Willem Drees
Willem Drees Sr. (Dutch pronunciation (help·info); 5 July 1886 – 14 May 1988) was a Dutch politician of the defunct Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) and later co-founder of the Labour Party (PvdA) and historian who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 7 August 1948 to 22 December 1958.[1][2][3][4]
Willem Drees | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Drees in 1958 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister of the Netherlands | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 7 August 1948 – 22 December 1958 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monarchs | Wilhelmina Juliana | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deputy | See list
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| Preceded by | Louis Beel | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Louis Beel | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Minister of Finance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 1 July 1952 – 2 September 1952 Ad interim | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | Himself | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Piet Lieftinck | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Jo van de Kieft | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Minister of Colonial Affairs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 15 March 1951 – 30 March 1951 Ad interim | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | Himself | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Johan van Maarseveen | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Leonard Peters | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leader of the Labour Party | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 9 February 1946 – 22 December 1958 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deputy | See list
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Office established | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Jaap Burger | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deputy Prime Minister | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 25 June 1945 – 7 August 1948 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | Willem Schermerhorn (1945–1946) Louis Beel (1948) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Hendrik van Boeijen (1942) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Josef van Schaik | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Minister of Social Affairs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 25 June 1945 – 7 August 1948 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | Willem Schermerhorn (1945–1946) Louis Beel (1948) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Dolf Joekes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Frans Wijffels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leader of the Social Democratic Workers' Party | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 14 May 1940 – 9 February 1946 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deputy | See list
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Willem Albarda | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Office discontinued | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | 5 July 1886 Amsterdam, Netherlands | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 14 May 1988 (aged 101) The Hague, Netherlands | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | Labour Party (1946–1971) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other political affiliations | Independent Social Democrat (from 1971) Social Democratic Workers' Party (1904–1946) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Relatives | Willem B. Drees (grandson) Jacques Wallage (grandson-in-law) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alma mater | Amsterdam Public Trade School (B.Acc) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Occupation | Politician · civil servant · Accountant · Stenographer · Historian · Author | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Signature | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Drees studied Accounting at the Amsterdam Public Trade School obtaining a Bachelor of Accountancy degree and worked as a bank teller for the Twentsche Bank from July 1903 to July 1906 as a stenographer for Parliament from January 1907 until August 1919. Drees was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1933, taking office on 9 May 1933 serving as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Social Affairs. After Party Leader and Parliamentary leader Willem Albarda was appointed as Minister of Water Management in the Cabinet De Geer II Drees was selected as his successor on 10 August 1939. Shortly after the German Invasion Party Leader Albarda announced he was stepping down and Drees was anonymously selected as his successor as Leader on 14 May 1940. Following the end of World War II Drees was appointment as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Social Affairs in the national unity Cabinet Schermerhorn–Drees taking office on 25 June 1945. In February 1946 Drees was one of the co-founders of the Labour Party and became its first Leader. For the election of 1946 Drees served as one of the Lijsttrekkers (top candidates) and following a cabinet formation continued his offices in the Cabinet Beel I. For the election of 1948 Drees served again as one of the Lijsttrekkers and following a successful cabinet formation with the Catholics formed the Cabinet Drees–Van Schaik with Drees becoming Prime Minister of the Netherlands and taking office on 7 August 1948.[5]
The cabinet Drees-Van Schaik fell on 24 January 1951 and after a short cabinet formation was replaced by Cabinet Drees I with Drees continuing as Prime Minister. For the election of 1952 Drees served again as Lijsttrekker and following a successful cabinet formation formed the Cabinet Drees II and continued as Prime Minister for a second term. For the election of 1956 Drees once again served as Lijsttrekker and following another cabinet formation formed the Cabinet Drees III and continued as Prime Minister for a third term. The Cabinet Drees III fell on 11 December 1958 and shortly thereafter Drees announced his retirement and would step down as Leader and would not serve another term as Prime Minister. Drees left office following the installation of the caretaker Cabinet Beel II on 22 December 1958.
