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Winfield Scott Hancock

Winfield Scott Hancock (February 14, 1824 – February 9, 1886) was a United States Army officer and the Democratic nominee for President of the United States in 1880. He served with distinction in the Army for four decades, including service in the Mexican–American War and as a Union general in the American Civil War. Known to his Army colleagues as "Hancock the Superb," he was noted in particular for his personal leadership at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. His military service continued after the Civil War, as Hancock participated in the military Reconstruction of the South and the U.S.'s western expansion and war with the Native Americans at the Western frontier. This concluded with the Medicine Lodge Treaty. From 1881 to 1885 he was president of the Aztec Club of 1847 for veteran officers of the Mexican-American War.

Winfield Scott Hancock
Hancock, c. 1860s
Personal details
Born(1824-02-14)February 14, 1824
Montgomeryville, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedFebruary 9, 1886(1886-02-09) (aged 61)
New York City, U.S.
Resting placeMontgomery Cemetery (West Norriton Township, Pennsylvania, U.S.)
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
Almira Russell
(m. 1850)
Children2
EducationUnited States Military Academy (BS)
Signature
NicknameHancock the Superb
Military service
AllegianceUnited States
Branch/serviceU.S. Army (Union Army)
Years of service1844–1886
Rank Major General
CommandsII Corps
Battles/wars

Hancock's reputation as a war hero at Gettysburg, combined with his status as a Unionist and supporter of states' rights, made him a potential presidential candidate. When the Democrats nominated him for president in 1880, he ran a strong campaign, but was narrowly defeated by Republican James A. Garfield. Hancock's last public service involved the oversight of President Ulysses S. Grant's funeral procession in 1885.

Early life and family edit

 
   Birthplace of Winfield Scott Hancock
historical depiction taken from biography

Winfield Scott Hancock and his identical twin brother Hilary Baker Hancock were born on February 14, 1824, in Montgomery Square, Pennsylvania, a hamlet just northwest of Philadelphia in present-day Montgomery Township.[1] The twins were the sons of Benjamin Franklin Hancock and Elizabeth Hoxworth Hancock.[2][3] Winfield was named after Winfield Scott, a prominent general in the War of 1812.[1]

The Hancock and Hoxworth families had lived in Montgomery County for several generations, and were of English, Scottish, and Welsh descent.[4] Benjamin Hancock was a schoolteacher when his sons were born. A few years after their birth, he moved the family to Norristown, the county seat, and began to practice law.[1] Benjamin was also a deacon in the Baptist church and participated in municipal government (as an avowed Democrat).[1]

Hancock was at first educated at Norristown Academy, but removed to the public schools when the first one opened in Norristown in the late 1830s.[5] In 1840, Joseph Fornance, the local Congressman, nominated Hancock to the United States Military Academy at West Point.[6] Hancock's progress at West Point was average. He graduated 18th in his class of 25 in 1844, and he was assigned to the infantry.[7]

Early military career edit

Mexican War edit

Hancock was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the 6th U.S. Infantry regiment, and initially was stationed in Indian Territory in the Red River Valley. The region was quiet at the time, and Hancock's time there was uneventful.[8] Upon the outbreak of war with Mexico in 1846, Hancock worked to secure himself a place at the front.[9] Initially assigned to recruiting duties in Kentucky, he proved so adept at signing up soldiers that his superiors were reluctant to release him from his post.[10] By July 1847, however, Hancock was permitted to join his regiment in Puebla, Mexico, where they made up a part of the army led by his namesake, General Winfield Scott.[10]

Scott's army moved farther inland from Puebla unopposed and attacked Mexico City from the south. During that campaign in 1847, Hancock first encountered battle at Contreras and Churubusco.[11] He was appointed a brevet first lieutenant for gallant and meritorious service in those actions.[12] Hancock was wounded in the knee at Churubusco and developed a fever.[13] Although he was well enough to join his regiment at Molino del Rey, fever kept Hancock from participating in the final breakthrough to Mexico City, something he would regret for the rest of his life.[14] After the final victory, Hancock remained in Mexico with the 6th Infantry until the treaty of peace was signed in 1848.[15]

Marriage and peacetime edit

Hancock served in a number of assignments as an army quartermaster and adjutant, mostly in Fort Snelling, Minnesota, and St. Louis, Missouri.[16] It was in St. Louis that he met Almira ("Allie") Russell and they married on January 24, 1850.[17] Allie gave birth to two children, Russell in 1850 and Ada in 1857, but both children died before their parents.[18] Hancock was promoted to captain in 1855 and assigned to Fort Myers, Florida.[19] Hancock's young family accompanied him to his new posting, where Allie Hancock was the only woman on the post.[20]

Hancock's tour in Florida coincided with the end of the Third Seminole War. His duties were primarily those of a quartermaster, and he did not see action in that campaign.[21] As the situation in Florida began to settle down, Hancock was reassigned to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.[21] He served in the West during the partisan warfare of "Bleeding Kansas", and in the Utah Territory, where the 6th Infantry arrived after the Utah War.[2] Following the resolution of that conflict, Hancock was stationed in southern California in November 1858.[22] He remained there, joined by Allie and the children, until the Civil War broke out in 1861, serving as a captain and assistant quartermaster under future Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston.[13] In California, Hancock became friendly with a number of southern officers, most significantly Lewis A. Armistead of Virginia.[23] At the outbreak of the Civil War, Armistead and the other southerners left to join the Confederate States Army, while Hancock remained in the service of the United States.[24] When Armistead left, he turned to Hancock and said, "You'll never know what this is costing me, but goodbye, goodbye."[25]

Civil War edit

Joining the Army of the Potomac edit

Hancock stands the most conspicuous figure of all the general officers who did not exercise a separate command. He commanded a corps longer than any other one, and his name was never mentioned as having committed in battle a blunder for which he was responsible. He was a man of very conspicuous personal appearance.... His genial disposition made him friends, and his personal courage and his presence with his command in the thickest of the fight won for him the confidence of troops serving under him. No matter how hard the fight, the 2nd corps always felt that their commander was looking after them.
—Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs[26]
 
