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Princeton University Chapel

January 07, 2023

The Princeton University Chapel is located on that university's main campus in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. It replaces an older chapel that burned down in 1920. Designed in 1921 by Ralph Adams Cram in his signature Collegiate Gothic style, it was built by the university between 1924 and 1928 at a cost of $2.3 million. The chapel was rededicated in an interfaith ceremony in 2002 following a major two-year restoration.

Princeton University Chapel
The exterior of the Chapel seen from the southeast, with the Mather Sundial in the foreground
LocationPrinceton, New Jersey
CountryUnited States
DenominationEcumenical
Websitewww.princeton.edu/religiouslife/chapel/
History
Consecrated1928
Architecture
Functional statusActive
Architect(s)Ralph Adams Cram
Architectural typeCathedral
StyleCollegiate Gothic
Groundbreaking1924
Completed1928
Construction costUS$2.3 million
Specifications
Capacityalmost 2,000
Length277 feet (84 m)
Width76 feet (23 m)
Height121 feet (37 m)
MaterialsSandstone, limestone
Clergy
DeanAlison Boden, Dean of the Chapel
Laity
Organist(s)Eric Plutz
Princeton University Chapel
Coordinates40°20′56.0″N 74°39′24.8″W / 40.348889°N 74.656889°W / 40.348889; -74.656889Coordinates: 40°20′56.0″N 74°39′24.8″W / 40.348889°N 74.656889°W / 40.348889; -74.656889
Part ofPrinceton Historic District (ID75001143[1])
Added to NRHP27 June 1975

Its size and design evoke a small cathedral of the English Middle Ages. The only university chapel of its size at the time it was built was King's College Chapel at the University of Cambridge. The foundation is poured concrete, and the superstructure is sandstone and limestone. The main sanctuary consists of a narthex, a gallery, a nave, two transepts joined by a crossing, and an elevated choir. The chapel's extensive iconography consists of stained glass, stonemasonry, and wood carvings. Among the stained glass are four "great windows", one facing each cardinal direction, and four "Christian epic" windows in the walls of the choir. The iconography was planned by Albert M. Friend, a faculty member in Princeton's Department of Art and Archaeology, with the goal of portraying, in one scholar's words, a "synthesis between Christian faith and modern thought."[2]

The chapel seats almost 2,000 people. A nondenominational chapel, it hosts weekly ecumenical Christian services and daily Catholic Masses. It also hosts several annual special events, such as baccalaureate services and commencements.

History

See also: History of Princeton University

Princeton University built the chapel to replace the Marquand Chapel, which stood between where the present chapel and McCosh Hall stand until it burned to the ground in 1920.[3] The location for the new chapel was chosen for two reasons: symbolically, the new chapel would rise from the ashes of the old one, and practically, it would locate the new chapel centrally as the campus expanded eastward.[4][5]

Ralph Adams Cram, the university's supervising architect, designed and oversaw construction of the new chapel. Cram sought to build a crown jewel for the Collegiate Gothic motif he had championed on the Princeton campus.[2] The university's president, John Grier Hibben, also had a stake in the project: student hostility toward Princeton's brand of mainline Presbyterianism was on the rise. An ordained minister, Hibben hoped the new chapel's majesty would inspire students to attend services of their own volition. Cram, a convert to High Church Episcopalianism from Unitarianism,[6] also lent support to this aim.[2]

Cram designed the chapel with the assistance of Alexander Hoyle, a member of his firm.[6] Albert M. Friend, a faculty member in Princeton's Department of Art and Archaeology, played a central role in planning the iconography.[2] It was built by Matthews Construction Company,[7] which worked on several projects on Princeton's campus.[8] Among those who contributed to the design of stained glass windows were Charles Connick, Henry Lee Willet (of the studio that would become Willet Hauser), and Philadelphia-based stained glass artist Nicola d'Ascenzo.[2][9]

The plans for the new chapel were made public in 1921.[6] Hibben called replacing the Marquand Chapel "an immediate necessity";[10] nonetheless, the project encountered financial problems early on. The insurance money from the Marquand Chapel was insufficient, and fundraising for the chapel competed with an ongoing general capital campaign for the university. Ground was ultimately broken during Princeton's commencement ceremonies in June 1924, and in the following year Cram and Hibben laid the cornerstone.[6] The construction received considerable media attention,[11] as it promised to be the largest university chapel in the United States and the second largest in the world after King's College Chapel, Cambridge.[12] The construction cost about $2.3 million and was completed in 1928.[6] Hibben led the dedication ceremony on May 31 of that year, in an elaborate ceremony covered by TIME.[12][13]

On March 13, 1960, less than six weeks after the first of the Greensboro sit-ins, Martin Luther King Jr., delivered a sermon at the chapel. In the sermon he called for universal brotherhood and a life of spiritual richness.[14] A plaque on the interior south wall of the chapel's nave commemorates the occasion.

The chapel underwent a two-year, $10 million restoration between 2000 and 2002.[15] Despite the complexity of the work, the chapel remained open throughout the restoration.[16] The project earned a New Jersey Historic Preservation Award in 2002,[17] and the stone work won the 2004 Tucker Award for Renovation and Restoration from Stone World magazine.[18] At the time, two experts working on the stained glass restoration called it the largest such project that had ever been undertaken in the United States; too large for a single studio, it was divided among studios in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and New York.[19][20]

Following the restoration, the chapel was rededicated in an interfaith ceremony in which people belonging to Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Judaism gave prayers.[21] Leading the ceremony, then-Dean of Religious Life Thomas Breidenthal said, "This edifice is unmistakably Christian, [but] this chapel is meant to belong to all of us."[22]

Description

The chapel's Collegiate Gothic design evokes an English church of the Middle Ages,[6][23] although several aspects of it, including the vault and its supports, recall French churches. The chapel is cruciform and is built on the scale of a large parish church or a small cathedral. The only precedent for a university chapel of this size was King's College Chapel, and only a small part of that chapel was used regularly.[24] Stillwell cites Exeter Cathedral and the Octagon tower of Ely Cathedral as precedents for the architectural detail, but notes that the Princeton chapel's detail nonetheless differs significantly from these.[25]

The foundation is made of poured concrete. When the chapel was built, the rest of the structure above the grade level was masonry, and the only metal reinforcement was some structural steel in the framing of the roof.[25] During the 2000-02 restoration, some pinnacles were reset with stainless steel anchors.[17] The arches of the crossing were designed to support the addition of a central tower,[25] but this option has not been exercised: in Bush and Kemeny's words, "Cram felt that Princeton already had enough towers."[6]

Exterior

 
The exterior, seen from the west.

