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Billy Graham

February 15, 2024

For other people with similar names, see Bill Graham.

William Franklin Graham Jr. (/ˈɡreɪəm/; November 7, 1918 – February 21, 2018) was an American evangelist, an ordained Southern Baptist minister, and a civil rights advocate[1][2] whose broadcast and live sermons became well known internationally in the mid-to-late 20th century. During a career spanning six decades, Graham was a prominent evangelical Christian figure in the United States.

The Reverend

Billy Graham
Graham in 1966
Orders
Ordination1939
Personal details
Born
William Franklin Graham Jr.

(1918-11-07)November 7, 1918
Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.
DiedFebruary 21, 2018(2018-02-21) (aged 99)
Montreat, North Carolina, U.S.
DenominationBaptist (Southern Baptist Convention)
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1943; died 2007)​
Children5, including Anne and Franklin
ProfessionEvangelist
Education
Signature
President of Northwestern College
In office
1948–1952
Preceded byWilliam Bell Riley
Succeeded byRichard Elvee
President of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association
In office
1950–2001
Preceded byPost established
Succeeded byFranklin Graham

According to a biographer, Graham was considered "among the most influential Christian leaders" of the 20th century.[3] Graham held large indoor and outdoor rallies with sermons that were broadcast on radio and television, with some still being re-broadcast into the 21st century.[4] In his six decades on television, Graham hosted annual crusades, evangelistic campaigns that ran from 1947 until his retirement in 2005. He also hosted the radio show Hour of Decision from 1950 to 1954. He repudiated racial segregation[5] and insisted on racial integration for his revivals and crusades, starting in 1953. He later invited Martin Luther King Jr. to preach jointly at a revival in New York City in 1957. In addition to his religious aims, he helped shape the worldview of a huge number of people who came from different backgrounds, leading them to find a relationship between the Bible and contemporary secular viewpoints. According to his website, Graham preached to live audiences of 210 million people in more than 185 countries and territories through various meetings, including BMS World Mission and Global Mission event.[6]

Graham was particularly close to Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson (one of Graham's closest friends),[7] and Richard Nixon.[8] He was also lifelong friends with Robert Schuller, another televangelist and the founding pastor of the Crystal Cathedral, whom Graham talked into starting his own television ministry.[9] Graham's evangelism was appreciated by mainline Protestant denominations, as he encouraged those mainline Protestants who were converted to his evangelical message to remain within or return to their mainline churches.[10][11] Despite his early suspicions and apprehension, common among contemporaneous evangelical Protestants towards Catholicism, Graham eventually developed amicable ties with many American Catholic Church figures and later encouraged unity between Catholics and Protestants.[12]

Graham operated a variety of media and publishing outlets.[13] According to his staff, more than 3.2 million people have responded to the invitation at Billy Graham Crusades to "accept Jesus Christ as their personal savior".

Graham's estimated lifetime audience, including radio and television broadcasts, topped billions of people.[14] As a result of his crusades, Graham preached the gospel to more people in person than anyone in the history of Christianity.[13] Graham was on Gallup's list of most admired men and women a record 61 times.[15] Grant Wacker writes that by the mid-1960s, he had become the "Great Legitimator": "By then his presence conferred status on presidents, acceptability on wars, shame on racial prejudice, desirability on decency, dishonor on indecency, and prestige on civic events."[16]

Early life

 
Birthplace marker for Graham near 4601 Park Rd, Charlotte, North Carolina

William Franklin Graham Jr. was born on November 7, 1918, in the downstairs bedroom of a farmhouse near Charlotte, North Carolina.[17] Of Scots-Irish descent, he was the eldest of four children born to Morrow (née Coffey) and dairy farmer William Franklin Graham Sr.[17] Graham was raised on the family dairy farm with his two younger sisters Catherine Morrow and Jean and younger brother Melvin Thomas.[18] When he was nine years old, the family moved about 75 yards (69 m) from their white frame house to a newly built red brick house.[19][17] He was raised by his parents in the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church.[17][20] Graham attended the Sharon Grammar School.[21] He started to read books from an early age and loved to read novels for boys, especially Tarzan.[17] Like Tarzan, he would hang on the trees and gave the popular Tarzan yell. According to his father, that yelling led him to become a minister.[22] Graham was 15 when Prohibition ended in December 1933, and his father forced him and his sister Catherine to drink beer until they became sick. This created such an aversion that the two siblings avoided alcohol and drugs for the rest of their lives.[23]

Graham was turned down for membership in a local youth group for being "too worldly".[23] Albert McMakin, who worked on the Graham farm, persuaded him to go see evangelist Mordecai Ham.[13] According to his autobiography, Graham was 16 when he was converted during a series of revival meetings that Ham led in Charlotte in 1934.[24][25]

After graduating from Sharon High School in May 1936, Graham attended Bob Jones College. After one semester, he found that the coursework and rules were too legalistic.[23] At this time he was influenced and inspired by Pastor Charley Young from Eastport Bible Church. He was almost expelled, but Bob Jones Sr. warned him not to throw his life away: "At best, all you could amount to would be a poor country Baptist preacher somewhere out in the sticks... You have a voice that pulls. God can use that voice of yours. He can use it mightily."[23]

In 1937, Graham transferred to the Florida Bible Institute in Temple Terrace, Florida.[26] While still a student, Graham preached his first sermon at Bostwick Baptist Church near Palatka, Florida.[27] In his autobiography, Graham wrote of receiving his calling on the 18th green of the Temple Terrace Golf and Country Club, which was adjacent to the institute's campus. Reverend Billy Graham Memorial Park was later established on the Hillsborough River, directly east of the 18th green and across from where Graham often paddled a canoe to a small island in the river, where he would practice preaching to the birds, alligators, and cypress stumps. In 1939, Graham was ordained by a group of Southern Baptist clergy at Peniel Baptist Church in Palatka, Florida.[28][29] In 1940, he graduated with a Bachelor of Theology degree.[30][31]

Graham then enrolled in Wheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois. During his time there, he decided to accept the Bible as the infallible word of God. Henrietta Mears of the First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood in California was instrumental in helping Graham wrestle with the issue. He settled it at Forest Home Christian Camp (now called Forest Home Ministries) southeast of the Big Bear Lake area in southern California.[32][33] While attending Wheaton, Graham was invited to preach one Sunday in 1941 at the United Gospel Tabernacle church. After that, the congregation repeatedly asked Graham to preach at their church and later asked him to become the pastor of their church. After Graham prayed and sought advice from his friend Dr. Edman, Graham become their church's pastor.[34]

In June 1943, Graham graduated from Wheaton College[35] with a degree in anthropology.[36] That same year, Robert Van Kampen, treasurer of the National Gideon Association, invited Graham to preach at Western Springs Baptist Church, and Graham accepted the opportunity on the spot. While there, his friend Torrey Johnson, pastor of the Midwest Bible Church in Chicago, told Graham that his radio program, Songs in the Night, was about to be canceled due to lack of funding. Consulting with the members of his church in Western Springs, Graham decided to take over Johnson's program with financial support from his congregation. Launching the new radio program on January 2, 1944, still called Songs in the Night, Graham recruited the bass-baritone George Beverly Shea as his director of radio ministry.

In 1948, in a Modesto, California hotel room, Graham and his evangelistic team established the Modesto Manifesto: a code of ethics for life and work to protect against accusations of financial, sexual, and power abuse.[37] The code includes rules for collecting offerings in churches, working only with churches supportive of cooperative evangelism, using official crowd estimates at outdoor events, and a commitment to never be alone with a woman other than his wife (which become known as the "Billy Graham rule").[38][39]

Graham was 29 when he became president of Northwestern Bible College in Minneapolis in 1948. He was the youngest president of a college or university in the country, and held the position for four years before he resigned in 1952.[40] Graham initially intended to become a chaplain in the Armed Forces, but he contracted mumps shortly after applying for a commission. After a period of recuperation in Florida, he was hired as the first full-time evangelist of the new Youth for Christ (YFC), co-founded by Torrey Johnson and the Canadian evangelist Charles Templeton. Graham traveled throughout both the United States and Europe as a YFCI evangelist. Templeton applied to Princeton Theological Seminary for an advanced theological degree and urged Graham to do so as well, but he declined as he was already serving as the president of Northwestern Bible College.[41]

Crusades

Main article: List of Billy Graham's crusades
 
Graham speaking at a Crusade in Düsseldorf, West Germany, on June 21, 1954.

The first Billy Graham Crusade, held September 13–21, 1947, at the Civic Auditorium in Grand Rapids, Michigan, was attended by 6,000 people.[42] Graham was 28 years old and would rent a large venue, such as a stadium, park, or street. As the sessions became larger, he arranged for a group of up to 5,000 people to sing in a choir. He would preach the gospel and invite people to come forward (a practice begun by Dwight L. Moody). Such people were called inquirers and were given the chance to speak one-on-one with a counselor to clarify questions and pray together. The inquirers were often given a copy of the Gospel of John or a Bible study booklet.

In 1949, Graham scheduled a series of revival meetings in Los Angeles, for which he erected circus tents in a parking lot.[13][43] He attracted national media coverage, especially in the conservative Hearst chain of newspapers, although Hearst and Graham never met.[44] The crusade event ran for eight weeks – five weeks longer than planned. Graham became a national figure with heavy coverage from the wire services and national magazines.[45] Pianist Rudy Atwood, who played for the tent meetings, wrote that they "rocketed Billy Graham into national prominence, and resulted in the conversion of a number of show-business personalities".[46]

In 1953, Graham was offered a five-year, $1 million contract from NBC to appear on television opposite Arthur Godfrey, but he had prior commitments. He turned down the offer to continue his touring revivals.[47] Graham had crusades in London that lasted 12 weeks and a New York City crusade in Madison Square Garden in 1957 that ran nightly for 16 weeks. At a 1973 rally attended by 100,000 in Durban, South Africa, that was the first large mixed-race event in apartheid South Africa, he stated that "apartheid is a sin".[48][49] In Moscow in 1992, one-quarter of the 155,000 people in Graham's audience went forward at his call.[23] During his crusades, he frequently used the altar call song, "Just As I Am".[50] In 1995, during the Global Mission event, he preached a sermon at Estadio Hiram Bithorn in San Juan in Puerto Rico that was transmitted by satellite in 185 countries and translated into 116 languages.[51]

 
Countries in which Billy Graham preached are colored in blue.

By the time of his last crusade in 2005 in New York City, he had preached during 417 crusades, including 226 in the US and 195 abroad.[52][53][54]

Student ministry

Graham spoke at InterVarsity Christian Fellowship's Urbana Student Missions Conference at least nine times – in 1948, 1957, 1961, 1964, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1984, and 1987.[55]

At each Urbana conference, he challenged the thousands of attendees to make a commitment to follow Jesus Christ for the rest of their lives. He often quoted a six-word phrase that was reportedly written in the Bible of William Whiting Borden, the son of a wealthy silver magnate: "No reserves, no retreat, no regrets".[56] Borden had died in Egypt on his way to the mission field.[57]

Graham also held evangelistic meetings on a number of college campuses: at the University of Minnesota during InterVarsity's "Year of Evangelism" in 1950–51, a 4-day mission at Yale University in 1957, and a week-long series of meetings at the University of North Carolina's Carmichael Auditorium in September 1982.[58]

In 1955, he was invited by Cambridge University students to lead the mission at the university; the mission was arranged by the Cambridge Inter-Collegiate Christian Union, with London pastor-theologian John Stott serving as Graham's chief assistant. This invitation was greeted with much disapproval in the correspondence columns of The Times.[59]

Evangelistic association

In 1950, Graham founded the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association (BGEA) with its headquarters in Minneapolis. The association relocated to Charlotte, North Carolina, in 1999, and maintains a number of international offices, such as in Hong Kong, Tokyo, and Buenos Aires.[48] BGEA ministries have included:

In April 2013, the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association started "My Hope With Billy Graham", the largest outreach in its history. It encouraged church members to spread the gospel in small group meetings, after showing a video message by Graham. "The idea is for Christians to follow the example of the disciple Matthew in the New Testament and spread the gospel in their own homes."[67] "The Cross" video is the main program in the My Hope America series, and was also broadcast the week of Graham's 95th birthday.[68]

Civil rights movement

Graham's early crusades were segregated, but he began adjusting his approach in the 1950s.[69] During a 1953 rally in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Graham tore down the ropes that organizers had erected to segregate the audience into racial sections. In his memoirs, he recounted that he told two ushers to leave the barriers down "or you can go on and have the revival without me."[70] During a sermon held at Vanderbilt University in Nashville on August 23, 1954, he warned a white audience, "Three-fifths of the world is not white. They are rising all over the world. We have been proud and thought we were better than any other race, any other people. Ladies and gentlemen, I want to tell you that we are going to stumble into hell because of our pride."[71][70]

In 1957, Graham's stance towards integration became more publicly shown when he allowed black ministers Thomas Kilgore and Gardner C. Taylor to serve as members of his New York Crusade's executive committee.[72] He also invited Martin Luther King Jr., whom he first met during the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955,[72] to join him in the pulpit at his 16-week revival in New York City, where 2.3 million gathered at Madison Square Garden, Yankee Stadium, and Times Square to hear them.[13] Graham recalled in his autobiography that during this time, he and King developed a close friendship and that he was eventually one of the few people who referred to King as "Mike", a nickname which King asked only his closest friends to call him.[73] Following King's assassination in 1968, Graham mourned that the US had lost "a social leader and a prophet".[72] In private, Graham advised King and other members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).[74]

Despite their friendship, tensions between Graham and King emerged in 1958, when the sponsoring committee of a crusade that took place in San Antonio, Texas, on July 25 arranged for Graham to be introduced by that state's segregationist governor, Price Daniel.[72] On July 23, King sent a letter to Graham and informed him that allowing Daniel to speak at a crusade which occurred the night before the state's Democratic Primary "can well be interpreted as your endorsement of racial segregation and discrimination."[75] Graham's advisor, Grady Wilson, replied to King that "even though we do not see eye to eye with him on every issue, we still love him in Christ."[76] Though Graham's appearance with Daniel dashed King's hopes of holding joint crusades with Graham in the Deep South,[74] the two remained friends; the next year King told a Canadian television audience that Graham had taken a "very strong stance against segregation."[74] Graham and King would also come to differ on the Vietnam War.[72] After King's "Beyond Vietnam" speech denouncing US intervention in Vietnam, Graham castigated him and others for their criticism of US foreign policy.[72]

By the middle of 1960, King and Graham traveled together to the Tenth Baptist World Congress of the Baptist World Alliance.[72] In 1963, Graham posted bail for King to be released from jail during the Birmingham (Alabama) campaign, according to Michael Long,[77] and the King Center acknowledged that Graham had bailed King out of jail during the Albany Movement,[78] although historian Steven Miller told CNN he could not find any proof of the incident.[79] Graham held integrated crusades in Birmingham on Easter of 1964, in the aftermath of the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, and toured Alabama again in the wake of the violence that accompanied the first Selma to Montgomery march in 1965.[72]

Following Graham's death, former SCLC official and future Atlanta politician Andrew Young (who spoke alongside Coretta Scott King at Graham's 1994 crusade in Atlanta),[80] acknowledged his friendship with Graham and stated that Graham did in fact travel with King to the 1965 European Baptist Convention.[81] Young also claimed that Graham had often invited King to his crusades in the Northern states.[82] Former Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) leader and future United States Congressman John Lewis also credited Graham as a major inspiration for his activism.[83] Lewis described Graham as a "saint" and someone who "taught us how to live and who taught us how to die".[83]

Graham's faith prompted his maturing view of race and segregation. He told a member of the Ku Klux Klan that integration was necessary, primarily for religious reasons. "There is no scriptural basis for segregation," Graham argued. "The ground at the foot of the cross is level, and it touches my heart when I see whites standing shoulder to shoulder with blacks at the cross."[84]

Lausanne Movement

The friendship between Graham and John Stott led to a further partnership in the Lausanne Movement, of which Graham was a founder. It built on Graham's 1966 World Congress on Evangelism in Berlin.[clarification needed] In collaboration with Christianity Today, Graham convened what Time magazine described as "a formidable forum, possibly the widest–ranging meeting of Christians ever held"[85] with 2,700 participants from 150 nations gathering for the International Congress on World Evangelization. Women were represented by Millie Dienert, who chaired the prayer committee.[86] This took place in Lausanne, Switzerland (July 16–25, 1974), and the movement which ensued took its name from the host city. Its purpose was to strengthen the global church for world evangelization, and to engage ideological and sociological trends which bore on this.[87] Graham invited Stott to be chief architect of the Lausanne Covenant, which issued from the Congress and which, according to Graham: "helped challenge and unite evangelical Christians in the great task of world evangelization."[88] The movement remains a significant fruit of Graham's legacy, with a presence in nearly every nation.[89]

Multiple roles

 
Graham with his son, Franklin, at Cleveland Stadium, June 1994

Graham played multiple roles that reinforced each other.[90] Grant Wacker identified eight major roles that he played: preacher, icon, Southerner, entrepreneur, architect (bridge builder), pilgrim, pastor, and his widely recognized status as America's Protestant patriarch, which was on a par with Martin Luther King and Pope John Paul II.[91]

He served as a trustee of the International Mission Board in the late 1950s and trustee of the SBC's Radio and Television Commission in the late 1960s.[92]

Graham deliberately reached into the secular world as a bridge builder. For example, as an entrepreneur he built his own pavilion for the 1964 New York World's Fair.[93] He appeared as a guest on a 1969 Woody Allen television special, in which he joined the comedian in a witty exchange on theological matters.[94] During the Cold War, Graham became the first evangelist of note to speak behind the Iron Curtain, addressing large crowds in countries throughout Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union, calling for peace.[95] During the apartheid era, Graham consistently refused to visit South Africa until its government allowed integrated seating for audiences. During his first crusade there in 1973, he openly denounced apartheid.[96] Graham also corresponded with imprisoned South African leader Nelson Mandela during the latter's 27-year imprisonment.[97]

Graham at the Feyenoord-stadion in Rotterdam, the Netherlands (June 30, 1955)

In 1984, he led a series of summer meetings—Mission England—in the United Kingdom, and he used outdoor football (soccer) fields for his venues.