General Winfield Scott Hancock

Hancock returned east to assume quartermaster duties for the rapidly growing Union Army, but was quickly promoted to brigadier general on September 23, 1861, and given an infantry brigade to command in the division of Brig. Gen. William F. "Baldy" Smith, Army of the Potomac.[13] He earned his "Superb" nickname[13] in the Peninsula Campaign, in 1862, by leading a critical counterattack in the Battle of Williamsburg; army commander Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan telegraphed to Washington that "Hancock was superb today" and the appellation stuck.[27] McClellan did not follow through on Hancock's initiative, however, and Confederate forces were allowed to withdraw unmolested.[28]

In the Battle of Antietam, Hancock assumed command of the 1st Division, II Corps, following the mortal wounding of Maj. Gen. Israel B. Richardson in the horrific fighting at "Bloody Lane". Hancock and his staff made a dramatic entrance to the battlefield, galloping between his troops and the enemy, parallel to the Sunken Road.[29] His men assumed that Hancock would order counterattacks against the exhausted Confederates, but he carried orders from McClellan to hold his position.[30] He was promoted to major general of volunteers on November 29, 1862.[13] He led his division in the disastrous attack on Marye's Heights in the Battle of Fredericksburg the following month and was wounded in the abdomen. At the Battle of Chancellorsville, his division covered Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's withdrawal and Hancock was wounded again.[31] His corps commander, Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch, transferred out of the Army of the Potomac in protest of actions Hooker took in the battle and Hancock assumed command of II Corps, which he would lead until shortly before the war's end.[27]

Gettysburg edit

 
Major General Winfield Scott Hancock. From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
 
Winfield S. Hancock and staff during the Civil War
 
Major General Winfield S. Hancock riding along the Union lines during the Confederate bombardment prior to Pickett's Charge, lithograph by the company of Louis Prang

Hancock's most famous service was as a new corps commander at the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1 to 3, 1863.[27] After his friend, Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds, was killed early on July 1, Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, the new commander of the Army of the Potomac, sent Hancock ahead to take command of the units on the field and assess the situation. Hancock thus was in temporary command of the "left wing" of the army, consisting of the I, II, III, and XI Corps. This demonstrated Meade's high confidence in him, because Hancock was not the most senior Union officer at Gettysburg at the time.[32] Hancock and the more senior XI Corps commander, Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard, argued briefly about this command arrangement, but Hancock prevailed and he organized the Union defenses on Cemetery Hill as more numerous Confederate forces drove the I and XI Corps back through the town. He had the authority from Meade to withdraw, so he was responsible for the decision to stand and fight at Gettysburg.[33] At the conclusion of the day's action, Maj. Gen. Henry Warner Slocum arrived on the field and assumed command until Gen. Meade arrived after midnight.

On July 2, Hancock's II Corps was positioned on Cemetery Ridge, roughly in the center of the Union line, while Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee launched assaults on both ends of the line.[34] On the Union left, Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's assault smashed the III Corps and Hancock sent in his 1st Division, under Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell, to reinforce the Union in the Wheatfield. As Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill's corps continued the attack toward the Union center, Hancock rallied the defenses and rushed units to the critical spots.[34] First, he sent the 3rd Brigade of the 3rd Division, under Col. George Willard, into the fray to stop the advance of Confederate Brigadier General William Barksdale's Brigade.[35] In one famous incident, he sacrificed a regiment, the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment, by ordering it to advance and charge a Confederate brigade four times its size, causing the Minnesotans to suffer 87% casualties.[36] While costly, this sacrifice bought time to organize the defensive line and saved the day for the Union Army.[36] Following the action toward his right, he sent the 13th Vermont Volunteer Infantry Regiment of the 1st Corps, which had come from Cemetery Hill to help quell the crisis, to recover some artillery pieces the Confederates had captured and were pulling away. The Vermonters were successful.[37] Having stabilized his line, he turned his attention to the sound of fighting on East Cemetery Hill. There, with darkness falling, Confederates from Maj. Gen. Jubal Early's Division had gotten into Union batteries and were fighting the cannoneers hand-to-hand.[38] Hancock sent the First Brigade of his Third Division, under Colonel Samuel S. Carroll, to the fighting.[39] The brigade was crucial in flushing the enemy out of the batteries and dispatching them back down the face of East Cemetery Hill.

On July 3, Hancock defended his position on Cemetery Ridge and thus bore the brunt of Pickett's Charge.[40] During the massive Confederate artillery bombardment that preceded the infantry assault, Hancock was prominent on horseback, reviewing and encouraging his troops. When one of his subordinates protested, "General, the corps commander ought not to risk his life that way," Hancock is said to have replied, "There are times when a corps commander's life does not count."[41] During the infantry assault, his old friend, Brig. Gen. Lewis A. Armistead, now leading a brigade in Maj. Gen. George Pickett's division, was wounded and died two days later. Hancock could not meet with his friend because he had just been wounded himself, a severe wound caused by a bullet striking the pommel of his saddle, entering his inner right thigh along with wood fragments and a large bent nail.[42] Helped from his horse by aides, and with a tourniquet applied to stanch the bleeding, he removed the saddle nail himself and, mistaking its source, remarked wryly, "They must be hard up for ammunition when they throw such shot as that."[43] News of Armistead's mortal wounding was brought to Hancock by a member of his staff, Capt. Henry H. Bingham. Despite his pain, Hancock refused evacuation to the rear until the battle was resolved. He had been an inspiration for his troops throughout the three-day battle. Hancock later received the thanks of the U.S. Congress for "... his gallant, meritorious and conspicuous share in that great and decisive victory."[13]

One military historian wrote, "No other Union general at Gettysburg dominated men by the sheer force of their presence more completely than Hancock."[27] As another wrote, "his tactical skill had won him the quick admiration of adversaries who had come to know him as the 'Thunderbolt of the Army of the Potomac'."[44]

Virginia and the end of the war edit

 
Hancock, surrounded by three of his division commanders: Francis C. Barlow, David B. Birney, and John Gibbon during the Wilderness campaign

Hancock suffered from the effects of his Gettysburg wound for the rest of the war.[27] After recuperating in Norristown, he performed recruiting services over the winter and returned in the spring to field command of the II Corps for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's 1864 Overland Campaign, but he never regained full mobility and his former youthful energy.[45] Nevertheless, he performed well at the Battle of the Wilderness and commanded a critical breakthrough assault of the Mule Shoe at the "Bloody Angle" in the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House on May 12, shattering the Confederate defenders in his front, including the Stonewall Brigade.[46] His corps suffered enormous losses during a futile assault Grant ordered at Cold Harbor.[47]

