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Wikipedia

Christian media

February 15, 2024

This article is about the Christianity-inspired media genre. For religion and faith-based broadcasts, including those by Christians, see religious broadcasting.

Christian media, alternatively referred to as inspirational, faith and family, or simply Christian, is a cross-media genre that features a Christian message or moral.[2][3][4][5][6][7] Several creative studios and mass media formats are considered to be aspects of Christian media,[8][9][10] including media organizations, a characteristic film industry, musical genres, radio formats,[11][12] TV formats,[13] and subgenres.[14][15][16]

Depictions of classic book The Pilgrim's Progress
Illustration from an African adaption
Road with Cypress and Star by Vincent van Gogh
A Pilgrim's Progress by Norman Rockwell
Stained glass at Princeton University Chapel
The story was originally written by John Bunyan, and is among the earliest Christian novels as mass media. It has since been adapted and referenced in numerous works of art and media.[1]

History edit

Christian art has long been a tradition of the faith, dating back to early Christian art and architecture and it was a major part of the medieval and renaissance eras. Christian literature similarly dates back to the history of early Christianity, The Shepherd of Hermas was a popular story in the early church.[17] This included depictions of Jesus and parables of Christ figures, as aniconism in Christianity was largely rejected within the ante-Nicene era, since artistic expression helps fulfill the Great Commission. Originally Christian art was created under patronage and tithe, today adapted into contemporary creative media and arts funding techniques. The patron-client relationship is a primary analogue for the relationship between Christian as client with God as patron, and it is basis for the terminology patron saint.[18][19][20] Mass media had one of its earliest success with the invention of the printing press and the subsequent printing of The Holy Bible, the Christian Bible is the best-selling book of all time, and the first well received mass printing of it was the Gutenberg Bible.[21][22] Christian media productions are recognized as a popular film, music, broadcasting, and interactive media format alongside secular counterparts.[23]

Early Christian allegory in works of fiction, such as John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, made an impact on later works of fiction, including C. S. Lewis' The Chronicles of Narnia and J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter.[24][25][26][27] The Pilgrim's Progress is one of the most commonly referenced Christian allegories in media and art,[28][1] artist Vincent van Gogh was known to have been inspired by the story.[29] Besides The Pilgrim's Progress, other classic books in the Christian genre include the Divine Comedy, Le Morte d'Arthur, and Paradise Lost, these four novels are depicted in large stained glass windows at Princeton University Chapel.[30] Other books in the Western canon from Christian novels, or those drawing heavy inspiration from Christian concepts, include The Count of Monte Cristo,[31] The Scarlet Letter,[32] Les Misérables,[33] and Bless Me, Ultima.[34]

This genre's films date back to early cinema with adaptions of Lew Wallace's Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ in 1907 and 1925, as well as Cecil B. DeMille's landmark religious film The Ten Commandments (1923), and their popular 1950s remakes The Ten Commandments (1956) and Ben-Hur (1959).[35] Other popular Christian film and television productions include the Superbook anime (1981–1983, and rebooted in 2011-ongoing), VeggieTales animated series (1993-ongoing), The Prince of Egypt (1998), Bruce Almighty (2003),[36] The Passion of the Christ (2004), The Chronicles of Narnia film series (2005-ongoing), God's Not Dead (2014), Duck Dynasty (2012–2017), The Chosen (2017-ongoing), and Jesus Revolution (2023).

Christian music including hymns, Josquin's "Ave Maria" and Handel's Messiah, are a part of church and gospel music. Contemporary Christian music encompasses several other popular music styles including Christian rock, Christian hip hop, contemporary worship music, and Christian electronic dance music. Broadway theatre productions like Jesus Christ Superstar,[37] recorded sermons by preachers of Billy Graham and Martin Luther King Jr.,[38][39] along with Christian radio shows Adventures in Odyssey and Family Theater so too with podcasts produced by the likes of Phil Vischer and Phil Robertson,[40][41] are sometimes included in this genre.[42]

Characteristics edit

Themes edit

 
The good shepherd of The Shepherd of Hermas as depicted in the catacombs of Rome
 
Illumination by Évrard d'Espinques of the Knights of the Round Table from Arthurian legend, with Holy Grail at center.
 
The Barque of Dante by Eugène Delacroix, depicting the River Styx in Inferno.
 
Château d'If prison cell named after Edmond Dantès
 
Palace of the Governors, with Christmas luminarias in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where then Governor Lew Wallace wrote key components of Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ

The Christian genre often portrays a focus on the teachings of Jesus, the gospel, ministry as per the Great Commission, and Christian virtues: attributes encompassing love, grace, forgiveness, prudence, justice, temperance, fortitude, faith, hope, and charity, along with messages of resurrection. These codes are often played out through depictions of good and evil through conflicting virtues and vices,[43] or as in the evangelism of The Pilgrim's Progress with individuals seeking personal growth and redemption. This depiction of Christian theology, in the narrative, contrasts sharply with comparatively impersonal institutions leading to some form of moral understanding.

The narrative can be delivered through sermons, retelling Bible stories especially the life of Jesus in the New Testament, or a hero's journey. Witnessing, a term used to describe a personal experience with coming to Christ, is another storytelling method that has been a part of the biographies of historical figures and celebrities alike,[44] including Paul the Apostle,[45] Priscilla and Aquila,[46] Bede,[47] Mary Stone,[48] Hani Motoko,[49] Johnny Cash,[50] Colonel Sanders,[51] Mr. T,[52] Alice Cooper,[53] Carlos Santana,[54] Serena Williams,[55] Stephen Colbert,[56] Kel Mitchell,[57] and Selena Gomez.[58] It can sometimes be in the form of allegory as in the religion in The Chronicles of Narnia, or through plots including those of Christian mythology, like those foretelling of the Second Coming, or tales about knights and holy fighters, i.e. El Cid, Joan of Arc, King Arthur, the Knights of the Round Table, Paladins, or the paladin RPG character class. While others use a "Christian magic" that is "neither allegorical nor topical" such as J. R. R. Tolkien's application of Christianity in Middle-earth found within The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.[59][60]

Distribution edit

 
A Christian bookseller and arts and entertainment retailer, Kunst en Lezen in Barendrecht, South Holland

Libraries such as the Library of Congress often categorize each media format under its own genre.[61][62][63][64][65] Due to mainstream appeal of Christian media, it is distributed at retailers like Hobby Lobby, Walmart, and international technology conglomerates such as Amazon and Tencent.[66][67][68][69] Kosher and halal food brands usually include Christian media within the scope of their advertisement and marketing campaigns, employing slogans like Hebrew National's "we answer to a higher authority" which appeals to consumers throughout the Abrahamic faiths,[70] and restaurant chain The Halal Guys has reached a success with Christian consumers due to similarity with Christian-based brands.[71]

Some companies associate themselves with Christian media; In-N-Out Burger prints Bible verses on their food containers,[72] the name of Tiger Balm and tea distributor Prince of Peace Enterprises,[73] and Chick-fil-A plays Christian music at their restaurants.[74] Advertising managers and agencies categorize Christian media in the same advertising media selection as community marketing, educational entertainment, and Disney-style family-oriented entertainment audiences,[75] including those employed by most major corporations, American Airlines, Bank of America, Coca-Cola, Dairy Queen, Ford, McDonald's, Pepsi, and other multinational corporations, along with locally and regionally relevant target audiences;[76] not to mention other old media and new media funding options, crowdfunding, merchandising, tie-ins, and underwriting.[40]

While there is a prevalence of the Christian media format in popular culture, it is considered to be an alternative to the concentration of media ownership.[77] Certain ideas in Christian culture, which are sometimes overlooked by mainstream outlets, are often given a pulpit through Christian media; this effect has been historically shown during its effectiveness during the civil rights movement and Jesus movement eras.[78][79][80][81][82]

For many the same reasons as other media outlets, such as the high cost of production and distribution, most Christian publications have switched to digital and streaming media formats. This includes mobile apps, online newspapers, online magazines, video on demand, etc.

Production studios edit

For a more comprehensive list, see list of Christian media organizations, list of Christian film production companies, and list of Christian record labels.
 
Jeri Kehn Thompson interviewed by David Brody for CBN News

Christian media studios and publishers range from independent media to mainstream mass media. Many specialize in a particular format, and are noted within their specific field, but some are multimedia production companies. Most major production houses have Christian oriented production studios including Sony's Affirm Films, MGM's Lightworkers Media, NBCUniversal's Big Idea Entertainment, Lionsgate's partner Kingdom Story Company, and 20th Century Studios former Fox Faith. Whereas some production houses simply produce Christian genre productions like they would any other genre, including The Walt Disney Company with their adaption of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe or as with Warner Bros. Discovery throughout their studios such as their acquisition of Warner Alliance and Warner Resound into Warner Music Group proper.[83] Interdenominational independent media studios make up an important part of Christian media, including both small and large scale producers,[84] such as Camfam Studios,[85][86] Angel Studios,[87][88] Icon Productions,[89][90] Mono vs Stereo,[91] and Word Entertainment.[92]

The largest nondenominational television networks, Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN), and the Christian productions of Hallmark Channel and GAC Family have media franchises that are regularly considered for broadcast syndication;[93] as do denominational broadcasts by Catholic Vatican Media, or the Seventh-day Adventist related Three Angels Broadcasting Network (3ABN) and LifeTalk Radio.[94][95] Some of the most watched Christian news programs occur on CBN or TBN, as for print media the most widely regarded Christian news media includes Christianity Today and The Christian Science Monitor, these outlets are archived by The Library of Congress and have been venues for Pulitzer Prize winning journalists, organizations, segments, and articles.[96][97][98][99][100]

In Japan, several media professionals are graduates of International Christian University. The editor and founder of Christian Today is an alumnus of that university, so is Kaz Hirai who is the former chairman of Sony Group Corporation.[101][102]

Media franchises edit

Radio dramas were among the earliest to feature the transmedia storytelling of modern media franchises. The Family Theater of Mutual Broadcasting System and Adventures in Odyssey of Focus on the Family were some of the first successful syndicated broadcasts within Christian media. Family Theater was digitally remastered and continues to be broadcast by EWTN. Adventures in Odyssey, using the naming of Radio Theatre, has made radio adaptions of Les Miserables, Anne of Green Gables, and The Chronicles of Narnia.