Graham was interested in fostering evangelism around the world. In 1983, 1986 and 2000 he sponsored, organized and paid for massive training conferences for Christian evangelists; this was, at the time, the largest representation of nations ever held. Over 157 nations were gathered in 2000 at the RAI Convention Center in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. At one revival in Seoul, South Korea, Graham attracted more than one million people to a single service.[47] He appeared in China in 1988; for his wife, Ruth, this was a homecoming, since she had been born in China to missionary parents. He appeared in North Korea in 1992.[84]

On October 15, 1989, Graham received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He was the only person functioning as a minister who received a star in that capacity.[98]

On September 22, 1991, Graham held his largest event in North America on the Great Lawn of Manhattan's Central Park. City officials estimated that more than 250,000 were in attendance. In 1998, Graham spoke to a crowd of scientists and philosophers at the Technology, Entertainment, Design Conference.

On September 14, 2001 (only three days after the World Trade Center attacks), Graham was invited to lead a service at Washington National Cathedral; the service was attended by President George W. Bush and past and present leaders. He also spoke at the memorial service following the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995.[84] On June 24–26, 2005, Graham began what he said would be his last North American crusade: three days at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in the borough of Queens, New York City. On the weekend of March 11–12, 2006, Graham held the "Festival of Hope" with his son, Franklin Graham. The festival was held in New Orleans, which was recovering from Hurricane Katrina.

Graham prepared one last sermon, "My Hope America", which was released on DVD and played around America and possibly worldwide between November 7–10, 2013. November 7 was Graham's 95th birthday, and he hoped to cause a revival.[99]

Later life

Graham said that his planned retirement was a result of his failing health; he had suffered from hydrocephalus from 1992 on.[100] In August 2005, Graham appeared at the groundbreaking for his library in Charlotte, North Carolina. Then 86, he used a walker during the ceremony. On July 9, 2006, he spoke at the Metro Maryland Franklin Graham Festival, held in Baltimore, Maryland, at Oriole Park at Camden Yards.

In April 2010, Graham was 91 and experiencing substantial vision, hearing, and balance loss when he made a rare public appearance at the re-dedication of the renovated Billy Graham Library.[101]

There was controversy within his family over Graham's proposed burial place. He announced in June 2007 that he and his wife would be buried alongside each other at the Billy Graham Library in his hometown of Charlotte. Graham's younger son Ned argued with older son Franklin about whether burial at a library would be appropriate. Ruth Graham had said that she wanted to be buried in the mountains at the Billy Graham Training Center at The Cove near Asheville, North Carolina, where she had lived for many years; Ned supported his mother's choice.[102][103] Novelist Patricia Cornwell, a family friend, also opposed burial at the library, calling it a tourist attraction. Franklin wanted his parents to be buried at the library site.[102] When Ruth Graham died, it was announced that they would be buried at the library site.[103]

In 2011, when asked if he would have done things differently, he said he would have spent more time at home with his family, studied more, and preached less.[104] Additionally, he said he would have participated in fewer conferences. He also said he had a habit of advising evangelists to save their time and avoid having too many commitments.

Politics

After his close relationships with Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon, Graham tried to avoid explicit partisanship. Bailey says: "He declined to sign or endorse political statements, and he distanced himself from the Christian right ... His early years of fierce opposition to communism gave way to pleas for military disarmament and attention to AIDS, poverty and environmental threats."[105]

Graham was a lifelong registered member of the Democratic Party.[106] In 1960, he opposed the candidacy of John F. Kennedy, fearing that Kennedy, as a Catholic, would be bound to follow the Pope. Graham worked "behind the scenes" to encourage influential Protestant ministers to speak out against Kennedy.[107] During the 1960 campaign, Graham met with a conference of Protestant ministers in Montreux, Switzerland, to discuss their mobilization of congregations to defeat Kennedy.[108] According to the PBS Frontline program, God in America, Graham organized a meeting of hundreds of Protestant ministers in Washington, D.C., in September 1960 for this purpose; the meeting was led by Norman Vincent Peale.[107] This was shortly before Kennedy's speech in Houston, Texas, on the separation of church and state; the speech was considered to be successful in meeting the concerns of many voters. After his election, Kennedy invited Graham to play golf in Palm Beach, Florida, after which Graham acknowledged Kennedy's election as an opportunity for Catholics and Protestants to come closer together.[109][110] After they had discussed Jesus Christ at that meeting, the two remained in touch, meeting for the last time at a National Day of Prayer meeting in February 1963.[110] In his autobiography, Graham claimed to have felt an "inner foreboding" in the week before Kennedy's assassination, and to have tried to contact him to say, "Don't go to Texas!"[111]

Graham opposed the large majority of abortions, but supported it as a legal option in a very narrow range of circumstances: rape, incest, and the life of the mother.[112] The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association states that "Life is sacred, and we must seek to protect all human life: the unborn, the child, the adult, and the aged."[113]

Graham leaned toward the Republicans during the presidency of Richard Nixon, whom he had met and befriended as vice president under Dwight D. Eisenhower.[114] He did not completely ally himself with the later religious right, saying that Jesus did not have a political party.[23] He gave his support to various political candidates over the years.[114]

In 2007, Graham explained his refusal to join Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority in 1979, saying: "I'm for morality, but morality goes beyond sex to human freedom and social justice. We as clergy know so very little to speak with authority on the Panama Canal or superiority of armaments. Evangelists cannot be closely identified with any particular party or person. We have to stand in the middle to preach to all people, right and left. I haven't been faithful to my own advice in the past. I will be in the future."[115]

According to a 2006 Newsweek interview, "For Graham, politics is a secondary to the Gospel ... When Newsweek asked Graham whether ministers – whether they think of themselves as evangelists, pastors or a bit of both – should spend time engaged with politics, he replied: 'You know, I think in a way that has to be up to the individual as he feels led of the Lord. A lot of things that I commented on years ago would not have been of the Lord, I'm sure, but I think you have some – like communism, or segregation, on which I think you have a responsibility to speak out.'"[116]

In 2011, although grateful to have met politicians who have spiritual needs like everyone else, he said he sometimes crossed the line and would have preferred to avoid politics.[104]

In 2012, Graham endorsed the Republican presidential candidate, Mitt Romney.[117] Shortly after, apparently to accommodate Romney, who is a Mormon, references to Mormonism as a religious cult ("A cult is any group which teaches doctrines or beliefs that deviate from the biblical message of the Christian faith.") were removed from Graham's website.[118][119] Observers have questioned whether the support of Republican and religious right politics on issues such as same-sex marriage coming from Graham – who stopped speaking in public or to reporters – in fact reflects the views of his son, Franklin, head of the BGEA. Franklin denied this, and said that he would continue to act as his father's spokesperson rather than allowing press conferences.[120] In 2016, according to his son Franklin, Graham voted for Donald Trump.[121] This statement has been disputed by other children and grandchildren of Billy Graham, who argue that he was too ill to vote (even absentee), and who reiterated that Billy Graham's stated greatest regret in life was becoming involved in partisan politics.[122]

Pastor to presidents

 
President Ronald Reagan and first lady Nancy Reagan greet Graham at the National Prayer Breakfast of 1981

Graham had a personal audience with many sitting US presidents, from Harry S. Truman to Barack Obama – 12 consecutive presidents. After meeting with Truman in 1950, Graham told the press he had urged the president to counter communism in North Korea. Truman disliked him and did not speak with him for years after that meeting.[23] Later he always treated his conversations with presidents as confidential.[114]

Truman made his contempt for Graham public. He wrote about Graham in his 1974 autobiography Plain Speaking: "But now we've got just this one evangelist, this Billy Graham, and he's gone off the beam. He's ... well, I hadn't ought to say this, but he's one of those counterfeits I was telling you about. He claims he's a friend of all the presidents, but he was never a friend of mine when I was President. I just don't go for people like that. All he's interested in is getting his name in the paper."[123]

 
Graham in 1966

Graham became a regular visitor during the tenure of Dwight D. Eisenhower. He purportedly urged him to intervene with federal troops in the case of the Little Rock Nine to gain admission of black students to public schools.[23] House Speaker Sam Rayburn persuaded Congress to allow Graham to conduct the first religious service on the steps of the Capitol building in 1952.[23][124] Eisenhower asked for Graham while on his deathbed.[125]

Graham met and became a close friend of Vice President Richard Nixon,[114][126] and supported Nixon, a Quaker, for the 1960 presidential election.[23] He convened an August strategy session of evangelical leaders in Montreux, Switzerland, to plan how best to oppose Nixon's Roman Catholic opponent, Senator John F. Kennedy.[127] Though a registered Democrat, Graham also maintained firm support of aggression against the foreign threat of communism and strongly sympathized with Nixon's views regarding American foreign policy.[128] Thus, he was more sympathetic to Republican administrations.[114][129]

On December 16, 1963, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, who was impressed by the way Graham had praised the work of his great-grandfather, George Washington Baines, invited Graham to the White House to receive spiritual counseling. After this visit, Johnson frequently called on Graham for more spiritual counseling as well as companionship. As Graham recalled to his biographer Frady, "I almost used the White House as a hotel when Johnson was President. He was always trying to keep me there. He just never wanted me to leave."[74]

In contrast with his more limited access with Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy, Graham would not only visit the White House private quarters but would also at times kneel at Johnson's bedside and pray with him whenever the President requested him to do so. Graham once recalled "I have never had many people do that."[74] In addition to his White House visits, Graham visited Johnson at Camp David and occasionally met with the President when he retreated to his private ranch in Stonewall, Texas. Johnson was also the first sitting president to attend one of Graham's crusades, in Houston, Texas, in 1965.[74]

During the 1964 United States presidential election, supporters of Republican nominee Barry Goldwater sent an estimated 2 million telegrams to Graham's hometown of Montreat, North Carolina, and sought the preacher's endorsement. Supportive of Johnson's domestic policies, and hoping to preserve his friendship with the president, Graham resisted pressure to endorse Goldwater and stayed neutral in the election. Following Johnson's election victory, Graham's role as the main White House pastor was solidified. At one point, Johnson even considered making Graham a member of his cabinet and grooming him to be his successor, though Graham insisted he had no political ambitions and wished to remain a preacher.[74] Graham's biographer David Aikman acknowledged that the preacher was closer to Johnson than any other president he had ever known.[128]

He spent the last night of Johnson's presidency in the White House, and he stayed for the first night of Nixon's.[125] After Nixon's victorious 1968 presidential campaign, Graham became an adviser, regularly visiting the White House and leading the president's private worship services.[114] In a meeting they had with Golda Meir, Nixon offered Graham the ambassadorship to Israel, but he declined the offer.[23]

 
President Barack Obama and Graham meet at Graham's home in Montreat, North Carolina, April 2010

In 1970, Nixon appeared at a Graham revival in East Tennessee, which they thought safe politically. It drew one of the largest crowds in Tennessee of protesters against the Vietnam War. Nixon was the first president to give a speech from an evangelist's platform.[114] Their friendship became strained in 1973 when Graham rebuked Nixon for his post-Watergate behavior and the profanity heard on the Watergate tapes.[130] They eventually reconciled after Nixon's resignation.[114]

Graham officiated at one presidential burial and one presidential funeral. He presided over the graveside services of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973 and took part in eulogizing the former president. Graham officiated at the funeral services of former First Lady Pat Nixon in 1993,[23] and the death and state funeral of Richard Nixon in 1994.[131] During the Monica Lewinsky scandal, Graham asserted that he believed President Bill Clinton to be "a spiritual person".[citation needed] He was unable to attend the state funeral of Ronald Reagan on June 11, 2004, as he was recovering from hip replacement surgery.[132] This was mentioned by George W. Bush in his eulogy.

On April 25, 2010, President Barack Obama visited Graham at his home in Montreat, North Carolina, where they "had a private prayer".[133]

Relationship with Queen Elizabeth II

Graham had a friendly relationship with Queen Elizabeth II and was frequently invited by the Royal Family to special events.[134][135] They first met in 1955, and Graham preached at Windsor Chapel at the Queen's invitation during the following year. Their friendly relationship may have been because they shared a traditional approach to the practical aspects of the Christian faith.[136]

Foreign policy views

Graham was outspoken against communism and supported the American Cold War policy, including the Vietnam War. In a secret letter from April 15, 1969, made public twenty years later, Graham encouraged Nixon to bomb the dikes in North Vietnam if the peace talks in Paris should fail. This action would "destroy the economy of North Vietnam" and, by Nixon's estimate, would have killed a million people.[137]

In 1982, Graham preached in the Soviet Union and attended a wreath-laying ceremony to honor the war dead of World War II, when the Soviets were American allies in the fight against Nazism. He voiced fear of a second holocaust, not against Jews, but "a nuclear holocaust" and advised that "our greatest contribution to world peace is to live with Christ every day."[138]

In a 1999 speech, Graham discussed his relationship with the late North Korean leader Kim Il Sung, praising him as a "different kind of communist" and "one of the great fighters for freedom in his country against the Japanese". Graham went on to note that although he had never met Kim's son and then-current North Korean leader Kim Jong Il, he had "exchanged gifts with him".[139]

Controversial views

Discussion of Jews with President Nixon

During the Watergate affair, there were suggestions that Graham had expressed antisemitic opinions in private discussions with Richard Nixon; he denied this, stressing his efforts to build bridges to the Jewish community. In 2002, the controversy was renewed when declassified "Richard Nixon tapes" confirmed remarks made by Graham to Nixon three decades earlier.[140] Captured on the tapes, Graham agreed with Nixon that Jews control the American media, calling it a "stranglehold" during a 1972 conversation with Nixon, and suggesting that if Nixon was re-elected that they might be able to do something about it.[141]

When the tapes were made public, Graham apologized[142][143] and said, "Although I have no memory of the occasion, I deeply regret comments I apparently made in an Oval Office conversation with President Nixon ... some 30 years ago. ... They do not reflect my views and I sincerely apologize for any offense caused by the remarks."[144] According to Newsweek magazine, "[T]he shock of the revelation was magnified because of Graham's longtime support of Israel and his refusal to join in calls for conversion of the Jews."[143]

In 2009, more Nixon tapes were released, in which Graham is heard in a 1973 conversation with Nixon referring to a group of Jewish journalists as "the synagogue of Satan". A spokesman for Graham said that Graham has never been an antisemite and that the comparison (in accord with the context of the quotation in the Book of Revelation[145]) was directed specifically at those claiming to be Jews, but not holding to traditional Jewish values.[146]

Ecumenism

After a 1957 crusade in New York, some more fundamentalist Protestant Christians criticized Graham for his ecumenism, even calling him "Antichrist".[147]

Graham expressed inclusivist views, suggesting that people without explicit faith in Jesus can be saved. In a 1997 interview with Robert Schuller, Graham said

I think that everybody that loves or knows Christ, whether they are conscious of it or not, they are members of the body of Christ ... [God] is calling people out of the world for his name, whether they come from the Muslim world, or the Buddhist world or the non-believing world, they are members of the Body of Christ because they have been called by God. They may not know the name of Jesus but they know in their hearts that they need something they do not have, and they turn to the only light they have, and I think that they are saved and they are going to be with us in heaven.[148]

Iain Murray, writing from a conservative Protestant standpoint, argues that "Graham's concessions are sad words from one who once spoke on the basis of biblical certainties."[149]

Further information: Anonymous Christian

Views on women

In 1970, Graham stated that feminism was "an echo of our overall philosophy of permissiveness" and that women did not want to be "competitive juggernauts pitted against male chauvinists".[150][151] He further stated that the role of wife, mother, and homemaker was the destiny of "real womanhood" according to the Judeo-Christian ethic. Graham's assertions, published in the Ladies' Home Journal, elicited letters of protest, and were offered as rebuttal to the establishment of "The New Feminism" section of the publication that had added following a sit-in protest at the Journal offices demanding female representation on the staff of the publication.[152][153][154][155]

Graham's daughter Bunny recounted her father denying her and her sisters higher education. As reported in The Washington Post:[156]

Bunny remembers being groomed for the life of wife, homemaker, and mother. "There was never an idea of a career for us", she said. "I wanted to go to nursing school – Wheaton had a five-year program – but Daddy said no. No reason, no explanation, just 'No.' It wasn't confrontational and he wasn't angry, but when he decided, that was the end of it." She added, "He has forgotten that. Mother has not."