After Grant's army slipped past Lee's army to cross the James River, Hancock found himself in a position from which he might have ended the war. His corps arrived to support William Farrar Smith's assaults on the lightly held Petersburg defensive lines, but he deferred to Smith's advice because Smith knew the ground and had been on the field all day, and no significant assaults were made before the Confederate lines were reinforced. One of the great opportunities of the war was lost.[2] After his corps participated in the assaults at Deep Bottom, Hancock was promoted to brigadier general in the regular army, effective August 12, 1864.[13]

Hancock's only significant military defeat occurred during the siege of Petersburg. His II Corps moved south of the city, along the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, tearing up track. On August 25, Confederate Maj. Gen. Henry Heth attacked and overran the faulty Union position at Reams's Station, shattering the II Corps, capturing many prisoners.[48] Despite a later victory at Hatcher's Run, the humiliation of Reams's Station contributed, along with the lingering effects of his Gettysburg wound, to his decision to give up field command in November.[49] He left the II Corps after a year in which it had suffered over 40,000 casualties, but had achieved significant military victories. His next assignment was to command the ceremonial First Veteran Corps.[49] He performed more recruiting, commanded the Middle Department, and relieved Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan in command of forces in the now-quiet Shenandoah Valley.[2] He was promoted to brevet major general in the regular army for his service at Spotsylvania, effective March 13, 1865.[13]

Post-war military service edit

Execution of Lincoln assassination conspirators edit

 
The execution of the Lincoln assassination conspirators, July 7, 1865

At the close of the war, Hancock was assigned to supervise the execution of the conspirators in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln.[50] Lincoln had been assassinated on April 14, 1865, and by May 9 of that year, a military commission had been convened to try the accused.[51] The actual assassin, John Wilkes Booth, was already dead, but the trial of his co-conspirators proceeded quickly, resulting in convictions. President Andrew Johnson ordered the executions to be carried out on July 7. Although he was reluctant to execute some of the less-culpable conspirators, especially Mary Surratt, Hancock carried out his orders, later writing that "every soldier was bound to act as I did under similar circumstances."[52]

Service on the Plains edit

After the executions, Hancock was assigned command of the newly organized Middle Military Department, headquartered in Baltimore.[53] In 1866, on Grant's recommendation, Hancock was promoted to major general and was transferred, later that year, to command of the military Department of the Missouri, which included the states of Missouri and Kansas and the territories of Colorado and New Mexico.[54] Hancock reported to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and took up his new posting.

Soon after arriving, he was assigned by General Sherman to lead an expedition to negotiate with the Cheyenne and Sioux, with whom relations had worsened since the Sand Creek massacre.[55] The negotiations got off to a bad start, and after Hancock ordered the burning of an abandoned Cheyenne village in central Kansas, relations became worse than when the expedition had started.[56]

The official report to the President by the Indian Peace Commission found that the actions of George Custer and other subordinates just after Hancock's arrival led to an instigation of violent reprisals by the Native Americans:

Orders were then given to surround the village and capture the Indians remaining. The order was obeyed, but the chiefs and warriors had departed. The only persons found were an old Sioux and an idiotic girl of eight or nine years of age. It afterwards appeared that the person of this girl had been violated, from which she soon died. The Indians were gone, and the report spread that she had been a captive among them, and they had committed this outrage before leaving. The Indians say that she was an idiotic Cheyenne girl, forgotten in the confusion of flight, and if violated, it was not by them.

The next morning General Custer, under orders, stated in pursuit of the Indians with his cavalry, and performed a campaign of great labor and suffering, passing over a vast extent of country, but seeing no hostile Indians. When the fleeing Indians reached the Smoky Hill they destroyed a station and killed several men. A courier having brought this intelligence to General Hancock, he at once ordered the Indian village, of about 300 lodges, together with the entire property of the tribes, to be burned.

The Indian now became an outlaw -- not only the Cheyennes and Sioux, but all the tribes on the plains. The superintendent of an express company, Cottrell, issued a circular order to the agents and employees of the company in the following language: "You will hold no communications with Indians whatever. If Indians come within shooting distance, shoot them. Show them no mercy, for they will show you none." This was in the Indian country. He closes by saying: "General Hancock will protect you and our property."

Whether war existed previous to that time seems to have been a matter of doubt even with General Hancock himself. From that day forward no doubt on the subject was entertained by anybody. The Indians were then fully aroused, and no more determined war has ever been waged by them. The evidence taken tends to show that we have lost many soldiers, besides a larger number of settlers, on the frontier. The most valuable trains belonging to individuals, as well as to government, among which was a government train of ammunition, were captured by those wild horsemen. Stations were destroyed. Hundreds of horses and mules were taken, and found in their possession when we met them in council; while we are forced to believe that their entire loss since the burning of their village consists of six men killed.

The Kiowas and Comanches, it will be seen, deny the statement of Jones in every particular. They say that no war party came in at the time stated, or at any other time, after the treaty of 1865. They deny that they killed any Negro soldiers, and positively assert that no Indian was ever known to scalp a Negro. In the latter statement they are corroborated by all the tribes and by persons who know their habits; and the records of the adjutant general's office fail to show the loss of the 17 Negro soldiers, or any soldiers at all. They deny having robbed Jones or insulted Page or Tappan. Tappan's testimony was taken, in which he brands the whole statement of Jones as false, and declares that both he and Page so informed Major Douglas within a few days after Jones made his affidavit. We took the testimony of Major Douglas, in which he admits the correctness of Tappan's statement, but, for some reason unexplained, he failed to communicate the correction to General Hancock. The threats to take the horses and attack the posts on the Arkansas were made in a vein of jocular bravado, and not understood by any one present at the time to possess the least importance. The case of the Box family has already been explained, and this completes the case against the Kiowas and Comanches, who are exculpated by the united testimony of all the tribes from any share in the late troubles.

The Cheyennes admit that one of their young men in a private quarrel, both parties being drunk, killed a New Mexican at Fort Zarah. Such occurrences are so frequent among the whites on the plains that ignorant Indians might be pardoned for participating, if it be done merely to evidence their advance in civilization. The Indians claim that the Spaniard was in fault, and further protest that no demand was ever made for the delivery of the Indian.

