in a location on Dawu mountain (Tawushan) that was called "Paiwan", where heaven is said to exist. Paiwan people have spread out from this location, so the name of the original place was assumed as their group name. According to some group members, "Paiwan" also means "human being".[4]
Taiwan in 1901, with the Paiwan marked as "Paiwan Group of Savages" on the southern tip of the island.
One of the most important figures in Paiwan history was supreme chief Tok-a-Tok[5] (c. 1817–1874),[a][6] who united 18 tribes of Paiwan under his rule, and after defeating American Marines during the Formosa Expedition in 1867 he concluded a formal agreement with Chinese and Western leaders to ensure the safety of foreign ships landing on their coastal territories in return for amnesty for Paiwan tribesmen who had killed the crew of the barqueRover in March 1867 (see Rover incident).[7]
In 1871, a Ryūkyūan vessel shipwrecked on the southern tip of Taiwan, and 54 of the 66 survivors were beheaded by the Paiwan aborigines (Mudan Incident). When Japan sought compensation from Qing China, the court rejected the demand on the grounds that Taiwan's "raw" or "wild" natives (Chinese: 臺灣生番; pinyin: Táiwān shēngfān) were outside its jurisdiction. This perceived renunciation of sovereignty led to the Japanese invasion of Taiwan in 1874 in which chief Tok-a-Tok was killed in action[citation needed].
During the Chinese Civil War, between 1946 and 1949, many Paiwan men were forcibly enlisted in the Kuomintang forces. When the war ended, some of the Paiwan remained behind in China and formed their own communities.[citation needed]
Tsai Ing-wen, elected as President of Taiwan in 2016, is 1/4 Paiwan via her grandmother.
CustomsEdit
Unlike other peoples in Taiwan, Paiwan society is divided into classes with a hereditary aristocracy. The Paiwan are not allowed to marry outside their group. On the day of their "five-yearly rite," all marriage-seeking Paiwan men try to cut down as many trees as possible and offer the firewood thus procured to the family of the girl they want to marry.
Tattooed hands are a tradition of both Paiwan and Rukai peoples. Noble women used to receive these tattoos as a rite of passage into adulthood. However, since the Japanese colonial era, the practice has been less common as it was discouraged and fined during that time. In the tradition, shamans would tattoo hands in different patterns for different personal backgrounds. Less noble women could have received it, but they had to pay a hefty price on top of inviting all members of the community to a banquet with the purpose of gaining the community's approval. Less noble women had different tattoo designs than noblewomen. The painful tattooing process represented dignity and honor and the suffering that one could endure. The tattooing process lasts as long as it needs to with consideration for many taboos and nuances, such as praying. For example, pregnant women were not allowed to watch the process and no one watching was allowed to sneeze. If any taboos were broken, the ritual would be put off until another day chosen.[8]
In February 2015, Li Lin, the oldest Paiwan with hand tattoos, died at the age of 102. Li Lin had her hand tattoos starting at the age of 14 before marrying a village head as a common girl.[9] She played a large role in promoting the cultural art form and continues to be an icon of cultural identity even in her death.[10]
Traditionally the Paiwan have been polytheists. Their wooden carvings included images of human heads, snakes, deer, and geometric designs. In Taiwan, the Bataul branch of the Paiwan peoples holds a major sacrifice – called maleveq – every five years to invite the spirits of their ancestors to come and bless them. Djemuljat is an activity in the Maleveq in which the participants thrust bamboo poles into cane balls symbolizing human heads.[11]
ShamanismEdit
Shamanism has been described as an important part of Paiwan culture. Paiwan shamanism is traditionally seen as being inherited by blood-line. However, a decline in the number of Paiwan shamans has raised concerns that traditional rituals might be lost; and has led to the founding of a shamanism school to pass on the rituals to a new generation.[12]
ChristianityEdit
Thousands of Paiwan people in Taiwan converted to Christianity in the late 1940s and 1950s, sometimes whole villages. Today the Presbyterian church in Taiwan claims 14,900 Paiwan members, meeting in 96 congregations. The New Testament has been translated into Paiwan. The Catholic Church is also very active. The number of young people attending though is falling.[13]
HeritageEdit
In May 2015, two Paiwan totem poles were listed as ROC national treasures by the Bureau of Cultural Heritage under the Ministry of Culture. Both of these artifacts were acquired by the National Taiwan University during the Japanese colonial period (1895–1945). They were submitted for national treasure listing earlier in 2015.[14]
The Paiwan language is one of Taiwan's 42 indigenous tongues and dialects, being one of nine that are listed as vulnerable on the UNESCO atlas of endangered languages.[15]
^His Paiwan name was written in Chinese characters as 卓杞篤 or 卓其督, both pronounced Tok-ki-tok in Hokkien. These names were also transcribed into English as Toketok or Tauketok.