Graham's daughter Anne is a Christian minister, leading a Christian ministry organization known as AnGeL Ministries.[157][non-primary source needed]

Graham talked his future wife, Ruth, into abandoning her ambition to evangelize in Tibet in favor of staying in the United States to marry him – and that to do otherwise would be "to thwart God's obvious will".[156] After Ruth agreed to marry him, Graham cited the Bible for claiming authority over her, saying, "then I'll do the leading and you do the following".[156] According to her obituary, Ruth was active in Christian ministry after they married, often teaching Sunday School.[158] Her obituary states that in addition to his two sons, all three of Graham's daughters would become Christian ministers as well.[159]

Views on homosexuality

Graham regarded homosexuality as a sin, and in 1974 described it as "a sinister form of perversion".[160][161] In 1993, he said that he thought AIDS might be a "judgment" from God, but two weeks later he retracted the remark, saying: "I don't believe that, and I don't know why I said it."[162] Graham opposed same-sex marriage, stating that "I believe the home and marriage is the foundation of our society and must be protected."[163][164] Graham's obituary noted that his stated position was that he did not want to talk about homosexuality as a political issue.[162] Corky Siemaszko, writing for NBC News, noted that after the 1993 incident, Graham "largely steered clear of the subject".[165] However, Graham appeared to take a more tolerant approach to the issue of homosexuality when he appeared on the May 2, 1997, episode of 20/20, stating "I think that the Bible teaches that homosexuality is a sin, but the Bible also teaches that pride is a sin, jealously is a sin, and hate is a sin, evil thoughts are a sin, and so I don't think that homosexuality should be chosen as the overwhelming sin that we are doing today."[166]

In 2012, Graham and his son, Franklin, publicly endorsed North Carolina Amendment 1, a measure to ban same-sex marriage in the state. They both condemned President Obama's public declaration of support for same-sex marriage later that year.[167][168]

Awards and honors

Graham was frequently honored by surveys, including "Greatest Living American", and consistently ranked among the most admired persons in the United States and the world.[47] He appeared most frequently on Gallup's list of most admired people.[169] On the day of his death, Graham had been on Gallup's Top 10 "Most Admired Man" list 61 times, and held the highest rank of any person since the list began in 1948.[15]

In 1967, he was the first Protestant to receive an honorary degree from Belmont Abbey College, a Roman Catholic school.[170] In 1983, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by US President Ronald Reagan.[171]

Graham received the Big Brother of the Year Award for his work on behalf of children. He was cited by the George Washington Carver Memorial Institute for his contributions to race relations. He received the Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion and the Sylvanus Thayer Award for his commitment to "Duty, Honor, Country". The "Billy Graham Children's Health Center" in Asheville is named after and funded by Graham.[172]

In 1999, the Gospel Music Association inducted Graham into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame to recognize his contributions to Christian music artists such as Michael W. Smith, dc Talk, Amy Grant, Jars of Clay, and others who performed at the Billy Graham Crusades.[173] Graham was the first non-musician inducted,[174] and had also helped to revitalize interest in hymns and create new favorite songs.[175] Singer Michael W. Smith was active in Billy Graham Crusades as well as Samaritan's Purse.[176] Smith sang "Just As I Am" in a tribute to Graham at the 44th GMA Dove Awards.[177] He also sang it at the memorial service honoring Graham at the United States Capitol rotunda on February 28, 2018.[178][179]

In 2000, former First Lady Nancy Reagan presented the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award to Graham. Graham was a friend of the Reagans for years.[180]

In 2001, Queen Elizabeth II awarded him an honorary knighthood. The honor was presented to him by Sir Christopher Meyer, British Ambassador to the US at the British Embassy in Washington DC on December 6, 2001.[181]

A professorial chair is named after him at the Alabama Baptist-affiliated Samford University, the Billy Graham Professor of Evangelism and Church Growth.[140] His alma mater, Wheaton College, has an archive of his papers at the Billy Graham Center.[13] The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has the Billy Graham School of Missions, Evangelism and Ministry. Graham received 20 honorary degrees and refused at least that many more.[47] In San Francisco, California, the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium is sometimes erroneously called the "Billy Graham Civic Auditorium" and incorrectly considered to be named in his honor, but it is actually named after the rock and roll promoter Bill Graham.[182]

On May 31, 2007, the $27 million Billy Graham Library was officially dedicated in Charlotte. Former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton appeared to celebrate with Graham.[183] A highway in Charlotte bears Graham's name,[102] as does I-240 near Graham's home in Asheville.

As Graham's final crusade approached in 2005, his friend Pat Boone chose to create a song in honor of Graham,[184] which he co-wrote and produced with David Pack and Billy Dean,[185] who digitally combined studio recordings of various artists into what has been called a "'We Are the World'-type" production.[186] Titled "Thank You Billy Graham", the song's video[187] was introduced by Bono,[186] and included Faith Hill, MxPx,[184] John Ford Coley, John Elefante, Mike Herrera, Michael McDonald, Jeffrey Osborne, LeAnn Rimes, Kenny Rogers, Connie Smith, Michael Tait, and other singers, with brief narration by Larry King.[188] It was directed by Brian Lockwood[189] as a tribute album.[190] In 2013, the album My Hope: Songs Inspired by the Message and Mission of Billy Graham was recorded by Amy Grant, Kari Jobe, Newsboys, Matthew West, tobyMac, and other music artists with new songs to honor Graham during his My Hope America with Billy Graham outreach and the publication of his book The Reason for My Hope: Salvation.[191] Other songs written to honor Graham include "Hero of the Faith" written by Eddie Carswell of NewSong, which became a hit,[192] "Billy, You're My Hero" by Greg Hitchcock,[193] "Billy Graham" by The Swirling Eddies, "Billy Graham's Bible" by Joe Nichols, "Billy Frank" by Randy Stonehill, and an original song titled "Just as I Am" by Fernando Ortega.[184]

The movie Billy: The Early Years officially premiered in theaters on October 10, 2008, less than one month before Graham's 90th birthday.[194] Graham did not comment on the film, but his son Franklin released a critical statement on August 18, 2008, noting that the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association "has not collaborated with nor does it endorse the movie".[195] Graham's eldest daughter, Gigi, praised the film and was hired as a consultant to help promote it.[196]

Other honors

 
 
1996 Congressional Gold Medal shows Ruth and Billy Graham in profile (obverse); the Ruth and Billy Graham Children's Health Center in Asheville, North Carolina (reverse).

Personal life

 
Billy Graham and his wife in Oslo, Norway, 1955.

Family

On August 13, 1943, Graham married Wheaton classmate Ruth Bell, whose parents were Presbyterian missionaries in China.[216] Her father, L. Nelson Bell, was a general surgeon.[47] Ruth died on June 14, 2007, at age 87.[217] The couple were married for almost 64 years.[218]

Graham and his wife had five children together.[219] Virginia Leftwich (Gigi) Graham (b. 1945), an inspirational speaker and author; Anne Graham Lotz (b. 1948), leader of AnGeL ministries; Ruth Graham (b. 1950), founder and president of Ruth Graham & Friends and leader of conferences throughout the US and Canada; Franklin Graham (b. 1952), president and CEO of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association and president and CEO of international relief organization Samaritan's Purse; and Nelson Edman Graham (b. 1958), a pastor who runs East Gates Ministries International,[220] which distributes Christian literature in China.

At the time of his death at age 99 in 2018, Graham was survived by 5 children, 19 grandchildren (including Will Graham and Tullian Tchividjian), 41 great-grandchildren, and 6 great-great-grandchildren.[221]

Church

In 1953, he became a member of the First Baptist Church Dallas, although he never lived in the state of Texas.[222] In 2008, he changed his membership to the First Baptist Church of Spartanburg, South Carolina, about a 1.5-hour drive from his home in Montreat, North Carolina.

Death

 
Ceremony to the Reverend Billy Graham at the Capitol Rotunda, February 28, 2018.

Graham died of natural causes on February 21, 2018, at his home in Montreat, North Carolina, at the age of 99.[223][224]

External videos
  Capitol Visitation for Billy Graham, February 28, 2018, C-SPAN
  Funeral Service, Billy Graham Library, Charlotte, North Carolina, March 2, 2018, C-SPAN

On February 28 and March 1, 2018, Graham became the fourth private citizen in United States history to lie in honor at the United States Capitol rotunda in Washington, D.C.[225][226] He is the first religious leader to be so honored. At the ceremony, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Speaker of the House Paul Ryan called Graham "America's pastor". President Donald Trump said Graham was "an ambassador for Christ".[179] In addition, televangelist Jim Bakker paid respect to Graham, stating he was the greatest preacher since Jesus. He also said that Graham visited him in prison.[227][228]

A private funeral service was held on March 2, 2018. Graham was buried beside his wife at the foot of the cross-shaped brick walkway in the Prayer Garden, on the northeast side of the Billy Graham Library in Charlotte, North Carolina.[229] Graham's pine plywood casket was handcrafted in 2006 by convicted murderers at the Louisiana State Penitentiary, and topped with a wooden cross that was nailed to it by the prisoners.[230][231]

He is honored with a commemoration on the liturgical calendar of the Anglican Church in North America on February 21.[232]

Honorary doctorates

He has received several honorary doctorates.[233]

Media portrayals

Works

Graham's My Answer advice column appeared in newspapers for more than 60 years as of 2017.[236]

Books

Graham authored the following books;[237] many of which have become bestsellers. In the 1970s, for instance, The Jesus Generation sold 200,000 copies in the first two weeks after its publication; Angels: God's Secret Agents had sales of a million copies within 90 days after release; How to Be Born Again was said to have made publishing history with its first printing of 800,000 copies."[47]

  • Calling Youth to Christ (1947)
  • America's Hour of Decision (1951)
  • I Saw Your Sons at War (1953)
  • Peace with God (1953, 1984)
  • Freedom from the Seven Deadly Sins (1955)
  • The Secret of Happiness (1955, 1985)
  • Billy Graham Talks to Teenagers (1958)
  • My Answer (1960)
  • Billy Graham Answers Your Questions (1960)
  • World Aflame (1965)
  • The Challenge (1969)
  • The Jesus Generation (1971)
  • Angels: God's Secret Agents (1975, 1985)
  • How to Be Born Again (1977)
  • The Holy Spirit (1978)
  • Evangelist to the World (1979)
  • Till Armageddon (1981)
  • Approaching Hoofbeats (1983)
  • A Biblical Standard for Evangelists (1984)
  • Unto the Hills (1986)
  • Facing Death and the Life After (1987)
  • Answers to Life's Problems (1988)
  • Hope for the Troubled Heart (1991)
  • Storm Warning (1992)
  • Just As I Am: The Autobiography of Billy Graham (1997, 2007)
  • Hope for Each Day (2002)
  • The Key to Personal Peace (2003)
  • Living in God's Love: The New York Crusade (2005)
  • The Journey: How to Live by Faith in an Uncertain World (2006)
  • Wisdom for Each Day (2008)
  • Nearing Home: Life, Faith, and Finishing Well (2011)
  • The Heaven Answer Book (2012)
  • The Reason for My Hope: Salvation (2013)[238]
  • Where I Am: Heaven, Eternity, and Our Life Beyond the Now (2015)[239]

References

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Literature

  • Aikman, David (2007). Billy Graham: His Life and Influence. Nashville: Thomas Nelson. ASIN B008JM5FE2. short biography
  • Long, Michael G., ed. (2008). The Legacy of Billy Graham: Critical Reflections on America's Greatest Evangelist. ASIN B002LE87N0. scholarly essays
  • Miller, Steven P. (2009). Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4151-8.
  • Schier, H. Edward (2013). "Civil Rights Movement". The Battle of the Three Wills: As It Relates to Good & Evil. Author House. ISBN 978-1-4817-5876-5.

Further reading

  • Allison, Lon (2018) [2018]. Billy Graham: An Ordinary Man and His Extraordinary God. Paraclete Press. ISBN 978-1-64060-087-4.
  • Bruns, Roger (2004). Billy Graham: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-3133-2718-6.
  • Finstuen, Andrew, et al., eds. Billy Graham: American Pilgrim (Oxford UP, 2017) 326 pp. essays by scholars
  • Himes, A. (2011). Sword of the Lord: the roots of fundamentalism in an American family Seattle: Chiara Press.
  • Hummel, Daniel G. (2023). The Rise and Fall of Dispensationalism: How the Evangelical Battle over the End Times Shaped a Nation. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-802-87922-6.
  • King, Randall E. (1997). "When Worlds Collide: Politics, Religion, and Media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade". Journal of Church and State. 39 (2): 273–95. doi:10.1093/jcs/39.2.273.
  • Laurie, Greg (2021). Billy Graham The Man I Knew. Salem Books. pp. 115–117. ISBN 9781684510597.
  • Martin, William (2007). A Prophet with Honor: The Billy Graham Story. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-24198-0. scholarly biography, updated from 1991 edition published by William Morrow.
  • Martin, William (2013). Prophet with Honor: The Billy Graham Story. Grand Rapids: Zonderkidz. ASIN B004HOV0CW. Middle-school version.
  • Pollock, John (1979). Billy Graham: Evangelist to the World. Harper & Row. ISBN 0060666919.
  • Sherwood, Timothy H. (2013). The Rhetorical Leadership of Fulton J. Sheen, Norman Vincent Peale, and Billy Graham in the Age of Extremes. Lexington Books. pp. 1–158. ASIN B00E1CYKCC.
  • Strober, Deborah Hart; Strober, Gerald S. (2006). Billy Graham: A Narrative and Oral Biography. Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-78-79-8401-4.
  • Wacker, Grant (2009). "Billy Graham's America". Church History. 78 (3): 489–511. doi:10.1017/S0009640709990400. S2CID 162380291.
  • Wacker, Grant (2014) [2006]. America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation. Harvard University Press. Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-674-05218-5.
  • Whalin, Terry (2014). Billy Graham A Biography of America's Greatest Evangelist. Morgan James Publishing. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9781630472313.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Billy Graham.
  • Official website
  • Billy Graham Papers, Billy Graham Center Archives, Wheaton College.
  • 1957 event in Times Square November 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, streaming video clip
  • , October 12, 1983, transcript, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
  • Billy Graham at TED  
  • Appearances on C-SPAN
  • The New York Times obituary
  • Reuters obituary
Academic offices
Preceded by President of Northwestern Bible College
1948–1952 		Succeeded by
Richard Elvee
Awards
Preceded by Templeton Prize
1982 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded by Persons who have lain in state or honor
in the United States Capitol rotunda
February 28 – March 1, 2018 		Succeeded by