The Arapahoes admit that a party of their young men, with three young warriors of the Cheyennes, returning from an excursion against the Utes, attacked the train of Mr. Weddell, of New Mexico, during the month of March, and they were gathering up the stock when the war commenced.

Though this recital should prove tedious, it was thought necessary to guard the future against the errors of the past. We would not blunt the vigilance of military men in the Indian country, but we would warn them against the acts of the selfish and unprincipled, who need to be watched as well as the Indian. The origin and progress of this war are repeated in nearly all Indian wars. The history of one will suffice for many.

Nor would we be understood as conveying a censure of General Hancock [empasis added] for organizing this expedition. He had just come to the department, and circumstances were ingeniously woven to deceive him. His distinguished services in another field of patriotic duty had left him but little time to become acquainted with the remote or immediate causes producing these troubles. If he erred, he can very well roll a part of the responsibility on others; not alone on subordinate commanders, who were themselves deceived by others, but on those who were able to guard against the error and yet failed to do it. We have hundreds of treaties with the Indians, and military posts are situated everywhere on their reservations. Since 1837 these treaties have not been compiled, and no provision is made, when a treaty is proclaimed, to furnish it to the commanders of posts, departments, or divisions. This is the fault of Congress.

[57]

Reconstruction edit

 
Andrew Johnson thought Hancock was the ideal Reconstruction general.

Hancock's time in the West was brief. President Johnson, unhappy with the way Republican generals were governing the South under Reconstruction, sought replacements for them.[58] The general who offended Johnson the most was Philip Sheridan, and Johnson soon ordered General Grant to switch the assignments of Hancock and Sheridan, believing that Hancock, a Democrat, would govern in a style more to Johnson's liking.[59] Although neither man was pleased with the change, Sheridan reported to Fort Leavenworth and Hancock to New Orleans.[59]

Hancock's new assignment found him in charge of the Fifth Military District, covering Texas and Louisiana. Almost immediately upon arriving, Hancock ingratiated himself with the secessionist white population by issuing his General Order Number 40 of November 29, 1867. In that order, written while traveling to New Orleans, Hancock expressed sentiments in support of President Johnson's policies, writing that if the residents of the district conducted themselves peacefully and the civilian officials perform their duties, then "the military power should cease to lead, and the civil administration resume its natural and rightful dominion."[60] The order continued:

The great principles of American liberty are still the lawful inheritance of this people, and ever should be. The right of trial by jury, the habeas corpus, the liberty of the press, the freedom of speech, the natural rights of persons and the rights of property must be preserved. Free institutions, while they are essential to the prosperity and happiness of the people, always furnish the strongest inducements to peace and order.[61]

Hancock's order encouraged white Democrats across the South who hoped to return to civilian government more quickly, but discomforted blacks and Republicans in the South who feared a return to the antebellum ways of traditional white dominance.[62]

Hancock's General Order Number 40 was quickly condemned by Republicans in Washington, especially by the Radicals, while President Johnson wholeheartedly approved.[63] Heedless of the situation in Washington, Hancock soon put his words into action, refusing local Republican politicians' requests to use his power to overturn elections and court verdicts, while also letting it be known that open insurrection would be suppressed.[63] Hancock's popularity within the Democratic party grew to the extent that he was considered a potential presidential nominee for that party in the 1868 election.[64] Although Hancock collected a significant number of delegates at the 1868 convention, his presidential possibilities went unfulfilled. Even so, he was henceforth identified as a rare breed in politics: one who believed in the Democratic Party's principles of states' rights and limited government, but whose anti-secessionist sentiment was unimpeachable.[65]

Return to the Plains edit

Following General Grant's 1868 presidential victory, the Republicans were firmly in charge in Washington. As a result, Hancock found himself transferred, this time away from the sensitive assignment of reconstructing the South and into the relative backwater that was the Department of Dakota.[66] The Department covered Minnesota, Montana, and the Dakotas. As in his previous Western command, Hancock began with a conference of the Indian chiefs, but this time was more successful in establishing a peaceful intent.[67] Relations worsened in 1870, however, as an army expedition committed a massacre against the Blackfeet.[68] Relations with the Sioux also became contentious as a result of white encroachment into the Black Hills, in violation of the Treaty of Fort Laramie.[69]

It was during this tour that Hancock had the opportunity to contribute to the creation of Yellowstone National Park. In August 1870, he ordered the 2nd Cavalry at Fort Ellis to provide a military escort for General Henry D. Washburn's planned exploration of the Yellowstone Region. The expedition, which was a major impetus in creating the park, became known as the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition. Hancock's order led to the assignment of Lt. Gustavus Cheyney Doane and a troop of 5 cavalrymen from Fort Ellis to escort the expedition. In 1871, Captain John W. Barlow during his exploration of the Yellowstone region formally named a summit on what would become the southern boundary of the park Mount Hancock to honor the general's decision to provide the escort.[70]

Command in the East and political ambitions edit

In 1872, General Meade died, leaving Hancock the army's senior major general. This entitled him to a more prominent command, and President Grant, still desirous to keep Hancock from a Southern post, assigned him command of the Division of the Atlantic, headquartered at Fort Columbus on Governors Island, in New York City.[71] The vast department covered the settled northeast area of the country and was militarily uneventful with the exception of the army's involvement in the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. When railroad workers went on strike to protest wage cuts, the nation's transportation system was paralyzed. The governors of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Maryland asked President Hayes to call in federal troops to re-open the railways. Once federal troops entered the cities, most of the strikers melted away, but there were some violent clashes.[72]

All the while Hancock was posted in New York, he did his best to keep his political ambitions alive. He received some votes at the Democrats' 1876 convention, but was never a serious contender as New York governor Samuel J. Tilden swept the field on the second ballot.[73] The Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, won the election, and Hancock refocused his ambition on 1880. The electoral crisis of 1876 and the subsequent end to Reconstruction in 1877 convinced many observers that the election of 1880 would give the Democrats their best chance at victory in a generation.[74]