The chapel is approximately the size of a small medieval English cathedral. Measured on the exterior, it is 277 feet (84 m) long, 76 feet (23 m) wide at its transepts, and 121 feet (37 m) high.[7] The exterior is constructed largely from Pennsylvania sandstone, with Indiana limestone used for the trim.[16]

On the western end of the chapel is the narthex, which has entrances on the north, west, and south walls. An additional door on the chapel's north side opens onto the Hibben Garden, named in recognition of John Grier Hibben's role in the chapel's construction and dedication.[26] The garden of evergreens was designed by H. Russell Butler, Jr.[27] On the chapel's south side are an additional door at ground level to the east and an exterior pulpit, designed after one at Magdalen College, Oxford,[6] and named Bright Pulpit, in honor of John Bright.[28] The chapel is connected on its eastern side to Dickinson Hall by the Rothschild arch, symbolizing a connection between religion and scholarship.[29] Cram resigned as Princeton's supervising architect over the inclusion of the arch, which he disliked;[30] nonetheless, he participated in the chapel's 1928 dedication ceremony.[12] Nearby is the Mather Sundial, a replica of the Turnbull Sundial in the courtyard of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. A statue of a pelican, a religious symbol associated with Corpus Christi, sits atop the sundial, which was presented to Princeton in 1907 by William Mather, then the governor of Victoria University of Manchester.[31]

Each of the three narthex entrances sits below a tympanum. The model for the tympanum above the main, west entrance was designed and sculpted in clay by John Angel and stone carved by Edward Ardolino.[32] Cram shared credit for the chapel's quality with Ardolino in particular, saying his stone carving was "the best of its kind."[33] Ardolino is credited as executing all of the building's stone carving.[34]

The tympanum above the west entrance depicts Jesus as described in the Book of Revelation, together with the four beasts and other relevant iconography.[7] It resembles the tympanum of the Royal Portal of Chartres Cathedral.[29] Beneath the figure of Christ is Princeton University's shield, illustrating the university's motto, Dei sub numine viget ("Under the power of God she flourishes"). The tympana above the north and south entrances depict the Annunciation and the Baptism of Christ, respectively.[7] The latter was sculpted by Robert Baker.[35]

The exterior iconography includes two notable whimsical elements. A downspout on the east wall features a relief of a bulldog head; a decades-old[36] myth relates that Cram placed it there to recognize Yale University, whose mascot is the bulldog. (Cram was not a Yale alumnus and in fact did not attend college, so it is unclear what interest he might have had promoting Yale.)[37] A sculptor who worked on the chapel during its construction placed small carvings of his face and Cram's at the bottoms of crockets flanking the main entrance; Cram is identifiable by his glasses.[29]

Interior

 
The interior, looking east from about halfway through the nave. The choir and the east window, titled "The Love of Christ", are in the background.

Measured in the interior, the chapel is 249 feet (76 m) long, 93.5 feet (28 m) wide at its transepts, and 78.5 feet (24 m) high at the crossing.[25] Most of the interior is limestone, but the aisles and the central area of the choir are Aquia Creek sandstone. Sound-absorbing tile is mounted on parts of the wall and vault.[25] Running west to east, the main sanctuary consists of a narthex, a gallery, a nave, two transepts joined by a crossing, and an elevated choir;[38] it seats almost 2,000.[6] The building's southeast corner houses a vestry.[38]

Inscribed on the narthex wall facing the nave is "A Prayer for Princeton",[39] which as of 2008 was still used in services at the chapel.[40] Another inscription, from Psalm 100, refers to Westminster Choir College, which holds its commencement ceremonies in the chapel. Two staircases on the east and west of the narthex lead to an upper gallery, which looks out upon the nave.[39]

Three doorways lead from the narthex into the nave,[39] which is 74 feet (23 m) high[25] and named for Hibben.[41] It is divided into three vertical levels: an arcade at ground level, a triforium beneath the roofs of the aisles, and a clerestory. The configuration and its proportions are typical of English churches, but the nave's vaulted ceiling and the colonnettes supporting it recall French churches. The gallery above the narthex is at the level of the triforium. The aisles are narrower than in medieval churches and are used for passage rather than seating.[23] The south aisle features five window bays, while the north has four;[42] where the easternmost bay would be is the entrance to a side chapel called the Blessed Sacrament Chapel.[43][44] The pews in the nave are constructed from wood originally intended for Civil War gun carriages; over 100 carvers spent more than a year producing the intricate carvings.[43]

The northern transept is named for Henry Gurdon Marquand, the benefactor of the Marquand Chapel, which burned to the ground in 1920 and which the present chapel was built to replace.[45] An American flag flown by the USS Princeton hangs from the transept's north wall.[46] The southern transept is named for Chester Alwyn Braman, the first donor to the University Chapel Fund. A staircase leads from the Braman Transept to the Bright Pulpit.[47]

The choir, named Milbank Choir for Elizabeth Milbank Anderson[48] is elevated by several steps. An altar stands at the far east end. The altar and the choir stalls were built and carved by Irving and Casson, A. H. Davenport Company, in Sherwood Forest oak;[49] Cram speculated that the wood may have dated from the time of Robin Hood.[50] According to Stillwell, the woodwork "represents an outstanding example of American craftsmanship."[51]

An oak made pulpit stands in front of the choir facing the nave. It originated in the north of France, probably in the mid-1500s. Its French Renaissance style suggests that it was made during the reign of Henry II. The lectern is also oak and dates from the 1600s. It had been used in a church near Avranches, France, for 200 years. A private individual purchased it shortly before the confiscation of church property during the French Revolution. It changed hands several times before Hibben obtained it for the chapel.[52]

The chapel's organ has 7,897 pipes in 135 ranks and 109 stops.[53][54] It was designed by Ernest M. Skinner and installed in 1928. Skinner invented the contra fagotto stop for the Princeton chapel organ in response to a request by Princeton's director of music. In 1990 the organ was dismantled and shipped to England for a major restoration by Mander Organs. Thomas Trotter gave the re-opening recital on the restored organ in 1992.[55][56]

Iconography

 
The interior south wall of the nave. James Madison is shown in brown and royal blue in the rightmost panel of the upper right window.

The chapel's iconography consists of over 10,000 square feet (930 m2) of stained glass[57] as well as stonework and wood carvings. Albert M. Friend, a faculty member in Princeton's Department of Art and Archaeology and an expert on medieval art, was the primary planner of the iconography, with the support and assistance of Hibben, Cram, and others. A devout Christian, Friend shared Hibben's goal of persuading Princeton students to choose lives of Christian observance and sought with the chapel's iconography, in Milliner's words, "to carefully dismantle materialist objections to Christian faith and to articulate Princeton's synthesis between Christian faith and modern thought."[2] Kessler calls the stained glass "a summa of the heritage of Christianity up to the early twentieth century."[58]

The stained glass windows of the nave's north and south aisles represent one aspect of this synthesis. The north windows depict Biblical figures and scenes,[59] while the south windows contain images associated with human knowledge.[2] The lower of these, at the triforium level, depict the teachings of Christ, while the six upper windows at the clerestory level depict influential figures in Philosophy, Theology, Chivalry, Poetry, Law, and Science, as read from east to west.[60] The Science window faces a window due to Willet on the north wall with scenes from Genesis, symbolizing harmony between the Christian story of the Creation and the modern means of understanding it.[2]

Four large stained glass windows are found in the main sanctuary.