The life of Jesus in the New Testament is portrayed in numerous productions. This includes media formats from rock operas like Jesus Christ Superstar or major film productions. The Jesus Film Project by Cru which has created several films; Jesus (1979) and the My Last Day anime in collaboration with Studio 4°C. A series referred to as the Visual Bible had several adaptions of the Matthew and the Acts of the Apostles, they were called The Visual Bible: Matthew and The Visual Bible: Acts.[103] There were some interactive media mini CDs in the late 1990s which contained trailers and behind the scenes footage of the movies, these clips were later added to DVD releases of the films. Major blockbuster films like The Passion of the Christ have their associated soundtracks released as well. Other Biblical epic series such as the 2013 The Bible miniseries also receive multimedia and social media promotion. The Chosen is a crowdfunded television series about Jesus and the Apostles in the New Testament, the series is directed by Dallas Jenkins and has been adapted into Bible studies, novels by author Jerry B. Jenkins, and children's picture books.[104] The list of actors who have played Jesus in these productions have been Brian Deacon, Bruce Marchiano, Jim Caviezel, Diogo Morgado, and Jonathan Roumie.

Superbook and is a 1981 Japanese anime series produced by Tatsunoko Production for Christian Broadcasting Network and TV Tokyo, it was rebooted in 2011 by CBN in collaboration with Asia-based animation studios;[105][106] the original voice cast included Billie Lou Watt, and for the reboot it includes Sam Vincent, the voice of Edd from Ed, Edd n Eddy and Andrea Libman, the voice of Pinkie Pie from My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic.[107] In both the original and reboot, the episodes follow a couple of kids, Chris and Joy, and their robot friend named Gizmo. The series is an early example of a modern isekai, as the Superbook teleports the users to various Bible stories.[108] Superbook also had another companion anime series known as The Flying House during the 1980s.[109]

The VeggieTales direct-to-video series became a media franchise, with recognizable characters including Bob the Tomato voiced by Phil Vischer and Larry the Cucumber voiced by Mike Nawrocki; it has two feature-length films Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie and The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything, Netflix spin-offs VeggieTales in the House and VeggieTales in the City, and the series was rebooted in 2019 by NBCUniversal and Trinity Broadcasting Network as The VeggieTales Show. Phil Vischer documented some of his experience with the show in the novel Me, Myself, and Bob: A True Story About Dreams, God, and Talking Vegetables, he previously hosted a podcast titled The Phil Visher Podcast with Sky Jethani and Christian Taylor, and he now co-hosts The Holy Post.[110]

Left Behind is a series of Second Coming post-apocalyptic novels that had adaptions into graphic novels, film adaptations, and video games.[111] The spin-off novels Left Behind: The Kids follows a format more akin to dystopian fiction, and the video game Left Behind: Eternal Forces is a real-time strategy game.

Bibleman is a 1995 superhero franchise originally produced as a low-budget live-action children's television series, Bibleman: The Animated Series is an ongoing cartoon series started in 2016, the franchise has had numerous action figure depictions, tabletop games, video games, comics, and uniquely Christian tie-ins such as a devotional study Bible.[112] In the series Bibleman's alter-ego was originally Miles Peterson, and his friend Josh Carpenter eventually replaced him as Bibleman, he is joined by fellow heroes Biblegirl and Melody, against the villains Dr. Fear, the Baroness, and the Master of Maybe.

The duck call company Duck Commander has several media productions, and the children of Phil Robertson and Kay Robertson are celebrities associated within Christian media. Their original shows, sponsored by Benelli Armi SpA based on the Duck Commander and Buck Commander brands, were featured on the Outdoor Channel.[113] This sparked interest by A&E to produce the Duck Dynasty television series, which highlighted Willie Robertson and his wife Korie Robertson as they ran their family business, alongside Willie's brother Jase Robertson and Uncle Si Robertson.[114] The show sparked spin-offs including a music album titled Duck the Halls: A Robertson Family Christmas. Duck Commander has their own Duck Call Room podcast featuring Si Robertson with Martin and Godwin, while Blaze Media helps to produce In The Woods with Phil and Unashamed with Phil and Jase,[115] Willie and Korie's daughter Sadie Robertson created the podcast WHOA, That's Good Podcast.[116] Miss Kay released a Duck Commander Kitchen Cookbook, and Phil has released several Christian novels.[117][118] Si Robertson has an autobiography titled Si-cology 1, and Jase and youngest brother Jep have a 2022 metal detecting television series produced by Fox Nation called Duck Family Treasure.[119]

Media formats edit

Books, magazines, and newspapers edit

Main articles: Christian literature, Christian devotional literature, and Christian novel
 
LifeWay Christian Resources headquarters in Nashville, Tennessee

Evangelicalism doesn't have a central authority, so publishers like Zondervan, LifeWay Christian Resources, and Christianity Today are considered de facto gatekeepers of theology.[120] Christian books are a segment of Christian media which typically communicates the core elements of the Christian faith to non-believers, or publishes books to help develop and inform the beliefs of adherents. While these nondenominational publishers appeal to a wide variety of Christians and non-Christians, there are denomination specific publications including the Catholic Church's America and Seventh-Day Adventist's Amazing Facts. Other publishers include Concordia Publishing House and David C. Cook.

Christian magazines are one of many special-interest categories within the magazine publishing industry. Christian magazines often focus on groups within Christianity, such as men or women, youth, or certain denominations. Many Christian magazines are published by denominations and independent ministries as an outreach to the unchurched or to the organization's supporters, frequently at no cost to the reader. One of the most well known is "Guideposts" magazine, published by Guideposts non-profit since 1945. Examples of denominational magazines include House to House Heart to Heart. Other Christian magazines are published commercially for a profit, and sold by subscription or by single copies through bookstores and other retailers. Examples include Charisma, Relevant, and Spectrum.

Newspapers are a segment of Christian media which typically communicates news to members of the denomination or group which publishes the paper. Such newspapers often published weekly, rarely more frequently and often less frequently (bi-weekly, monthly). Examples include the Southern Baptist Convention, whose various state conventions often publish weekly or bi-weekly newspapers, Christian Examiner and The Christian Post. Sometimes individual congregations will publish newspapers; one example is Southeast Christian Church, a megachurch in Louisville, Kentucky which publishes a weekly newspaper distributed throughout the metro area. Christian Science Monitor is a general interest newspaper that has an appeal beyond Christian audiences, it is owned by the Church of Christ, Scientist. Independent publishers have produced Christian newspapers, often aimed at a specific group such as Roman Catholics.

Poetry produced by Christian poets can often find its way into the popular consciousness, an example includes "Footprints". Another sub-format is Christian devotional literature which usually has Christian publishers, celebrities, and pastors giving their testimony or sharing ideas, either as Devotional Bibles, Devotional Calendars, or other literary formats. Devotional Bibles are a subgenre of the Study Bible format.

Comics, animation, and graphic novels edit

Davey and Goliath, Superbook, and VeggieTales are some popular Christian animated series. They were referenced as an inspiration for television writer Len Uhley, regarding X-Men's Nightcrawler and Wolverine when the characters' faiths were featured in an episode of the 1990s animated series.[121][122] Len Uhley later worked on popular Christian animated series Friends and Heroes and the Superbook reboot.[121]

The Gospel According to Peanuts, written by Robert L. Short about the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz,[123][124] discussed the Christian themes of the comic strip.[125] In the television special A Charlie Brown Christmas the character Linus Van Pelt would directly quote Luke 2:8-14, with "And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field, keeping watch over their flock by night. And, lo, the angel of the Lord came upon them, and the glory of the Lord shone round about them: and they were sore afraid. And the angel said unto them, "Fear not: for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord. And this shall be a sign unto you; Ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger. And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God, and saying, "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men."[126][127]

Spire Christian Comics, part of Baker Publishing Group and Archie Comics, which ran from 1972 and 1982 were a Christian spin-off of their larger franchises.[128] They featured characters from Archie Andrews, Jughead Jones, Betty Cooper, Veronica Lodge, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, and Josie and the Pussycats.[129]

During the 1990s, Marvel Comics partnered with Thomas Nelson to create a series of Christian themed books including comic book adaptions of The Screwtape Letters, The Pilgrim's Progress, and created a Christian superhero called Illuminator.[130]

Film and television edit

Main article: Christian film
 
The logo of Trinity Broadcasting Network; the world's largest religious television network.[131]

Many forms of Christian films are widespread, from full length, feature films to short and discussion orientated clips.