Election of 1880 edit

Hancock after the War

Democratic convention edit

Hancock's name had been proposed several times for the Democratic nomination for president, but he never captured a majority of delegates. In 1880, however, Hancock's chances improved. President Hayes had promised not to run for a second term, and the previous Democratic nominee, Tilden, declined to run again due to poor health.[75] Hancock faced several competitors for the nomination, including Thomas A. Hendricks, Allen G. Thurman, Stephen Johnson Field, and Thomas F. Bayard. Hancock's neutrality on the monetary question, and his lingering support in the South (owing to his General Order Number 40) meant that Hancock, more than any other candidate, had nationwide support.[76] When the Democratic convention assembled in Cincinnati in June 1880, Hancock led on the first ballot, but did not have a majority.[77] By the second ballot, Hancock received the requisite two-thirds, and William Hayden English of Indiana was chosen as his running mate.[78][79]

Campaign against Garfield edit

 
Hancock-English election poster

The Republicans nominated James A. Garfield, a Congressman from Ohio and a skillful politician, as well as a former general from the Civil War. Hancock and the Democrats expected to carry the Solid South, but needed to add a few of the Northern states to their total to win the election. The practical differences between the parties were few, and the Republicans were reluctant to attack Hancock personally because of his heroic reputation.[80] The one policy difference the Republicans were able to exploit was a statement in the Democratic platform endorsing "a tariff for revenue only."[81] Garfield's campaigners used this statement to paint the Democrats as unsympathetic to the plight of industrial laborers, a group that would benefit by a high protective tariff. The tariff issue cut Democratic support in industrialized Northern states, which were essential in establishing a Democratic majority.[82] In the end, the Democrats and Hancock failed to carry any of the Northern states they had targeted, with the exception of New Jersey. Hancock lost the election to Garfield. Garfield polled only 39,213 more votes than Hancock, the popular vote being 4,453,295 for Garfield and 4,414,082 for Hancock. The electoral count, however, had a much larger spread, as Garfield polled 214 electoral votes and Hancock only 155. Garfield would be shot four months into his presidency on July 2, 1881, and would die on September 19, 1881.[83]

Later life edit

Hancock took his electoral defeat in stride and attended Garfield's inauguration.[84] Following the election, Hancock carried on as commander of the Division of the Atlantic. He was elected president of the National Rifle Association in 1881, explaining that "The object of the NRA is to increase the military strength of the country by making skill in the use of arms as prevalent as it was in the days of the Revolution."[85] Hancock was a Charter Director and the first president of the Military Service Institution of the United States from 1878 until his death in 1886.[86] He was commander-in-chief of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States veterans organization from 1879 until his death in 1886. He was the author of Reports of Major General W. S. Hancock upon Indian Affairs, published in 1867.[13] Hancock's last major public appearance was to preside over the funeral of President Grant in 1885, although he also made a less publicized trip that year to Gettysburg.[87]

Hancock died in 1886 at Governors Island, still in command of the Military Division of the Atlantic, the victim of an infected carbuncle, complicated by diabetes.[27][2] He is buried in Montgomery Cemetery in West Norriton Township, Pennsylvania, near Norristown, Pennsylvania.[13] Hancock's wife, Almira, published Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock in 1887.

In 1893, Republican General Francis A. Walker wrote,

Although I did not vote for General Hancock, I am strongly disposed to believe that one of the best things the nation has lost in recent years has been the example and the influence of that chivalric, stately, and splendid gentleman in the White House. Perhaps much which both parties now recognize as having been unfortunate and mischievous during the past thirteen years would have been avoided had General Hancock been elected.[88]

His noted integrity was a counterpoint to the corruption of the era, for as President Rutherford B. Hayes said,

If, when we make up our estimate of a public man, conspicuous both as a soldier and in civil life, we are to think first and chiefly of his manhood, his integrity, his purity, his singleness of purpose, and his unselfish devotion to duty, we can truthfully say of Hancock that he was through and through pure gold.[89]

 
General Winfield Scott Hancock leading Ulysses S. Grant's funeral procession in New York City

The last public act performed by Hancock was his oversight of the funeral of Ulysses S. Grant in 1885, and his organizing and leading of Grant's nine mile funeral procession in New York City. From Grant's home at Mount McGregor, New York, to its resting-place in Riverside Park, the casket containing Grant's remains was in the charge of General Hancock. As he appeared on the scene at the commencement of Grant's funeral procession, Hancock was met with a mild applause, but with a gesture he directed a silence and respect for Grant.[90]

Legacy edit

 
Statue of Hancock on the Smith Memorial Arch in Philadelphia
 
General Winfield Scott Hancock Memorial in Washington, D.C.

Winfield Scott Hancock is memorialized in a number of statues:

The original Winfield Scott Hancock Elementary School, located at Arch and East Spruce Streets in Norristown, Pennsylvania, was built in 1895 in memory of the General who grew up not far from the site. It was replaced in 1962 by a new building still in use by the Norristown Area School District only a few blocks away at Arch and Summit Streets, which is also named after General Hancock. The original 1895 building still stands and is used by a community non-profit organization.

A Pennsylvania historical marker was dedicated September 11, 1947, along Bethlehem Pike (PA 309), just south of US 202, where Hancock was born.

 
1886 $2 Silver Certificate depicting Hancock

Hancock's portrait adorns U.S. currency on the $2 Silver Certificate series of 1886. Approximately 1,500 to 2,500 of these bills survive today in numismatic collections. Hancock's bill is ranked number 73 on a list of "100 Greatest American Currency Notes".[91]