  • The Great East Window, "The Love of Christ": Milbank Choir. Due to Charles Connick,[2] it is richly decorated with scenes from the life of Christ, culminating with an image of the Crucifixion of Jesus in the great rose.[61] The process of selecting the scenes for this window was contentious, pitting the preferences of the conservative Presbyterian Hibben and his colleagues against those of the Milbank family, the window's donors and liberal Episcopalians. The final compromise paired the Works of Mercy with Gospel scenes complementing each of them.[2]
  • The Great West Window, "The Second Coming of Christ": the gallery.[62] Due to Nicola d'Ascenzo of Philadelphia,[57] this window epitomizes Friend's iconographical argument. To students who would complain of the burdens of religion in daily life, the window answers with John 10:10: "I am come that they might have life and that they might have it more abundantly."[2]
  • The Great North Window, "Christ the Martyr": Marquand Transept. A verse from Mark 13:13, "He who shall endure to the end shall be saved", is carved below the window, declaring the theme. The lower part of the window shows historical Christians noted for their perseverance.[43][63][64]
  • The Great South Window, "Christ the Teacher": Braman Transept. Here again the theme is declared by a Gospel verse, this time John 8:32, "And ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free." Noted Christian writers and teachers are depicted at the bottom with the seven liberal arts.[65]

The doorway to the Blessed Sacrament Chapel on the north wall of the nave is topped by carvings of shields representing three Christian religious centers, Jerusalem, Rome, and Canterbury, and flanked by carvings representing the seven virtues and corresponding seven vices.[42] The other door leaving the Blessed Sacrament Chapel is topped by carvings of shields representing three medieval universities, Oxford, Paris, and Salamanca, and flanked by carvings representing the seven liberal arts (the Trivium and the Quadrivium) and the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit.[43]

Large stained glass windows due to Connick[66] in the walls of the choir retell four "Christian epics": the Divine Comedy and Le Morte d'Arthur on the north wall and Paradise Lost and Pilgrim's Progress on the south wall. Milliner notes that images of historical and legendary people carved into the choir's woodwork "reflect the intended seating during a Chapel ceremony".[43] Images of figures connected to music are carved into the front (west), where the choir would sit, and images of scholars are carved into the back (east), where faculty would sit. Behind the altar are carved images of eight religious figures: four Catholic saints to the north, and four leaders of Protestantism to the south. The epic windows reinforce the idea of a "Catholic north" and a "Protestant south": Catholics wrote the north epics and Protestants the south epics. In an ecumenical touch, the north and south are symbolically united by "The Love of Christ" in the Great East Window.[67]

Stained glass windows telling the story of the Book of Job are set into the walls of the staircases between the narthex and the gallery.[68] Friend was known for delivering popular lectures on Job, and Milliner speculates that Friend had these windows included to address the problem of evil.[2] Connick designed the windows in consultation with Friend, but they were made by others after the former's death.[2]

The chapel's iconography pays tribute in places to the other Abrahamic religions. Abraham himself is depicted in a stained glass window on the north side of the nave, together with a Star of David, a Christian cross, and a star and crescent.[2] Other windows show Baruch Spinoza[69] and Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi;[29] both images were planned before the chapel was built.[2]

In several places the chapel's iconography includes images of figures associated with Princeton University:

Current use

The chapel operates within university's Office of Religious Life.[77] It is overseen by the Dean of the Chapel. The current Dean of the Chapel is Alison Boden, who is also Dean of Religious Life at Princeton.[78]

The Office of Religious Life calls the chapel "the home of regular religious services for many of the university's faith groups, including the 264-year-old ecumenical Christian worshiping community [...] that founded Princeton in 1746."[79] Though the university was once closely associated with the Presbyterian Church, it has never been affiliated with any religious denomination.[80] In keeping with this tradition, the chapel hosts ecumenical Christian services each Sunday.[81] Catholic Mass is celebrated daily, Reconciliation is offered several days a week, and there is Eucharistic Adoration twice weekly.[82]

The chapel also hosts several annual special events.

  • Opening Exercises: The ceremony marking the beginning of the university's academic year has been held in the chapel since 1929.[83]
  • Service of Remembrance: On Alumni Day, the chapel hosts a service remembering members of the Princeton University community who died during the preceding calendar year.[84]
  • Westminster Choir College: The nearby conservatory holds many major performances and ceremonies each year in the chapel. These events include the annual Evening of Readings and Carols in December and the Westminster commencement ceremonies in May.[39][85]
  • Baccalaureate: Princeton University's graduating senior class attends an interfaith baccalaureate service in the chapel on the Sunday prior to Commencement.[86]

The Princeton University Chapel Choir rehearses, provides music for the weekly service, and performs occasional concerts in the chapel.[87]

Relative size

The Office of Religious Life calls the chapel the third-largest university chapel in the world.[79] According to Milliner, Princeton's is the second-tallest by height of the nave at the crossing; the tallest is King's College Chapel at the University of Cambridge. The belltower of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at the University of Notre Dame, the tower of the Duke University Chapel, the tower of the University of Chicago's Rockefeller Chapel, and the campanile of Valparaiso University in Indiana's Chapel of the Resurrection are all taller than Princeton's chapel, which does not have a tower or other appendages.[88]