Christian television includes broadcast television, cable television, and streaming television channels whose entire broadcast programming schedule is programs directly related to Christianity, such as Trinity Broadcasting Network (the world's largest religious television network),[131] Three Angels Broadcasting Network,[132] Christian Broadcasting Network, God TV, SAT-7 and Emmanuel TV or individual shows including comedy, action, drama, reality, dramatizations and variety shows, movies and mini-series; which are part of the overall programming of a general-interest television station.

Some Christian streaming services have emerged in the interactive media space, such as Pure Flix which is owned by Sony Entertainment and Great American Media.[133] Family oriented Christian streaming service Yippee TV received distribution rights for The VeggieTales Show reboot from NBCUniversal Syndication Studios and TBN from 2019 to 2022,[134] and afterward would be broadcast by the Minno streaming service.[135]

Radio and music edit

Main articles: Christian radio, Christian music, Gospel music, Church music, Contemporary Christian music, and Contemporary worship music

Christian radio is a radio format of music and programming that, within itself, includes several sub-formats. These include contemporary Christian music, contemporary worship music, Urban contemporary gospel, Southern Gospel, inspirational music, children's programming which include Adventures in Odyssey and Patch the Pirate, talk radio, and formats which include primarily preaching and/or instructional programming. Christian music festivals and camp meetings are held worldwide including The Experience in Nigeria and Sunza Rock Festival in Japan, and some are sponsored by companies like McDonald's as a part of community outreach including McDonald's Gospelfest, while others are sponsored by churches and Christian music labels like that of Creation Fest.

The American popular music industry first began with the distribution of Christian hymnals and gospel music. The contemporary Christian music of today is still rooted in Christian music and church music, but includes Christian rock and Christian hip hop music. Christian and Gospel record labels are usually founded by artists within the field. TobyMac started the label Gotee Records and Lacrae is the founder of Reach Records. Musicians in Christian music groups often have prominent solo careers as well, Michael Tait wrote the book Living Under God with former DC Talk bandmate TobyMac. Fred Hammond started out with the Commissioned gospel music group, and has become one of the most influential contemporary gospel musicians.[136] Some secular musicians convert to Christian music, Carlos Santana known for his Latin rock music infused Latin Christian music into the sound following his conversion in the early 1970s,[137][138] Kanye West with his Sunday Service Choir have had success with a single called "Jesus Walks" and the music albums Jesus Is King and Jesus Is Born,[139] and Korn band member Brian Welch has a Christian metal band called Love and Death.[140]

Video games and interactive media edit

Main article: Christian video game

One of the first Christian video games was Bible Computer Games which first appeared on the TRS-80 Color Computer in 1982, it was ported in 1983 to Timex Sinclair and TI-99/4A, then released on the Apple IIe, Commodore 64, VIC-20, and the Kaypro CP/M computer platforms in 1984, and finally on MS-DOS 1986 by PC Enterprises.[141] Many of the early Christian video games have become highly valued collectables, because they received smaller distribution at Christian bookstores and magazines instead of typical distribution at video game retailers, one such example is the 1983 Atari 2600 title Red Sea Crossing which has become one of the rarest video games of all time.[142] During the late 1980s and early 1990s, video game developer Wisdom Tree made several unlicensed video games for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Super Nintendo that have since been ported to numerous platforms, including Spiritual Warfare and Super 3D Noah's Ark.[143] The MS-DOS Wisdom Tree games were brought to Steam by Piko Interactive using DOSBox and a Wolfenstein 3D source port.

While Christian video games may have at first been misunderstood by the video game industry, the topic of religion and video games has since been accepted as a part of the mainline video game culture. Major Triple-A media franchises, including The Legend of Zelda,[144] Castlevania,[145] Assassin's Creed,[146] and Halo,[147] prominently feature Christian concepts to varying degrees. Crave Entertainment had VeggieTales video games officially released on PlayStation 2 and Game Boy Advance, a game based on reality show Duck Dynasty was published by Activision on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo 3DS. The video game adaptions of The Lord of the Rings film series titles The Two Towers and The Return of the King, and The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe video game, became Nintendo Player's Choice, PlayStation Greatest Hits, and Xbox Platinum Hits. Christian game developer Scott Cawthon launched a major success outside of the Christian media field with the survival horror series Five Nights at Freddy's.[148] Games with Christian themes, like That Dragon, Cancer, have even become examples of video games as an art form.[149]

Christian interactive media includes Biblical software such as YouVersion's Bible mobile app, The SWORD Project, and Logos Bible Software, along with various forms of church software,[150] as well as websites such as BibleGateway.com and Crosswalk.com.[151]

Sub-formats edit

Holidays edit

Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost (1901)

Christmas edit

Christmas media is a well known sub-format, including its own films, television specials, music, and literature. The Nativity of Jesus is depicted in art, scenes, and plays. Characters including the Christmas gift-bringer especially Santa Claus are common within the film format, as are related additional characters like Mrs. Claus and Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer.[152][153] Various Christmas stories have inspired other fictional works, such as A Christmas Carol's Ebenezer Scrooge being the original inspiration for Scrooge McDuck, a cornerstone of Disney's Mickey Mouse universe related Donald Duck universe, with Christian messaging still featured for McDuck focused productions Mickey's Christmas Carol, DuckTales and the DuckTales 2017 reboot.[154][155]

Easter edit

The Resurrection of Jesus is a common motif in works of art, and other themes are explored in Easter films and television episodes. The Easter Bunny, Easter eggs, and Easter baskets are universal icons of the holiday, due in large part to Christian media.[156]

Halloween edit

Several works of fiction, film, and television specials center around Halloween, and its associated All Saints' Day, Allhallowtide, All Souls' Day, and Day of the Dead. Its original intent was to celebrate the anticipated Second Coming and a jubilant prayer for the dead, and to celebrate the lives and works of saints, the apostles, disciples, and one's interpersonal relationships. Halloween costumes were originally from Celtic Christianity and were based on Christian mythology and folklore, they have since come to encompass supernatural fiction.[157] Horror fiction has some of its roots in Halloween fiction story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, as do horror's later multimedia adaptions to comics, film, and video games.[158]

Televangelism edit

Main article: Televangelism

Televangelism is a popular sub-format that usually features sermons by television hosts like Pat Robertson of Christian Broadcasting Network in Virginia Beach, author Joyce Meyer, and preachers including Joel Osteen of Lakewood Church in Houston, the televangelism sub-format can include radio rebroadcasts including those of Bishop T. D. Jakes of The Potter's House Church in Dallas and Pastor Skip Heitzig of Calvary Chapel in Albuquerque.[159][160] During the late 1990s to the early 2000s, Jakes along with pastors Eddie Long and Creflo Dollar had three of the largest churches and television audiences in America.[161]

While there are many benefits to this popular sub-format, as most televangelism broadcasts are simply sermons and theological seminars, there are controversies involving Word of Faith-style prosperity theology, including a senate probe that led to an investigation of six televangelists.[162] Several popular televangelists and preachers have shunned the use of prosperity theology, and instead rely on traditional means of funding for their ministries.[163][164]

Impact edit

Themes edit

There is a misconception of Christian media being a form of proselytism and extremism.[165] The concerns are taken very seriously within the field, as it is not the intent or goal of the genre, and the issues are combatted by those within both the Christian and secular media industries.[166][167][168] The common intent and goal behind most Christian media is often that "entertainment doesn't have to be shallow and devoid of meaning ... values-based media can still be entertaining and engaging."[169] According to the former head of Religion and Ethics for the BBC, Michael Wakelin, "journalists often assume that they understand Christianity simply because of its popularity. As a result, reporters are often more willing to 'take swipes' at Christianity in newspaper and television reports, while other religions are treated with more caution."[165] Another concern of the genre is a perceived secularization of religion and the McDonaldization of reducing faith to a fad, which are similar to criticisms of various approaches to evangelism and mass media in general.[170][171]

Most criticism about Christian media comes from the prior misconceptions and concerns,[172] and when it isn't a blockbuster it often receives the same criticisms as other independent and low-budget media due to the typically subculture nature of the productions,[173][174][175] but as such it likewise receives the same types of cult followings as other mainstream fandoms and sleeper hits in small press, independent music, cult film, and indie games.[176][177][178][179][180] Despite the decline of Christianity in the Western world the genre has shown resilience giving Christian culture prominence within global popular culture, and even increased the number of those identifying as Christians regardless of church attendance.[181] Much of this approach was mimicked by technology evangelists to improve the perception of technology in the Information Age.[182] Which in turn inspired the digital spread of the gospel with virtual accessibility of the ministry of Jesus,[183] causing the growth of personal Bible studies, Christian contemplation and Christian meditation.[184][185]

Christian media has a broad demographic reach.[186][187][188] Asian peoples,[189] African Americans,[190] indigenous peoples of the Americas,[191] women,[192] Hispanic and Latino Americans,[193] within nondenominationalism/evangelicalism are among the fastest growing audiences and creatives of Christian media, and this is reflected in the popularity of Christian leaders across the growing panethnic Christian population.[194][195][196][197] These leaders include Renee Begay,[198] Kristina Button,[199] Francis Chan,[200] Roma Downey,[201] Layla de la Garza,[202] T. D. Jakes,[203] Sarah Jakes Roberts,[204] Kel Mitchell,[205] Joseph Prince,[206] Siouxsan Robinson,[207] Samuel Rodriguez,[193] Michael Todd,[208] CeCe Winans,[209] Randy Woodley,[210] and Danny Yamashiro.[211]

