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1886

May 04, 2023

1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1886th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 886th year of the 2nd millennium, the 86th year of the 19th century, and the 7th year of the 1880s decade. As of the start of 1886, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1886 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1886
MDCCCLXXXVI
Ab urbe condita2639
Armenian calendar1335
ԹՎ ՌՅԼԵ
Assyrian calendar6636
Baháʼí calendar42–43
Balinese saka calendar1807–1808
Bengali calendar1293
Berber calendar2836
British Regnal year49 Vict. 1 – 50 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar2430
Burmese calendar1248
Byzantine calendar7394–7395
Chinese calendar乙酉年 (Wood Rooster)
4582 or 4522
    — to —
丙戌年 (Fire Dog)
4583 or 4523
Coptic calendar1602–1603
Discordian calendar3052
Ethiopian calendar1878–1879
Hebrew calendar5646–5647
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1942–1943
 - Shaka Samvat1807–1808
 - Kali Yuga4986–4987
Holocene calendar11886
Igbo calendar886–887
Iranian calendar1264–1265
Islamic calendar1303–1304
Japanese calendarMeiji 19
(明治１９年)
Javanese calendar1815–1816
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4219
Minguo calendar26 before ROC
民前26年
Nanakshahi calendar418
Thai solar calendar2428–2429
Tibetan calendar阴木鸡年
(female Wood-Rooster)
2012 or 1631 or 859
    — to —
阳火狗年
(male Fire-Dog)
2013 or 1632 or 860
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1886.

Events

January–March

April–June

 
May 8: Coca-Cola invented.

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

Births

January–February

March–April

May–June

July–August

September–October

November–December

Deaths

January–June

July–December

Date unknown

References

  1. ^ Soar, Phil; Tyler, Martin (2005). The Official Illustrated History of Arsenal. London: Hamlyn. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-600-61344-2.
  2. ^ Memoirs of an Arabian Princess: An Autobiography. World Digital Library. D. Appleton and Company. 1888. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  3. ^ "Our History". Del Monte. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  4. ^ Gammond, Peter (1995). Classical composers. Surrey England: CLB Pub. p. 129. ISBN 9781858334141.
  5. ^ Dickinson, Emily (1995). Emily Dickinson's open folios: scenes of reading, surfaces of writing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780472105861.