References

  1. ^ "Princeton Historic District". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Milliner, Primus inter pares.
  3. ^ . Princeton University. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 5 Jun 2011.
  4. ^ Bush, Sara. . Princeton University. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 6 Jun 2011.
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  8. ^ Myers, William Starr (2000). "William Robinson Matthews". Prominent Families of New Jersey. Vol. 1. Genealogical Publishing. p. 388.
  9. ^ Julie L. Sloan, LLC. "Consultations (Selected List)". Retrieved 9 Jun 2011.
  10. ^ Quoted in Bush & Kemeny.
  11. ^ Warneck, Stephen (10 Jan 1995). . Princeton University. Archived from the original on 23 February 2008. Retrieved 10 Jun 2011.
  12. ^ a b c . TIME. 11 Jun 1928. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010. Retrieved 6 Jun 2011.
  13. ^ Gordon, Ernest (1978). "A Princeton Companion: Chapel, The University". Princeton University Press. Retrieved 2 Dec 2011.
  14. ^ Lange, Gregg (17 Mar 2010). "Keeping the faith: When Martin Luther King Jr. spoke in the Chapel 50 years ago". Princeton Alumni Weekly. Retrieved 13 Jul 2011.
  15. ^ Greenwood, Kathryn Federici (13 Mar 2002). "Features: Chapel gets facelift and new dean". Princeton Alumni Weekly. Retrieved 21 Aug 2011.
  16. ^ a b Stinnard, Michelle (10 Feb 2006). . Stone World. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 7 Jun 2011.
  17. ^ a b New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Historic Preservation Office. "2002 Award Recipients". Retrieved 9 Jun 2011.
  18. ^ Stinnard, Michelle (10 Sep 2004). . Stone World. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 7 Jun 2001.
  19. ^ Ruderman, Anne (3 Jun 2001). "Making 10,000 miles of stained glass gleam". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 Jun 2011.
  20. ^ Princeton University Office of Communications (26 Mar 2001). "No pane, some gain!". Princeton Weekly Bulletin. Retrieved 7 Jun 2011.
  21. ^ Spencer, George (11 Feb 2002). "Breidenthal leads chapel rededication ceremony". The Daily Princetonian. p. 1.
  22. ^ Quoted in Greenwood, Kathryn Federici (13 Mar 2002). "Features: Chapel gets facelift and new dean". Princeton Alumni Weekly. Retrieved 21 Aug 2011.
  23. ^ a b Stillwell, p. 7.
  24. ^ Stillwell, pp. 5-7.
  25. ^ a b c d e f Stillwell, p. 9.
  26. ^ Paterl, Ushma (4 Feb 2010). "Evergreen beauty of campus gardens thrives year round". Princeton University. Retrieved 9 Jun 2011.
  27. ^ Rhinehart, p. 52.
  28. ^ Stillwell, p. 129.
  29. ^ a b c d e Milliner, "The Princeton University Chapel", p. 4
  30. ^ Rhinehart, p. 53.
  31. ^ Leitch, Alexander (1978). "A Princeton Companion: Mather Sundial, The". Princeton University Press. Retrieved 13 Jul 2011.
  32. ^ Amonier, W., ed. (1930). Modern Architectural Sculpture. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 77.
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  45. ^ Stillwell, p. 18.
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  53. ^ "Portfolio". Mander Organs. Retrieved 7 Jun 2011.
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  61. ^ Stillwell, p. 40.
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  63. ^ Milliner ("The Princeton University Chapel", p. 5), identifies one of these, the Belgian cardinal Désiré-Joseph Mercier, as "a chief resister to the Nazi occupation in World War II". In fact Mercier was a symbol of resistance against German occupation during World War I and died in 1926, 14 years before the Nazi invasion of Belgium. Enclyclopædia Britannica Online (2011). "Désiré-Joseph Mercier". Retrieved 11 Jun 2011.
  64. ^ Stillwell, p. 32.
  65. ^ Stillwell, p. 35.
  66. ^ The Charles J. Connick Stained Glass Foundation, Ltd. "Connick Windows in Princeton, New Jersey 2011". Retrieved 13 Jul 2011.
  67. ^ Milliner, "The Princeton University Chapel", pp. 5-6.
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  69. ^ Milliner, "The Princeton University Chapel", p. 6.
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  75. ^ a b Stillwell, p. 94.
  76. ^ Leitch, Alexander (1978). "A Princeton Companion: Stevenson, Adlai Ewing". Retrieved 29 Aug 2011.
  77. ^ Princeton University Office of Religious Life. "Activities & Programs". Retrieved 7 Jun 2011.
  78. ^ Princeton University Office of Religious Life. "Chapel Staff". Retrieved 7 Jun 2011.
  79. ^ a b Princeton University Office of Religious Life. "Home page - University Chapel". Retrieved 11 Jun 2011.
  80. ^ "Princeton in the American Revolution". Princeton University Office of Communications. Retrieved 2011-05-24. The original trustees "were acting in behalf of the evangelical or New Light wing of the Presbyterian Church, but the College had no legal or constitutional identification with that denomination. Its doors were to be open to all students, 'any different sentiments in religion notwithstanding.'"
  81. ^ "University Chapel". Princeton University Office of Religious Life. Retrieved 7 Jun 2011.
  82. ^ "The Aquinas Institute: Prayer". Aquinas Institute. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  83. ^ DeLooper, John (14 Mar 2010). "History of opening exercises". Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University. Retrieved 7 Jun 2011.
  84. ^ Princeton University Alumni Association. . Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 7 Jun 2011.
  85. ^ "Westminster Choir College commencement information". Rider University. Retrieved 10 Jun 2011.
  86. ^ Leitch, Alexander (1978). "A Princeton Companion: Baccalaureate Address, The". Retrieved 7 Jun 2011.
  87. ^ Princeton Chapel Choir. "Princeton Chapel Choir". Retrieved 7 Jun 2011.
  88. ^ Milliner, "The Princeton University Chapel", endnote 13.

Works cited

  • Bush, Sara E.; Kemeny, P. C. (1999). "The Princeton University chapels: an architectural and religious history" (PDF). The Princeton University Library Chronicle. Vol. 60, no. 3. pp. 317–52.
  • Milliner, Matthew J. (Spring 2009). "Primus inter pares: Albert M. Friend and the argument of the Princeton University Chapel". The Princeton University Library Chronicle. Vol. 70, no. 3. pp. 470–517.
  • Milliner, Matthew J. (2007). "The Princeton University Chapel". Pamphlet. The Educational Technologies Center of Princeton University. ; PDF.
  • Rhinehart, Raymond (2000). "University Chapel". Princeton University: An Architectural Tour. New York, N.Y.: Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 49–53.
  • Stillwell, Richard (1971). The Chapel of Princeton University. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Princeton University Chapel.
  • Official website
  • The Aquinas Institute: Catholic Campus Ministry at Princeton University, official website