^Hsieh, Chia-chen; Wu, Jeffrey (February 15, 2015). . Focus Taiwan News Channel. Central News Agency. Archived from the original on 2015-02-16.
^. Preliminary Statistical Analysis Report of 2000 Population and Housing Census. National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan). Archived from the original (RTF) on October 30, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2006.
^ ab. Digital Museum of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples. Archived from the original on January 4, 2010. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
^Davidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present: History, People, Resources, and Commercial Prospects: Tea, Camphor, Sugar, Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Economical Plants, and Other Productions. Macmillan & Company and Kelley & Walsh.
^Chen, Hsien-yi 陳賢義 (9 July 2009). "Paiwan and Rukai Tattoo Art Fading Fast / Páiwān Lǔkǎi wén shǒu wénhuà yánzhòng". Taipei Times (in English and Chinese). Translated by Svensson, Perry. p. 15.
^China (Taiwan), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of (2015-02-10). "Paiwan elder with hand tattoo dies at 102". Taiwan Today. Retrieved 2023-02-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^"Paiwan Elder with Hand Tattoo Dies at 102". Taiwan Today. February 10, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
^Hsieh, Chih-hung 謝志鴻 (2007). Páiwānzú wǔ nián jì de zōngjiào yì hán yǔ shēntǐ huódòng 排灣族五年祭的宗教意涵與身體活動 [Religious Connotation and Physical Activities of Maljeveq in Paiwan Race] (Master's thesis) (in Chinese). Guoli ping dong jiaoyu daxue. p. 67. hdl:11296/9k8937.
^Collins, Nick (21 September 2009). "School of Witchcraft Opens in Taiwan". Telegraph.co.uk.
^"Aborigines Losing Their Christianity?". The View from Taiwan. September 25, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
^"Paiwan Totem Poles Listed as ROC National Treasures". Taiwan Today. May 25, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
^"Cabinet OKs Indigenous Language Development Bill". Taiwan Today. November 27, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
^. Focus Taiwan (CNA English News). Central News Agency. 2020-10-04. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
^"Taiwanese Artists Grab Top Prizes at Golden Melody Awards". South China Morning Post. Associated Press. 2020-10-05. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
^Feng, Emily (2023-01-01). "One of Taiwan's biggest pop stars is challenging the boundaries of Taiwanese identity". NPR. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
October 16, 2023
paiwan, people, paiwan, paiwan, kacalisian, indigenous, people, taiwan, they, speak, paiwan, language, 2014, paiwan, numbered, this, approximately, taiwan, total, indigenous, population, making, them, second, largest, indigenous, group, kacalisianpaiwan, playi. The Paiwan Paiwan Kacalisian are an indigenous people of Taiwan They speak the Paiwan language In 2014 the Paiwan numbered 96 334 This was approximately 17 8 of Taiwan s total indigenous population making them the second largest indigenous group 2 3 Paiwan peopleKacalisianPaiwan man playing a bamboo nose flute Total population104 555 1 Nov 2021 Regions with significant populationsTaiwanLanguagesPaiwan MandarinReligionAnimism ChristianityRelated ethnic groupsMalayo Polynesians Taiwanese AboriginesThe majority of Paiwan people live in the southern chain of the Central Mountain Range from Damumu Mountain and the upper Wuluo River in the north of the southern chain to the Hengchun Peninsula zh in the south of it and also in the hills and coastal plains of southeastern Taiwan There are two subgroups under the Paiwan people the Raval and the Butsul 4 The unique ceremonies in Paiwan are Masaru and Maleveq The Masaru is a ceremony that celebrates the harvest of rice whereas the Maleveq commemorates their ancestors or gods Contents 1 History 2 Customs 3 Religion 3 1 Shamanism 3 2 Christianity 4 Heritage 5 Notable Paiwan people 6 See also 7 Notes 8 ReferencesHistory Edit nbsp A Paiwan family house in Sandimen nbsp Photo of Paiwan people during the Japanese rule of Taiwan taken by Torii Ryuzō Note the non traditional Chinese attireThe name Paiwan may have originated from a myth According to the myth Paiwan