Drees retired from active politics at 72 but continued to be active as a valued historian and prolific author and served on several state commissions and councils on behalf of the government. Drees was known for his abilities as a skillful team leader and effective manager. During his premiership, his cabinets were responsible for several major social reforms to social security, welfare, Child benefits and education, overseeing the decolonization of the Dutch East Indies following the Indonesian National Revolution, the fallout of the annexation of former German territory and dealing with several major crises such as the North Sea flood of 1953 and Hofmans-scandal. Drees was granted the honorary title of Minister of State on 22 December 1958 and continued to comment on political affairs as a statesman until his death in May 1988 at the age of 101. He holds the record as the third longest-serving and longest-lived Prime Minister at 101 years, 314 days and his premiership is consistently regarded both by scholars and the public to have been one of the best in Dutch history.[6][7][8]
Education and private career
Willem Drees was born in Amsterdam on 5 July 1886. After completing his secondary education in 1903 at the Hogeschool van Amsterdam, he worked until 1906 for the Twentsche Bank in Amsterdam. This was followed by a period as a stenographer with the Municipal Council of Amsterdam and then between 1907 and 1919 with the States General of the Netherlands.[citation needed]
Political involvement
Early career
In 1904, Drees joined the Social Democratic Workers' Party, which later was absorbed into the Labour Party in 1946. From 1910 to 1931 he was chairman of The Hague branch of the Social Democratic Workers' Party and between 1913 and 1941 a member of the municipal council of The Hague. During that period he was alderman for social affairs from 1919 to 1931 and for finance and public works through to 1933.[5]
For 22 years, between 1919 and 1941, Drees also held a seat on the Provincial Council of South Holland and for 19 years between 1927 and 1946 one on the Social Democratic Workers' Party executive. Between 1933 and 1940 he represented the Social Democratic Workers' Party in the House of Representatives and from 1939 as leader in the House of Representatives
During the German occupation Drees was taken hostage in Buchenwald concentration camp on 7 October 1940. On 7 October 1941, he was moved to Kamp Sint-Michielsgestel, and released on 11 May 1942 due to poor health.[9] After release, he played a prominent role, as vice chairman and acting chairman of the illegal Executive Committee of the SDAP, and as a prominent participant in secret interparty consultations. In 1944, he became chairman of the Contact Commissie van de Illegaliteit and a member of the College van Vertrouwensmannen which the government in exile charged with the preparation of steps to be taken at the time of liberation.[10]
Thereafter, from 24 June 1945 to 7 August 1948 Drees was Minister of Social Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister in the Cabinet Schermerhorn/Drees.
Prime Minister of the Netherlands
From 7 August 1948 to 22 December 1958, Drees was Prime Minister of the Netherlands in four successive cabinets: First Drees cabinet, Second Drees cabinet, Third Drees cabinet and Fourth Drees cabinet.
His period in office saw at least four major political developments: the traumas of decolonisation, economic reconstruction, the establishment of the Dutch welfare state,[11][12] and international integration and co-operation, including the formation of Benelux, the OEEC, NATO, the ECSC, and the EEC. When his Cabinet broke up in December 1958, he was appointed to the honorary position of Minister of State, the Labour Party appointed him a member of its Executive Council for life in 1959. Due to impaired hearing he stopped attending its meetings in 1966. He strongly disagreed with New Left tendencies in the membership and strategies of the Labour Party. He eventually gave up membership of a party he had served for close to 67 years.