February 15, 2024
billy, graham, other, people, with, similar, names, bill, graham, william, franklin, graham, november, 1918, february, 2018, american, evangelist, ordained, southern, baptist, minister, civil, rights, advocate, whose, broadcast, live, sermons, became, well, kn. For other people with similar names see Bill Graham William Franklin Graham Jr ˈ ɡ r eɪ e m November 7 1918 February 21 2018 was an American evangelist an ordained Southern Baptist minister and a civil rights advocate 1 2 whose broadcast and live sermons became well known internationally in the mid to late 20th century During a career spanning six decades Graham was a prominent evangelical Christian figure in the United States The ReverendBilly GrahamGraham in 1966OrdersOrdination1939Personal detailsBornWilliam Franklin Graham Jr 1918 11 07 November 7 1918Charlotte North Carolina U S DiedFebruary 21 2018 2018 02 21 aged 99 Montreat North Carolina U S DenominationBaptist Southern Baptist Convention SpouseRuth Bell m 1943 died 2007 wbr Children5 including Anne and FranklinProfessionEvangelistEducationFlorida Bible Institute Wheaton CollegeSignaturePresident of Northwestern CollegeIn office 1948 1952Preceded byWilliam Bell RileySucceeded byRichard ElveePresident of the Billy Graham Evangelistic AssociationIn office 1950 2001Preceded byPost establishedSucceeded byFranklin GrahamAccording to a biographer Graham was considered among the most influential Christian leaders of the 20th century 3 Graham held large indoor and outdoor rallies with sermons that were broadcast on radio and television with some still being re broadcast into the 21st century 4 In his six decades on television Graham hosted annual crusades evangelistic campaigns that ran from 1947 until his retirement in 2005 He also hosted the radio show Hour of Decision from 1950 to 1954 He repudiated racial segregation 5 and insisted on racial integration for his revivals and crusades starting in 1953 He later invited Martin Luther King Jr to preach jointly at a revival in New York City in 1957 In addition to his religious aims he helped shape the worldview of a huge number of people who came from different backgrounds leading them to find a relationship between the Bible and contemporary secular viewpoints According to his website Graham preached to live audiences of 210 million people in more than 185 countries and territories through various meetings including BMS World Mission and Global Mission event 6 Graham was particularly close to Dwight D Eisenhower Lyndon B Johnson one of Graham s closest friends 7 and Richard Nixon 8 He was also lifelong friends with Robert Schuller another televangelist and the founding pastor of the Crystal Cathedral whom Graham talked into starting his own television ministry 9 Graham s evangelism was appreciated by mainline Protestant denominations as he encouraged those mainline Protestants who were converted to his evangelical message to remain within or return to their mainline churches 10 11 Despite his early suspicions and apprehension common among contemporaneous evangelical Protestants towards Catholicism Graham eventually developed amicable ties with many American Catholic Church figures and later encouraged unity between Catholics and Protestants 12 Graham operated a variety of media and publishing outlets 13 According to his staff more than 3 2 million people have responded to the invitation at Billy Graham Crusades to accept Jesus Christ as their personal savior Graham s estimated lifetime audience including radio and television broadcasts topped billions of people 14 As a result of his crusades Graham preached the gospel to more people in person than anyone in the history of Christianity 13 Graham was on Gallup s list of most admired men and women a record 61 times 15 Grant Wacker writes that by the mid 1960s he had become the Great Legitimator By then his presence conferred status on presidents acceptability on wars shame on racial prejudice desirability on decency dishonor on indecency and prestige on civic events 16 Contents 1 Early life 1 1 Crusades 1 1 1 Student ministry 1 1 2 Evangelistic association 1 1 3 Civil rights movement 1 1 4 Lausanne Movement 2 Multiple roles 3 Later life 4 Politics 4 1 Pastor to presidents 4 2 Relationship with Queen Elizabeth II 4 3 Foreign policy views 5 Controversial views 5 1 Discussion of Jews with President Nixon 5 2 Ecumenism 5 3 Views on women 5 4 Views on homosexuality 6 Awards and honors 6 1 Other honors 7 Personal life 7 1 Family 7 2 Church 8 Death 8 1 Honorary doctorates 9 Media portrayals 10 Works 10 1 Books 11 References 12 Literature 13 Further reading 14 External linksEarly life nbsp Birthplace marker for Graham near 4601 Park Rd Charlotte North CarolinaWilliam Franklin Graham Jr was born on November 7 1918 in the downstairs bedroom of a farmhouse near Charlotte North Carolina 17 Of Scots Irish descent he was the eldest of four children born to Morrow nee Coffey and dairy farmer William Franklin Graham Sr 17 Graham was raised on the family dairy farm with his two younger sisters Catherine Morrow and Jean and younger brother Melvin Thomas 18 When he was nine years old the family moved about 75 yards 69 m from their white frame house to a newly built red brick house 19 17 He was raised by his parents in the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church 17 20 Graham attended the Sharon Grammar School 21 He started to read books from an early age and loved to read novels for boys especially Tarzan 17 Like Tarzan he would hang on the trees and gave the popular Tarzan yell According to his father that yelling led him to become a minister 22 Graham was 15 when Prohibition ended in December 1933 and his father forced him and his sister Catherine to drink beer until they became sick This created such an aversion that the two siblings avoided alcohol and drugs for the rest of their lives 23 Graham was turned down for membership in a local youth group for being too worldly 23 Albert McMakin who worked on the Graham farm persuaded him to go see evangelist Mordecai Ham 13 According to his autobiography Graham was 16 when he was converted during a series of revival meetings that Ham led in Charlotte in 1934 24 25 After graduating from Sharon High School in May 1936 Graham attended Bob Jones College After one semester he found that the coursework and rules were too legalistic 23 At this time he was influenced and inspired by Pastor Charley Young from Eastport Bible Church He was almost expelled but Bob Jones Sr warned him not to throw his life away At best all you could amount to would be a poor country Baptist preacher somewhere out in the sticks You have a voice that pulls God can use that voice of yours He can use it mightily 23 In 1937 Graham transferred to the Florida Bible Institute in Temple Terrace Florida 26 While still a student Graham preached his first sermon at Bostwick Baptist Church near Palatka Florida 27 In his autobiography Graham wrote of receiving his calling on the 18th green of the Temple Terrace Golf and Country Club which was adjacent to the institute s campus Reverend Billy Graham Memorial Park was later established on the Hillsborough River directly east of the 18th green and across from where Graham often paddled a canoe to a small island in the river where he would practice preaching to the birds alligators and cypress stumps In 1939 Graham was ordained by a group of Southern Baptist clergy at Peniel Baptist Church in Palatka Florida 28 29 In 1940 he graduated with a Bachelor of Theology degree 30 31 Graham then enrolled in Wheaton College in Wheaton Illinois During his time there he decided to accept the Bible as the infallible word of God Henrietta Mears of the First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood in California was instrumental in helping Graham wrestle with the issue He settled it at Forest Home Christian Camp now called Forest Home Ministries southeast of the Big Bear Lake area in southern California 32 33 While attending Wheaton Graham was invited to preach one Sunday in 1941 at the United Gospel Tabernacle church After that the congregation repeatedly asked Graham to preach at their church and later asked him to become the pastor of their church After Graham prayed and sought advice from his friend Dr Edman Graham become their church s pastor 34 In June 1943 Graham graduated from Wheaton College 35 with a degree in anthropology 36 That same year Robert Van Kampen treasurer of the National Gideon Association invited Graham to preach at Western Springs Baptist Church and Graham accepted the opportunity on the spot While there his friend Torrey Johnson pastor of the Midwest Bible Church in Chicago told Graham that his radio program Songs in the Night was about to be canceled due to lack of funding Consulting with the members of his church in Western Springs Graham decided to take over Johnson s program with financial support from his congregation Launching the new radio program on January 2 1944 still called Songs in the Night Graham recruited the bass baritone George Beverly Shea as his director of radio ministry In 1948 in a Modesto California hotel room Graham and his evangelistic team established the Modesto Manifesto a code of ethics for life and work to protect against accusations of financial sexual and power abuse 37 The code includes rules for collecting offerings in churches working only with churches supportive of cooperative evangelism using official crowd estimates at outdoor events and a commitment to never be alone with a woman other than his wife which become known as the Billy Graham rule 38 39 Graham was 29 when he became president of Northwestern Bible College in Minneapolis in 1948 He was the youngest president of a college or university in the country and held the position for four years before he resigned in 1952 40 Graham initially intended to become a chaplain in the Armed Forces but he contracted mumps shortly after applying for a commission After a period of recuperation in Florida he was hired as the first full time evangelist of the new Youth for Christ YFC co founded by Torrey Johnson and the Canadian evangelist Charles Templeton Graham traveled throughout both the United States and Europe as a YFCI evangelist Templeton applied to Princeton Theological Seminary for an advanced theological degree and urged Graham to do so as well but he declined as he was already serving as the president of Northwestern Bible College 41 Crusades Main article List of Billy Graham s crusades nbsp Graham speaking at a Crusade in Dusseldorf West Germany on June 21 1954 The first Billy Graham Crusade held September 13 21 1947 at the Civic Auditorium in Grand Rapids Michigan was attended by 6 000 people 42 Graham was 28 years old and would rent a large venue such as a stadium park or street As the sessions became larger he arranged for a group of up to 5 000 people to sing in a choir He would preach the gospel and invite people to come forward a practice begun by Dwight L Moody Such people were called inquirers and were given the chance to speak one on one with a counselor to clarify questions and pray together The inquirers were often given a copy of the Gospel of John or a Bible study booklet In 1949 Graham scheduled a series of revival meetings in Los Angeles for which he erected circus tents in a parking lot 13 43 He attracted national media coverage especially in the conservative Hearst chain of newspapers although Hearst and Graham never met 44 The crusade event ran for eight weeks five weeks longer than planned Graham became a national figure with heavy coverage from the wire services and national magazines 45 Pianist Rudy Atwood who played for the tent meetings wrote that they rocketed Billy Graham into national prominence and resulted in the conversion of a number of show business personalities 46 In 1953 Graham was offered a five year 1 million contract from NBC to appear on television opposite Arthur Godfrey but he had prior commitments He turned down the offer to continue his touring revivals 47 Graham had crusades in London that lasted 12 weeks and a New York City crusade in Madison Square Garden in 1957 that ran nightly for 16 weeks At a 1973 rally attended by 100 000 in Durban South Africa that was the first large mixed race event in apartheid South Africa he stated that apartheid is a sin 48 49 In Moscow in 1992 one quarter of the 155 000 people in Graham s audience went forward at his call 23 During his crusades he frequently used the altar call song Just As I Am 50 In 1995 during the Global Mission event he preached a sermon at Estadio Hiram Bithorn in San Juan in Puerto Rico that was transmitted by satellite in 185 countries and translated into 116 languages 51 nbsp Countries in which Billy Graham preached are colored in blue By the time of his last crusade in 2005 in New York City he had preached during 417 crusades including 226 in the US and 195 abroad 52 53 54 Student ministry Graham spoke at InterVarsity Christian Fellowship s Urbana Student Missions Conference at least nine times in 1948 1957 1961 1964 1976 1979 1981 1984 and 1987 55 At each Urbana conference he challenged the thousands of attendees to make a commitment to follow Jesus Christ for the rest of their lives He often quoted a six word phrase that was reportedly written in the Bible of William Whiting Borden the son of a wealthy silver magnate No reserves no retreat no regrets 56 Borden had died in Egypt on his way to the mission field 57 Graham also held evangelistic meetings on a number of college campuses at the University of Minnesota during InterVarsity s Year of Evangelism in 1950 51 a 4 day mission at Yale University in 1957 and a week long series of meetings at the University of North Carolina s Carmichael Auditorium in September 1982 58 In 1955 he was invited by Cambridge University students to lead the mission at the university the mission was arranged by the Cambridge Inter Collegiate Christian Union with London pastor theologian John Stott serving as Graham s chief assistant This invitation was greeted with much disapproval in the correspondence columns of The Times 59 Evangelistic association In 1950 Graham founded the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association BGEA with its headquarters in Minneapolis The association relocated to Charlotte North Carolina in 1999 and maintains a number of international offices such as in Hong Kong Tokyo and Buenos Aires 48 BGEA ministries have included Hour of Decision a weekly radio program broadcast around the world for 66 years 1950 2016 60 Mission television specials broadcast in almost every market in the US and Canada citation needed A syndicated newspaper column My Answer carried by newspapers across the United States and distributed by Tribune Content Agency 61 Decision magazine the official publication of the association 62 Christianity Today started in 1956 with Carl F H Henry as its first editor 63 Passageway org the website for a youth discipleship program created by BGEA 64 World Wide Pictures which has produced and distributed more than 130 films 65 66 In April 2013 the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association started My Hope With Billy Graham the largest outreach in its history It encouraged church members to spread the gospel in small group meetings after showing a video message by Graham The idea is for Christians to follow the example of the disciple Matthew in the New Testament and spread the gospel in their own homes 67 The Cross video is the main program in the My Hope America series and was also broadcast the week of Graham s 95th birthday 68 Civil rights movement Graham s early crusades were segregated but he began adjusting his approach in the 1950s 69 During a 1953 rally in Chattanooga Tennessee Graham tore down the ropes that organizers had erected to segregate the audience into racial sections In his memoirs he recounted that he told two ushers to leave the barriers down or you can go on and have the revival without me 70 During a sermon held at Vanderbilt University in Nashville on August 23 1954 he warned a white audience Three fifths of the world is not white They are rising all over the world We have been proud and thought we were better than any other race any other people Ladies and gentlemen I want to tell you that we are going to stumble into hell because of our pride 71 70 In 1957 Graham s stance towards integration became more publicly shown when he allowed black ministers Thomas Kilgore and Gardner C Taylor to serve as members of his New York Crusade s executive committee 72 He also invited Martin Luther King Jr whom he first met during the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 72 to join him in the pulpit at his 16 week revival in New York City where 2 3 million gathered at Madison Square Garden Yankee Stadium and Times Square to hear them 13 Graham recalled in his autobiography that during this time he and King developed a close friendship and that he was eventually one of the few people who referred to King as Mike a nickname which King asked only his closest friends to call him 73 Following King s assassination in 1968 Graham mourned that the US had lost a social leader and a prophet 72 In private Graham advised King and other members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference SCLC 74 Despite their friendship tensions between Graham and King emerged in 1958 when the sponsoring committee of a crusade that took place in San Antonio Texas on July 25 arranged for Graham to be introduced by that state s segregationist governor Price Daniel 72 On July 23 King sent a letter to Graham and informed him that allowing Daniel to speak at a crusade which occurred the night before the state s Democratic Primary can well be interpreted as your endorsement of racial segregation and discrimination 75 Graham s advisor Grady Wilson replied to King that even though we do not see eye to eye with him on every issue we still love him in Christ 76 Though Graham s appearance with Daniel dashed King s hopes of holding joint crusades with Graham in the Deep South 74 the two remained friends the next year King told a Canadian television audience that Graham had taken a very strong stance against segregation 74 Graham and King would also come to differ on the Vietnam War 72 After King s Beyond