Society edit

The genre is influential within American conservatism,[212] but because creatives with both conservative and liberal viewpoints are involved with media productions, the most common stance is "taking the conservative theological position but a definite liberal approach to social problems" as per Christianity Today. A side-effect of that is Christian media outlets being well known for their journalistic objectivity, ethics, and standards,[213] and research has found that independent and Christian media publications help in government accountability, exposing corruption, and encouraging the separation of church and state.[214][215][216][217][218][219][220][221][222][223] The media industry in general has an issue with sexual harassment and sexual assault and much of it goes unpublicized at secular institutions;[224][225] preventing such corruption at Christian media organizations, Christian outlets even self-report the appearance of impropriety to help repair and prevent such issues.[226][227][228]

Influential leaders in Christian media were at the forefront in fighting against racial segregation in the United States,[229] and it has continued to lead in the topic of Christian egalitarianism and feminism; women in the Bible are depicted in Christian media, ranging from prophetess Miriam, Israelite judge Deborah, queen Esther, to the women in Church history such as Mary Magdalene, Saint Joanna, and Susanna, and married couple Priscilla and Aquila.[230] Their stories are common subjects dating back to Christian literature in the 1550s onward.[231][232][233][234] Women in Christianity play important roles in Christian media, including musicians Aretha Franklin, Amy Grant and Faith Hill,[235][236] as well as businesswomen J.D. Dewitt, Robin McLain, and Sadie Robertson.[237][238][239] The Handmaid's Tale, by author Margaret Atwood, warns of a disregard for egalitarianism, fictional televangelist Serena Joy manipulates complementarianism to help build the dystopian government in the story.

Christian denominations are taking various stances on homosexuality or sexual orientation and some Christian denominations affirm LGBT people,[240][241] so the same is happening within Christian media as well.[242][243] There are some LGBT Christians that have had success in the Christian music field,[244][245] those include Semler, Jennifer Knapp, Everyday Sunday frontman Trey Pearson, and Vicky Beeching.[246][247] LGBT Christian media personalities differ heavily from the mainstream media portrayal of LGBT people, in that the Christian LGBT community focuses on agape, the love of God and love of Christ, particularly encouraging committed relationships and opposing promiscuity while moreover strictly denouncing hookup culture.[248][249][250][251] Christianity has a complicated history with the LGBT community, once ostracized leaders like Lonnie Frisbee have began to receive positive portrayals, including in the 2023 film Jesus Revolution which covers his pivotal role in the hippie Jesus movement of the 1960s and 1970s.[252]

Lesbianism in Christianity was an influential topic in the early church.[253] Sappho's poetry and Sapphic stanza positively impacted the writings of Christianity in the 1st century and in the ante-Nicene period,[254][255][256] after the Renaissance the topic began to be further explored with Christian literature discussing lesbian experiences of women in Christianity, including nuns and ministers/clergy.[257][258][259][260]

Pop culture edit

 
The Eugene O'Neill Theatre during the run of Broadway theatre production The Book of Mormon

Like most pop culture and subculture movements, Christian media personalities and businesses have been the subject of feature stories and been featured on talk shows such as breakfast television and late-night shows. One of the earliest pop worship groups The Joystrings first gained popularity performing on Cliff Michelmore's BBC Tonight, a trend which continued with other night programs; Christian rock band Relient K made appearances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, and celebrities like those from Duck Dynasty made appearances on Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Conan.

In The Simpsons there are recurring characters that are usually used to discuss and parody Christian topics, those being Ned Flanders and Reverend Lovejoy. Some episodes parody Christian media concepts, such as "Sky Police" which references Church Team, a Christian card counting blackjack team.

Japanese manga and anime franchise Trigun covers numerous Christian themes throughout its story.[261] The main character Vash the Stampede differentiates himself from other outlaw Western heroes by attempting to not kill, the show also features a Christian priest named Nicholas D. Wolfwood.[262]

King of the Hill parodies both the positive and negative impacts of Christian media. A recurring fictional Christian media franchise called The Manger Babies, created by the character Luanne Platter from hand puppets she found at a yard sale in the season 2 episode "Meet the Manger Babies". The characters of the fictional series were Obadiah the Donkey, Hosea the Cat, Gurgle Gurgle the Octopus, and Sir Reginald Featherbottom III the Penguin. While Luanne's Christian media series is shown positively in all the episodes it appears in, in the season 8 episode "Reborn to Be Wild" it focuses on a Christian hardcore band and Hank warns his son Bobby about treating faith like a fad.

South Park had several episodes that parodied Christian media topics. One comparing Mel Gibson to Daffy Duck following the success of Passion of the Christ, another about fictional Christian rock band called Faith Plus One, and both Jesus and Satan are recurring characters; in South Park episodes that feature Jesus or Satan, the show pays homage to Christian media story-telling by teaching some type of Christian virtue. Matt Stone and Trey Parker included an episode in South Park about Mormonism, and later produced a Broadway theatre musical The Book of Mormon to both parody and pay homage to Christian missionaries and particularly Mormon missionaries.

Futurama had an episode entitled "Godfellas" which is the first win for an animation with the Writers Guild of America Award, for tackling deep theological and religious topics. Including a science fiction take on the idea of predestination, grace, repentance, and salvation from a Judeo-Christian perspective.

Animated series Clone High features a clone of Jesus named Jesús Cristo. In the episode "A.D.D.: The Last 'D' is for Disorder", the clone of Joan of Arc asks for his advice after she begins hearing religious voices. It turns out to be a Christian radio station, which she was accidentally picking up on her bent retainer wire. The episode centered on Christian ideas related to persecution and tolerance.

The show Drawn Together was a cartoon which parodied most animation genres and styles, for the Christian genre they parodied the VeggieTales characters as extremists called The VeggieFables.

Japanese manga franchise Saint Young Men is about Jesus and Buddha becoming roommates in modern Tokyo.[263] The series has been successfully adapted from its manga to anime, film, and dramas. It has been praised by religious scholars, as the manga contained well-researched theological humor and was respectful to the source faiths. Christian media and art was also a primary influence, as was Buddhist art and contemporary Buddhist culture.[264][265][266]

In the Rick and Morty episode "Never Ricking Morty" the characters of Rick Sanchez and Morty Smith both repent and turn to Jesus, at which point an imaginary version of Jesus and various Christian media character parodies rescue them. The imaginary Jesus character later returns as self-referential humor in Season 6, Episode 7 "Full Meta Jackrick".

The season 1 series finale of Smiling Friends parodied the Divine Comedy, particularly Dante's Inferno, as the character Charlie must make the devil smile in order to be return to Earth; Charlie fails to make the devil smile in the end but God, played by Gilbert Godfried, saves Charlie for having confronting fears.