Drees was an Esperantist and addressed the 1954 World Congress of Esperanto, which was held in Haarlem.[13]
A wide range of social reforms were carried out during Drees's tenure as Prime Minister. In social security, the Occupational Pensions Funds Act of March 1949 made membership of industry-wide pension funds compulsory, while the General Old Age Pensions Act of May 1956 introduced universal flat-rate old age pensions for all residents as a right and with no retirement condition at the age of 65. The Retired Persons' Family Allowances Act of November 1950 established a special allowance for pensioned public servants with children (abolished in 1963), a law of November 1950 extended compulsory health insurance to cover other groups such as old-age and invalidity pensioners, and a law of December 1956 introduced health insurance with special low contributions for old-aged pensioners below a certain income ceiling. A law of August 1950 established equal rights for illegitimate children, and introduced an allowance for disabled children between the ages of 16 and 20. This law also introduced monthly (previously annual) fixing of the number of children for whom allowances are claimable. The Temporary Family Allowances Act for the Self-employed of June 1951 entitled self-employed persons with low incomes to family allowance for the first and second child (abolished in 1963), and a law of February 1952 introduced an allowance for studying and for disabled children until the age of 27.[14] In 1949, an unemployment insurance act was passed that came into effect in 1952. This contained redundancy pay insurance "for an initial short period of unemployment and the actual unemployment insurance for the period thereafter."[15] In 1952 a Social Security Scheme for the Unemployed entered into force on 30 June 1952. It applied to unemployed persons "who, in principle, do not fall under the Unemployment Act or who, in principle, do fall under the said Act, but do not(any longer) receive benefits under the said Act." The scheme therefore distinguished 2 groups of employees and had 2 benefit schemes.[16]
In 1949, an Artist Subsidy Scheme was introduced, under which artists "lacking sufficient income from their profession received a financial provision for a certain time allowing them to continue working."[17] A Law of 22 June 1950 established the Praeventiefonds with the task of making funds available "to take measures aimed at preventing disease or promoting health."[18] From 1950 to 1957, the Praeventiefonds received a separate budget "from the Equalization Fund for supplementary nutrition for TB patients curing at home."[19] Under the Accident Pension Supplement Act of 26 May 1950, "in certain cases persons who received an annuity or benefit under one of the Accident Acts were granted a supplement to their annuity or benefit."[20]
The Pension and Savings Funds Act (PSW) of 1952 improved the vulnerable position of employees in private companies "by obliging the employer who had promised a pension to his employee to cover the pension risk he assumed, either with a pension fund or with an insurance company." However, the Act "does not oblige the employer to promise a pension: in contrast to the salary, to which the employee is entitled in all cases (cf. Article 1637 g of the Civil Code), the employee is only entitled to a pension if this has been promised."[21] An Act of 29 September 1955, Stb. 456, amending the Poor Law, introduced an amended regulation regarding the domicile of social assistance, or for the payment of the costs of nursing or care of the sick, disabled and elderly in the appropriate institutions. The aim of the amendment was to provide a more satisfactory arrangement for liability for costs.[22] In 1956, a Hungarian Refugee Assistance Scheme was introduced,[23] along with Provision for the Blind (Voorziening voor Blinden). This provision recognized the blind as one of the groups in society entitled to a special benefit.[24] In addition to the normative benefits, benefits tailored to the individual case could also be awarded, "such as expenses for the mental and cultural development of the blind person, costs of education or training and medical treatment or nursing of the blind person in his family."[25] In 1957 a new social health insurance scheme for indigent pensioners was set up called bejaardenverzekering (elderly insurance).[26] In January 1958, legal aid was introduced.[27] The General Widows and Pensions Act was also drafted, which was passed under the Cabinet Beel II[28]
In terms of working conditions, safety Regulations for Electric Passenger and Goods Lifts with a Cage that can be entered were introduced on 15 June 1949.[29] A Decree further amending the Safety Decree for Factories and Workplaces, 1938 Dated January 1950 "adds seven new Sections, 212-212 F to the Safety Decree of 1938. The new sections deal with construction, repair or demolition of buildings, foundations, water works, underground conduits and roads. In addition to general safety provisions, there are provisions concerning the construction and use of scaffolds, floors, gangways, stairs, gangplanks, etc., and hoisting appliances."[30] Other decrees were issued concerning working hours for various groups.[31] The Silicosis Act of 1951 sought "to prevent and combat dust lung diseases, such as silicosis, caused by inhalation of finely divided quartz dust, e.g. from sandblasting or sandstone processing, and asbestosis, caused by inhalation of asbestos dust."[32] The Law on dangerous tools of 5 March 1952 contained safety regulations with regard to dangerous tools and protection equipment.[33] In the legislative amendment of 19 January 1955, after a number of failed attempts, the regulation of working and rest times in agriculture was realized in the Labor Act 1919.