Hancock was an important character in the Shaara family's Civil War historical novels: The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara, and Gods and Generals and The Last Full Measure by Jeffrey Shaara. In the films Gettysburg (1993) and Gods and Generals (2003), based on the first two of these novels, Hancock is portrayed by Brian Mallon,[92] and is depicted in both films in a very favorable light. A number of scenes in the novel Gods and Generals that depict Hancock and his friend Lewis A. Armistead in Southern California before the war were omitted from the film.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c d Jordan, p. 5.
  2. ^ a b c d e Cluff, pp. 922–23.
  3. ^ Walker, p. 7.
  4. ^ Jenkins, Howard M. (1886). "Genealogical Sketch of General W.S. Hancock". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. X: 100. Retrieved September 8, 2007.
  5. ^ Jordan, p. 6.
  6. ^ Tucker, pp. 18–21; Walker, p. 10.
  7. ^ Jordan, pp. 10–11; Walker, pp. 12–15; list of West Point officers in the Civil War December 30, 2013, at the Wayback Machine .
  8. ^ Jordan, p. 13; Walker, p. 17.
  9. ^ Jordan, p. 13.
  10. ^ a b Jordan, p. 14; Walker, p. 18.
  11. ^ Jordan, pp. 15–16.
  12. ^ Jordan, p. 16; Walker, p. 20.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Eicher, pp. 277–78.
  14. ^ Jordan, pp. 16–17.
  15. ^ Jordan, p. 19.
  16. ^ Tucker, p. 44.
  17. ^ Walker, pp. 21–22.
  18. ^ Walker, p. 22.
  19. ^ Jordan, p. 24.
  20. ^ Jordan, p. 25; Hancock, pp. 24–27.
  21. ^ a b Jordan, p. 25.
  22. ^ Jordan, pp. 26–27.
  23. ^ Jordan, pp. 28–32.
  24. ^ Jordan, pp. 33–34.
  25. ^ A History of US, Revised Third Edition, War, Terrible War, by Joy Hakim
  26. ^ Grant, Ulysses S., Personal Memoirs, 1885, Vol. II, pp. 539–40.
  27. ^ a b c d e f Tagg, pp. 33–35.
  28. ^ Walker, pp. 41–42.
  29. ^ Walker, pp. 51–52.
  30. ^ Sears, p. 257.
  31. ^ Walker, pp. 81–91
  32. ^ Jordan, p. 81.
  33. ^ Tucker, pp. 131–34
  34. ^ a b Jordan, pp. 89–94.
  35. ^ Hancock, Almira (1999). Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock. Scituate, Massachusetts: Digital Scanning, Inc. p. 198. ISBN 1-58218-056-3.
  36. ^ a b Jordan, p. 93.
  37. ^ Pfanz, Harry (1987). Gettysburg: The Second Day. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 422. ISBN 0-8078-1749-X.
  38. ^ Pfanz, Harry (1993). Gettysburg: Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. 269. ISBN 0-8078-2118-7.
  39. ^ Pfanz, Harry (1993). Gettysburg: Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 263–64. ISBN 0-8078-2118-7.
  40. ^ Jordan, pp. 96–99.
  41. ^ Foote, p. 545.
  42. ^ Jordan, p. 98.
  43. ^ Foote, p. 561.
  44. ^ Tucker, p. 15.
  45. ^ Jordan, p. 103.
  46. ^ Jordan, pp. 126–33.
  47. ^ Jordan, pp. 136–39.
  48. ^ Jordan, pp. 159–64.
  49. ^ a b Jordan, pp. 169–73
  50. ^ Jordan, p. 177.
  51. ^ Trefousse, pp. 211–12; Jordan, pp. 176–77.
  52. ^ Jordan, pp. 179–80; Tucker, p. 272.
  53. ^ Jordan, p. 182.
  54. ^ Jordan, pp. 183–84.
  55. ^ Jordan, pp. 185–89.
  56. ^ Jordan, p. 194; Walker, p. 296.
  57. ^ Indian Peace Commission 1868
  58. ^ Trefousse, pp. 289–90.
  59. ^ a b Jordan, pp. 200–01.
  60. ^ Jamieson, pp. 152–53.
  61. ^ Jordan, p. 203.
  62. ^ Jordan, pp. 204–05; Tucker, pp. 279–84.
  63. ^ a b Jordan, pp. 206–08; Walker, pp. 301–03.
  64. ^ Jordan, 213–28; Warner, p. 204.
  65. ^ Jordan, p. 212; Walker pp. 301–02.
  66. ^ Jordan, p. 229.
  67. ^ Jordan, pp. 220–21.
  68. ^ Jordan, p. 232.
  69. ^ Jordan, pp. 233–34.
  70. ^ Whittlesey, Lee (1996). Yellowstone Place Names. Gardiner, MT: Wonderland Publishing Company. p. 178. ISBN 1-59971-716-6.
  71. ^ Jordan, p. 235; Tucker, p. 292.
  72. ^ Jordan, pp. 242–50.
  73. ^ Jordan, p. 239.
  74. ^ Robinson, Lloyd, The Stolen Election: Hayes versus Tilden–1876, Agberg, Ltd. 1968, pp. 199–213.
  75. ^ Jordan, pp. 255–59.
  76. ^ Jordan, p. 262.
  77. ^ Walker, p. 306.
  78. ^ Walker, p. 306; Jordan, p. 281.
  79. ^ Tucker, pp. 300–01.
  80. ^ Jordan, pp. 292–96; Walker, p. 307.
  81. ^ Jordan, p. 297.
  82. ^ Jordan, pp. 297–301.
  83. ^ Jordan, p. 306.
  84. ^ Walker, p. 311.
  85. ^ Kopel, National Review.
  86. ^ Constitution, by-laws and register: together with memoranda relating to the history and work of the institution, Military Service Institution of the United States, Governor's Island, N.Y.H., Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford co., 1906.
  87. ^ Jordan, pp. 312–13.
  88. ^ They Also Ran, Irving Stone, p. 188.
  89. ^ Jordan, p. 319.
  90. ^ Goodrich, 1886, pp. 333–34
  91. ^ Bowers, D.Q., and Sundman, D.M., 100 Greatest American Currency Notes, Whitman Publishing, LLC, 2006.
  92. ^ "Gods and Generals" review, Variety, February 16, 2003. Retrieved 2008-07-05.

References edit

  • "REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT BY THE INDIAN PEACE COMMISSION, JANUARY 7, 1868", in Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the Year 1868, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1868), 26–50.
  • Cluff, Mary Lynn. "Winfield Scott Hancock." In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 0-393-04758-X.
  • Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
  • Goodrich, Frederick Elizur (1886). Life of Winfield Scott Hancock, major-general, U.S.A. Boston, B. B. Russell.
  • Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 2, Fredericksburg to Meridian. New York: Random House, 1958. ISBN 0-394-49517-9.
  • Grant, Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant. 2 vols. Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885–86. ISBN 0-914427-67-9.
  • Hancock, Almira Russell. Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock. New York: Charles L. Webster, 1887. ISBN 1-58218-056-3.
  • Jamieson, Perry D. Winfield Scott Hancock: Gettysburg Hero. Civil War Campaigns and Commanders Series. Abilene, TX: McWhiney Foundation Press, 2003. ISBN 1-893114-39-2.
  • Jordan, David M. Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier's Life. Bloomfield: Indiana University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-253-36580-5.
  • Kopel, David, et al. National Review Online, July 2, 2004.
  • Sears, Stephen W. Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983. ISBN 0-89919-172-X.
  • Tagg, Larry. . Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-882810-30-9.
  • Trefousse, Hans L. Andrew Johnson, A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1991. ISBN 0-393-31742-0.
  • Tucker, Glenn. Hancock the Superb. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1960. OCLC 715628.
  • Walker, Francis A. General Hancock. Great Commanders series, edited by James Grant Wilson. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1894. OCLC 747952.
  • Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964. ISBN 0-8071-0822-7.