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Sources edit

February 15, 2024
christian, media, this, article, about, christianity, inspired, media, genre, religion, faith, based, broadcasts, including, those, christians, religious, broadcasting, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page,. This article is about the Christianity inspired media genre For religion and faith based broadcasts including those by Christians see religious broadcasting This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages Some of this article s listed sources may not be reliable Please help improve this article by looking for better more reliable sources Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed December 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Christian media alternatively referred to as inspirational faith and family or simply Christian is a cross media genre that features a Christian message or moral 2 3 4 5 6 7 Several creative studios and mass media formats are considered to be aspects of Christian media 8 9 10 including media organizations a characteristic film industry musical genres radio formats 11 12 TV formats 13 and subgenres 14 15 16 Depictions of classic book The Pilgrim s ProgressIllustration from an African adaptionRoad with Cypress and Star by Vincent van GoghA Pilgrim s Progress by Norman RockwellStained glass at Princeton University ChapelThe story was originally written by John Bunyan and is among the earliest Christian novels as mass media It has since been adapted and referenced in numerous works of art and media 1 Contents 1 History 2 Characteristics 2 1 Themes 2 2 Distribution 3 Production studios 3 1 Media franchises 4 Media formats 4 1 Books magazines and newspapers 4 2 Comics animation and graphic novels 4 3 Film and television 4 4 Radio and music 4 5 Video games and interactive media 5 Sub formats 5 1 Holidays 5 1 1 Christmas 5 1 2 Easter 5 1 3 Halloween 5 2 Televangelism 6 Impact 6 1 Themes 6 2 Society 6 3 Pop culture 7 References 7 1 SourcesHistory editChristian art has long been a tradition of the faith dating back to early Christian art and architecture and it was a major part of the medieval and renaissance eras Christian literature similarly dates back to the history of early Christianity The Shepherd of Hermas was a popular story in the early church 17 This included depictions of Jesus and parables of Christ figures as aniconism in Christianity was largely rejected within the ante Nicene era since artistic expression helps fulfill the Great Commission Originally Christian art was created under patronage and tithe today adapted into contemporary creative media and arts funding techniques The patron client relationship is a primary analogue for the relationship between Christian as client with God as patron and it is basis for the terminology patron saint 18 19 20 Mass media had one of its earliest success with the invention of the printing press and the subsequent printing of The Holy Bible the Christian Bible is the best selling book of all time and the first well received mass printing of it was the Gutenberg Bible 21 22 Christian media productions are recognized as a popular film music broadcasting and interactive media format alongside secular counterparts 23 Early Christian allegory in works of fiction such as John Bunyan s The Pilgrim s Progress made an impact on later works of fiction including C S Lewis The Chronicles of Narnia and J K Rowling s Harry Potter 24 25 26 27 The Pilgrim s Progress is one of the most commonly referenced Christian allegories in media and art 28 1 artist Vincent van Gogh was known to have been inspired by the story 29 Besides The Pilgrim s Progress other classic books in the Christian genre include the Divine Comedy Le Morte d Arthur and Paradise Lost these four novels are depicted in large stained glass windows at Princeton University Chapel 30 Other books in the Western canon from Christian novels or those drawing heavy inspiration from Christian concepts include The Count of Monte Cristo 31 The Scarlet Letter 32 Les Miserables 33 and Bless Me Ultima 34 This genre s films date back to early cinema with adaptions of Lew Wallace s Ben Hur A Tale of the Christ in 1907 and 1925 as well as Cecil B DeMille s landmark religious film The Ten Commandments 1923 and their popular 1950s remakes The Ten Commandments 1956 and Ben Hur 1959 35 Other popular Christian film and television productions include the Superbook anime 1981 1983 and rebooted in 2011 ongoing VeggieTales animated series 1993 ongoing The Prince of Egypt 1998 Bruce Almighty 2003 36 The Passion of the Christ 2004 The Chronicles of Narnia film series 2005 ongoing God s Not Dead 2014 Duck Dynasty 2012 2017 The Chosen 2017 ongoing and Jesus Revolution 2023 Christian music including hymns Josquin s Ave Maria and Handel s Messiah are a part of church and gospel music Contemporary Christian music encompasses several other popular music styles including Christian rock Christian hip hop contemporary worship music and Christian electronic dance music Broadway theatre productions like Jesus Christ Superstar 37 recorded sermons by preachers of Billy Graham and Martin Luther King Jr 38 39 along with Christian radio shows Adventures in Odyssey and Family Theater so too with podcasts produced by the likes of Phil Vischer and Phil Robertson 40 41 are sometimes included in this genre 42 Characteristics editThemes edit nbsp The good shepherd of The Shepherd of Hermas as depicted in the catacombs of Rome nbsp Illumination by Evrard d Espinques of the Knights of the Round Table from Arthurian legend with Holy Grail at center nbsp The Barque of Dante by Eugene Delacroix depicting the River Styx in Inferno nbsp Chateau d If prison cell named after Edmond Dantes nbsp Palace of the Governors with Christmas luminarias in Santa Fe New Mexico where then Governor Lew Wallace wrote key components of Ben Hur A Tale of the Christ The Christian genre often portrays a focus on the teachings of Jesus the gospel ministry as per the Great Commission and Christian virtues attributes encompassing love grace forgiveness prudence justice temperance fortitude faith hope and charity along with messages of resurrection These codes are often played out through depictions of good and evil through conflicting virtues and vices 43 or as in the evangelism of The Pilgrim s Progress with individuals seeking personal growth and redemption This depiction of Christian theology in the narrative contrasts sharply with comparatively impersonal institutions leading to some form of moral understanding The narrative can be delivered through sermons retelling Bible stories especially the life of Jesus in the New Testament or a hero s journey Witnessing a term used to describe a personal experience with coming to Christ is another storytelling method that has been a part of the biographies of historical figures and celebrities alike 44 including Paul the Apostle 45 Priscilla and Aquila 46 Bede 47 Mary Stone 48 Hani Motoko 49 Johnny Cash 50 Colonel Sanders 51 Mr T 52 Alice Cooper 53 Carlos Santana 54 Serena Williams 55 Stephen Colbert 56 Kel Mitchell 57 and Selena Gomez 58 It can sometimes be in the form of allegory as in the religion in The Chronicles of Narnia or through plots including those of Christian mythology like those foretelling of the Second Coming or tales about knights and holy fighters i e El Cid Joan of Arc King Arthur the Knights of the Round Table Paladins or the paladin RPG character class While others use a Christian magic that is neither allegorical nor topical such as J R R Tolkien s application of Christianity in Middle earth found within The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings 59 60 Distribution edit nbsp A Christian bookseller and arts and entertainment retailer Kunst en Lezen in Barendrecht South HollandLibraries such as the Library of Congress often categorize each media format under its own genre 61 62 63 64 65 Due to mainstream appeal of Christian media it is distributed at retailers like Hobby Lobby Walmart and international technology conglomerates such as Amazon and Tencent 66 67 68 69 Kosher and halal food brands usually include Christian media within the scope of their advertisement and marketing campaigns employing slogans like Hebrew National s we answer to a higher authority which appeals to consumers throughout the Abrahamic faiths 70 and restaurant chain The Halal Guys has reached a success with Christian consumers due to similarity with Christian based brands 71 Some companies associate themselves with Christian media In N Out Burger prints Bible verses on their food containers 72 the name of Tiger Balm and tea distributor Prince of Peace Enterprises 73 and Chick fil A plays Christian music at their restaurants 74 Advertising managers and agencies categorize Christian media in the same advertising media selection as community marketing educational entertainment and Disney style family oriented entertainment audiences 75 including those employed by most major corporations American Airlines Bank of America Coca Cola Dairy Queen Ford McDonald s Pepsi and other multinational corporations along with locally and regionally relevant target audiences 76 not to mention other old media and new media funding options crowdfunding merchandising tie ins and underwriting 40 While there is a prevalence of the Christian media format in popular culture it is considered to be an alternative to the concentration of media ownership 77 Certain ideas in Christian culture which are sometimes overlooked by mainstream outlets are often given a pulpit through Christian media this effect has been historically shown during its effectiveness during the civil rights movement and Jesus movement eras 78 79 80 81 82 For many the same reasons as other media outlets such as the high cost of production and distribution most Christian publications have switched to digital and streaming media formats This includes mobile apps online newspapers online magazines video on demand etc Production studios editFor a more comprehensive list see list of Christian media organizations list of Christian film production companies and list of Christian record labels nbsp Jeri Kehn Thompson interviewed by David Brody for CBN NewsChristian media studios and publishers range from independent media to mainstream mass media Many specialize in a particular format and are noted within their specific field but some are multimedia production companies Most major production houses have Christian oriented production studios including Sony s Affirm Films MGM s Lightworkers Media NBCUniversal s Big Idea Entertainment Lionsgate s partner Kingdom Story Company and 20th Century Studios former Fox Faith Whereas some production houses simply produce Christian genre productions like they would any other genre including The Walt Disney Company with their adaption of The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe or as with Warner Bros Discovery throughout their studios such as their acquisition of Warner Alliance and Warner Resound into Warner Music Group proper 83 Interdenominational independent media studios make up an important part of Christian media including both small and large scale producers 84 such as Camfam Studios 85 86 Angel Studios 87 88 Icon Productions 89 90 Mono vs Stereo 91 and Word Entertainment 92 The largest nondenominational television networks Christian Broadcasting Network CBN Trinity Broadcasting Network TBN and the Christian productions of Hallmark Channel and GAC Family have media franchises that are regularly considered for broadcast syndication 93 as do denominational broadcasts by Catholic Vatican Media or the Seventh day Adventist related Three Angels Broadcasting Network 3ABN and LifeTalk Radio 94 95 Some of the most watched Christian news programs occur on CBN or TBN as for print media the most widely regarded Christian news media includes Christianity Today and The Christian Science Monitor these outlets are archived by The Library of Congress and have been venues for Pulitzer Prize winning journalists organizations segments and articles 96 97 98 99 100 In Japan several media professionals are graduates of International Christian University The editor and founder of Christian