[34] The Act of 18 June 1953 (Stb. 421) amended the provisions of the Labor Act 1919 on the night work of women and young persons. For instance, the time of commencement of the daily working hours for blue-collar workers under the age of 16 was raised from 5 to 6 hours, and the minimum night's rest for young people from 11 to 12 hours.[35] A law of 6 August 1954 established a legal ban on industrial work for 14-year-old girls.[36] In 1950, works councils were established,[37] requiring all enterprises with more than 25 employees to allow their employees to elect representatives.[38] The Industrial Reorganization Act of 1950 made it mandatory for workers to belong to an industrial organizations, which were bipartite associations that represented labor and management interests. These were primarily responsible for administering occupational security programs like disability and pensions. According to one study, "by making participation in the associations mandatory, Drees was able to vastly expand the scope of the workforce covered by social security programs, guaranteeing a greater degree of uniformity in the benefits workers received."[39] Dismissal law was reformed in 1953, with a scheme introduced "that not only created the possibility of claiming compensation after a manifestly unreasonable dismissal, but also the so-called 'restoration of employment'."[40] In 1957 the dismissal of female civil servants upon marriage was abolished.[41]
In the field of housing, the Implementation for Rent Act (1950) fixed rents and rent increases, while the Regional and Town Planning Act (1950) regulated the planning of house building. In addition, the Reconstruction Act of 1950 established housebuilding programmes,[42] and legislation was passed on house building standards (1951), the uniformity of buildings (1954), and uniform building standards (1956).[43] In 1953, a premium scheme for home improvement was set up by the government.[44] From 1956 it was possible for low-income groups to obtain a mortgage guarantee.[45] In education, measures were carried out such as increased expenditure on the system, a reduction in registration fees at State universities and at the institute of technology,[42] and the granting (in January 1956) of a special benefit to primary school teachers and to certain categories of vocational teachers, "particularly those who risk being unemployed and who cannot lay claim to a retaining fee."[46] From 1951 onwards government grants were provided to 'impoverished young people from very good study aptitude that met reasonable requirements of general development and civilization' (De Looper, 1997).[47] Other initiatives included secondary schools for girls and special primary education in 1949, teacher training colleges in 1952,[48] the extension of compulsory education to 8 years in 1950,[49] the Nursery Education Act of 1955, which introduced the option of kindergarten for children from the age of four upwards, while also establishing regulations for nursery-school teachers,[14] and the Schoolfees Act of 1955, which abolished all fees up to the school-leaving age.[50]
A department of social welfare was also established (1952),[43] employment facilities for the disabled were expanded and care for the blind received money.[51] In 1952, the Ministry of Social Affairs began granting subsidies "to promote the employment of the blind, on the one hand through contributions for individual cases (purchase or conversion of equipment, transport, etc.), on the other hand through subsidizing the work facilities of the blind." Following on from schemes for the blind, equal provisions for other handicapped persons were established in 1955 and 1958.[52] In addition, "Government care for passengers on inland vessels started with the establishment of the Social Commission for Boatmen in 1956."[53] The Water Supply Act of 1957 sought to achieve sanitation in terms of drinking water quality.[54] In 1957, "the task of the CCCA (Central Commission for Cultural Work in Labor Camps) was modified and expanded and at the same time the Provincial and Local Committees were abolished. The task of the CCCA was formulated as the promotion of the cultural interests of workers, group-housed in housing estates whose operation and/or management falls under the care of the minister and, if necessary, other groups of workers, group-housed outside their places of residence." [55] The Health Act of 1956 contained new legal regulations concerning regarding the organization of public health care,[56] while the Medicines Supply Act of 28 July 1958, contained new regulations "regarding the supply of medicines and the practice of medical preparation."[57]
In addition, a number of 'regulation laws' were passed through parliament including the Insurance Brokerage Act, the Shop Closing Act (including some twenty amendments), development plans for disadvantaged areas and the Credit System Supervision Act.[58]
Personal life
On 28 July 1910, Drees married Catharina Hent (6 May 1888 – 30 January 1974)[59][60] and had two sons and two daughters, Both his sons Jan Drees and Willem Drees Jr. were active members of the Labour Party, but left the party around 1970 to join the Democratic Socialists 1970. The cause was a row with younger party members who wanted to plot a more radical left-wing course for the party. Drees himself left the Labour Party in 1971 leaving them without their icon, but he never joined the Democratic Socialists 1970.
Drees was a Teetotaler. Willem Drees died on 14 May 1988 in The Hague, two months before his 102nd birthday.[61] From 22 August 1986, when former Turkish President Celâl Bayar died, until his own death Drees was the world's oldest living former head of government.