May 04, 2023
1886, mdccclxxxvi, common, year, starting, friday, gregorian, calendar, common, year, starting, wednesday, julian, calendar, year, common, anno, domini, designations, 886th, year, millennium, 86th, year, 19th, century, year, 1880s, decade, start, gregorian, ca. 1886 MDCCCLXXXVI was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar the 1886th year of the Common Era CE and Anno Domini AD designations the 886th year of the 2nd millennium the 86th year of the 19th century and the 7th year of the 1880s decade As of the start of 1886 the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar which remained in localized use until 1923 Millennium 2nd millenniumCenturies 18th century 19th century 20th centuryDecades 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900sYears 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 18891886 in various calendarsGregorian calendar1886MDCCCLXXXVIAb urbe condita2639Armenian calendar1335ԹՎ ՌՅԼԵAssyrian calendar6636Bahaʼi calendar42 43Balinese saka calendar1807 1808Bengali calendar1293Berber calendar2836British Regnal year49 Vict 1 50 Vict 1Buddhist calendar2430Burmese calendar1248Byzantine calendar7394 7395Chinese calendar乙酉年 Wood Rooster 4582 or 4522 to 丙戌年 Fire Dog 4583 or 4523Coptic calendar1602 1603Discordian calendar3052Ethiopian calendar1878 1879Hebrew calendar5646 5647Hindu calendars Vikram Samvat1942 1943 Shaka Samvat1807 1808 Kali Yuga4986 4987Holocene calendar11886Igbo calendar886 887Iranian calendar1264 1265Islamic calendar1303 1304Japanese calendarMeiji 19 明治１９年 Javanese calendar1815 1816Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 daysKorean calendar4219Minguo calendar26 before ROC民前26年Nanakshahi calendar418Thai solar calendar2428 2429Tibetan calendar阴木鸡年 female Wood Rooster 2012 or 1631 or 859 to 阳火狗年 male Fire Dog 2013 or 1632 or 860Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1886 Contents 1 Events 1 1 January March 1 2 April June 1 3 July September 1 4 October December 1 5 Date unknown 2 Births 2 1 January February 2 2 March April 2 3 May June 2 4 July August 2 5 September October 2 6 November December 3 Deaths 3 1 January June 3 2 July December 3 3 Date unknown 4 ReferencesEvents EditJanuary March Edit January 1 Upper Burma is formally annexed to British Burma following its conquest in the Third Anglo Burmese War of November 1885 January 5 9 Robert Louis Stevenson s novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is published in New York and London January 16 A resolution is passed in the German Parliament to condemn the Prussian deportations the politically motivated mass expulsion of ethnic Poles and Jews from Prussia initiated by Otto von Bismarck January 18 Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England January 29 Karl Benz patents the first successful gasoline driven automobile the Benz Patent Motorwagen built in 1885 February 6 9 Seattle riot of 1886 Anti Chinese sentiments result in riots in Seattle Washington February 8 The West End Riots following a popular meeting in Trafalgar Square London February 14 The first trainload of oranges leaves Los Angeles via the United States transcontinental railroad March 3 The Treaty of Bucharest ends the Serbo Bulgarian War in the Balkans March 16 A law establishing the Kiel Canal is adopted in the German Empire March 17 Carrollton Massacre 20 African Americans are killed in Mississippi March 29 Wilhelm Steinitz becomes the first recognized World Chess Champion March Gottlieb Daimler assembles his first automobile in Germany April June Edit May 8 Coca Cola invented April 4 William Ewart Gladstone introduces the First Irish Home Rule Bill in the Parliament of the United Kingdom it is defeated on June 8 April 6 The settlement of Vancouver British Columbia is incorporated April 24 Father Augustine Tolton the first Roman Catholic priest from the United States to identify himself publicly as African American is ordained in Rome April The Swedish Dress Reform Society is established May 1 A general strike begins in the United States which escalates on May 4 into the Haymarket affair in Chicago and eventually wins the eight hour day for workers May 4 Emile Berliner starts work that leads to the invention of the gramophone May 8 American pharmacist Dr John Pemberton invents a carbonated beverage that will be named Coca Cola May 15 Portugal and France agree to regulate the borders of their colonies in Guinea May 17 Santa Clara County v Southern Pacific Railroad The U S Supreme Court rules that