Today is an alumnus of that university so is Kaz Hirai who is the former chairman of Sony Group Corporation 101 102 Media franchises edit Radio dramas were among the earliest to feature the transmedia storytelling of modern media franchises The Family Theater of Mutual Broadcasting System and Adventures in Odyssey of Focus on the Family were some of the first successful syndicated broadcasts within Christian media Family Theater was digitally remastered and continues to be broadcast by EWTN Adventures in Odyssey using the naming of Radio Theatre has made radio adaptions of Les Miserables Anne of Green Gables and The Chronicles of Narnia The life of Jesus in the New Testament is portrayed in numerous productions This includes media formats from rock operas like Jesus Christ Superstar or major film productions The Jesus Film Project by Cru which has created several films Jesus 1979 and the My Last Day anime in collaboration with Studio 4 C A series referred to as the Visual Bible had several adaptions of the Matthew and the Acts of the Apostles they were called The Visual Bible Matthew and The Visual Bible Acts 103 There were some interactive media mini CDs in the late 1990s which contained trailers and behind the scenes footage of the movies these clips were later added to DVD releases of the films Major blockbuster films like The Passion of the Christ have their associated soundtracks released as well Other Biblical epic series such as the 2013 The Bible miniseries also receive multimedia and social media promotion The Chosen is a crowdfunded television series about Jesus and the Apostles in the New Testament the series is directed by Dallas Jenkins and has been adapted into Bible studies novels by author Jerry B Jenkins and children s picture books 104 The list of actors who have played Jesus in these productions have been Brian Deacon Bruce Marchiano Jim Caviezel Diogo Morgado and Jonathan Roumie Superbook and is a 1981 Japanese anime series produced by Tatsunoko Production for Christian Broadcasting Network and TV Tokyo it was rebooted in 2011 by CBN in collaboration with Asia based animation studios 105 106 the original voice cast included Billie Lou Watt and for the reboot it includes Sam Vincent the voice of Edd from Ed Edd n Eddy and Andrea Libman the voice of Pinkie Pie from My Little Pony Friendship Is Magic 107 In both the original and reboot the episodes follow a couple of kids Chris and Joy and their robot friend named Gizmo The series is an early example of a modern isekai as the Superbook teleports the users to various Bible stories 108 Superbook also had another companion anime series known as The Flying House during the 1980s 109 The VeggieTales direct to video series became a media franchise with recognizable characters including Bob the Tomato voiced by Phil Vischer and Larry the Cucumber voiced by Mike Nawrocki it has two feature length films Jonah A VeggieTales Movie and The Pirates Who Don t Do Anything Netflix spin offs VeggieTales in the House and VeggieTales in the City and the series was rebooted in 2019 by NBCUniversal and Trinity Broadcasting Network as The VeggieTales Show Phil Vischer documented some of his experience with the show in the novel Me Myself and Bob A True Story About Dreams God and Talking Vegetables he previously hosted a podcast titled The Phil Visher Podcast with Sky Jethani and Christian Taylor and he now co hosts The Holy Post 110 Left Behind is a series of Second Coming post apocalyptic novels that had adaptions into graphic novels film adaptations and video games 111 The spin off novels Left Behind The Kids follows a format more akin to dystopian fiction and the video game Left Behind Eternal Forces is a real time strategy game Bibleman is a 1995 superhero franchise originally produced as a low budget live action children s television series Bibleman The Animated Series is an ongoing cartoon series started in 2016 the franchise has had numerous action figure depictions tabletop games video games comics and uniquely Christian tie ins such as a devotional study Bible 112 In the series Bibleman s alter ego was originally Miles Peterson and his friend Josh Carpenter eventually replaced him as Bibleman he is joined by fellow heroes Biblegirl and Melody against the villains Dr Fear the Baroness and the Master of Maybe The duck call company Duck Commander has several media productions and the children of Phil Robertson and Kay Robertson are celebrities associated within Christian media Their original shows sponsored by Benelli Armi SpA based on the Duck Commander and Buck Commander brands were featured on the Outdoor Channel 113 This sparked interest by A amp E to produce the Duck Dynasty television series which highlighted Willie Robertson and his wife Korie Robertson as they ran their family business alongside Willie s brother Jase Robertson and Uncle Si Robertson 114 The show sparked spin offs including a music album titled Duck the Halls A Robertson Family Christmas Duck Commander has their own Duck Call Room podcast featuring Si Robertson with Martin and Godwin while Blaze Media helps to produce In The Woods with Phil and Unashamed with Phil and Jase 115 Willie and Korie s daughter Sadie Robertson created the podcast WHOA That s Good Podcast 116 Miss Kay released a Duck Commander Kitchen Cookbook and Phil has released several Christian novels 117 118 Si Robertson has an autobiography titled Si cology 1 and Jase and youngest brother Jep have a 2022 metal detecting television series produced by Fox Nation called Duck Family Treasure 119 Media formats editBooks magazines and newspapers edit Main articles Christian literature Christian devotional literature and Christian novel nbsp LifeWay Christian Resources headquarters in Nashville TennesseeEvangelicalism doesn t have a central authority so publishers like Zondervan LifeWay Christian Resources and Christianity Today are considered de facto gatekeepers of theology 120 Christian books are a segment of Christian media which typically communicates the core elements of the Christian faith to non believers or publishes books to help develop and inform the beliefs of adherents While these nondenominational publishers appeal to a wide variety of Christians and non Christians there are denomination specific publications including the Catholic Church s America and Seventh Day Adventist s Amazing Facts Other publishers include Concordia Publishing House and David C Cook Christian magazines are one of many special interest categories within the magazine publishing industry Christian magazines often focus on groups within Christianity such as men or women youth or certain denominations Many Christian magazines are published by denominations and independent ministries as an outreach to the unchurched or to the organization s supporters frequently at no cost to the reader One of the most well known is Guideposts magazine published by Guideposts non profit since 1945 Examples of denominational magazines include House to House Heart to Heart Other Christian magazines are published commercially for a profit and sold by subscription or by single copies through bookstores and other retailers Examples include Charisma Relevant and Spectrum Newspapers are a segment of Christian media which typically communicates news to members of the denomination or group which publishes the paper Such newspapers often published weekly rarely more frequently and often less frequently bi weekly monthly Examples include the Southern Baptist Convention whose various state conventions often publish weekly or bi weekly newspapers Christian Examiner and The Christian Post Sometimes individual congregations will publish newspapers one example is Southeast Christian Church a megachurch in Louisville Kentucky which publishes a weekly newspaper distributed throughout the metro area Christian Science Monitor is a general interest newspaper that has an appeal beyond Christian audiences it is owned by the Church of Christ Scientist Independent publishers have produced Christian newspapers often aimed at a specific group such as Roman Catholics Poetry produced by Christian poets can often find its way into the popular consciousness an example includes Footprints Another sub format is Christian devotional literature which usually has Christian publishers celebrities and pastors giving their testimony or sharing ideas either as Devotional Bibles Devotional Calendars or other literary formats Devotional Bibles are a subgenre of the Study Bible format Comics animation and graphic novels edit Davey and Goliath Superbook and VeggieTales are some popular Christian animated series They were referenced as an inspiration for television writer Len Uhley regarding X Men s Nightcrawler and Wolverine when the characters faiths were featured in an episode of the 1990s animated series 121 122 Len Uhley later worked on popular Christian animated series Friends and Heroes and the Superbook reboot 121 The Gospel According to Peanuts written by Robert L Short about the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M Schulz 123 124 discussed the Christian themes of the comic strip 125 In the television special A Charlie Brown Christmas the character Linus Van Pelt would directly quote Luke 2 8 14 with And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field keeping watch over their flock by night And lo the angel of the Lord came upon them and the glory of the Lord shone round about them and they were sore afraid And the angel said unto them Fear not for behold I bring you good tidings of great joy which shall be to all people For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour which is Christ the Lord And this shall be a sign unto you Ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes lying in a manger And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God and saying Glory to God in the highest and on earth peace good will toward men 126 127 Spire Christian Comics part of Baker Publishing Group and Archie Comics which ran from 1972 and 1982 were a Christian spin off of their larger franchises 128 They featured characters from Archie Andrews Jughead Jones Betty Cooper Veronica Lodge Sabrina the Teenage Witch and Josie and the Pussycats 129 During the 1990s Marvel Comics partnered with Thomas Nelson to create a series of Christian themed books including comic book adaptions of The Screwtape Letters The Pilgrim s Progress and created a Christian superhero called Illuminator 130 Film and television edit Main article Christian film nbsp The logo of Trinity Broadcasting Network the world s largest religious television network 131 Many forms of Christian films are widespread from full length feature films to short and discussion orientated clips Christian television includes broadcast television cable television and streaming television channels whose entire broadcast programming schedule is programs directly related to Christianity such as Trinity Broadcasting Network the world s largest religious television network 131 Three Angels Broadcasting Network 132 Christian Broadcasting Network God TV SAT 7 and Emmanuel TV or individual shows including comedy action drama reality dramatizations and variety shows movies and mini series which are part of the overall programming of a general interest television station Some Christian streaming services have emerged in the interactive media space such as Pure Flix which is owned by Sony Entertainment and Great American Media 133 Family oriented Christian streaming service Yippee TV received distribution rights for The VeggieTales Show reboot from NBCUniversal Syndication Studios and TBN from 2019 to 2022 134 and afterward would be broadcast by the Minno streaming service 135 Radio and music edit Main articles Christian radio Christian music Gospel music Church music Contemporary Christian music and Contemporary worship music Christian radio is a radio format of music and programming that within itself includes several sub formats These include contemporary Christian music contemporary worship music Urban contemporary gospel Southern Gospel inspirational music children s programming which include Adventures in Odyssey and Patch the Pirate talk radio and formats which include primarily preaching and or instructional