In 2004 he ended in third place in the election of The Greatest Dutchman.[62][63]
Further reading
Four Volume Biography Willem Drees 1886–1988, in Dutch:
- Jelle Gaemers, De rode wethouder: De jaren 1886–1940 (Amsterdam: Balans, 2006).637 pp. ISBN 90 5018 760 9.
- Hans Daalder, Gedreven en behoedzaam: De jaren 1940–1948 (Amsterdam: Balans, 2003). 528 pp. ISBN 90 5018 6157.
- Hans Daalder, Vier jaar nachtmerrie: De Indonesische kwestie (Amsterdam: Balans, 2004). 548 pp. ISBN 90 5018 639 4.
- Hans Daalder en Jelle Gaemers, Premier en elder statesman: De jaren 1948–1988 (Amsterdam: Balans, 2014). 640 pp. ISBN 978 94 600 3715 3.
- W. Drees, Gespiegeld in de tijd. De nagelaten autobiografie (Amsterdam 2000). (Memoir by Willem Drees, Jr.)
Decorations
| Honours | ||||
| Ribbon bar | Honour | Country | Date | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion | Netherlands | 22 December 1958 | ||
| Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold | Belgium | 10 March 1949 | ||
| Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog | Denmark | |||
| Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Trinity | Ethiopia | 3 November 1954 | ||
| Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour | France | 10 July 1954 | ||
| Grand Cross of the Royal Order of George I | Greece | 2 February 1954 | ||
| Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Africa | Liberia | 10 December 1956 | ||
| Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau | Luxembourg | |||
| Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown | Luxembourg | 12 July 1951 | ||
| Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav | Norway | |||
| Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa | Sweden | |||
| Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Order of the White Elephant | Thailand | 26 September 1955 | ||
| Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George | United Kingdom | 24 July 1958 | ||
| Medal of Freedom with Gold Palm | United States | 7 April 1953 | ||
| Honorific Titles | ||||
| Ribbon bar | Honour | Country | Date | Comment |
| Minister of State | Netherlands | 22 December 1958 | Style of Excellency | |
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The Grand Cross of the Belgian Order of Leopold awarded to Drees on during his visit to Brussels, on 10th March 1949 by Belgian Regent; Prince Charles, Count of Flanders.
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The Imperial Ethiopian Order of the Holy Trinity, awarded to Drees by Emperor Haile Selassie during his state visit to the Netherlands on 3rd November 1954.
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Drees' insignia of the Grand Cross of the Legion d’Honneur given to him by President René Coty on 10th July 1954.
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The Grand Cross of the Order of George I, awarded to Drees by Paul, King of the Greeks, in June 1954 on the occasion of the visit of the Prime Minister of Greece, Field Marshal Alexander Papagos, to the Netherlands on 2 February 1954.
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The Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Africa, awarded to Drees by William V.S. Tubman, President of Liberia, on December 10th, 1956 on the occasion of his state visit to the Netherlands on October 15, 1956.
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The Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown, awarded to Drees by Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg on 12th July 1951 on the occasion of the state visit of Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard to Luxembourg from 19th-21st June 1951.
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The Grand Cross of the Order of the White Elephant, conferred on Drees by King Bhumipol Adulyadej of Thailand on September 26th 1955.
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Drees' GCMG insignia awarded by Queen Elizabeth II during her state visit to the Netherlands, on 24th July 1958.
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Miniature medal bar of Drees, showing all of his foreign and domestic decorations, as well as the grade.
References
- ^ The Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier. 18 November 1992. ISBN 9780717201235 – via Google Books.
- ^ (in Dutch) Geschiedenis VPRO Geschiedenis 24.
- ^ Mcwhirter, Norris; McFarlan, Donald (18 November 1989). the Guinness Book of Records 1990. Guinness Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9780851123417 – via Google Books.
- ^ (in Dutch) Willem Drees beste crisismanager 18 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine Geencommentaar.nl.