Vietnam speech denouncing US intervention in Vietnam Graham castigated him and others for their criticism of US foreign policy 72 By the middle of 1960 King and Graham traveled together to the Tenth Baptist World Congress of the Baptist World Alliance 72 In 1963 Graham posted bail for King to be released from jail during the Birmingham Alabama campaign according to Michael Long 77 and the King Center acknowledged that Graham had bailed King out of jail during the Albany Movement 78 although historian Steven Miller told CNN he could not find any proof of the incident 79 Graham held integrated crusades in Birmingham on Easter of 1964 in the aftermath of the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church and toured Alabama again in the wake of the violence that accompanied the first Selma to Montgomery march in 1965 72 Following Graham s death former SCLC official and future Atlanta politician Andrew Young who spoke alongside Coretta Scott King at Graham s 1994 crusade in Atlanta 80 acknowledged his friendship with Graham and stated that Graham did in fact travel with King to the 1965 European Baptist Convention 81 Young also claimed that Graham had often invited King to his crusades in the Northern states 82 Former Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee SNCC leader and future United States Congressman John Lewis also credited Graham as a major inspiration for his activism 83 Lewis described Graham as a saint and someone who taught us how to live and who taught us how to die 83 Graham s faith prompted his maturing view of race and segregation He told a member of the Ku Klux Klan that integration was necessary primarily for religious reasons There is no scriptural basis for segregation Graham argued The ground at the foot of the cross is level and it touches my heart when I see whites standing shoulder to shoulder with blacks at the cross 84 Lausanne Movement The friendship between Graham and John Stott led to a further partnership in the Lausanne Movement of which Graham was a founder It built on Graham s 1966 World Congress on Evangelism in Berlin clarification needed In collaboration with Christianity Today Graham convened what Time magazine described as a formidable forum possibly the widest ranging meeting of Christians ever held 85 with 2 700 participants from 150 nations gathering for the International Congress on World Evangelization Women were represented by Millie Dienert who chaired the prayer committee 86 This took place in Lausanne Switzerland July 16 25 1974 and the movement which ensued took its name from the host city Its purpose was to strengthen the global church for world evangelization and to engage ideological and sociological trends which bore on this 87 Graham invited Stott to be chief architect of the Lausanne Covenant which issued from the Congress and which according to Graham helped challenge and unite evangelical Christians in the great task of world evangelization 88 The movement remains a significant fruit of Graham s legacy with a presence in nearly every nation 89 Multiple roles nbsp Graham with his son Franklin at Cleveland Stadium June 1994Graham played multiple roles that reinforced each other 90 Grant Wacker identified eight major roles that he played preacher icon Southerner entrepreneur architect bridge builder pilgrim pastor and his widely recognized status as America s Protestant patriarch which was on a par with Martin Luther King and Pope John Paul II 91 He served as a trustee of the International Mission Board in the late 1950s and trustee of the SBC s Radio and Television Commission in the late 1960s 92 Graham deliberately reached into the secular world as a bridge builder For example as an entrepreneur he built his own pavilion for the 1964 New York World s Fair 93 He appeared as a guest on a 1969 Woody Allen television special in which he joined the comedian in a witty exchange on theological matters 94 During the Cold War Graham became the first evangelist of note to speak behind the Iron Curtain addressing large crowds in countries throughout Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union calling for peace 95 During the apartheid era Graham consistently refused to visit South Africa until its government allowed integrated seating for audiences During his first crusade there in 1973 he openly denounced apartheid 96 Graham also corresponded with imprisoned South African leader Nelson Mandela during the latter s 27 year imprisonment 97 source source source source Graham at the Feyenoord stadion in Rotterdam the Netherlands June 30 1955 In 1984 he led a series of summer meetings Mission England in the United Kingdom and he used outdoor football soccer fields for his venues Graham was interested in fostering evangelism around the world In 1983 1986 and 2000 he sponsored organized and paid for massive training conferences for Christian evangelists this was at the time the largest representation of nations ever held Over 157 nations were gathered in 2000 at the RAI Convention Center in Amsterdam the Netherlands At one revival in Seoul South Korea Graham attracted more than one million people to a single service 47 He appeared in China in 1988 for his wife Ruth this was a homecoming since she had been born in China to missionary parents He appeared in North Korea in 1992 84 On October 15 1989 Graham received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame He was the only person functioning as a minister who received a star in that capacity 98 On September 22 1991 Graham held his largest event in North America on the Great Lawn of Manhattan s Central Park City officials estimated that more than 250 000 were in attendance In 1998 Graham spoke to a crowd of scientists and philosophers at the Technology Entertainment Design Conference On September 14 2001 only three days after the World Trade Center attacks Graham was invited to lead a service at Washington National Cathedral the service was attended by President George W Bush and past and present leaders He also spoke at the memorial service following the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 84 On June 24 26 2005 Graham began what he said would be his last North American crusade three days at Flushing Meadows Corona Park in the borough of Queens New York City On the weekend of March 11 12 2006 Graham held the Festival of Hope with his son Franklin Graham The festival was held in New Orleans which was recovering from Hurricane Katrina Graham prepared one last sermon My Hope America which was released on DVD and played around America and possibly worldwide between November 7 10 2013 November 7 was Graham s 95th birthday and he hoped to cause a revival 99 Later lifeGraham said that his planned retirement was a result of his failing health he had suffered from hydrocephalus from 1992 on 100 In August 2005 Graham appeared at the groundbreaking for his library in Charlotte North Carolina Then 86 he used a walker during the ceremony On July 9 2006 he spoke at the Metro Maryland Franklin Graham Festival held in Baltimore Maryland at Oriole Park at Camden Yards In April 2010 Graham was 91 and experiencing substantial vision hearing and balance loss when he made a rare public appearance at the re dedication of the renovated Billy Graham Library 101 There was controversy within his family over Graham s proposed burial place He announced in June 2007 that he and his wife would be buried alongside each other at the Billy Graham Library in his hometown of Charlotte Graham s younger son Ned argued with older son Franklin about whether burial at a library would be appropriate Ruth Graham had said that she wanted to be buried in the mountains at the Billy Graham Training Center at The Cove near Asheville North Carolina where she had lived for many years Ned supported his mother s choice 102 103 Novelist Patricia Cornwell a family friend also opposed burial at the library calling it a tourist attraction Franklin wanted his parents to be buried at the library site 102 When Ruth Graham died it was announced that they would be buried at the library site 103 In 2011 when asked if he would have done things differently he said he would have spent more time at home with his family studied more and preached less 104 Additionally he said he would have participated in fewer conferences He also said he had a habit of advising evangelists to save their time and avoid having too many commitments PoliticsAfter his close relationships with Lyndon B Johnson and Richard Nixon Graham tried to avoid explicit partisanship Bailey says He declined to sign or endorse political statements and he distanced himself from the Christian right His early years of fierce opposition to communism gave way to pleas for military disarmament and attention to AIDS poverty and environmental threats 105 Graham was a lifelong registered member of the Democratic Party 106 In 1960 he opposed the candidacy of John F Kennedy fearing that Kennedy as a Catholic would be bound to follow the Pope Graham worked behind the scenes to encourage influential Protestant ministers to speak out against Kennedy 107 During the 1960 campaign Graham met with a conference of Protestant ministers in Montreux Switzerland to discuss their mobilization of congregations to defeat Kennedy 108 According to the PBS Frontline program God in America Graham organized a meeting of hundreds of Protestant ministers in Washington D C in September 1960 for this purpose the meeting was led by Norman Vincent Peale 107 This was shortly before Kennedy s speech in Houston Texas on the separation of church and state the speech was considered to be successful in meeting the concerns of many voters After his election Kennedy invited Graham to play golf in Palm Beach Florida after which Graham acknowledged Kennedy s election as an opportunity for Catholics and Protestants to come closer together 109 110 After they had discussed Jesus Christ at that meeting the two remained in touch meeting for the last time at a National Day of Prayer meeting in February 1963 110 In his autobiography Graham claimed to have felt an inner foreboding in the week before Kennedy s assassination and to have tried to contact him to say Don t go to Texas 111 Graham opposed the large majority of abortions but supported it as a legal option in a very narrow range of circumstances rape incest and the life of the mother 112 The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association states that Life is sacred and we must seek to protect all human life the unborn the child the adult and the aged 113 Graham leaned toward the Republicans during the presidency of Richard Nixon whom he had met and befriended as vice president under Dwight D Eisenhower 114 He did not completely ally himself with the later religious right saying that Jesus did not have a political party 23 He gave his support to various political candidates over the years 114 In 2007 Graham explained his refusal to join Jerry Falwell s Moral Majority in 1979 saying I m for morality but morality goes beyond sex to human freedom and social justice We as clergy know so very little to speak with authority on the Panama Canal or superiority of armaments Evangelists cannot be closely identified with any particular party or person We have to stand in the middle to preach to all people right and left I haven t been faithful to my own advice in the past I will be in the future 115 According to a 2006 Newsweek interview For Graham politics is a secondary to the Gospel When Newsweek asked Graham whether ministers whether they think of themselves as evangelists pastors or a bit of both should spend time engaged with politics he replied You know I think in a way that has to be up to the individual as he feels led of the Lord A lot of things that I commented on years ago would not have been of the Lord I m sure but I think you have some like communism or segregation on which I think you have a responsibility to speak out 116 In 2011 although grateful to have met politicians who have spiritual needs like everyone else he said he sometimes crossed the line and would have preferred to avoid politics 104 In 2012 Graham endorsed the Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney 117 Shortly after apparently to accommodate Romney who is a Mormon references to Mormonism as a religious cult A cult is any group which teaches doctrines or beliefs that deviate from the biblical message of the Christian faith were removed from Graham s website 118 119 Observers have questioned whether the support of Republican and religious right politics on issues such as same sex marriage coming from Graham who stopped speaking in public or to reporters in fact reflects the views of his son Franklin head of the BGEA Franklin denied this and said that he would continue to act as his father s spokesperson rather than allowing press conferences 120 In 2016 according to his son Franklin Graham voted for Donald Trump 121 This statement has been disputed by other children and grandchildren of Billy Graham who argue that he was too ill to vote even absentee and who reiterated that Billy Graham s stated greatest regret in life was becoming involved in partisan politics 122 Pastor to presidents nbsp President Ronald Reagan and first lady Nancy Reagan greet Graham at the National Prayer Breakfast of 1981Graham had a personal audience with many sitting US presidents from Harry S Truman to Barack Obama 12 consecutive presidents After meeting with Truman in 1950 Graham told the press he had urged the president to counter communism in North Korea Truman disliked him and did not speak with him for years after that meeting 23 Later he always treated his conversations with presidents as confidential 114 Truman made his contempt for Graham public He wrote about Graham in his 1974 autobiography Plain Speaking But now we ve got just this one evangelist this Billy Graham and he s gone off the beam He s well I hadn t ought to say this but he s one of those counterfeits I was telling you about He claims he s a friend of all the presidents but he was never a friend of mine when I was President I just don t go for people like that All he s interested in is getting his name in the paper 123 nbsp Graham in 1966Graham became a regular visitor during the tenure of Dwight D Eisenhower He purportedly urged him to intervene with federal troops in the case of the Little Rock Nine to gain admission of black students to public schools 23 House Speaker Sam Rayburn persuaded Congress to allow Graham to conduct the first religious service on the steps of the Capitol building in 1952 23 124 Eisenhower asked for Graham while on his deathbed 125 Graham met and became a close friend of Vice President Richard Nixon 114 126 and supported Nixon a Quaker for the 1960 presidential election 23 He convened an August strategy session of evangelical leaders in Montreux Switzerland to plan how best to oppose Nixon s Roman Catholic opponent Senator John F Kennedy 127 Though a registered Democrat Graham also maintained firm support of aggression against the foreign threat of communism and strongly sympathized with Nixon s views regarding American foreign policy 128 Thus he was more sympathetic to Republican administrations 114 129 On December 16 1963 U S President Lyndon B Johnson who was impressed by the way Graham had praised the work of his great grandfather George Washington Baines invited Graham to the White House to receive spiritual counseling After this visit Johnson frequently called on Graham for more spiritual counseling as well as companionship As Graham recalled to his biographer Frady I almost used the White House as a hotel when Johnson was President He was always trying to keep me there He just never wanted me to leave 74 In contrast with his more limited access with Truman Eisenhower and Kennedy Graham would not only visit the White House private quarters but would also at times kneel at Johnson s bedside and pray with him whenever the President requested him to do so Graham once recalled I have never had many people do that 74 In addition to his White House visits Graham visited Johnson at Camp David and occasionally met with the President when he retreated to his private ranch in Stonewall Texas Johnson was also the first sitting president to attend one of Graham s crusades in Houston Texas in 1965 74 During the 1964 United States presidential election supporters of Republican nominee Barry Goldwater sent an estimated 2 million telegrams to Graham s hometown of Montreat North Carolina and sought the preacher s endorsement Supportive of Johnson s domestic policies and hoping to preserve his friendship with the president Graham resisted pressure to endorse Goldwater and stayed neutral in the election Following Johnson s election victory Graham s role as the main White House pastor was solidified At one point Johnson even considered making Graham a member of his cabinet and grooming him to be his successor though Graham insisted he had no political ambitions and wished to remain a preacher 74 Graham s biographer David Aikman acknowledged that the preacher was closer to Johnson than any other president he had ever known 128 He spent the last night of Johnson s presidency in the White House and he stayed for the first night of Nixon s 125 After Nixon s victorious 1968 presidential campaign Graham became an adviser regularly visiting the White House and leading the president s private worship services 114 In a meeting they had with Golda Meir Nixon offered Graham the ambassadorship to Israel but he declined the offer 23 nbsp President Barack Obama and Graham meet at Graham s home in Montreat North Carolina April 2010In 1970 Nixon appeared at a Graham revival in East Tennessee which they thought safe politically It drew one of the largest crowds in Tennessee of protesters against the Vietnam War Nixon was the first president to give a speech from an evangelist s platform 114 Their friendship became strained in 1973 when Graham rebuked Nixon for his post Watergate behavior and the profanity heard on the Watergate tapes 130 They eventually reconciled after Nixon s resignation 114 Graham officiated at one presidential burial and one presidential funeral He presided over the graveside services of President Lyndon B Johnson in 1973 and took part in eulogizing the former president Graham officiated