programming Christian music festivals and camp meetings are held worldwide including The Experience in Nigeria and Sunza Rock Festival in Japan and some are sponsored by companies like McDonald s as a part of community outreach including McDonald s Gospelfest while others are sponsored by churches and Christian music labels like that of Creation Fest The American popular music industry first began with the distribution of Christian hymnals and gospel music The contemporary Christian music of today is still rooted in Christian music and church music but includes Christian rock and Christian hip hop music Christian and Gospel record labels are usually founded by artists within the field TobyMac started the label Gotee Records and Lacrae is the founder of Reach Records Musicians in Christian music groups often have prominent solo careers as well Michael Tait wrote the book Living Under God with former DC Talk bandmate TobyMac Fred Hammond started out with the Commissioned gospel music group and has become one of the most influential contemporary gospel musicians 136 Some secular musicians convert to Christian music Carlos Santana known for his Latin rock music infused Latin Christian music into the sound following his conversion in the early 1970s 137 138 Kanye West with his Sunday Service Choir have had success with a single called Jesus Walks and the music albums Jesus Is King and Jesus Is Born 139 and Korn band member Brian Welch has a Christian metal band called Love and Death 140 Video games and interactive media edit Main article Christian video game One of the first Christian video games was Bible Computer Games which first appeared on the TRS 80 Color Computer in 1982 it was ported in 1983 to Timex Sinclair and TI 99 4A then released on the Apple IIe Commodore 64 VIC 20 and the Kaypro CP M computer platforms in 1984 and finally on MS DOS 1986 by PC Enterprises 141 Many of the early Christian video games have become highly valued collectables because they received smaller distribution at Christian bookstores and magazines instead of typical distribution at video game retailers one such example is the 1983 Atari 2600 title Red Sea Crossing which has become one of the rarest video games of all time 142 During the late 1980s and early 1990s video game developer Wisdom Tree made several unlicensed video games for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Super Nintendo that have since been ported to numerous platforms including Spiritual Warfare and Super 3D Noah s Ark 143 The MS DOS Wisdom Tree games were brought to Steam by Piko Interactive using DOSBox and a Wolfenstein 3D source port While Christian video games may have at first been misunderstood by the video game industry the topic of religion and video games has since been accepted as a part of the mainline video game culture Major Triple A media franchises including The Legend of Zelda 144 Castlevania 145 Assassin s Creed 146 and Halo 147 prominently feature Christian concepts to varying degrees Crave Entertainment had VeggieTales video games officially released on PlayStation 2 and Game Boy Advance a game based on reality show Duck Dynasty was published by Activision on PlayStation 4 Xbox One and Nintendo 3DS The video game adaptions of The Lord of the Rings film series titles The Two Towers and The Return of the King and The Chronicles of Narnia The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe video game became Nintendo Player s Choice PlayStation Greatest Hits and Xbox Platinum Hits Christian game developer Scott Cawthon launched a major success outside of the Christian media field with the survival horror series Five Nights at Freddy s 148 Games with Christian themes like That Dragon Cancer have even become examples of video games as an art form 149 Christian interactive media includes Biblical software such as YouVersion s Bible mobile app The SWORD Project and Logos Bible Software along with various forms of church software 150 as well as websites such as BibleGateway com and Crosswalk com 151 Sub formats editThis section needs expansion with examples and additional citations in all of these sub sections You can help by adding to it February 2022 Holidays edit source source source source source source Scrooge or Marley s Ghost 1901 Christmas edit Christmas media is a well known sub format including its own films television specials music and literature The Nativity of Jesus is depicted in art scenes and plays Characters including the Christmas gift bringer especially Santa Claus are common within the film format as are related additional characters like Mrs Claus and Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer 152 153 Various Christmas stories have inspired other fictional works such as A Christmas Carol s Ebenezer Scrooge being the original inspiration for Scrooge McDuck a cornerstone of Disney s Mickey Mouse universe related Donald Duck universe with Christian messaging still featured for McDuck focused productions Mickey s Christmas Carol DuckTales and the DuckTales 2017 reboot 154 155 Easter edit The Resurrection of Jesus is a common motif in works of art and other themes are explored in Easter films and television episodes The Easter Bunny Easter eggs and Easter baskets are universal icons of the holiday due in large part to Christian media 156 Halloween edit Several works of fiction film and television specials center around Halloween and its associated All Saints Day Allhallowtide All Souls Day and Day of the Dead Its original intent was to celebrate the anticipated Second Coming and a jubilant prayer for the dead and to celebrate the lives and works of saints the apostles disciples and one s interpersonal relationships Halloween costumes were originally from Celtic Christianity and were based on Christian mythology and folklore they have since come to encompass supernatural fiction 157 Horror fiction has some of its roots in Halloween fiction story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow as do horror s later multimedia adaptions to comics film and video games 158 Televangelism edit Main article Televangelism Televangelism is a popular sub format that usually features sermons by television hosts like Pat Robertson of Christian Broadcasting Network in Virginia Beach author Joyce Meyer and preachers including Joel Osteen of Lakewood Church in Houston the televangelism sub format can include radio rebroadcasts including those of Bishop T D Jakes of The Potter s House Church in Dallas and Pastor Skip Heitzig of Calvary Chapel in Albuquerque 159 160 During the late 1990s to the early 2000s Jakes along with pastors Eddie Long and Creflo Dollar had three of the largest churches and television audiences in America 161 While there are many benefits to this popular sub format as most televangelism broadcasts are simply sermons and theological seminars there are controversies involving Word of Faith style prosperity theology including a senate probe that led to an investigation of six televangelists 162 Several popular televangelists and preachers have shunned the use of prosperity theology and instead rely on traditional means of funding for their ministries 163 164 Impact editThemes edit There is a misconception of Christian media being a form of proselytism and extremism 165 The concerns are taken very seriously within the field as it is not the intent or goal of the genre and the issues are combatted by those within both the Christian and secular media industries 166 167 168 The common intent and goal behind most Christian media is often that entertainment doesn t have to be shallow and devoid of meaning values based media can still be entertaining and engaging 169 According to the former head of Religion and Ethics for the BBC Michael Wakelin journalists often assume that they understand Christianity simply because of its popularity As a result reporters are often more willing to take swipes at Christianity in newspaper and television reports while other religions are treated with more caution 165 Another concern of the genre is a perceived secularization of religion and the McDonaldization of reducing faith to a fad which are similar to criticisms of various approaches to evangelism and mass media in general 170 171 Most criticism about Christian media comes from the prior misconceptions and concerns 172 and when it isn t a blockbuster it often receives the same criticisms as other independent and low budget media due to the typically subculture nature of the productions 173 174 175 but as such it likewise receives the same types of cult followings as other mainstream fandoms and sleeper hits in small press independent music cult film and indie games 176 177 178 179 180 Despite the decline of Christianity in the Western world the genre has shown resilience giving Christian culture prominence within global popular culture and even increased the number of those identifying as Christians regardless of church attendance 181 Much of this approach was mimicked by technology evangelists to improve the perception of technology in the Information Age 182 Which in turn inspired the digital spread of the gospel with virtual accessibility of the ministry of Jesus 183 causing the growth of personal Bible studies Christian contemplation and Christian meditation 184 185 Christian media has a broad demographic reach 186 187 188 Asian peoples 189 African Americans 190 indigenous peoples of the Americas 191 women 192 Hispanic and Latino Americans 193 within nondenominationalism evangelicalism are among the fastest growing audiences and creatives of Christian media and this is reflected in the popularity of Christian leaders across the growing panethnic Christian population 194 195 196 197 These leaders include Renee Begay 198 Kristina Button 199 Francis Chan 200 Roma Downey 201 Layla de la Garza 202 T D Jakes 203 Sarah Jakes Roberts 204 Kel Mitchell 205 Joseph Prince 206 Siouxsan Robinson 207 Samuel Rodriguez 193 Michael Todd 208 CeCe Winans 209 Randy Woodley 210 and Danny Yamashiro 211 Society edit The genre is influential within American conservatism 212 but because creatives with both conservative and liberal viewpoints are involved with media productions the most common stance is taking the conservative theological position but a definite liberal approach to social problems as per Christianity Today A side effect of that is Christian media outlets being well known for their journalistic objectivity ethics and standards 213 and research has found that independent and Christian media publications help in government accountability exposing corruption and encouraging the separation of church and state 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 The media industry in general has an issue with sexual harassment and sexual assault and much of it goes unpublicized at secular institutions 224 225 preventing such corruption at Christian media organizations Christian outlets even self report the appearance of impropriety to help repair and prevent such issues 226 227 228 Influential leaders in Christian media were at the forefront in fighting against racial segregation in the United States 229 and it has continued to lead in the topic of Christian egalitarianism and feminism women in the Bible are depicted in Christian media ranging from prophetess Miriam Israelite judge Deborah queen Esther to the women in Church history such as Mary Magdalene Saint Joanna and Susanna and married couple Priscilla and Aquila 230 Their stories are common subjects dating back to Christian literature in the 1550s onward 231 232 233 234 Women in Christianity play important roles in Christian media including musicians Aretha Franklin Amy Grant and Faith Hill 235 236 as well as businesswomen J D Dewitt Robin McLain and Sadie Robertson 237 238 239 The Handmaid s Tale by author Margaret Atwood warns of a disregard for egalitarianism fictional televangelist Serena Joy manipulates complementarianism to help build the dystopian government in the story Christian denominations are taking various stances on homosexuality or sexual orientation and some Christian denominations affirm LGBT people 240 241 so the same is happening within Christian media as well 242 243 There are some LGBT Christians that have had success in the Christian