January 07, 2023
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The Princeton University Chapel is located on that university s main campus in Princeton New Jersey United States It replaces an older chapel that burned down in 1920 Designed in 1921 by Ralph Adams Cram in his signature Collegiate Gothic style it was built by the university between 1924 and 1928 at a cost of 2 3 million The chapel was rededicated in an interfaith ceremony in 2002 following a major two year restoration Princeton University ChapelThe exterior of the Chapel seen from the southeast with the Mather Sundial in the foregroundLocationPrinceton New JerseyCountryUnited StatesDenominationEcumenicalWebsitewww princeton edu religiouslife chapel HistoryConsecrated1928ArchitectureFunctional statusActiveArchitect s Ralph Adams CramArchitectural typeCathedralStyleCollegiate GothicGroundbreaking1924Completed1928Construction costUS 2 3 millionSpecificationsCapacityalmost 2 000Length277 feet 84 m Width76 feet 23 m Height121 feet 37 m MaterialsSandstone limestoneClergyDeanAlison Boden Dean of the ChapelLaityOrganist s Eric PlutzPrinceton University ChapelU S Historic districtContributing propertyShow map of Mercer County New JerseyShow map of New JerseyShow map of the United StatesCoordinates40 20 56 0 N 74 39 24 8 W 40 348889 N 74 656889 W 40 348889 74 656889 Coordinates 40 20 56 0 N 74 39 24 8 W 40 348889 N 74 656889 W 40 348889 74 656889Part ofPrinceton Historic District ID75001143 1 Added to NRHP27 June 1975Its size and design evoke a small cathedral of the English Middle Ages The only university chapel of its size at the time it was built was King s College Chapel at the University of Cambridge The foundation is poured concrete and the superstructure is sandstone and limestone The main sanctuary consists of a narthex a gallery a nave two transepts joined by a crossing and an elevated choir The chapel s extensive iconography consists of stained glass stonemasonry and wood carvings Among the stained glass are four great windows one facing each cardinal direction and four Christian epic windows in the walls of the choir The iconography was planned by Albert M Friend a faculty member in Princeton s Department of Art and Archaeology with the goal of portraying in one scholar s words a synthesis between Christian faith and modern thought 2 The chapel seats almost 2 000 people A nondenominational chapel it hosts weekly ecumenical Christian services and daily Catholic Masses It also hosts several annual special events such as baccalaureate services and commencements Contents 1 History 2 Description 2 1 Exterior 2 2 Interior 2 3 Iconography 3 Current use 4 Relative size 5 References 6 Works cited 7 External linksHistory EditSee also History of Princeton University Princeton University built the chapel to replace the Marquand Chapel which stood between where the present chapel and McCosh Hall stand until it burned to the ground in 1920 3 The location for the new chapel was chosen for two reasons symbolically the new chapel would rise from the ashes of the old one and practically it would locate the new chapel centrally as the campus expanded eastward 4 5 Ralph Adams Cram the university s supervising architect designed and oversaw construction of the new chapel Cram sought to build a crown jewel for the Collegiate Gothic motif he had championed on the Princeton campus 2 The university s president John Grier Hibben also had a stake in the project student hostility toward Princeton s brand of mainline Presbyterianism was on the rise An ordained minister Hibben hoped the new chapel s majesty would inspire students to attend services of their own volition Cram a convert to High Church Episcopalianism from Unitarianism 6 also lent support to this aim 2 Cram designed the chapel with the assistance of Alexander Hoyle a member of his firm 6 Albert M Friend a faculty member in Princeton s Department of Art and Archaeology played a central role in planning the iconography 2 It was built by Matthews Construction Company 7 which worked on several projects on Princeton s campus 8 Among those who contributed to the design of stained glass windows were Charles Connick Henry Lee Willet of the studio that would become Willet Hauser and Philadelphia based stained glass artist Nicola d Ascenzo 2 9 The plans for the new chapel were made public in 1921 6 Hibben called replacing the Marquand Chapel an immediate necessity 10 nonetheless the project encountered financial problems early on The insurance money from the Marquand Chapel was insufficient and fundraising for the chapel competed with an ongoing general capital campaign for the university Ground was ultimately broken during Princeton s commencement ceremonies in June 1924 and in the following year Cram and Hibben laid the cornerstone 6 The construction received considerable media attention 11 as it promised to be the largest university chapel in the United States and the second largest in the world after King s College Chapel Cambridge 12 The construction cost about 2 3 million and was completed in 1928 6 Hibben led the dedication ceremony on May 31 of that year in an elaborate ceremony covered by TIME 12 13 On March 13 1960 less than six weeks after the first of the Greensboro sit ins Martin Luther King Jr delivered a sermon at the chapel In the sermon he called for universal brotherhood and a life of spiritual richness 14 A plaque on the interior south wall of the chapel s nave commemorates the occasion The chapel underwent a two year 10 million restoration between 2000 and 2002 15 Despite the complexity of the work the chapel remained open throughout the restoration 16 The project earned a New Jersey Historic Preservation Award in 2002 17 and the stone work won the 2004 Tucker Award for Renovation and Restoration from Stone World magazine 18 At the time two experts working on the stained glass restoration called it the largest such project that had ever been undertaken in the United States too large for a single studio it was divided among studios in Massachusetts Pennsylvania and New York 19 20 Following the restoration the chapel was rededicated in an interfaith ceremony in which people belonging to Buddhism Christianity Islam and Judaism gave prayers 21 Leading the ceremony then Dean of Religious Life Thomas Breidenthal said This edifice is unmistakably Christian but this chapel is meant to belong to all of us 22 Description EditThe chapel s Collegiate Gothic design evokes an English church of the Middle Ages 6 23 although several aspects of it including the vault and its supports recall French churches The chapel is cruciform and is built on the scale of a large parish church or a small cathedral The only precedent for a university chapel of this size was King s College Chapel and only a small part of that chapel was used regularly 24 Stillwell cites Exeter Cathedral and the Octagon tower of Ely Cathedral as precedents for the architectural detail but notes that the Princeton chapel s detail nonetheless differs significantly from these 25 The foundation is made of poured concrete When the chapel was built the rest of the structure above the grade level was masonry and the only metal reinforcement was some structural steel in the framing of the roof 25 During the 2000 02 restoration some pinnacles were reset with stainless steel anchors 17 The arches of the crossing were designed to support the addition of a central tower 25 but this option has not been exercised in Bush and Kemeny s words Cram felt that Princeton already had enough towers 6 Exterior Edit The exterior seen from the west The chapel is approximately the size of a small medieval English cathedral Measured on the exterior it is 277 feet 84 m long 76 feet 23 m wide at its transepts