at the funeral services of former First Lady Pat Nixon in 1993 23 and the death and state funeral of Richard Nixon in 1994 131 During the Monica Lewinsky scandal Graham asserted that he believed President Bill Clinton to be a spiritual person citation needed He was unable to attend the state funeral of Ronald Reagan on June 11 2004 as he was recovering from hip replacement surgery 132 This was mentioned by George W Bush in his eulogy On April 25 2010 President Barack Obama visited Graham at his home in Montreat North Carolina where they had a private prayer 133 Relationship with Queen Elizabeth II Graham had a friendly relationship with Queen Elizabeth II and was frequently invited by the Royal Family to special events 134 135 They first met in 1955 and Graham preached at Windsor Chapel at the Queen s invitation during the following year Their friendly relationship may have been because they shared a traditional approach to the practical aspects of the Christian faith 136 Foreign policy views Graham was outspoken against communism and supported the American Cold War policy including the Vietnam War In a secret letter from April 15 1969 made public twenty years later Graham encouraged Nixon to bomb the dikes in North Vietnam if the peace talks in Paris should fail This action would destroy the economy of North Vietnam and by Nixon s estimate would have killed a million people 137 In 1982 Graham preached in the Soviet Union and attended a wreath laying ceremony to honor the war dead of World War II when the Soviets were American allies in the fight against Nazism He voiced fear of a second holocaust not against Jews but a nuclear holocaust and advised that our greatest contribution to world peace is to live with Christ every day 138 In a 1999 speech Graham discussed his relationship with the late North Korean leader Kim Il Sung praising him as a different kind of communist and one of the great fighters for freedom in his country against the Japanese Graham went on to note that although he had never met Kim s son and then current North Korean leader Kim Jong Il he had exchanged gifts with him 139 Controversial viewsDiscussion of Jews with President Nixon During the Watergate affair there were suggestions that Graham had expressed antisemitic opinions in private discussions with Richard Nixon he denied this stressing his efforts to build bridges to the Jewish community In 2002 the controversy was renewed when declassified Richard Nixon tapes confirmed remarks made by Graham to Nixon three decades earlier 140 Captured on the tapes Graham agreed with Nixon that Jews control the American media calling it a stranglehold during a 1972 conversation with Nixon and suggesting that if Nixon was re elected that they might be able to do something about it 141 When the tapes were made public Graham apologized 142 143 and said Although I have no memory of the occasion I deeply regret comments I apparently made in an Oval Office conversation with President Nixon some 30 years ago They do not reflect my views and I sincerely apologize for any offense caused by the remarks 144 According to Newsweek magazine T he shock of the revelation was magnified because of Graham s longtime support of Israel and his refusal to join in calls for conversion of the Jews 143 In 2009 more Nixon tapes were released in which Graham is heard in a 1973 conversation with Nixon referring to a group of Jewish journalists as the synagogue of Satan A spokesman for Graham said that Graham has never been an antisemite and that the comparison in accord with the context of the quotation in the Book of Revelation 145 was directed specifically at those claiming to be Jews but not holding to traditional Jewish values 146 Ecumenism After a 1957 crusade in New York some more fundamentalist Protestant Christians criticized Graham for his ecumenism even calling him Antichrist 147 Graham expressed inclusivist views suggesting that people without explicit faith in Jesus can be saved In a 1997 interview with Robert Schuller Graham said I think that everybody that loves or knows Christ whether they are conscious of it or not they are members of the body of Christ God is calling people out of the world for his name whether they come from the Muslim world or the Buddhist world or the non believing world they are members of the Body of Christ because they have been called by God They may not know the name of Jesus but they know in their hearts that they need something they do not have and they turn to the only light they have and I think that they are saved and they are going to be with us in heaven 148 Iain Murray writing from a conservative Protestant standpoint argues that Graham s concessions are sad words from one who once spoke on the basis of biblical certainties 149 Further information Anonymous Christian Views on women In 1970 Graham stated that feminism was an echo of our overall philosophy of permissiveness and that women did not want to be competitive juggernauts pitted against male chauvinists 150 151 He further stated that the role of wife mother and homemaker was the destiny of real womanhood according to the Judeo Christian ethic Graham s assertions published in the Ladies Home Journal elicited letters of protest and were offered as rebuttal to the establishment of The New Feminism section of the publication that had added following a sit in protest at the Journal offices demanding female representation on the staff of the publication 152 153 154 155 Graham s daughter Bunny recounted her father denying her and her sisters higher education As reported in The Washington Post 156 Bunny remembers being groomed for the life of wife homemaker and mother There was never an idea of a career for us she said I wanted to go to nursing school Wheaton had a five year program but Daddy said no No reason no explanation just No It wasn t confrontational and he wasn t angry but when he decided that was the end of it She added He has forgotten that Mother has not Graham s daughter Anne is a Christian minister leading a Christian ministry organization known as AnGeL Ministries 157 non primary source needed Graham talked his future wife Ruth into abandoning her ambition to evangelize in Tibet in favor of staying in the United States to marry him and that to do otherwise would be to thwart God s obvious will 156 After Ruth agreed to marry him Graham cited the Bible for claiming authority over her saying then I ll do the leading and you do the following 156 According to her obituary Ruth was active in Christian ministry after they married often teaching Sunday School 158 Her obituary states that in addition to his two sons all three of Graham s daughters would become Christian ministers as well 159 Views on homosexuality Graham regarded homosexuality as a sin and in 1974 described it as a sinister form of perversion 160 161 In 1993 he said that he thought AIDS might be a judgment from God but two weeks later he retracted the remark saying I don t believe that and I don t know why I said it 162 Graham opposed same sex marriage stating that I believe the home and marriage is the foundation of our society and must be protected 163 164 Graham s obituary noted that his stated position was that he did not want to talk about homosexuality as a political issue 162 Corky Siemaszko writing for NBC News noted that after the 1993 incident Graham largely steered clear of the subject 165 However Graham appeared to take a more tolerant approach to the issue of homosexuality when he appeared on the May 2 1997 episode of 20 20 stating I think that the Bible teaches that homosexuality is a sin but the Bible also teaches that pride is a sin jealously is a sin and hate is a sin evil thoughts are a sin and so I don t think that homosexuality should be chosen as the overwhelming sin that we are doing today 166 In 2012 Graham and his son Franklin publicly endorsed North Carolina Amendment 1 a measure to ban same sex marriage in the state They both condemned President Obama s public declaration of support for same sex marriage later that year 167 168 Awards and honorsGraham was frequently honored by surveys including Greatest Living American and consistently ranked among the most admired persons in the United States and the world 47 He appeared most frequently on Gallup s list of most admired people 169 On the day of his death Graham had been on Gallup s Top 10 Most Admired Man list 61 times and held the highest rank of any person since the list began in 1948 15 In 1967 he was the first Protestant to receive an honorary degree from Belmont Abbey College a Roman Catholic school 170 In 1983 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by US President Ronald Reagan 171 Graham received the Big Brother of the Year Award for his work on behalf of children He was cited by the George Washington Carver Memorial Institute for his contributions to race relations He received the Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion and the Sylvanus Thayer Award for his commitment to Duty Honor Country The Billy Graham Children s Health Center in Asheville is named after and funded by Graham 172 In 1999 the Gospel Music Association inducted Graham into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame to recognize his contributions to Christian music artists such as Michael W Smith dc Talk Amy Grant Jars of Clay and others who performed at the Billy Graham Crusades 173 Graham was the first non musician inducted 174 and had also helped to revitalize interest in hymns and create new favorite songs 175 Singer Michael W Smith was active in Billy Graham Crusades as well as Samaritan s Purse 176 Smith sang Just As I Am in a tribute to Graham at the 44th GMA Dove Awards 177 He also sang it at the memorial service honoring Graham at the United States Capitol rotunda on February 28 2018 178 179 In 2000 former First Lady Nancy Reagan presented the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award to Graham Graham was a friend of the Reagans for years 180 In 2001 Queen Elizabeth II awarded him an honorary knighthood The honor was presented to him by Sir Christopher Meyer British Ambassador to the US at the British Embassy in Washington DC on December 6 2001 181 A professorial chair is named after him at the Alabama Baptist affiliated Samford University the Billy Graham Professor of Evangelism and Church Growth 140 His alma mater Wheaton College has an archive of his papers at the Billy Graham Center 13 The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has the Billy Graham School of Missions Evangelism and Ministry Graham received 20 honorary degrees and refused at least that many more 47 In San Francisco California the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium is sometimes erroneously called the Billy Graham Civic Auditorium and incorrectly considered to be named in his honor but it is actually named after the rock and roll promoter Bill Graham 182 On May 31 2007 the 27 million Billy Graham Library was officially dedicated in Charlotte Former presidents Jimmy Carter George H W Bush and Bill Clinton appeared to celebrate with Graham 183 A highway in Charlotte bears Graham s name 102 as does I 240 near Graham s home in Asheville As Graham s final crusade approached in 2005 his friend Pat Boone chose to create a song in honor of Graham 184 which he co wrote and produced with David Pack and Billy Dean 185 who digitally combined studio recordings of various artists into what has been called a We Are the World type production 186 Titled Thank You Billy Graham the song s video 187 was introduced by Bono 186 and included Faith Hill MxPx 184 John Ford Coley John Elefante Mike Herrera Michael McDonald Jeffrey Osborne LeAnn Rimes Kenny Rogers Connie Smith Michael Tait and other singers with brief narration by Larry King 188 It was directed by Brian Lockwood 189 as a tribute album 190 In 2013 the album My Hope Songs Inspired by the Message and Mission of Billy Graham was recorded by Amy Grant Kari Jobe Newsboys Matthew West tobyMac and other music artists with new songs to honor Graham during his My Hope America with Billy Graham outreach and the publication of his book The Reason for My Hope Salvation 191 Other songs written to honor Graham include Hero of the Faith written by Eddie Carswell of NewSong which became a hit 192 Billy You re My Hero by Greg Hitchcock 193 Billy Graham by The Swirling Eddies Billy Graham s Bible by Joe Nichols Billy Frank by Randy Stonehill and an original song titled Just as I Am by Fernando Ortega 184 The movie Billy The Early Years officially premiered in theaters on October 10 2008 less than one month before Graham s 90th birthday 194 Graham did not comment on the film but his son Franklin released a critical statement on August 18 2008 noting that the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association has not collaborated with nor does it endorse the movie 195 Graham s eldest daughter Gigi praised the film and was hired as a consultant to help promote it 196 Other honors nbsp nbsp 1996 Congressional Gold Medal shows Ruth and Billy Graham in profile obverse the Ruth and Billy Graham Children s Health Center in Asheville North Carolina reverse The Salvation Army s Distinguished Service Medal 197 Who s Who in America listing annually since 1954 198 Freedoms Foundation Distinguished Persons Award several years 199 200 Gold Medal Award National Institute of Social Science New York 1957 200 Annual Gutenberg Award of the Chicago Bible Society 1962 201 Gold Award of the George Washington Carver Memorial Institute 1964 for contribution to race relations presented by Senator Javits NY 202 Speaker of the Year Award awarded by Delta Sigma Rho Tau Kappa Alpha 1965 203 The American Academy of Achievement s Golden Plate Award 1965 204 Horatio Alger Award 1965 202 National Citizenship Award by the Military Chaplains Association of the United States of America 1965 197 Wisdom Award of Honor 1965 205 The Torch of Liberty Plaque by the Anti Defamation League of B nai B rith 1969 203 George Washington Honor Medal from Freedoms Foundation of Valley Forge Pennsylvania for his sermon The Violent Society 1969 also in 1974 197 Honored by Morality in Media for fostering the principles of truth taste inspiration and love in media 1969 197 International Brotherhood Award from the National Conference of Christians and Jews 1971 206 Distinguished Service Award from the National Association of Broadcasters 1972 207 Franciscan International Award 1972 202 Sylvanus Thayer Award from United States Military Academy Association of Graduates at West Point The most prestigious award the United States Military Academy gives to a US citizen 1972 200 Direct Selling Association s Salesman of the Decade award 1975 203 Philip Award from the Association of United Methodist Evangelists 1976 208 American Jewish Committee s First National Interreligious Award 1977 209 Southern Baptist Radio and Television Commission s Distinguished Communications Medal 1977 197 Jabotinsky Centennial Medal presented by The Jabotinsky Foundation 1980 200 Religious Broadcasting Hall of Fame award 1981 210 Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion award 1982 202 Presidential Medal of Freedom the nation s highest civilian award 1983 210 National Religious Broadcasters Award of Merit 1986 210 North Carolina Award in Public Service 1986 211 Good Housekeeping Most Admired Men Poll 211 1997 No 1 for five years in a row and 16th time in top 10 198 Congressional Gold Medal along with wife Ruth highest honor Congress can bestow on a private citizen 1996 212 Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation Freedom Award for monumental and lasting contributions to the cause of freedom 2000 213 Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire KBE 210 for his international contribution to civic and religious life over 60 years 2001 214 Many honorary degrees including University of Northwestern St Paul Minnesota where Graham was once president named its newest campus building the Billy Graham Community Life Commons 215 Personal life nbsp Billy Graham and his wife in Oslo Norway 1955 Family On August 13 1943 Graham married Wheaton classmate Ruth Bell whose parents were Presbyterian missionaries in China 216 Her father L Nelson Bell was a general surgeon 47 Ruth died on June 14 2007 at age 87 217 The couple were married for almost 64 years 218 Graham and his wife had five children together 219 Virginia Leftwich Gigi Graham b 1945 an inspirational speaker and author Anne Graham Lotz b 1948 leader of AnGeL ministries Ruth Graham b 1950 founder and president of Ruth Graham amp Friends and leader of conferences throughout the US and Canada Franklin Graham b 1952 president and CEO of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association and president and CEO of international relief organization Samaritan s Purse and Nelson Edman Graham b 1958 a pastor who runs East Gates Ministries International 220 which distributes Christian literature in China At the time of his death at age 99 in 2018 Graham was survived by 5 children 19 grandchildren including Will Graham and Tullian Tchividjian 41 great grandchildren and 6 great great grandchildren 221 Church In 1953 he became a member of the First Baptist Church Dallas although he never lived in the state of Texas 222 In 2008 he changed his membership to the First Baptist Church of Spartanburg South Carolina about a 1 5 hour drive from his home in Montreat North Carolina Death nbsp Ceremony to the Reverend Billy Graham at the Capitol Rotunda February 28 2018 Graham died of natural causes on February 21 2018 at his home in Montreat North Carolina at the age of 99 223 224 External videos nbsp Capitol Visitation for Billy Graham February 28 2018 C SPAN nbsp Funeral Service Billy Graham Library Charlotte North Carolina March 2 2018 C SPANOn February 28 and March 1 2018 Graham became the fourth private citizen in United States history to lie in honor at the United States Capitol rotunda in Washington D C 225 226 He is the first religious leader to be so honored At the ceremony Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Speaker of the House Paul Ryan called Graham America s pastor President Donald Trump said Graham was an ambassador for Christ 179 In addition televangelist Jim Bakker paid respect to Graham stating he was the greatest