corporations have the same rights as living persons Motherwell Football Club is founded in Scotland May 29 John Pemberton begins to advertise Coca Cola in The Atlanta Journal June 2 U S President Grover Cleveland marries Frances Folsom in the White House Washington D C becoming the only President of the United States to wed in the executive mansion She is 27 years his junior June 3 Uganda Martyrs Charles Lwanga 12 other Catholic boys and men and 9 Anglicans are burned and another Catholic speared to death at the orders of Kabaka Mwanga II of Buganda in Namugongo June 10 Mount Tarawera erupts June 10 The Mount Tarawera volcano erupts in New Zealand resulting in the deaths of over 150 people and the destruction of the famous Pink and White Terraces June 12 King Ludwig II of Bavaria is detained as part of a deposition drowning the following day under mysterious circumstances Six weeks later his unfinished Neuschwanstein Castle is opened to the public June 13 The Great Vancouver Fire devastates much of Vancouver British Columbia A large log jam forms on the St Croix River near Taylors Falls Minnesota June 25 Arturo Toscanini makes his conducting debut with an Italian opera company visiting Rio de Janeiro June 30 The Royal Holloway College for women is opened by Queen Victoria near London England July September Edit November 30 Folies Bergere July 3 Karl Benz officially unveils the Benz Patent Motorwagen July 9 American inventor Charles Martin Hall files a patent for his inexpensive method of refining aluminium discovered on February 23 independently and near simultaneously discovered in France by Paul Heroult it becomes known as the Hall Heroult process July 23 Steve Brodie is reported to have made a jump from the Brooklyn Bridge a claim subsequently disputed July 25 Robert Cecil 3rd Marquess of Salisbury becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom August 13 Nagasaki Incident Chinese troops riot during shore leave in Nagasaki Japan August 19 The Christian Union Church of God is established where August 20 A massive hurricane demolishes the town of Indianola Texas August 31 The 7 0 Mw Charleston earthquake affects southeastern South Carolina with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X Extreme 60 people are killed and damage is estimated at 5 6 million September 1 Grasshopper Club Zurich is founded as the first football club in the Swiss city of Zurich by English students September 4 American Indian Wars After almost 30 years of fighting Apache leader Geronimo surrenders with his last band of warriors to General Nelson Miles at Skeleton Canyon in Arizona September 9 The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works is signed September 21 American physicist William Stanley Jr patents the first practical alternating current transformer device the induction coil October December Edit October 7 Spain abolishes slavery in Cuba October 24 The British merchant vessel Normanton sinks off the coast of Japan triggering the Normanton incident October 28 In New York Harbor U S President Grover Cleveland dedicates the Statue of Liberty a gift from France The ensuing spontaneous celebration in New York City leads to the first ticker tape parade November The extremely harsh winter of 1886 87 in the United States begins killing tens of thousands of cattle on the Great Plains of North America November 1 The biggest Buddhist boys school in Sri Lanka Ananda College is founded in Colombo November 3 In the British Raj what will become one of the biggest boys schools in Pakistan Aitchison College Lahore is founded under the auspices of Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchison November 11 Heinrich Hertz verifies the existence of electromagnetic waves at the University of Karlsruhe November 14 German inventor Friedrich Soennecken first develops the hole puncher a type of office tool capable of punching small holes in paper November 15 A worldwide home appliance and power tool brand Robert Bosch GmbH was founded in Baden Wurttemberg Germany citation needed November 30 The Folies Bergere stages its first revue in Paris December 11 London Association football club Arsenal founded as Dial Square by workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich play their first match on the Isle of Dogs The club is renamed Royal Arsenal soon afterwards supposedly on December 25 1 December 17 English adventurer Thomas Stevens concludes the first circumnavigation by bicycle in Yokohama having set out on his penny