Further reading edit

  • Chalfant, William Y. Hancock's War: Conflict on the Southern Plains. Norman, OK: Arthur H. Clark Company, 2010. ISBN 978-0-87062-371-4
  • Cole, J. R. (1880). The life and public services of Winfield Scott Hancock, major-general, U.S.A. Also, the life and services of Hon. William H. English. Cincinnati, Douglass Brothers.
  • Dennison, Charles Wheeler; Herbert, George B. (1880). Hancock "the superb" : the early life and public career of Winfield S. Hancock ... including also a sketch of the life of Hon. William H. English. Philadelphia : H. W. Kelley. OCLC 81289926
  • John Wien, Forney (1880). Life and military career of Winfield Scott Hancock : [and,] biographical sketch of Hon. Wm. H. English. Philadelphia: Hubbard Bros.
  • Freed, Augustus Toplady (1880). The life and public services of Winfield Scott Hancock. Chicago, H. A. Sumner & company.
  • Goodrich, Frederick Elizur (1880). The life and public services of Winfield Scott Hancock, major-general, US A. Boston, Lee & Shepard=. Google eBook OCLC 6782477
  • Hancock, Almira Russell (1887). Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock. New York, C. L. Webster & company.
  • Junkin, David Xavier (1880). The life of Winfield Scott Hancock: personal, military, and political. New York, D. Appleton and company.
  • Southworth, Alvan S.; Bayard, Thomas Francis (1880). Life of Gen. Winfield S. Hancock. New York, The American news company.

External links edit

  • The Democratic Trojan Horse; Harper's Weekly political cartoon about the 1880 presidential election
  • W.S. Hancock Society
  • Hancock Memorial at Gettysburg
  • Hancock Memorial in Washington D.C.
  • Hancock's report of the Battle of Gettysburg
  • Hancock Park in New York City
Party political offices
Preceded by Democratic nominee for President of the United States
1880
Succeeded by
National Rifle Association of America
Preceded by President of the NRA
1881
Succeeded by
E. L. Molineux