preacher since Jesus He also said that Graham visited him in prison 227 228 A private funeral service was held on March 2 2018 Graham was buried beside his wife at the foot of the cross shaped brick walkway in the Prayer Garden on the northeast side of the Billy Graham Library in Charlotte North Carolina 229 Graham s pine plywood casket was handcrafted in 2006 by convicted murderers at the Louisiana State Penitentiary and topped with a wooden cross that was nailed to it by the prisoners 230 231 He is honored with a commemoration on the liturgical calendar of the Anglican Church in North America on February 21 232 Honorary doctorates He has received several honorary doctorates 233 1948 Doctor of Divinity Newcastle University 1948 Doctor of Humanities Bob Jones University 1950 Doctor of Laws Houghton University 1954 Doctor of Divinity Baylor University 1956 Doctor of Letters Wheaton College 1967 Doctor of Humane Letters Belmont Abbey College 1973 Doctor of Humane Letters Jacksonville University 1981 Doctor of Theology Christian Theological Seminary Warsaw Poland 1981 Doctor of Theology Reformed Theological Academy Debrecan Hungary 1985 Doctor of Christianity Dallas Baptist University 1990 Doctor of Humanities Hong Kong Baptist University 1996 Doctor of Divinity University of North Carolina at Chapel HillMedia portrayalsUnbroken Path to Redemption 2018 Played by his grandson Will Graham The Crown 2016 2023 Netflix series Season 2 Episode 6 Played by actor Paul Sparks 234 Billy The Early Years 2008 Played by actor Armie Hammer 235 Man in the 5th Dimension 1964 short biographical film featuring Graham WorksGraham s My Answer advice column appeared in newspapers for more than 60 years as of 2017 236 Books Graham authored the following books 237 many of which have become bestsellers In the 1970s for instance The Jesus Generation sold 200 000 copies in the first two weeks after its publication Angels God s Secret Agents had sales of a million copies within 90 days after release How to Be Born Again was said to have made publishing history with its first printing of 800 000 copies 47 Calling Youth to Christ 1947 America s Hour of Decision 1951 I Saw Your Sons at War 1953 Peace with God 1953 1984 Freedom from the Seven Deadly Sins 1955 The Secret of Happiness 1955 1985 Billy Graham Talks to Teenagers 1958 My Answer 1960 Billy Graham Answers Your Questions 1960 World Aflame 1965 The Challenge 1969 The Jesus Generation 1971 Angels God s Secret Agents 1975 1985 How to Be Born Again 1977 The Holy Spirit 1978 Evangelist to the World 1979 Till Armageddon 1981 Approaching Hoofbeats 1983 A Biblical Standard for Evangelists 1984 Unto the Hills 1986 Facing Death and the Life After 1987 Answers to Life s Problems 1988 Hope for the Troubled Heart 1991 Storm Warning 1992 Just As I Am The Autobiography of Billy Graham 1997 2007 Hope for Each Day 2002 The Key to Personal Peace 2003 Living in God s Love The New York Crusade 2005 The Journey How to Live by Faith in an Uncertain World 2006 Wisdom for Each Day 2008 Nearing Home Life Faith and Finishing Well 2011 The Heaven Answer Book 2012 The Reason for My Hope Salvation 2013 238 Where I Am Heaven Eternity and Our Life Beyond the Now 2015 239 References Why Billy Graham Was a Champion of the Civil Rights Movement Crosswalk com Retrieved October 21 2023 Billy Graham and Racial Equality PDF Billy Graham Evangelical Association 2014 Billy Graham American Pilgrim Oxford University Press June 26 2017 ISBN 9780190683528 Retrieved February 21 2018 Billy Graham stands among the most influential Christian leaders of the twentieth century Swank jr J Grant Billy Graham Classics Span 25 Years of Gospel Preaching for the Masses TBN Archived from the original on October 22 2013 Retrieved April 25 2013 Ellis Carl February 24 2018 Preaching Redemption Amidst Racism Remembering Billy Graham Christianity Today Archived from the original on February 27 2018 Retrieved March 3 2018 Media Bios William Billy F Graham Billy Graham Evangelistic Association Archived from the original on January 31 2007 Aikman 2010 p 203 The Transition Billy Graham to lead Prayers The New York Times December 9 1992 Retrieved December 24 2007 Dr Robert H Schuller Crystal Cathedral Ministries Archived from the original on October 16 2012 Retrieved November 3 2012 Killen Patricia O Connell Silk Mark Religion and Public Life in the Pacific Northwest The None Zone Rowman Altamira p 84 In the 1957 revival in New York City Graham partnered with mainline Protestant denominations and insisted that those who were converted at the revivals return to their mainline churches Wacker Grant November 15 2003 The Billy pulpit Graham s career in the mainline The Christian Century Retrieved March 1 2018 Crusade counselors are instructed to return the favor by sending inquirers back to mainline churches when requested Sweeney Jon M February 21 2018 How Billy Graham shaped American Catholicism America Retrieved April 2 2018 A few years later in 1964 Cardinal Richard Cushing of Boston who as archbishop had even endorsed a Graham crusade in Boston in 1950 met with Mr Graham upon returning from Rome and the Second Vatican Council declaring before a national television audience that Mr Graham s message was good for Catholics a b c d e f Horstmann Barry M June 27 2002 Man with a mission Cincinnati Post Archived from the original on December 3 2008 Retrieved August 18 2007 Molly Worthen February 4 2015 Evangelical Boilerplate The Nation Retrieved 2 April 2023 during his sixty years of full time evangelism 215 million people heard him preach in person and another 2 billion tuned in to telecasts His radio and later television show Hour of Decision reached 20 million homes in the 1950s Jeff Tiberii February 21 2018 Evangelist Billy Graham Who Reached Millions Dies At 99 North Carolina Public Radio wunc org Retrieved 1 April 2023 Jennifer Mulson Feb 2 2020 New Billy Graham exhibit dedicated to evangelist s life ministry The Colorado Springs Gazette gazette com Retrieved 1 April 2023 Tim Funk Feb 21 2018 Key moments in the long life of Billy Graham Gray Media Group wbtv com Retrieved 1 April 2023 Jeaneane Payne February 21 2018 Billy Graham is now face to face with his leader Knoxville Daily Sun Retrieved 1 April 2023 Evan Garcia February 21 2018 Billy Graham America s Pastor Got His Start in the Chicago Area WTTW Chicago news wttw com Retrieved 1 April 2023 Encyclopedia com Billy Graham Retrieved 1 April 2023 Phil Anderson 21 February 2018 Evangelist Billy Graham a counselor to several presidents dies at age 99 The Topeka Capital Journal Gannett cjonline com Retrieved 1 April 2023 Tanda Gmiter 21 February 2018 Billy Graham dead at 99 known for Crusades with Michigan roots MLive Media Group mlive com Retrieved 1 April 2023 Ben Cosgrove LIFE With Billy Graham Rare Photos From the Early Years of His Career Life Magazine life com Retrieved 1 April 2023 a b Frank Newport In the News Billy Graham on Most Admired List 61 Times Gallup February 21 2018 Retrieved March 2 2018 Wacker 2014 pp 24 25 a b c d e Bruns Roger 2004 A Farm Boy Becomes a Preacher Billy Graham A Biography Greenwood biographies Greenwood Press pp 5 14 ISBN 978 0 313 32718 6 Billy Graham s Mother Dies The New York Times Archives August 16 1981 Billy Graham s Childhood Home Billygrahamlibrary org September 22 2015 Retrieved October 21 2015 David George Mullan Narratives of the Religious Self in Early Modern Scotland Ashgate Publishing Ltd 2010 p 27 They Call Me Mother Graham Morrow Coffey Graham ccel us Archived from the original on September 23 2015 Retrieved June 23 2015 Billy Graham Trivia What Did Billy Graham Read as a Child billygraham org August 10 2015 Retrieved October 10 2015 permanent dead link a b c d e f g h i j k l Gibbs Nancy Ostling Richard N November 15 1993 God s Billy Pulpit Time Archived from the original on June 21 2007 Retrieved November 7 2011 Who led Billy Graham to Christ Archives Billy Graham Center Wheaton College Archived from the original on May 13 2011 Retrieved May 12 2011 An Interview with Reverend Billy Graham The Charlotte Mecklenburg Story Charlotte Mecklenburg Library Archived from the original on October 21 2015 Retrieved October 21 2015 The institute is now Trinity College of Florida in New Port Richey Florida Kirkland Gary June 25 2005 Graham s first ever sermon Near Palatka Gainesville Sun Archived from the original on February 22 2018 Retrieved February 21 2018 Profile William Billy F Graham Jr Evangelist and Chairman of the Board billygraham org Charlotte NC Billy Graham Evangelistic Association Retrieved October 10 2017 Indepth Billy Graham Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on January 19 2011 Retrieved December 1 2011 Bill Adler Ask Billy Graham The World s Best Loved Preacher Answers Your Most Important Questions Thomas Nelson Inc USA 2010 p VIII Beau Zimmer Rev Billy Graham attended Bible College in Temple Terrace wtsp com USA February 21 2018 Billy Graham s California Dream californiality com Retrieved August 14 2012 permanent dead link The Tree Stump Prayer When Billy Graham Overcame Doubt Billy Graham Evangelistic Association Whalin Terry 2014 Billy Graham A Biography of America s Greatest Evangelist Morgan James Publishing pp 32 33 ISBN 9781630472313 Laurie Greg 2021 Billy Graham The Man I Knew Salem Books pp 115 117 ISBN 9781684510597 Wheaton College Alumnus Billy Graham 1918 2018 Wheaton edu February 21 2018 Retrieved March 1 2018 Seth Dowland The Modesto Manifesto christianhistoryinstitute org USA No 111 2014 Taylor Justin March 20 2017 Where Did the Billy Graham Rule Come From The Gospel Coalition Retrieved April 2 2017 Yonat Shimron Billy Graham made sure his integrity was never in question religionnews com USA February 23 2018 AP and Hauser Tom Evangelist Billy Graham a former Minnesota College president dies at 99 Archived March 2 2018 at the Wayback Machine ABC Eyewitness News February 22 2018 Retrieved March 2 2018 Farewell to God My Reasons for Rejecting the Christian Faith page needed Remembering the Billy Graham Crusades That Led People to Jesus Christian Broadcasting Network February 24 2018 Retrieved October 11 2023 Burke Daniel February 21 2018 How Billy Graham became the most famous preacher in America CNN Retrieved April 14 2023 King Randall E 1997 When Worlds Collide Politics Religion and Media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade Journal of Church and State 39 2 273 95 doi 10 1093 jcs 39 2 273 JSTOR 23919865 William Martin The Riptide of Revival Christian History and Biography 2006 Issue 92 pp 24 29 online Atwood Rudy 1970 The Rudy Atwood Story Old Tappan New Jersey Revell p 113 OCLC 90745 a b c d e f Stoddard Maynard Good March 1 1986 Billy Graham the world is his pulpit Saturday Evening Post Archived from the original on June 23 2022 Retrieved January 7 2019 a b Stanley Brian March 2 2018 Billy Graham 1918 2018 Prophet of World Christianity Centre for the Study of World Christianity Retrieved April 13 2020 AUDIO Billy Graham Confronts Racism Teaches God Loves Everyone Billy Graham Evangelistic Association Retrieved November 22 2020 Eckstrom Kevin February 21 2018 Just As I Am was Billy Graham s signature hymn Religion News Service Retrieved October 11 2023 Andrew S Finstuen Anne Blue Wills Grant Wacker Billy Graham American Pilgrim Oxford University Press UK 2017 p 104 Grossman Cathy Lynn February 21 2018 Billy Graham reached millions through his crusades Here s how he did it USA Today Retrieved October 11 2023 Billy Graham Crusades Billy Graham Evangelistic Association Retrieved June 5 2023 Usborne David June 24 2005 Billy Graham and the Last Crusade The Independent Billy Graham InterVarsity amp New York City intervarsity org June 21 2005 Retrieved February 21 2013 William Borden No Reserves No Retreats No Regrets Home snu edu Retrieved February 21 2013 InterVarsity Remembers Billy Graham InterVarsity February 21 2018 Retrieved March 19 2022 For Christ and the University The Story of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship of the USA 1940 1990 by Keith Hunt and Gladys Hunt InterVarsity Press 1991 page needed Oliver Barclay PDF The Times London October 4 2013 Archived from the original PDF on December 10 2014 Retrieved December 13 2013 Rev Billy Graham His Life By The Numbers Years and Millions WFMY February 26 2018 Retrieved February 13 2021 My Answer from the writings of the Rev Billy Graham Tribune Content Agency Tribune Content Agency Retrieved October 9 2018 Formats and Editions of Decision magazine WorldCat Retrieved February 13 2021 TOULOUSE MARK G 1993 Christianity Today and American Public Life A Case Study Journal of Church and State 35 2 241 284 doi 10 1093 jcs 35 2 241 ISSN 0021 969X JSTOR 23918687 Adewara Bola February 23 2018 30 FACTS YOU DID NOT KNOW ABOUT BILLY GRAHAM By Bola Adewara Reporting the living Word Retrieved March 19 2022 John Lyden The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film Taylor amp Francis Abingdon on Thames 2009 p 82 Billy Graham IMDb Retrieved March 19 2022 New Billy Graham outreach Hosting Matthew parties to share the gospel al com April 16 2013 Retrieved August 12 2013 Jenkins Colleen October 31 2013 Evangelist Billy Graham to mark 95th birthday with message to America Reuters Reuters Retrieved November 6 2018 Schier 2013 pp 404 5 a b Miller 2009 pp 13 38 Text Of Second Graham Sermon Delivered To Capacity Crowd In VU Gym Nashville Banner August 25 1954 p 6 Retrieved January 10 2024 via Newspapers com nbsp a b c d e f g h Graham William Franklin Martin Luther King Jr And The Global Freedom Struggle Stanford University May 8 2017 Retrieved December 4 2019 Remembering Dr Martin Luther King Jr Gun Fire 45 Years Ago Kills Man that Billy Graham Considered a Friend Billy Graham com April 4 2013 Retrieved October 29 2013 a b c d e f g Aikman 2010 pp 195 203 To Billy Graham PDF Archived from the original PDF on October 31 2013 Retrieved December 9 2013 From Grady Wilson PDF Archived from the original PDF on October 31 2013 Retrieved December 9 2013 Long 2008 pp 150 151 The Archive The Martin Luther King Jr Center for Nonviolent Social Change thekingcenter org Archived from the original on March 15 2015 Retrieved April 5 2018 Blake John February 22 2018 Where Billy Graham missed the mark CNN Retrieved March 20 2018 Emerson Michael O Smith Christian July 20 2000 Divided by Faith Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America Oxford University Press p 64 ISBN 978 0195147070 Retrieved June 10 2020 Billy Graham passes away Andrew Young remembers the reverend Retrieved April 5 2018 FOX February 22 2018 Civil rights leader reflects on Billy Graham s impact on Atlanta movement Retrieved April 5 2018 a b Billy Graham passes away Congressman John Lewis remembers the reverend 11 Alive February 21 2018 Accessed October 6 2020 a b c Billy Graham an appreciation Baptist History and Heritage June 22 2006 Archived from the original on August 29 2011 Retrieved August 18 2007 Religion A Challenge from Evangelicals Time August 5 1974 Retrieved December 12 2013 Churchwoman to give talk The Oklahoman October 26 1996 Retrieved March 10 2021 Graham Billy July 16 1974 Why Lausanne Audio recording Lausanne Switzerland Billy Graham Center Archives Archived from the original on December 14 2013 Retrieved December 14 2013 Stott John 1997 Foreword by Billy Graham Making Christ known historic mission documents from the Lausanne Movement 1974 1989 US Wm B Eerdmans Publishing Company ISBN 0 8028 4315 8 Kennedy John W September 29 2010 The Most Diverse Gathering Ever Christianity Today Retrieved December 13 2013 BBC news website Billy Graham on BBC February 21 2018 Billy Graham Six things he believed BBC News Retrieved April 14 2023 Grant Wacker America s Pastor Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation Look for the purposes 2014 p 2 David Roach Billy Graham s Southern Baptist ties highlighted baptistpress com USA February 23 2018 Man in the 5th Dimension The 70 mm Newsletter March 6 2005 Archived from the original on May 25 2011 Retrieved May 12 2011 Hirsch Foster 2001 Love Sex Death amp The Meaning of Life The Films of Woody Allen Da Capo Press p 52 ISBN 0 306 81017 4 permanent dead link Gibbs Nancy Duffy Michael May 31 2007 Billy Graham A Spiritual Gift to All Time Archived from the original on June 3 2007 Aikman 2007 pp 109 10 1 Archived December 11 2013 at the Wayback Machine Stolberg Sheryl October 16 1989 Billy Graham Now a Hollywood Star Los Angeles Times Retrieved November 25 2012 My Hope With Billy Graham Mission Statement My Hope America Website Archived from the original on August 22 2012 Retrieved November 4 2013 Staff JournalNow Billy Graham has brain shunt adjusted Winston Salem Journal Retrieved February 22 2018 Tim Funk Lion in Winter Billy Graham Hearing and Sight Failing Pays a Visit Archived September 2 2012 at the Wayback Machine Charlotte Observer April 2010 a b c A Family at Cross Purposes The Washington Post December 13 2006 Retrieved August 18 2007 a b Graham s wife in coma close to death both will be buried at library The Herald June 14 2007 Retrieved February 28 2018 a b Sarah Pulliam Bailey Q amp A Billy Graham on Aging Regrets and Evangelicals christianitytoday com USA January 21 2011 Bailey Sarah Pulliam January 12 2017 How Donald Trump is bringing Billy Graham s complicated family back into White House circles The Washington Post Rev Billy Graham on his lasting legacy Today Show June 23 2005 Retrieved September 20 2008 a b Study Guide God in America Episode 5 The Soul of America PBS Frontline October 2010 program available online God in America The Soul of a Nation PBS October 11 2010 Retrieved October 13 2012 Billy Graham convenes a meeting of American Protestant ministers in Montreux Switzerland for the purpose of discussing how they could ensure that John Kennedy would not be elected in November Funk Tim February 21 2018 The Presidents preacher From Truman to Trump The Charlotte Observer Retrieved February 22 2018 a b Mize Douglas W November 2 2013 John F Kennedy Billy Graham irrecoverable moments in 1963 Baptist Press Retrieved February 22 2018 Crosbie Robert C November 18 2013 Billy Graham s Warning to JFK HuffPost Retrieved February 22 2018 Steinfels Peter February 3 1993 America s Pastor At 74 Billy Graham Begins to Sum Up Regrets and All The New York Times Retrieved June 4 2019 Staff