farthing from San Francisco in 1884 Date unknown Edit Addis Ababa is founded in the Ethiopian Empire The village of Skorenovac is founded mostly by Szekely Hungarians Scotch whisky distiller William Grant amp Sons is founded Yorkshire Tea is established in Harrogate England Johnson amp Johnson which becomes a multinational brand begins manufacturing healthcare products in New Jersey United States Emily Ruete publishes her landmark memoir Memoirs of an Arabian Princess An Autobiography 2 Bedford Rugby Club is formed in England Avon Products a worldwide cosmetics and household brand is founded in New York City United States page needed Food product and processing brand Del Monte Foods was founded in California United States 3 Births EditJanuary February Edit Wilhelm Furtwangler Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo Oskar Kokoschka January 2 Florence Lawrence Canadian born American actress d 1938 January 5 Markus Reiner Israeli scientist d 1976 January 7 Amedeo Maiuri Italian archaeologist d 1963 January 11 George Zucco English born American character actor d 1960 Chester Conklin American actor d 1971 January 13 Sophie Tucker Russian born American singer comedian d 1966 January 14 Hugh Lofting English born American author d 1947 January 17 Joe Masseria Italian born American gangster d 1931 January 25 Wilhelm Furtwangler German conductor d 1954 January 27 Frank Nitti Italian born American gangster d 1943 January 28 Hidetsugu Yagi Japanese electrical engineer d 1976 January 31 Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo 14th and 16th President of Colombia d 1959 February 2 Frank Lloyd English born American film director scriptwriter and producer d 1960 February 4 Edward Sheldon American playwright d 1946 February 7 Yehezkel Abramsky Russian born British rabbi d 1976 February 8 Charlie Ruggles American actor d 1970 February 9 Edwin Maxwell Irish actor d 1948 February 12 Margarita Fischer American silent film actress d 1975 February 17 Aeneas Francon Williams English missionary Church of Scotland minister writer and poet d 1971 February 19 Jose Abad Santos Filipino jurist lawyer d 1942 February 22 Oskar Kokoschka Austrian artist and poet d 1980 February 27 Hugo Black Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States d 1971 March April Edit Kazimierz Switalski Kalman Daranyi Margaret Woodrow Wilson March 2 Willis H O Brien American stop motion animator d 1962 Vittorio Pozzo Italian football player and manager d 1968 Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg German general d 1974 March 4 Kazimierz Switalski Polish diplomat politician soldier and military officer 18th Prime Minister of Poland d 1962 March 6 Saburō Kurusu Japanese diplomat d 1954 Nella Walker American actress vaudevillian d 1971 March 7 Virginia Pearson American silent film actress d 1958 March 8 Edward Calvin Kendall American chemist recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine d 1972 March 9 Robert L Eichelberger American general d 1961 March 11 Edward Rydz Smigly Polish politician Marshal of Poland d 1941 March 15 Sergey Kirov Soviet revolutionary d 1934 March 18 Edward Everett Horton American actor d 1970 Lothar von Arnauld de la Periere German U boat ace d 1941 March 19 Giuseppe Mario Bellanca Italian born American airplane designer manufacturer d 1960 March 20 Grace Brown American murder victim whose story became a famous court case d 1906 March 22 Kalman Daranyi 31st Prime Minister of Hungary d 1939 March 24 Edward Weston American photographer d 1958 March 25 Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople d 1972 March 27 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe German architect d 1969 April 4 William R Munroe American admiral d 1966 April 5 Gustavo Jimenez President of Peru d 1933 April 14 Ernst Robert Curtius Alsatian philologist d 1956 April 16 Ernst Thalmann German Communist leader d 1944 Margaret Woodrow Wilson American singer Presidential daughter d 1944 April 26 Ma Rainey American singer d 1939 April 30 Dick Elliott American actor d 1961 May June Edit King Alfonso XIII of Spain Al Jolson May 2 Gottfried Benn German poet d 1956 May 3 Marcel Dupre French composer d 1971 May 5 Emile Edde 4th Prime Minister and 3rd President of Lebanon d 1949 May 10 Karl Barth Swiss Protestant theologian d 1968 Felix Manalo Filipino Executive Minister Tagapamahalang Pangkalahatan of the Iglesia ni Cristo d 1963 Olaf Stapledon British author philosopher d 1950 May 17 King Alfonso XIII of Spain d 1941 