ancestors lived in a location on Dawu mountain Tawushan that was called Paiwan where heaven is said to exist Paiwan people have spread out from this location so the name of the original place was assumed as their group name According to some group members Paiwan also means human being 4 nbsp Taiwan in 1901 with the Paiwan marked as Paiwan Group of Savages on the southern tip of the island One of the most important figures in Paiwan history was supreme chief Tok a Tok 5 c 1817 1874 a 6 who united 18 tribes of Paiwan under his rule and after defeating American Marines during the Formosa Expedition in 1867 he concluded a formal agreement with Chinese and Western leaders to ensure the safety of foreign ships landing on their coastal territories in return for amnesty for Paiwan tribesmen who had killed the crew of the barque Rover in March 1867 see Rover incident 7 In 1871 a Ryukyuan vessel shipwrecked on the southern tip of Taiwan and 54 of the 66 survivors were beheaded by the Paiwan aborigines Mudan Incident When Japan sought compensation from Qing China the court rejected the demand on the grounds that Taiwan s raw or wild natives Chinese 臺灣生番 pinyin Taiwan shengfan were outside its jurisdiction This perceived renunciation of sovereignty led to the Japanese invasion of Taiwan in 1874 in which chief Tok a Tok was killed in action citation needed During the Chinese Civil War between 1946 and 1949 many Paiwan men were forcibly enlisted in the Kuomintang forces When the war ended some of the Paiwan remained behind in China and formed their own communities citation needed Tsai Ing wen elected as President of Taiwan in 2016 is 1 4 Paiwan via her grandmother Customs EditUnlike other peoples in Taiwan Paiwan society is divided into classes with a hereditary aristocracy The Paiwan are not allowed to marry outside their group On the day of their five yearly rite all marriage seeking Paiwan men try to cut down as many trees as possible and offer the firewood thus procured to the family of the girl they want to marry Tattooed hands are a tradition of both Paiwan and Rukai peoples Noble women used to receive these tattoos as a rite of passage into adulthood However since the Japanese colonial era the practice has been less common as it was discouraged and fined during that time In the tradition shamans would tattoo hands in different patterns for different personal backgrounds Less noble women could have received it but they had to pay a hefty price on top of inviting all members of the community to a banquet with the purpose of gaining the community s approval Less noble women had different tattoo designs than noblewomen The painful tattooing process represented dignity and honor and the suffering that one could endure The tattooing process lasts as long as it needs to with consideration for many taboos and nuances such as praying For example pregnant women were not allowed to watch the process and no one watching was allowed to sneeze If any taboos were broken the ritual would be put off until another day chosen 8 In February 2015 Li Lin the oldest Paiwan with hand tattoos died at the age of 102 Li Lin had her hand tattoos starting at the age of 14 before marrying a village head as a common girl 9 She played a large role in promoting the cultural art form and continues to be an icon of cultural identity even in her death 10 Religion Edit nbsp A representation of a Paiwan ceremonial rack of skulls in Formosan Aboriginal Culture Village Traditionally the Paiwan have been polytheists Their wooden carvings included images of human heads snakes deer and geometric designs In Taiwan the Bataul branch of the Paiwan peoples holds a major sacrifice called maleveq every five years to invite the spirits of their ancestors to come and bless them Djemuljat is an activity in the Maleveq in which the participants thrust bamboo poles into cane balls symbolizing human heads 11 Shamanism Edit Shamanism has been described as an important part of Paiwan culture Paiwan shamanism is traditionally seen as being inherited by blood line However a decline in the number of Paiwan shamans has raised concerns that traditional rituals might be lost and has led to the founding of a shamanism school to pass on the rituals to a new generation 12 Christianity Edit Thousands of