January 27 2017 Why Is Abortion Such a Big Issue For Christians Billy Graham Evangelistic Association Retrieved June 4 2019 a b c d e f g h King Randall E March 22 1997 When worlds collide politics religion and media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade Journal of Church and State 39 2 273 295 doi 10 1093 jcs 39 2 273 Archived from the original on May 17 2011 Retrieved August 18 2007 Merritt Jonathan February 21 2018 Billy Graham the Last Nonpartisan Evangelical The New York Times Pilgrim s Progress Newsweek August 14 2006 p 4 Archived from the original on September 5 2008 Retrieved September 20 2008 O Keefe Ed October 11 2012 Billy Graham to Mitt Romney I ll do all I can to help you The Washington Post Archived from the original on May 28 2015 Retrieved October 11 2012 Billy Graham site removes Mormon cult reference after Romney meeting CNN October 16 2012 Archived from the original on February 27 2017 Retrieved October 17 2012 Billy Graham Website Removes Mormon Cult Reference After Romney Meeting HuffPost October 16 2012 Retrieved October 17 2012 Gordon Michael October 24 2012 Billy Graham speaks with his own voice son Franklin says McClatchy News Service My father voted for Trump Franklin Graham responds to anti Trump op ed WVLT8 December 20 2019 Is Franklin Graham Telling the Truth about Billy Graham Voting for Trump Relevant Magazine December 23 2019 Miller Merle 1974 Plain Speaking An Oral Biography of Harry S Truman New York Putnam p 363 Wacker Grant April 1 1992 Charles Atlas with a Halo The Christian Century pp 336 41 a b The President Preacher In Crisis White House Turns to Billy Graham The Washington Post January 18 1991 Archived from the original on May 16 2011 Retrieved August 6 2018 Aikman 2010 pp 204 205 H Larry Ingle Nixon s First Cover up The Religious Life of a Quaker President pp 101 04 University of Missouri Press 2015 ISBN 978 0 8262 2042 4 a b Aikman 2010 pp 203 210 The Essence of Billy Graham A Warm but Honest Biography of the Evangelist The Washington Post October 25 1991 Archived from the original on October 23 2012 Retrieved August 18 2007 Elliston Jon August 23 2013 Billy Graham absolutely crushed by Richard Nixon s profanity in White House recordings carolinapublicpress org Carolina Public Press Retrieved August 24 2019 Remembering Billy Graham nixonfoundation org Richard Nixon Foundation February 21 2018 Retrieved August 24 2019 Biography of Evangelist Billy Graham Christianity about com Archived from the original on April 3 2013 Retrieved October 20 2012 Baker Peter April 25 2010 Obama Visits the Rev Billy Graham The New York Times Retrieved April 25 2010 Billy Graham Reflects on His Friendship with Queen Elizabeth II Billy Graham Evangelistic Association Retrieved January 12 2018 The Crown The Truth Behind Queen Elizabeth s Real Life Friendship with Evangelist Billy Graham People Retrieved January 12 2018 Loughrey Clarisse February 21 2018 Billy Graham dead Truth behind Queen Elizabeth II s friendship with the US evangelical preacher The Independent Retrieved January 25 2018 Alexander Cockburn September 2 2005 The plan to kill a million people Tampa Bay Times Retrieved June 7 2020 Dr Billy Graham trying to avoid offending Soviets United Press International story in Minden Press Herald May 10 1982 p 1 Preacher power America s God squad Archived August 17 2007 at the Wayback Machine Independent Article Preacher power America s God squad July 25 2007 a b Billy Graham Responds to Lingering Anger Over 1972 Remarks on Jews The New York Times March 17 2002 Graham regrets Jewish slur BBC March 2 2002 Graham Apology Not Enough Eric J Greenberg United Jewish Communities a b Pilgrim s Progress p 5 Newsweek August 14 2006 Archived from the original on March 5 2010 Retrieved September 20 2008 Newton Christopher Associated Press Writer March 2 2002 Billy Graham apologizes for anti Semitic comments in 1972 conversation with Nixon BeliefNet Retrieved April 28 2012 Revelation 3 9 Bible Gateway Grossman Cathy Lynn June 24 2009 In Nixon tapes Billy Graham refers to synagogue of Satan USA Today Archived from the original on June 28 2009 Retrieved July 31 2009 Wirt Sherwood Eliot 1997 Billy A Personal Look at Billy Graham the World s Best loved Evangelist Wheaton Illinois Crossway Books p 97 ISBN 0 89107 934 3 Cited in Iain Murray Evangelicalism Divided 2000 pp 73 74 Iain Murray Evangelicalism Divided 2000 p 74 Graham Billy December 1970 Jesus and the Liberated Woman Ladies Home Journal 87 40 4 Billy Graham Enters Women s Lib Controversy The Kokomo Tribune November 28 1970 p 7 Feminist Chronicles 1970 Feminist Majority Foundation Retrieved May 19 2015 Dow Bonnie J 2014 Watching Women s Liberation 1970 Feminism s Pivotal Year on the Network News University of Illinois Press p 112 ISBN 978 0 252 09648 8 Alston ShaKea May 24 2015 1970 Feminist Sit in at Ladies Home Journal Marshall Ellen Ott 2008 A Matter of Pride A Feminist Response In Long Michael G ed The Legacy of Billy Graham Critical Reflections on America s Greatest Evangelist Westminster John Knox Press pp 79 91 ISBN 978 0 664 23656 4 a b c Martin William February 21 2018 Divorce drugs drinking Billy Graham s children and their absent father The Washington Post Retrieved February 23 2018 About Anne Graham Lotz AnGel Ministries Retrieved December 19 2020 AP via Washington Post Billy Graham s Wife Ruth Dies at 87 June 15 2007 dead link Los Angeles Ruth Graham 87 had active role as wife of evangelist June 15 2007 Sanders Linley February 21 2018 Internet Reacts to Obama Tweet About Billy Graham Teen Vogue Retrieved March 2 2018 Morris Tim February 25 2018 The complicated legacy of Billy Graham Gospel or politics The Times Picayune Retrieved March 2 2018 a b Gjelten Tom February 21 2018 America s Pastor Billy Graham Dies at 99 NPR Retrieved March 2 2018 Billy Graham Influential US evangelist dies at 99 BBC News February 21 2018 Billy Graham backs N C anti gay marriage amendment The Salt Lake Tribune Retrieved June 14 2022 Siemaszko Corky February 21 2018 Franklin Graham followed in his father Billy s footsteps but took a right leaning path NBC News Retrieved March 2 2018 Homosexuality And Religion An Introduction Religious Tolerance org Retrieved December 19 2020 Ed Kilgore Billy Graham Lived at the Crossroads of Faith and Power New York February 21 2018 Billy Graham urges anti gay vote in N C Wisconsin Gazette May 12 2012 The Billy pulpit Graham s career in the mainline Christian Century November 15 2003 p 2 Retrieved August 18 2007 Friedman Corey October 10 2009 Former Belmont Abbey College president dies at 85 Gaston Gazette Archived from the original on February 28 2017 Retrieved December 22 2010 Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom Archived from the original on December 22 2016 Retrieved December 21 2016 Billy and Ruth Graham awarded Congressional Gold Medal for service Knight Ridder News Service May 2 1996 Archived from the original on October 4 2007 Retrieved August 18 2007 Inductees Archive Billy Graham Archived February 26 2018 at the Wayback Machine GMA Gospel Music Hall of Fame Retrieved March 3 2018 CNN Remembering Billy Graham A timeline of the evangelist s life and ministry ABC Action News February 21 2018 Retrieved March 3 2018 Singing to save Billy Graham American Pilgrim 2017 Edited by Andrew Finstuen Grant Wacker amp Anne Blue Wills Oxford University Press pp 75 76 Retrieved March 3 2018 Biography Michael W Smith Archived from the original on May 26 2011 44th Annual Dove Awards Up Event occurs at 1 39 Michael W Smith Leads Just As I Am During Rev Billy Graham Capitol Service Gospel Music Association March 1 2018 Retrieved March 2 2018 a b Billy Graham Honored at US Capitol Memorial Service Trump Recalls Dad s Love for America s Pastor The Christian Post February 28 2018 Retrieved March 2 2018 The Ronald Reagan Freedom Award Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation Archived from the original on October 16 2006 Retrieved February 24 2007 Davies Caroline December 7 2001 Honorary knighthood for Billy Graham The Daily Telegraph Bill Graham Civic Auditorium city data com Retrieved March 21 2014 Ex Presidents at Graham Library Opening ABC News Archived from the original on October 19 2007 a b c Moring Mark The ultimate Billy Graham playlist Christianity Today February 22 2018 Retrieved March 3 2018 Thank You Billy Graham The Inspiration patbooneus September 16 2008 Retrieved March 3 2018 a b Video tribute to Billy Graham featuring entertainers who knew Him Metro Voice and wire services Retrieved March 3 2018 Thank You Billy Graham GoldLabelArtists August 13 2012 Retrieved March 3 2018 Thank You Billy Graham The Making of Billy Dean March 26 2013 Retrieved March 3 2018 Thank You Billy Graham 2006 IMDb The Full Cast list is incomplete Retrieved March 5 2018 Thank you Billy Graham a musical tribute to one who changed our world with one message WorldCat Retrieved March 5 2018 My Hope Songs Inspired by the Message of Billy Graham Archived March 6 2018 at the Wayback Machine Christian Cinema com Retrieved March 5 2018 Gospel All Music Guide The Definitive Guide to Popular Music 2001 Edited by Vladimir Bogdanov Chris Woodstra amp Stephen Thomas Erlewine Hal Leonard Corp p 610 Retrieved March 3 2018 ISBN 9780879306274 The Billy Graham Song Billy You re My Hero Greg Hitchcock Music September 25 2009 Retrieved March 3 2018 The Christian Post Billy Graham Movie Prepares for Oct 10 Release June 29 2008 BGEA Archived September 4 2008 at the Wayback Machine Billy Graham Evangelistic Association A response from Franklin Graham August 18 2008 The Christian Post Franklin Graham Among Billy Movie Critics Christian Post August 26 2008 a b c d e Johnston Thomas P 2003 Appendix 4 Other Awards and Honors Examining Billy Graham s Theology of Evangelism Wipf and Stock Publishers pp 445 451 Retrieved March 1 2018 ISBN 9781592441624 a b Profile William Billy F Graham Jr Billy Graham Evangelistic Association Retrieved March 2 2018 Climo J Cattell M G 2002 Social Memory and History Anthropological Perspectives AltaMira Press p 5 ISBN 978 0 7591 0178 4 Retrieved February 22 2018 a b c d Aikman D 2003 Great Souls Six Who Changed a Century Lexington Books pp 5 6 ISBN 978 0 7391 0438 5 Retrieved February 22 2018 The American Lutheran American Lutheran Publicity Bureau 1963 p 23 Retrieved February 22 2018 a b c d William Franklin Graham Jr Encyclopedia of World Biography Gale 1998 Biography in Context a b c Wacker 2014 p 47 Golden Plate Awardees listed by year Academy of Achievement Retrieved March 1 2018 Adler B 2010 Ask Billy Graham The World s Best Loved Preacher Answers Your Most Important Questions Thomas Nelson p 51 ISBN 978 1 4185 6868 9 Retrieved February 22 2018 Brotherhood Award Courier Journal of Rochester New York March 24 1971 Retrieved March 1 2018 Cite Graham Billboard February 19 1972 p 20 Retrieved February 22 2018 Philip Award The National Association of United Methodist Evangelists Retrieved March 3 2018 Grossman Lawrence The organized Jewish community and evangelical America Uneasy Allies Evangelical and Jewish Relations Lexington Books Edited by Alan Mittleman Byron Johnson and Nancy Isserman 2007 p 53 Retrieved March 3 2018 ISBN 9780739119662 a b c d Remembering Billy Graham A timeline of the evangelist s life and ministry WGBA February 21 2018 Retrieved February 22 2018 a b Men of Achievement Taylor amp Francis 1993 p 293 ISBN 9780948875755 Retrieved February 22 2018 Bruns Roger 2004 A Family Crusade Billy Graham A Biography Greenwood biographies Greenwood Press pp 141 2 ISBN 978 0 313 32718 6 Angier M E Pond S Angier D 2004 101 Best Ways to Get Ahead Success Networks International p 83 ISBN 978 0 9704175 3 4 Retrieved February 22 2018 Davies Caroline Honorary knighthood for Billy Graham The Telegraph December 7 2001 Retrieved March 2 2018 Northwestern Celebrates Billy Graham Community Life Commons Grand Opening University of Northwestern St Paul website unwsp edu Archived from the original on January 2 2014 Retrieved January 2 2014 Barry Hankins American Evangelicals A Contemporary History of a Mainstream Religious Movement Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers USA 2009 p 41 Obituary Ruth Bell Graham ruthbellgrahammemorial org Retrieved February 22 2018 Billy Graham Billy and Ruth Asheville Citizen Times Retrieved February 24 2018 Terry Mattingly Billy Graham s children say their goodbyes knoxnews com USA March 10 2018 East Gates International Eastgates org Archived from the original on February 28 2009 Retrieved May 12 2011 World Renowned TV Evangelist The Rev Billy Graham Dead at 99 CBS February 21 2018 Retrieved March 3 2018 Bobby Ross Jr Billy Graham never lived in Texas but belonged to a Dallas church for 54 years religionnews com USA February 21 2018 The Rev Billy Graham prominent Christian evangelist dead at 99 Fox News Channel February 21 2018 Retrieved March 2 2018 Evangelist Billy Graham dies at age 99 reached millions Associated Press Retrieved February 21 2018 Special Event Honoring Rev Billy Graham Archived March 1 2018 at the Wayback Machine U S Capitol Visitor Center February 28 2018 Cochrane Emily February 22 2018 Billy Graham to Lie in Honor at the U S Capitol The New York Times Retrieved February 26 2018 Fallen evangelist Jim Bakker and wife pay their respects to Billy Graham in Charlotte Retrieved February 27 2018 Fallen PTL pastor Jim Bakker recalls prison visit from Rev Billy Graham WBTV Archived from the original on March 6 2018 Retrieved February 27 2018 Memorial Events Billy Graham Memorial Retrieved March 2 2018 Billy Graham s coffin was built by a prison inmate named Grasshopper Here s why Kansas City Star Retrieved March 2 2018 Here s what is special about Billy Graham s casket Retrieved March 2 2018 Book of Common Prayer 2019 PDF p 694 Retrieved April 10 2021 Thomas P Johnston Examining Billy Graham s Theology of Evangelism Wipf and Stock Publishers USA 2003 p 445 446 Paul Sparks IMDb Retrieved December 31 2017 Benson Robby October 10 2008 Billy The Early Years J Thomas Bailey Dan Beene Cliff Bemis retrieved December 31 2017 My Answer by Billy Graham Tribune Content Agency Retrieved May 4 2017 Graham Billy Just As I Am New York HarperCollins Worldwide 1997 Copyright 1997 by the Billy Graham Evangelist Association Banks Adelle M Billy Graham book The Reason for My Hope Salvation talks sin selfishness and trendy religion HuffPost October 6 2013 Retrieved March 5 2018 Zaimov Stoyan Billy Graham coming out with new book on Heaven Eternity and Our Life Beyond The Christian Post August 31 2015 Retrieved March 5 2018 LiteratureAikman David 2007 Billy Graham His Life and Influence Nashville Thomas Nelson ASIN B008JM5FE2 short biography Aikman David 2010 Lyndon B Johnson Billy Graham His Life and Influence Thomas Nelson ISBN 978 1 4185 8432 0 2010 edition Long Michael G ed 2008 The Legacy of Billy Graham Critical Reflections on America s Greatest Evangelist ASIN B002LE87N0 scholarly essays Miller Steven P 2009 Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 978 0 8122 4151 8 Schier H Edward 2013 Civil Rights Movement The Battle of the Three Wills As It Relates to Good amp Evil Author House ISBN 978 1 4817 5876 5 Further readingAllison Lon 2018 2018 Billy Graham An Ordinary Man and His Extraordinary God Paraclete Press ISBN 978 1 64060 087 4 Bruns Roger 2004 Billy Graham A Biography Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 3133 2718 6 Finstuen Andrew et al eds Billy Graham American Pilgrim Oxford UP 2017 326 pp essays by scholars Himes A 2011 Sword of the Lord the roots of fundamentalism in an American family Seattle Chiara Press Hummel Daniel G 2023 The Rise and Fall of Dispensationalism How the Evangelical Battle over the End Times Shaped a Nation Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans ISBN 978 0 802 87922 6 King Randall E 1997 When Worlds Collide Politics Religion and Media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade Journal of Church and State 39 2 273 95 doi 10 1093 jcs 39 2 273 Laurie Greg 2021 Billy Graham The Man I Knew Salem Books pp 115 117 ISBN 9781684510597 Martin William 2007 A Prophet with Honor The Billy Graham Story Grand Rapids Zondervan ISBN 978 0 310 24198 0 scholarly biography updated from 1991 edition published by William Morrow Martin William 2013 Prophet with Honor The Billy Graham Story Grand Rapids Zonderkidz ASIN B004HOV0CW Middle school version Pollock John 1979 Billy Graham Evangelist to the World Harper amp Row ISBN 0060666919 Sherwood Timothy H 2013 The Rhetorical Leadership of Fulton J Sheen Norman Vincent Peale and Billy Graham in the Age of Extremes Lexington Books pp 1 158 ASIN B00E1CYKCC Strober Deborah Hart Strober Gerald S 2006 Billy Graham A Narrative and Oral Biography Jossey Bass ISBN 978 0 78 79 8401 4 Wacker Grant 2009 Billy Graham s America Church History 78 3 489 511 doi 10 1017 S0009640709990400 S2CID 162380291 Wacker Grant 2014 2006 America s Pastor Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation Harvard University Press Jossey Bass ISBN 978 0 674 05218 5 Whalin Terry 2014 Billy Graham A Biography of America s Greatest Evangelist Morgan James Publishing pp 32 33 ISBN 9781630472313 External links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Billy Graham Official website Billy Graham Papers Billy Graham Center Archives Wheaton College 1957 event in Times Square Archived November 5 2013 at the Wayback Machine streaming video clip Monroe Billington Oral History Interview with Billy Graham October 12 1983 transcript Lyndon Baines Johnson Library Billy Graham at TED nbsp Appearances on C SPAN The New York Times obituary Reuters obituaryAcademic officesPreceded byWilliam Bell Riley President of Northwestern Bible College1948 1952 Succeeded byRichard ElveeAwardsPreceded byCicely Saunders Templeton Prize1982 Succeeded byAleksandr SolzhenitsynHonorary titlesPreceded byDaniel Inouye Persons who have lain in state or honorin the United States Capitol rotundaFebruary 28 March 1 2018 Succeeded byJohn McCain Portals nbsp Evangelical Christianity nbsp Biography nbsp United StatesBilly Graham at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Data from Wikidata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Billy Graham amp oldid 1202396581, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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