and 121 feet 37 m high 7 The exterior is constructed largely from Pennsylvania sandstone with Indiana limestone used for the trim 16 On the western end of the chapel is the narthex which has entrances on the north west and south walls An additional door on the chapel s north side opens onto the Hibben Garden named in recognition of John Grier Hibben s role in the chapel s construction and dedication 26 The garden of evergreens was designed by H Russell Butler Jr 27 On the chapel s south side are an additional door at ground level to the east and an exterior pulpit designed after one at Magdalen College Oxford 6 and named Bright Pulpit in honor of John Bright 28 The chapel is connected on its eastern side to Dickinson Hall by the Rothschild arch symbolizing a connection between religion and scholarship 29 Cram resigned as Princeton s supervising architect over the inclusion of the arch which he disliked 30 nonetheless he participated in the chapel s 1928 dedication ceremony 12 Nearby is the Mather Sundial a replica of the Turnbull Sundial in the courtyard of Corpus Christi College Oxford A statue of a pelican a religious symbol associated with Corpus Christi sits atop the sundial which was presented to Princeton in 1907 by William Mather then the governor of Victoria University of Manchester 31 Each of the three narthex entrances sits below a tympanum The model for the tympanum above the main west entrance was designed and sculpted in clay by John Angel and stone carved by Edward Ardolino 32 Cram shared credit for the chapel s quality with Ardolino in particular saying his stone carving was the best of its kind 33 Ardolino is credited as executing all of the building s stone carving 34 The tympanum above the west entrance depicts Jesus as described in the Book of Revelation together with the four beasts and other relevant iconography 7 It resembles the tympanum of the Royal Portal of Chartres Cathedral 29 Beneath the figure of Christ is Princeton University s shield illustrating the university s motto Dei sub numine viget Under the power of God she flourishes The tympana above the north and south entrances depict the Annunciation and the Baptism of Christ respectively 7 The latter was sculpted by Robert Baker 35 The exterior iconography includes two notable whimsical elements A downspout on the east wall features a relief of a bulldog head a decades old 36 myth relates that Cram placed it there to recognize Yale University whose mascot is the bulldog Cram was not a Yale alumnus and in fact did not attend college so it is unclear what interest he might have had promoting Yale 37 A sculptor who worked on the chapel during its construction placed small carvings of his face and Cram s at the bottoms of crockets flanking the main entrance Cram is identifiable by his glasses 29 Interior Edit The interior looking east from about halfway through the nave The choir and the east window titled The Love of Christ are in the background Measured in the interior the chapel is 249 feet 76 m long 93 5 feet 28 m wide at its transepts and 78 5 feet 24 m high at the crossing 25 Most of the interior is limestone but the aisles and the central area of the choir are Aquia Creek sandstone Sound absorbing tile is mounted on parts of the wall and vault 25 Running west to east the main sanctuary consists of a narthex a gallery a nave two transepts joined by a crossing and an elevated choir 38 it seats almost 2 000 6 The building s southeast corner houses a vestry 38 Inscribed on the narthex wall facing the nave is A Prayer for Princeton 39 which as of 2008 was still used in services at the chapel 40 Another inscription from Psalm 100 refers to Westminster Choir College which holds its commencement ceremonies in the chapel Two staircases on the east and west of the narthex lead to an upper gallery which looks out upon the nave 39 Three doorways lead from the narthex into the nave 39 which is 74 feet 23 m high 25 and named for Hibben 41 It is divided into three vertical levels an arcade at ground level a triforium beneath the roofs of the aisles and a clerestory The configuration and its proportions are typical of English churches but the nave s vaulted ceiling and the colonnettes supporting it recall French churches The gallery above the narthex is at the level of the triforium The aisles are narrower than in medieval churches and are used for passage rather than seating 23 The south aisle features five window bays while the north has four 42 where the easternmost bay would be is the entrance to a side chapel called the Blessed Sacrament Chapel 43 44 The pews in the nave are constructed from wood originally intended for Civil War gun carriages over 100 carvers spent more than a year producing the intricate carvings 43 The northern transept is named for Henry Gurdon Marquand the benefactor of the Marquand Chapel which burned to the ground in 1920 and which the present chapel was built to replace 45 An American flag flown by the USS Princeton hangs from the transept s north wall 46 The southern transept is named for Chester Alwyn Braman the first donor to the University Chapel Fund A staircase leads from the Braman Transept to the Bright Pulpit 47 The choir named Milbank Choir for Elizabeth Milbank Anderson 48 is elevated by several steps An altar stands at the far east end The altar and the choir stalls were built and carved by Irving and Casson A H Davenport Company in Sherwood Forest oak 49 Cram speculated that the wood may have dated from the time of Robin Hood 50 According to Stillwell the woodwork represents an outstanding example of American craftsmanship 51 An oak made pulpit stands in front of the choir facing the nave It originated in the north of France probably in the mid 1500s Its French Renaissance style suggests that it was made during the reign of Henry II The lectern is also oak and dates from the 1600s It had been used in a church near Avranches France for 200 years A private individual purchased it shortly before the confiscation of church property during the French Revolution It changed hands several times before Hibben obtained it for the chapel 52 The chapel s organ has 7 897 pipes in 135 ranks and 109 stops 53 54 It was designed by Ernest M Skinner and installed in 1928 Skinner invented the contra fagotto stop for the Princeton chapel organ in response to a request by Princeton s director of music In 1990 the organ was dismantled and shipped to England for a major restoration by Mander Organs Thomas Trotter gave the re opening recital on the restored organ in 1992 55 56 Iconography Edit The interior south wall of the nave James Madison is shown in brown and royal blue in the rightmost panel of the upper right window The chapel s iconography consists of over 10 000 square feet 930 m2 of stained glass 57 as well as stonework and wood carvings Albert M Friend a faculty member in Princeton s Department of Art and Archaeology and an expert on medieval art was the primary planner of the iconography with the support and assistance of Hibben Cram and others A devout Christian Friend shared Hibben s goal of persuading Princeton students to choose lives of Christian observance and sought with the chapel s iconography in Milliner s words to carefully dismantle materialist objections to Christian faith and to articulate Princeton s synthesis between Christian faith and modern thought 2 Kessler calls the stained glass a summa of the heritage of Christianity up to the early twentieth century 58 The stained glass windows of the nave s north and south aisles represent one aspect of this synthesis The north windows depict Biblical figures and scenes 59 while the south windows contain images associated with human knowledge 2 The lower of these at the triforium