- ^ a b (in Dutch) Biography Willem Drees BWSA
- ^ (in Dutch) Willem Drees gekozen tot ‘Dé premier na WO II’, Geschiedenis24.nl, 15 January 2006
- ^ (in Dutch) NRC-enquête: Drees en Lubbers beste premiers sinds 1900, NRC Handelsblad, 28 September 2013
- ^ (in Dutch) I&O Research, I&O Research, 13 March 2020
- ^ "Dr. W. (Willem) Drees". Dutch Parlement (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ "Vaderlandsch Comité". Oorlogs Bronnen (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- ^ Orlow, D. (2000). Common Destiny: A Comparative History of the Dutch, French, and German Social Democratic Parties, 1945–1969. Berghahn Books. p. 120. ISBN 9781571812254. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ Lentz, H.M. (2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Taylor & Francis. p. 578. ISBN 9781134264902. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ UEA: Reta Muzeo. Materialoj el Biblioteko Hector Hodler. 1947–1974 World Esperanto Association.
- ^ a b Growth to Limits: The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 2 edited by Peter Flora.
- ^ Memorie van toelichting - Wijziging van verschillende wetten in verband met de hervorming van het ontslagrecht, wijziging van de rechtspositie van flexwerkers en wijziging van verschillende wetten in verband met het aanpassen van de Werkloosheidswet, het verruimen van de openstelling van de Wet inkomensvoorziening oudere werklozen en de beperking van de toegang tot de Wet inkomensvoorziening oudere en gedeeltelijk arbeidsongeschikte werkloze werknemers (Wet werk en zekerheid)
- ^ Recht op arbeid en in verklaring van mensenrechten by Hermannus Nicolaas Teuben, 1955, P.154
- ^ A monument to the Artist Subsidy Scheme. The history of a controversial artist scheme (1949-1987) Fransje Kuyvenhoven
- ^ Nederlandsch tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, Volume 97, Page 109
- ^ Besluit vaststelling selectielijst neerslag handelingen Prophylaxefonds (Sociale Zekerheid [... (Volksgezondheidsubsidies 1950–1998)]
- ^ Europese Coördinatie van Invaliditeits- en Weduwenverzekeringen R.C. CORNELISSEN, P.67
- ^ Pensioen en privaatrecht by Th. L J. Bod, P.13
- ^ ZITTING 1957—1958 — 523 0 Verslag over de verrichtingen aangaande het Armbestuur over de jaren 1955 en 1956 VERSLAG Nr. 2
- ^ ZITTING 1957—1958 — 523 0 Verslag over de verrichtingen aangaande het Armbestuur over de jaren 1955 en 1956 VERSLAG Nr. 2 P.17
- ^ Blind in een gidsland over de bejegening van mensen met een visuele beperking in de Nederlandse verzorgingsmaatschappij, 1920-1990 By Paul van Trigt, 2013, P.76
- ^ ZITTING 1957—1958 — 523 0 Verslag over de verrichtingen aangaande het Armbestuur over de jaren 1955 en 1956 VERSLAG Nr. 2 P.17
- ^ Small steps, big change. Forging a public-private health insurance system in the Netherlands, R.M. Bertens, R.A.A. Vonk
- ^ Overheid; sociale uitkeringen 1987 – 2013 (From Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek)
- ^ Ideologues, Partisans, and Loyalists Ministers and Policymaking in Parliamentary Cabinets By Despina Alexiadou, 2016, P.205-206
- ^ INDUSTRIAL SAFETY SURVEY, VOLUME XXVI, 1950
- ^ INDUSTRIAL SAFETY SURVEY, VOLUME XXVI, 1950
- ^ 2.15.42 Inventaris van de archieven van het Ministerie van Sociale Zaken, Afdeling Arbeid I, Afdeling Arbeidersbescherming, en enige commissies (1934) 1942-1961 (1964)
- ^ Uw zoekacties: Arbeidsinspectie Utrecht, vierde district 1941-1986
- ^ Centraal verslag der arbeidsinspectie in het koninkrijk der Nederlanden By Netherlands. Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Volksgezondheid, 1952, P.2
- ^ Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal Vergaderjaar 1993-1994 Bepalingen inzake de arbeids– en rusttijden (Arbeidstijdenwet), P.9
- ^ Centraal verslag der arbeidsinspectie in het koninkrijk der Nederlanden By Netherlands, Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Volksgezondheid 1952, P.2
- ^ Economisch-statistische berichten Volume 40, Issues 1960–2010 1955, P.451