music field 244 245 those include Semler Jennifer Knapp Everyday Sunday frontman Trey Pearson and Vicky Beeching 246 247 LGBT Christian media personalities differ heavily from the mainstream media portrayal of LGBT people in that the Christian LGBT community focuses on agape the love of God and love of Christ particularly encouraging committed relationships and opposing promiscuity while moreover strictly denouncing hookup culture 248 249 250 251 Christianity has a complicated history with the LGBT community once ostracized leaders like Lonnie Frisbee have began to receive positive portrayals including in the 2023 film Jesus Revolution which covers his pivotal role in the hippie Jesus movement of the 1960s and 1970s 252 Lesbianism in Christianity was an influential topic in the early church 253 Sappho s poetry and Sapphic stanza positively impacted the writings of Christianity in the 1st century and in the ante Nicene period 254 255 256 after the Renaissance the topic began to be further explored with Christian literature discussing lesbian experiences of women in Christianity including nuns and ministers clergy 257 258 259 260 Pop culture edit nbsp The Eugene O Neill Theatre during the run of Broadway theatre production The Book of MormonLike most pop culture and subculture movements Christian media personalities and businesses have been the subject of feature stories and been featured on talk shows such as breakfast television and late night shows One of the earliest pop worship groups The Joystrings first gained popularity performing on Cliff Michelmore s BBC Tonight a trend which continued with other night programs Christian rock band Relient K made appearances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and celebrities like those from Duck Dynasty made appearances on Jimmy Kimmel Live and Conan In The Simpsons there are recurring characters that are usually used to discuss and parody Christian topics those being Ned Flanders and Reverend Lovejoy Some episodes parody Christian media concepts such as Sky Police which references Church Team a Christian card counting blackjack team Japanese manga and anime franchise Trigun covers numerous Christian themes throughout its story 261 The main character Vash the Stampede differentiates himself from other outlaw Western heroes by attempting to not kill the show also features a Christian priest named Nicholas D Wolfwood 262 King of the Hill parodies both the positive and negative impacts of Christian media A recurring fictional Christian media franchise called The Manger Babies created by the character Luanne Platter from hand puppets she found at a yard sale in the season 2 episode Meet the Manger Babies The characters of the fictional series were Obadiah the Donkey Hosea the Cat Gurgle Gurgle the Octopus and Sir Reginald Featherbottom III the Penguin While Luanne s Christian media series is shown positively in all the episodes it appears in in the season 8 episode Reborn to Be Wild it focuses on a Christian hardcore band and Hank warns his son Bobby about treating faith like a fad South Park had several episodes that parodied Christian media topics One comparing Mel Gibson to Daffy Duck following the success of Passion of the Christ another about fictional Christian rock band called Faith Plus One and both Jesus and Satan are recurring characters in South Park episodes that feature Jesus or Satan the show pays homage to Christian media story telling by teaching some type of Christian virtue Matt Stone and Trey Parker included an episode in South Park about Mormonism and later produced a Broadway theatre musical The Book of Mormon to both parody and pay homage to Christian missionaries and particularly Mormon missionaries Futurama had an episode entitled Godfellas which is the first win for an animation with the Writers Guild of America Award for tackling deep theological and religious topics Including a science fiction take on the idea of predestination grace repentance and salvation from a Judeo Christian perspective Animated series Clone High features a clone of Jesus named Jesus Cristo In the episode A D D The Last D is for Disorder the clone of Joan of Arc asks for his advice after she begins hearing religious voices It turns out to be a Christian radio station which she was accidentally picking up on her bent retainer wire The episode centered on Christian ideas related to persecution and tolerance The show Drawn Together was a cartoon which parodied most animation genres and styles for the Christian genre they parodied the VeggieTales characters as extremists called The VeggieFables Japanese manga franchise Saint Young Men is about Jesus and Buddha becoming roommates in modern Tokyo 263 The series has been successfully adapted from its manga to anime film and dramas It has been praised by religious scholars as the manga contained well researched theological humor and was respectful to the source faiths Christian media and art was also a primary influence as was Buddhist art and contemporary Buddhist culture 264 265 266 In the Rick and Morty episode Never Ricking Morty the characters of Rick Sanchez and Morty Smith both repent and turn to Jesus at which point an imaginary version of Jesus and various Christian media character parodies rescue them The imaginary Jesus character later returns as self referential humor in Season 6 Episode 7 Full Meta Jackrick The season 1 series finale of Smiling Friends parodied the Divine Comedy particularly Dante s Inferno as the character Charlie must make the devil smile in order to be return to Earth Charlie fails to make the devil smile in the end but God played by Gilbert Godfried saves Charlie for having confronting fears References edit a b Bauer Patricia May 12 2020 The Pilgrim s Progress Summary Legacy amp Facts Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved April 16 2022 Kumar Akshi Rajpal Arjun Rathore Dushyant 2018 Genre Classification using Word Embeddings and Deep Learning 2018 International Conference on Advances in Computing Communications and Informatics ICACCI IEEE pp 2142 2146 doi 10 1109 icacci 2018 8554816 ISBN 978 1 5386 5314 2 Media Messages Matter Christ Truth and the Media Lausanne Movement June 30 2010 Retrieved August 5 2021 Seeking Faithful Creativity University of Northwestern St Paul April 17 2018 Retrieved April 22 2022 Littleton Cynthia September 29 2014 Mark Burnett MGM Deal Will Drive Faith and Family Channel Variety Retrieved April 13 2022 Christian Media the Good the Bad and the Ugly GU Digital Media October 20 2017 Retrieved April 22 2022 Jenkins Henry March 5 2004 The Christian Media Counterculture MIT Technology Review Retrieved April 22 2022 Watkins T August 8 2017 Re Mediating the Spirit Evangelical Christian Young Adult Media Thesis Virginia Commonwealth University doi 10 25772 R292 B185 S2CID 194710468 Bible Experience audio recording features all star cast Lifestyles tdn com Associated Press November 18 2006 Retrieved April 23 2022 Blair Underwood portrays Jesus during a recording session at the Zondervan Christian Media studio Nemeth Loretta March 25 2018 Live streamed Bible class draws viewers from across U S Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Parma Retrieved April 23 2022 Participants could attend the presentations on five Thursdays during Great Lent in the Eastern Christian Media studio at the cathedral Who We Are NRB February 10 2021 Retrieved April 22 2022 Christian format radio station launches in southern New Jersey Cape Gazette March 11 2021 Retrieved April 22 2022 Grossman Cathy Lynn February 25 2015 Who s watching all that Christian media Christians but not many others Religion News Service Retrieved April 22 2022 Duran Mike 2015 Christian Horror On the Compatibility of a Biblical Worldview and the Horror Genre Blue Crescent Press ISBN 978 0 9909077 3 2 OCLC 1052467154 O Donnell Molly C Stevens Anne H 2020 The microgenre a quick look at small culture New York ISBN 978 1 5013 4584 5 OCLC 1139150914 a href Template Cite book html title Template 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Postell Marissa July 8 2021 Over 3 300 Christian Communicators Gather for NRB 2021 NRB Retrieved August 7 2021 Karen Carol March 31 2021 Top Easter movies and cartoons for the whole family to enjoy Legit ng Nigeria news Retrieved August 6 2021 Hourihane Colum 2000 Virtue amp vice the personifications in the Index of Christian art Princeton N J Index of Christian Art Dept of Art and Archaeology Princeton University in association with Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 05037 9 OCLC 42823724 What Is Christian Witnessing Jesus Film Project 12 October 2020 Retrieved February 7 2022 See How Saul Became the Apostle Paul on the Road to Damascus Learn Religions July 14 2011 Retrieved February 7 2022 Haddad Mimi January 30 1993 Priscilla Author of the Epistle to the Hebrews CBE International Retrieved April 6 2022 Rabin Andrew 2009 Bede Dryhthelm and the Witness to the Other World Testimony and Conversion in theHistoria ecclesiastica Modern Philology 106 3 375 398 doi 10 1086 605070 ISSN 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Retrieved February 7 2022 Bailey Megan November 6 2018 8 Celebrities That Passionately Love Jesus Christ Beliefnet Retrieved February 7 2022 Kel Mitchell releases debut book I m going to help others through my testimony The Christian Post May 12 2022 Retrieved May 16 2022 Ballard Jamie Sorren Martha July 28 2021 40 Christian Celebrities Religious Celebs Who Are Christian amp Open About It Woman s Day Retrieved February 7 2022 Carpenter 2023 165 to Houghton Mifflin 30 June 1955 The Lord of the Rings Foreword to the Second Edition Christian radio programs Library of Congress LC Linked Data Service Authorities and Vocabularies February 22 1999 Retrieved August 5 2021 Christian television programs Library of Congress LC Linked Data Service Authorities and Vocabularies February 22 1999 Retrieved August 5 2021 Christian films Library of Congress LC Linked Data Service Authorities and Vocabularies February 22 1999 Retrieved August 5 2021 Christian fiction Library of Congress LC Linked Data 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7936 27Y7 K004 S2CID 198015174 Sahms Jacob 25 September 2021 The Erwin Brothers Use Music to Help Us Reach Progress Together Dove org Dove org Faith and Family Focused Reviews for Today s Media Retrieved March 8 2022 Alabama church involved in civil rights to become museum that celebrates Christian impact The Christian Post August 17 2021 Retrieved March 8 2022 Warren Michael June 11 2021 Bernice King Racial justice activism must focus on strategy WGN Radio 720 Chicago s Very Own Associated Press Retrieved March 8 2022 Secular Hollywood Quietly Courts the Faithful The New York Times December 24 2016 Retrieved May 16 2022 The Role of Christian Media ChristianWeek January 30 2022 Retrieved May 16 2022 Siegemund Broka Austin Siegemund Broka Austin August 27 2014 Kirk Cameron s Faith Based Saving Christmas Picked Up for Limited Release The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved May 16 2022 Fuller House Candace Cameron Bure Says Final Season Will Feature a Special Guest Star Showbiz Cheat Sheet December 6 2019 Retrieved May 16 2022 Kennedy John W May 20 2022 Angel Studios announces over 100 million in new original content at its annual Illuminate event Faith Media and Culture Retrieved March 1 2023 Filming of Christian science fiction movie retelling the book of Job 1819 News February 2 2023 Retrieved March 1 2023 Kerr Elizabeth May 25 2019 The Professor and the Madman Film Review The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved May 16 2022 Strickland Lon March 21 2022 The Passion of The Christ Resurrection What Should Moviegoers Expect MovieWeb Retrieved May 16 2022 Relient K Running a record label cutting an album working with Owl City Relient K CROSS RHYTHMS January 31 2010 Retrieved May 16 2022 Dan Bremnes Releases No One Loves Me Like You TCB in Esperanto May 6 2022 Retrieved May 16 2022 Patterson Adreon January 15 2022 Hallmark Star Defends Shift To GAC After Former Fan Says They Won t Be Watching CINEMABLEND Retrieved April 12 2022 Madges W Daley M 2014 Vatican II Fifty Person Stories 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