level depict the teachings of Christ while the six upper windows at the clerestory level depict influential figures in Philosophy Theology Chivalry Poetry Law and Science as read from east to west 60 The Science window faces a window due to Willet on the north wall with scenes from Genesis symbolizing harmony between the Christian story of the Creation and the modern means of understanding it 2 Four large stained glass windows are found in the main sanctuary The Great East Window The Love of Christ Milbank Choir Due to Charles Connick 2 it is richly decorated with scenes from the life of Christ culminating with an image of the Crucifixion of Jesus in the great rose 61 The process of selecting the scenes for this window was contentious pitting the preferences of the conservative Presbyterian Hibben and his colleagues against those of the Milbank family the window s donors and liberal Episcopalians The final compromise paired the Works of Mercy with Gospel scenes complementing each of them 2 The Great West Window The Second Coming of Christ the gallery 62 Due to Nicola d Ascenzo of Philadelphia 57 this window epitomizes Friend s iconographical argument To students who would complain of the burdens of religion in daily life the window answers with John 10 10 I am come that they might have life and that they might have it more abundantly 2 The Great North Window Christ the Martyr Marquand Transept A verse from Mark 13 13 He who shall endure to the end shall be saved is carved below the window declaring the theme The lower part of the window shows historical Christians noted for their perseverance 43 63 64 The Great South Window Christ the Teacher Braman Transept Here again the theme is declared by a Gospel verse this time John 8 32 And ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free Noted Christian writers and teachers are depicted at the bottom with the seven liberal arts 65 The doorway to the Blessed Sacrament Chapel on the north wall of the nave is topped by carvings of shields representing three Christian religious centers Jerusalem Rome and Canterbury and flanked by carvings representing the seven virtues and corresponding seven vices 42 The other door leaving the Blessed Sacrament Chapel is topped by carvings of shields representing three medieval universities Oxford Paris and Salamanca and flanked by carvings representing the seven liberal arts the Trivium and the Quadrivium and the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit 43 Large stained glass windows due to Connick 66 in the walls of the choir retell four Christian epics the Divine Comedy and Le Morte d Arthur on the north wall and Paradise Lost and Pilgrim s Progress on the south wall Milliner notes that images of historical and legendary people carved into the choir s woodwork reflect the intended seating during a Chapel ceremony 43 Images of figures connected to music are carved into the front west where the choir would sit and images of scholars are carved into the back east where faculty would sit Behind the altar are carved images of eight religious figures four Catholic saints to the north and four leaders of Protestantism to the south The epic windows reinforce the idea of a Catholic north and a Protestant south Catholics wrote the north epics and Protestants the south epics In an ecumenical touch the north and south are symbolically united by The Love of Christ in the Great East Window 67 Stained glass windows telling the story of the Book of Job are set into the walls of the staircases between the narthex and the gallery 68 Friend was known for delivering popular lectures on Job and Milliner speculates that Friend had these windows included to address the problem of evil 2 Connick designed the windows in consultation with Friend but they were made by others after the former s death 2 The chapel s iconography pays tribute in places to the other Abrahamic religions Abraham himself is depicted in a stained glass window on the north side of the nave together with a Star of David a Christian cross and a star and crescent 2 Other windows show Baruch Spinoza 69 and Muhammad ibn Zakariya al Razi 29 both images were planned before the chapel was built 2 In several places the chapel s iconography includes images of figures associated with Princeton University Jonathan Edwards Princeton s third president 70 in the Theology window in the nave s south wall 71 and again among the Protestant leaders carved into the woodwork in the choir behind the altar 43 Joseph Henry a professor and Trustee of Princeton 72 in the Science window in the nave s south wall 73 James Madison a 1771 graduate of Princeton and its first graduate student 74 in the Law window in the nave s south wall 75 Adlai Stevenson II a 1922 graduate of Princeton 76 in a dedicated stained glass window near the vestry 29 John Witherspoon Princeton s sixth president 70 in the Great South Window among the Christian teachers 75 Current use EditThe chapel operates within university s Office of Religious Life 77 It is overseen by the Dean of the Chapel The current Dean of the Chapel is Alison Boden who is also Dean of Religious Life at Princeton 78 The Office of Religious Life calls the chapel the home of regular religious services for many of the university s faith groups including the 264 year old ecumenical Christian worshiping community that founded Princeton in 1746 79 Though the university was once closely associated with the Presbyterian Church it has never been affiliated with any religious denomination 80 In keeping with this tradition the chapel hosts ecumenical Christian services each Sunday 81 Catholic Mass is celebrated daily Reconciliation is offered several days a week and there is Eucharistic Adoration twice weekly 82 The chapel also hosts several annual special events Opening Exercises The ceremony marking the beginning of the university s academic year has been held in the chapel since 1929 83 Service of Remembrance On Alumni Day the chapel hosts a service remembering members of the Princeton University community who died during the preceding calendar year 84 Westminster Choir College The nearby conservatory holds many major performances and ceremonies each year in the chapel These events include the annual Evening of Readings and Carols in December and the Westminster commencement ceremonies in May 39 85 Baccalaureate Princeton University s graduating senior class attends an interfaith baccalaureate service in the chapel on the Sunday prior to Commencement 86 The Princeton University Chapel Choir rehearses provides music for the weekly service and performs occasional concerts in the chapel 87 Relative size EditThe Office of Religious Life calls the chapel the third largest university chapel in the world 79 According to Milliner Princeton s is the second tallest by height of the nave at the crossing the tallest is King s College Chapel at the University of Cambridge The belltower of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at the University of Notre Dame the tower of the Duke University Chapel the tower of the University of Chicago s Rockefeller Chapel and the campanile of Valparaiso University in Indiana s Chapel of the Resurrection are all taller than Princeton s chapel which does not have a tower or other appendages 88 References Edit Princeton Historic District National Register of Historic Places National Park Service a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Milliner Primus inter pares Princeton University An Interactive Campus History 1746 1996 Marquand Chapel Princeton University Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 Retrieved 5 Jun 2011 Bush Sara The University Chapel Princeton University Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 Retrieved 