May 18 Ture Nerman Swedish communist leader d 1969 May 20 John Jacob Astor 1st Baron Astor of Hever American born British businessman d 1971 May 26 Al Jolson American entertainer d 1950 June 7 Henri Coandă Romanian aerodynamics pioneer d 1972 June 9 Kosaku Yamada Japanese composer conductor d 1965 June 18 George Mallory English climber d 1924 June 23 Olaf M Hustvedt American admiral d 1978 June 24 Ion Gigurtu 42nd Prime Minister of Romania d 1959 June 25 Henry H Arnold American general aviation pioneer d 1950 June 28 Hitoshi Imamura Japanese general d 1968 June 29 Robert Schuman German French politician a founding father of the European Union d 1963 July August Edit Willem Drees Walter H Schottky July 3 Giovanni Battista Caproni Italian aeronautical civil and electrical engineer aircraft designer and industrialist d 1957 Raymond A Spruance American admiral ambassador d 1969 July 5 Willem Drees Dutch politician and historian 30th Prime Minister of the Netherlands d 1988 July 6 Lou Skuce Canadian cartoonist d 1951 July 12 Jean Hersholt Danish born American actor d 1956 July 15 William Edmunds Italian stage screen character actor d 1981 July 18 Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr American general d 1945 July 23 Walter H Schottky German physicist d 1976 July 24 Jun ichirō Tanizaki Japanese writer d 1965 July 25 Bror von Blixen Finecke Swedish big game hunter d 1946 July 31 Fred Quimby American film producer d 1965 August 2 John Alexander Douglas McCurdy Canadian aviation pioneer Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia d 1961 August 6 Inez Milholland American suffragist labor lawyer World War I correspondent and public speaker d 1916 August 12 Campbell Tait British admiral and Governor of Southern Rhodesia d 1946 August 20 Paul Tillich German American Christian existentialist philosopher theologian d 1965 August 26 Ceferino Namuncura Argentine Roman Catholic lay brother and blessed d 1905 August 27 Nicolette Bruining Dutch theologian humanitarian d 1963 Rebecca Clarke English composer violist d 1979 Eric Coates English composer d 1957 August 28 Andrew Higgins American boatbuilder industrialist d 1952 September October Edit Roberto Maria Ortiz Archibald Hill David Ben Gurion September 1 Tarsila do Amaral Brazilian modernist painter d 1973 Othmar Schoeck Swiss composer d 1957 September 5 Nell Brinkley American illustrator comic artist d 1944 September 8 Siegfried Sassoon British poet d 1967 September 11 Khaled Chehab 2 Time Prime Minister of Lebanon d 1978 September 13 Robert Robinson British chemist Nobel Prize laureate d 1975 September 14 Jan Masaryk Foreign Minister of Czechoslovakia d 1948 September 16 Jean Arp Alsatian sculptor painter and poet d 1966 September 20 Charles Williams English novelist playwright poet theologian and critic d 1945 September 24 Edward Bach English metaphysician homeopath d 1936 Roberto Maria Ortiz President of Argentina d 1942 September 25 Nobutake Kondō Japanese admiral d 1953 September 26 Archibald Hill English physiologist Nobel Prize laureate d 1977 October 3 Alain Fournier French writer killed in action 1914 October 6 Edwin Fischer Swiss pianist conductor d 1960 October 11 Conrad Helfrich Dutch admiral d 1962 October 15 Jonas H Ingram American admiral d 1952 October 16 David Ben Gurion Polish born first Prime Minister of Israel d 1973 October 17 Spring Byington American actress d 1971 October 22 Oscar Griswold American general d 1959 October 30 Zoe Akins American playwright poet and author d 1958 November December Edit Ali Jawdat al Aiyubi Diego Rivera Ty Cobb November 1 Hermann Broch Austrian author d 1951 November 2 Gheorghe Tătărescu 2 time prime minister of Romania d 1957 November 6 Andre Marty French Communist Party leader d 1956 November 9 Ed Wynn American actor d 1966 November 10 Walden L Ainsworth American admiral d 1960 November 11 Ali Jawdat al Aiyubi 11th Prime Minister of Iraq d 1969 November 12 Infante Alfonso Duke of Galliera Spanish prince military aviator d 1975 November 15 Rene Guenon French Egyptian author d 1951 November 17 Walter Terence Stace British philosopher d 1967 November 18 Ferenc Munnich 47th Prime Minister of Hungary d 1967 November 20 Karl von Frisch Austrian zoologist recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine d 1982 November 26 Margaret C Anderson American publisher editor d 1973 December 3 Manne Siegbahn Swedish physicist Nobel Prize laureate d 1978 December 5 Rose Wilder Lane American author d 1968 December 8 Diego