- ^ Wilkinson, A.; Donaghey, J.; Dundon, T.; Freeman, R.B. (2014). Handbook of Research on Employee Voice: Elgar original reference. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 9780857939272. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ Organizational Psychology by Pieter Johan Diederik Drenth, Henk Thierry, Charles Johannes Wolff, 2000, P.412
- ^ Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe A Biographical Dictionary edited by David Wilsford1995, P.115
- ^ 2.6 Herziening ontslagrecht in 1953, Mr. J. van der Pijl, datum 01-11-2018
- ^ http://nidi.knaw.nl/shared/content/output/2002/ssm-54-05-fokkema.pdf[bare URL PDF]
- ^ a b Moore, B.; van Nierop, H. (2006). Twentieth-Century Mass Society in Britain and the Netherlands. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 60. ISBN 9781845205256. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ a b van Heffen, O.; Kickert, W.J.M.; Thomassen, J. (2013). Governance in Modern Society: Effects, Change and Formation of Government Institutions. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 9789401594868. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ EERSTE KAMER DER STATEN-GENERAAL Zitting 1953—1954 No. 65a
- ^ Maatschappelijke Dienstverlening Een onderzoek naar vijf Sectoren By Wetenschappelijke Raad voor het Regeringsbeleid, H. Dijstelbloem, P. L. Meurs, E. K. Schrijvers · 2004, P.80
- ^ http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001329/132929eo.pdf[bare URL PDF]
- ^ Doorzetters Een onderzoek naar de betekenis van de arbeidersafkomst voor de levensloop en loopbaan van universitair afgestudeerden Mick Matthys, P.22
- ^ Wolthuis, J. (1999). Lower Technical Education in the Netherlands 1798–1993: The Rise and Fall of a Subsystem. Coronet Books Incorporated. p. 202. ISBN 9789053508619. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ Hindman, H.D. (2009). The World of Child Labor: An Historical and Regional Survey. M.E. Sharpe. p. 635. ISBN 9780765626479. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ and Secondary Education Act of 1965 Hearings Before the United States Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Subcommittee on Education, Eighty-Ninth Congress, First Session · Parts 1–3 By United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. Subcommittee on Education, 1965, P.545
- ^ Het kabinet-Drees III (1952-1956). Barsten in de brede basis Redactie: Carla van Baalen en Jan Ramakers, P.108
- ^ Sociale Voorzieningen deel 2 Een herzien institutioneel onderzoek op het beleidsterrein sociale zekerheid ten aanzien van de sociale voorzieningen, (1940-) 1996 – 2004, P.68
- ^ Sociale Voorzieningen deel 2 Een herzien institutioneel onderzoek op het beleidsterrein sociale zekerheid ten aanzien van de sociale voorzieningen, (1940-) 1996 – 2004, P.139
- ^ The Evolution of National Water Regimes in Europe Transitions in Water Rights and Water Policies, Stefan Kuks, Ingrid Kissling-Näf, 2004
- ^ Sociale Voorzieningen deel 2 Een herzien institutioneel onderzoek op het beleidsterrein sociale zekerheid ten aanzien van de sociale voorzieningen, (1940-) 1996 – 2004, P.136
- ^ BWBR0002202 – wet Gezondheidswet
- ^ Artikel 1 Wet op de geneesmiddelenvoorziening
- ^ Het kabinet-Drees II In de schaduiv van de Koreacrisis J.J.M. Ramakers (ed.) P.743
- ^ "Graftombe.nl – Informatie over Catharina Hent". www.graftombe.nl.
- ^ "SeniorPlaza – Willem Drees". seniorplaza.nl.
- ^ "Willem Drees Dies at 101; Postwar Dutch Leader". The New York Times. 19 May 1988.
- ^ (in Dutch) 'Pim Fortuyn toch niet de Grootste Nederlander' NU.nl
- ^ (in Dutch) Zoektocht naar ‘Grootste Nederlander’ begint Geschiedenis24
External links
Media related to Willem Drees at Wikimedia Commons
- Official
- (in Dutch) Dr. W. (Willem) Drees Parlement.com
- (in Dutch) Kabinet-Drees-Van Schaik Rijksoverheid
- (in Dutch) Kabinet Drees I Rijksoverheid
- (in Dutch) Kabinet-Drees II Rijksoverheid
- (in Dutch) Kabinet-Drees III Rijksoverheid