Paiwan people in Taiwan converted to Christianity in the late 1940s and 1950s sometimes whole villages Today the Presbyterian church in Taiwan claims 14 900 Paiwan members meeting in 96 congregations The New Testament has been translated into Paiwan The Catholic Church is also very active The number of young people attending though is falling 13 Heritage EditIn May 2015 two Paiwan totem poles were listed as ROC national treasures by the Bureau of Cultural Heritage under the Ministry of Culture Both of these artifacts were acquired by the National Taiwan University during the Japanese colonial period 1895 1945 They were submitted for national treasure listing earlier in 2015 14 The Paiwan language is one of Taiwan s 42 indigenous tongues and dialects being one of nine that are listed as vulnerable on the UNESCO atlas of endangered languages 15 Notable Paiwan people EditCalivat Gadu Deputy Minister of the Council of Indigenous Peoples Chen Shih chieh weightlifter Uliw Qaljupayare member of Legislative Yuan Lai Chu en boxer Ahronglong Sakinu writer Ma Chih hung luger ABAO singer 16 17 18 Power Station Paiwan Mandopop band Yang Yung wei judoka Olympics silver medalist See also Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paiwan Demographics of Taiwan Taiwanese indigenous peoplesNotes Edit His Paiwan name was written in Chinese characters as 卓杞篤 or 卓其督 both pronounced Tok ki tok in Hokkien These names were also transcribed into English as Toketok or Tauketok References Edit The Tribes in Taiwan in Chinese Taiwan Council of Indigenous Peoples Retrieved 2022 01 13 Hsieh Chia chen Wu Jeffrey February 15 2015 Amis Remains Taiwan s Biggest Aboriginal Tribe at 37 1 of Total Focus Taiwan News Channel Central News Agency Archived from the original on 2015 02 16 Table 28 Indigenous Population Distribution in Taiwan Fukien Area Preliminary Statistical Analysis Report of 2000 Population and Housing Census National Statistics Republic of China Taiwan Archived from the original RTF on October 30 2014 Retrieved August 30 2006 a b Paiwan Digital Museum of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples Archived from the original on January 4 2010 Retrieved December 3 2015 Encyclopaedia Britannica 9th ed 1879 Formosa sfnp error no target CITEREFEncyclopaedia Britannica 9th ed 1879 help See also his article on the Chinese Wikipedia Davidson James W 1903 The Island of Formosa Past and Present History People Resources and Commercial Prospects Tea Camphor Sugar Gold Coal Sulphur Economical Plants and Other Productions Macmillan amp Company and Kelley amp Walsh Chen Hsien yi 陳賢義 9 July 2009 Paiwan and Rukai Tattoo Art Fading Fast Paiwan Lǔkǎi wen shǒu wenhua yanzhong Taipei Times in English and Chinese Translated by Svensson Perry p 15 China Taiwan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of 2015 02 10 Paiwan elder with hand tattoo dies at 102 Taiwan Today Retrieved 2023 02 07 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Paiwan Elder with Hand Tattoo Dies at 102 Taiwan Today February 10 2015 Retrieved December 3 2015 Hsieh Chih hung 謝志鴻 2007 Paiwanzu wǔ nian ji de zōngjiao yi han yǔ shentǐ huodong 排灣族五年祭的宗教意涵與身體活動 Religious Connotation and Physical Activities of Maljeveq in Paiwan Race Master s thesis in Chinese Guoli ping dong jiaoyu daxue p 67 hdl 11296 9k8937 Collins Nick 21 September 2009 School of Witchcraft Opens in Taiwan Telegraph co uk Aborigines Losing Their Christianity The View from Taiwan September 25 2007 Retrieved April 11 2020 Paiwan Totem Poles Listed as ROC National Treasures Taiwan Today May 25 2015 Retrieved December 3 2015 Cabinet OKs Indigenous Language Development Bill Taiwan Today November 27 2015 Retrieved December 3 2016 Indigenous Singer Abao Biggest Winner at Golden Melody Awards Focus Taiwan CNA English News Central News Agency 2020 10 04 Archived from the original on 2020 10 06 Retrieved 2020 12 01 Taiwanese Artists Grab Top Prizes at Golden Melody Awards South China Morning Post Associated Press 2020 10 05 Retrieved 2020 12 01 Feng Emily 2023 01 01 One of Taiwan s biggest pop stars is challenging the boundaries of Taiwanese identity NPR Retrieved 2023 01 02 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Paiwan people amp oldid 1176042929, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