Rivera Mexican painter d 1957 December 10 Victor McLaglen English actor boxer d 1959 December 12 Owen Moore Irish born American actor d 1939 December 18 Ty Cobb American baseball player and a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame d 1961 December 25 Gotthard Heinrici German general d 1971 Kid Ory American jazz musician d 1973 December 26 Gyula Gombos 30th Prime Minister of Hungary d 1936 December 30 Austin Osman Spare English artist magician d 1956 Deaths EditJanuary June Edit Emily Dickinson Ludwig II of Bavaria January 16 Amilcare Ponchielli Italian composer b 1834 4 January 18 Baldassare Verazzi Italian painter b 1819 January 26 David Rice Atchison American politician b 1807 February 9 Winfield Scott Hancock Union general of the American Civil War Democratic political candidate b 1824 February 10 Laura Don American actress b 1852 February 12 Horatio Seymour 18th Governor of New York 1868 Democratic Party presidential nominee b 1810 February 15 Edward Cardwell 1st Viscount Cardwell British politician b 1813 February 18 Dave Rudabaugh American outlaw gunfighter b 1854 February 24 Hugh Stowell Brown Manx preacher b 1823 March 9 William S Clark American chemist b 1826 March 17 Pierre Jules Hetzel French editor publisher b 1814 April 9 Joseph Victor von Scheffel German poet b 1826 April 16 Andrew Nicholl Northern Irish painter b 1804 April 20 Louis Melsens Belgian chemist and physicist b 1814 April 27 Henry Hobson Richardson American architect b 1838 May 9 Facundo Bacardi Cuban rum manufacturer b 1814 May 15 Emily Dickinson American poet b 1830 5 May 17 John Deere American inventor b 1804 May 23 Leopold von Ranke German historian b 1795 June 13 Bernhard von Gudden German neuroanatomist and psychiatrist b 1824 King Ludwig II of Bavaria b 1845 June 19 Sir Charles Trevelyan British civil servant and colonial administrator b 1807 June 21 Daniel Dunglas Home Scottish medium b 1833 July December Edit Franz Liszt Eliza Lynch July 1 Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich German geologist b 1806 July 4 Poundmaker Aboriginal Canadian leader b c 1842 Prince Arisugawa Takahito Japanese Prince b 1813 July 16 Ned Buntline Edward Zane Carroll Judson Sr American publisher dime novelist and publicist b 1821 July 25 Eliza Lynch First Lady of Paraguay b 1833 July 31 Franz Liszt Hungarian pianist composer b 1811 August 4 Samuel J Tilden 25th Governor of New York 1876 Democratic Party presidential nominee b 1814 August 9 Sir Samuel Ferguson Northern Irish poet artist b 1810 Bill Smith Major League Baseball player b 1865 August 11 Lydia Koidula Estonian poet b 1843 August 16 Ramakrishna Paramhansa Indian spiritual figure b 1836 August 30 Ferris Jacobs Jr American politician b 1836 September 3 William W Snow American politician b 1812 September 4 Benjamin F Cheatham Confederate general b 1820 September 14 Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard American land speculator b 1802 September 25 Hannah T King British born American writer and pioneer b 1808 October 6 Edward William Godwin English architect b 1833 October 8 Austin F Pike American politician from New Hampshire b 1819 October 9 Jean Jacques Uhrich French general b 1802 November 4 Sir James Martin 4th Premier of New South Wales b 1820 Chester A Arthur November 18 Chester A Arthur 21st President of the United States b 1829 November 20 William Bliss Baker American painter b 1859 November 21 Charles Francis Adams Sr American historical editor politician and diplomat b 1807 December 8 Isaac Lea American conchologist geologist and publisher b 1792 William Fraser Tolmie Scottish Canadian scientist politician b 1812 December 26 John A Logan American soldier political leader b 1826 Date unknown Edit Harriet Bates American author b 1856 References Edit Soar Phil Tyler Martin 2005 The Official Illustrated History of Arsenal London Hamlyn p 23 ISBN 978 0 600 61344 2 Memoirs of an Arabian Princess An Autobiography World Digital Library D Appleton and Company 1888 Retrieved September 19 2013 Our History Del Monte Retrieved May 19 2022 Gammond Peter 1995 Classical composers Surrey England CLB Pub p 129 ISBN 9781858334141 Dickinson Emily 1995 Emily Dickinson s open folios scenes of reading surfaces of writing Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press p 42 ISBN 9780472105861 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1886 amp oldid 1149061926, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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