6 Jun 2011 Rhinehart p 50 a b c d e f g h i Bush amp Kemeny a b c d Stillwell p 11 Myers William Starr 2000 William Robinson Matthews Prominent Families of New Jersey Vol 1 Genealogical Publishing p 388 Julie L Sloan LLC Consultations Selected List Retrieved 9 Jun 2011 Quoted in Bush amp Kemeny Warneck Stephen 10 Jan 1995 Ralph Adams Cram The man his work and his legacy XII Princeton University Archived from the original on 23 February 2008 Retrieved 10 Jun 2011 a b c Religion Princeton s chapel TIME 11 Jun 1928 Archived from the original on November 21 2010 Retrieved 6 Jun 2011 Gordon Ernest 1978 A Princeton Companion Chapel The University Princeton University Press Retrieved 2 Dec 2011 Lange Gregg 17 Mar 2010 Keeping the faith When Martin Luther King Jr spoke in the Chapel 50 years ago Princeton Alumni Weekly Retrieved 13 Jul 2011 Greenwood Kathryn Federici 13 Mar 2002 Features Chapel gets facelift and new dean Princeton Alumni Weekly Retrieved 21 Aug 2011 a b Stinnard Michelle 10 Feb 2006 Restoration secures chapel at Ivy League campus Stone World Archived from the original on 2008 05 17 Retrieved 7 Jun 2011 a b New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Historic Preservation Office 2002 Award Recipients Retrieved 9 Jun 2011 Stinnard Michelle 10 Sep 2004 2004 Tucker Awards Stone World Archived from the original on 2011 07 20 Retrieved 7 Jun 2001 Ruderman Anne 3 Jun 2001 Making 10 000 miles of stained glass gleam The New York Times Retrieved 7 Jun 2011 Princeton University Office of Communications 26 Mar 2001 No pane some gain Princeton Weekly Bulletin Retrieved 7 Jun 2011 Spencer George 11 Feb 2002 Breidenthal leads chapel rededication ceremony The Daily Princetonian p 1 Quoted in Greenwood Kathryn Federici 13 Mar 2002 Features Chapel gets facelift and new dean Princeton Alumni Weekly Retrieved 21 Aug 2011 a b Stillwell p 7 Stillwell pp 5 7 a b c d e f Stillwell p 9 Paterl Ushma 4 Feb 2010 Evergreen beauty of campus gardens thrives year round Princeton University Retrieved 9 Jun 2011 Rhinehart p 52 Stillwell p 129 a b c d e Milliner The Princeton University Chapel p 4 Rhinehart p 53 Leitch Alexander 1978 A Princeton Companion Mather Sundial The Princeton University Press Retrieved 13 Jul 2011 Amonier W ed 1930 Modern Architectural Sculpture New York Charles Scribner s Sons p 77 Cram LITT D Ra ph Adams May 25 1928 Some Architectural and Spiritual Aspects of the Chapel PDF Princeton Alumni Weekly 28 32 988 Retrieved February 4 2020 Interesting Details of the Chapel Stone Carving photo caption PDF Princeton Alumni Weekly 28 32 1016 May 25 1928 Aumonier W ed 1930 Modern Architectural Sculpture New York Charles Scribner s Sons p 76 Strasburger Frank C 3 Feb 2010 Letters to the editor Tales of Orange Key Princeton Alumni Weekly Retrieved 9 Jun 2011 Maynard W Barksdale 18 Nov 2009 An hour long view of paradise Princeton Alumni Weekly Retrieved 9 Jun 2011 a b Stillwell p 8 a b c d Stillwell p 12 Noden Merrell 17 Dec 2008 Keeping the faith Princeton Alumni Weekly Retrieved 10 Jun 2011 Rhinehart p 51 a b Stillwell p 15 a b c d e f Milliner The Princeton University Chapel p 5 Stillwell describes the iconography around the Blessed Sacrament Chapel but makes no mention of it per se Milliner The Princeton University Chapel p 5 writes that the space was once a broom closet Stillwell p 18 Princeton University Office of Communications 8 Nov 2004 Veterans Day event includes flag rededication Retrieved 10 Jun 2011 Stillwell p 21 Stillwell pp 15 6 Stillwell pp 15 7 Cram Ralph Adams 31 May 1928 Construction craftsmanship of chapel discussed The Daily Princetonian p 2 Stillwell p 17 Stillwell pp 17 8 Portfolio Mander Organs Retrieved 7 Jun 2011 Princeton University Office of Religious Life Organ Specifications Retrieved 7 Jun 2011 Noden Merrell 28 Apr 2010 Most miraculous organ Princeton Alumni Weekly Retrieved 7 Jun 2011 Princeton University Chapel Mander Organs Retrieved 7 Jun 2011 a b O Connell Kim A 4 Dec 2002 Stained glass restored at Princeton ArchitectureWeek Retrieved 10 Jun 2011 Kessler Ben 1999 Cover note PDF The Princeton University Library Chronicle Vol 60 no 3 pp 463 5 Stillwell pp 24 30 Stillwell pp 92 7 Stillwell p 40 Stillwell pp 97 9 Milliner The Princeton University Chapel p 5 identifies one of these the Belgian cardinal Desire Joseph Mercier as a chief resister to the Nazi occupation in World War II In fact Mercier was a symbol of resistance against German occupation during World War I and died in 1926 14 years before the Nazi invasion of Belgium Enclyclopaedia Britannica Online 2011 Desire Joseph Mercier Retrieved 11 Jun 2011 Stillwell p 32 Stillwell p 35 The Charles J Connick Stained Glass Foundation Ltd Connick Windows in Princeton New Jersey 2011 Retrieved 13 Jul 2011 Milliner The Princeton University Chapel pp 5 6 Stillwell pp 101 4 Milliner The Princeton University Chapel p 6 a b The Presidents of Princeton University Princeton University September 2005 Retrieved 19 Aug 2011 Stillwell p 92 Leitch Alexander A Princeton Companion Henry Joseph Archived from the original on 12 August 2011 Retrieved 19 Aug 2011 Stillwell p 95 Will George 23 Jan 2008 1 James Madison 1771 Princeton Alumni Weekly Retrieved 19 Aug 2011 a b Stillwell p 94 Leitch Alexander 1978 A Princeton Companion Stevenson Adlai Ewing Retrieved 29 Aug 2011 Princeton University Office of Religious Life Activities amp Programs Retrieved 7 Jun 2011 Princeton University Office of Religious Life Chapel Staff Retrieved 7 Jun 2011 a b Princeton University Office of Religious Life Home page University Chapel Retrieved 11 Jun 2011 Princeton in the American Revolution Princeton University Office of Communications Retrieved 2011 05 24 The original trustees were acting in behalf of the evangelical or New Light wing of the Presbyterian Church but the College had no legal or constitutional identification with that denomination Its doors were to be open to all students any different sentiments in religion notwithstanding University Chapel Princeton University Office of Religious Life Retrieved 7 Jun 2011 The Aquinas Institute Prayer Aquinas Institute Retrieved 1 May 2016 DeLooper John 14 Mar 2010 History of opening exercises Seeley G Mudd Manuscript Library Princeton University Retrieved 7 Jun 2011 Princeton University Alumni Association Alumni Day Service of Remembrance Archived from the original on 2011 07 25 Retrieved 7 Jun 2011 Westminster Choir College commencement information Rider University Retrieved 10 Jun 2011 Leitch Alexander 1978 A Princeton Companion Baccalaureate Address The Retrieved 7 Jun 2011 Princeton Chapel Choir Princeton Chapel Choir Retrieved 7 Jun 2011 Milliner The Princeton University Chapel endnote 13 Works cited EditBush Sara E Kemeny P C 1999 The Princeton University chapels an architectural and religious history PDF The Princeton University Library Chronicle Vol 60 no 3 pp 317 52 Milliner Matthew J Spring 2009 Primus inter pares Albert M Friend and the argument of the Princeton University Chapel The Princeton University Library Chronicle Vol 70 no 3 pp 470 517 Milliner Matthew J 2007 The Princeton University Chapel Pamphlet The Educational Technologies Center of Princeton University Hypertext PDF Rhinehart Raymond 2000 University Chapel Princeton University An Architectural Tour New York N Y Princeton Architectural Press pp 49 53 Stillwell Richard 1971 The Chapel of Princeton University Princeton N J Princeton University Press External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Princeton University Chapel Official website The Aquinas Institute Catholic Campus Ministry at Princeton University official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Princeton University Chapel amp oldid 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