winfield, scott, hancock, confused, with, winfield, scott, february, 1824, february, 1886, united, states, army, officer, democratic, nominee, president, united, states, 1880, served, with, distinction, army, four, decades, including, service, mexican, america. Not to be confused with Winfield Scott Winfield Scott Hancock February 14 1824 February 9 1886 was a United States Army officer and the Democratic nominee for President of the United States in 1880 He served with distinction in the Army for four decades including service in the Mexican American War and as a Union general in the American Civil War Known to his Army colleagues as Hancock the Superb he was noted in particular for his personal leadership at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 His military service continued after the Civil War as Hancock participated in the military Reconstruction of the South and the U S s western expansion and war with the Native Americans at the Western frontier This concluded with the Medicine Lodge Treaty From 1881 to 1885 he was president of the Aztec Club of 1847 for veteran officers of the Mexican American War Winfield Scott HancockHancock c 1860sPersonal detailsBorn 1824 02 14 February 14 1824Montgomeryville Pennsylvania U S DiedFebruary 9 1886 1886 02 09 aged 61 New York City U S Resting placeMontgomery Cemetery West Norriton Township Pennsylvania U S Political partyDemocraticSpouseAlmira Russell m 1850 wbr Children2EducationUnited States Military Academy BS SignatureNicknameHancock the SuperbMilitary serviceAllegianceUnited StatesBranch serviceU S Army Union Army Years of service1844 1886RankMajor GeneralCommandsII CorpsBattles warsMexican American War American Civil War Battle of Williamsburg Battle of Malvern Hill Battle of Antietam Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Chancellorsville Battle of Gettysburg Battle of the Wilderness Battle of Cold Harbor Battle of Spotsylvania Court House First Battle of Deep Bottom Second Battle of Deep Bottom Second Battle of Ream s Station Battle of Boydton Plank Road Indian WarsHancock s reputation as a war hero at Gettysburg combined with his status as a Unionist and supporter of states rights made him a potential presidential candidate When the Democrats nominated him for president in 1880 he ran a strong campaign but was narrowly defeated by Republican James A Garfield Hancock s last public service involved the oversight of President Ulysses S Grant s funeral procession in 1885 Contents 1 Early life and family 2 Early military career 2 1 Mexican War 2 2 Marriage and peacetime 3 Civil War 3 1 Joining the Army of the Potomac 3 2 Gettysburg 3 3 Virginia and the end of the war 4 Post war military service 4 1 Execution of Lincoln assassination conspirators 4 2 Service on the Plains 4 3 Reconstruction 4 4 Return to the Plains 4 5 Command in the East and political ambitions 5 Election of 1880 5 1 Democratic convention 5 2 Campaign against Garfield 6 Later life 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksEarly life and family edit nbsp Birthplace of Winfield Scott Hancockhistorical depiction taken from biographyWinfield Scott Hancock and his identical twin brother Hilary Baker Hancock were born on February 14 1824 in Montgomery Square Pennsylvania a hamlet just northwest of Philadelphia in present day Montgomery Township 1 The twins were the sons of Benjamin Franklin Hancock and Elizabeth Hoxworth Hancock 2 3 Winfield was named after Winfield Scott a prominent general in the War of 1812 1 The Hancock and Hoxworth families had lived in Montgomery County for several generations and were of English Scottish and Welsh descent 4 Benjamin Hancock was a schoolteacher when his sons were born A few years after their birth he moved the family to Norristown the county seat and began to practice law 1 Benjamin was also a deacon in the Baptist church and participated in municipal government as an avowed Democrat 1 Hancock was at first educated at Norristown Academy but removed to the public schools when the first one opened in Norristown in the late 1830s 5 In 1840 Joseph Fornance the local Congressman nominated Hancock to the United States Military Academy at West Point 6 Hancock s progress at West Point was average He graduated 18th in his class of 25 in 1844 and he was assigned to the infantry 7 Early military career editMexican War edit Hancock was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the 6th U S Infantry regiment and initially was stationed in Indian Territory in the Red River Valley The region was quiet at the time and Hancock s time there was uneventful 8 Upon the outbreak of war with Mexico in 1846 Hancock worked to secure himself a place at the front 9 Initially assigned to recruiting duties in Kentucky he proved so adept at signing up soldiers that his superiors were reluctant to release him from his post 10 By July 1847 however Hancock was permitted to join his regiment in Puebla Mexico where they made up a part of the army led by his namesake General Winfield Scott 10 Scott s army moved farther inland from Puebla unopposed and attacked Mexico City from the south During that campaign in 1847 Hancock first encountered battle at Contreras and Churubusco 11 He was appointed a brevet first lieutenant for gallant and meritorious service in those actions 12 Hancock was wounded in the knee at Churubusco and developed a fever 13 Although he was well enough to join his regiment at Molino del Rey fever kept Hancock from participating in the final breakthrough to Mexico City something he would regret for the rest of his life 14 After the final victory Hancock remained in Mexico with the 6th Infantry until the treaty of peace was signed in 1848 15 Marriage and peacetime edit Hancock served in a number of assignments as an army quartermaster and adjutant mostly in Fort Snelling Minnesota and St Louis Missouri 16 It was in St Louis that he met Almira Allie Russell and they married on January 24 1850 17 Allie gave birth to two children Russell in 1850 and Ada in 1857 but both children died before their parents 18 Hancock was promoted to captain in 1855 and assigned to Fort Myers Florida 19 Hancock s young family accompanied him to his new posting where Allie Hancock was the only woman on the post 20 Hancock s tour in Florida coincided with the end of the Third Seminole War His duties were primarily those of a quartermaster and he did not see action in that campaign 21 As the situation in Florida began to settle down Hancock was reassigned to Fort Leavenworth Kansas 21 He served in the West during the partisan warfare of Bleeding Kansas and in the Utah Territory where the 6th Infantry arrived after the Utah War 2 Following the resolution of that conflict Hancock was stationed in southern California in November 1858 22 He remained there joined by Allie and the children until the Civil War broke out in 1861 serving as a captain and assistant quartermaster under future Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston 13 In California Hancock became friendly with a number of southern officers most significantly Lewis A Armistead of Virginia 23 At the outbreak of the Civil War Armistead and the other southerners left to join the Confederate States Army while Hancock remained in the service of the United States 24 When Armistead left he turned to Hancock and said You ll never know what this is costing me but goodbye goodbye 25 Civil War editJoining the Army of the Potomac edit Hancock stands the most conspicuous figure of all the general officers who did not exercise a separate command He commanded a corps longer than any other one and his name was never mentioned as having committed in battle a blunder for which he was responsible He was a man of very conspicuous personal appearance His genial disposition made him friends and his personal courage and his presence with his command in the thickest of the fight won for him the confidence of troops serving under him No matter how hard the fight the 2nd corps always felt that their commander was looking after them Ulysses S Grant Personal Memoirs 26 nbsp General Winfield Scott HancockHancock returned east to assume quartermaster duties for the rapidly growing Union Army but was quickly promoted to brigadier general on September 23 1861 and given an infantry brigade to command in the division of Brig Gen William F Baldy Smith Army of the Potomac 13 He earned his Superb nickname 13 in the Peninsula Campaign in 1862 by leading a critical counterattack in the Battle of Williamsburg army commander Maj Gen George B McClellan telegraphed to Washington that Hancock was superb today and the appellation stuck 27 McClellan did not follow through on Hancock s initiative however and Confederate forces were allowed to withdraw unmolested 28 In the Battle of Antietam Hancock assumed command of the 1st Division II Corps following the mortal wounding of Maj Gen Israel B Richardson in the horrific fighting at Bloody Lane Hancock and his staff made a dramatic entrance to the battlefield galloping between his troops and the enemy parallel to the Sunken Road 29 His men assumed that Hancock would order counterattacks against the exhausted Confederates but he carried orders from McClellan to hold his position 30 He was promoted to major general of volunteers on November 29 1862 13 He led his division in the disastrous attack on Marye s Heights in the Battle of Fredericksburg the following month and was wounded in the abdomen At the Battle of Chancellorsville his division covered Maj Gen Joseph Hooker s withdrawal and Hancock was wounded again 31 His corps commander Maj Gen Darius N Couch transferred out of the Army of the Potomac in protest of actions Hooker took in the battle and Hancock assumed command of II Corps which he would lead until shortly before the war s end 27 Gettysburg edit nbsp Major General Winfield Scott Hancock From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs Prints and Photographs Division Library of Congress nbsp Winfield S Hancock and staff during the Civil War nbsp Major General Winfield S Hancock riding along the Union lines during the Confederate bombardment prior to Pickett s Charge lithograph by the company of Louis PrangHancock s most famous service was as a new corps commander at the Battle of Gettysburg July 1 to 3 1863 27 After his friend Maj Gen John F Reynolds was killed early on July 1 Maj Gen George G Meade the new commander of the Army of the Potomac sent Hancock ahead to take command of the units on the field and assess the situation Hancock thus was in temporary command of the left wing of the army consisting of the I II III and XI Corps This demonstrated Meade s high confidence in him because Hancock was not the most senior Union officer at Gettysburg at the time 32 Hancock and the more senior XI Corps commander Maj Gen Oliver O Howard argued briefly about this command arrangement but Hancock prevailed and he organized the Union defenses on Cemetery Hill as more numerous Confederate forces drove the I and XI Corps back through the town He had the authority from Meade to withdraw so he was responsible for the decision to stand and fight at Gettysburg 33 At the conclusion of the day s action Maj Gen Henry Warner Slocum arrived on the field and assumed command until Gen Meade arrived after midnight On July 2 Hancock s II Corps was positioned on Cemetery Ridge roughly in the center of the Union line while Confederate Gen Robert E Lee launched assaults on both ends of the line 34 On the Union left Lt Gen James Longstreet s assault smashed the III Corps and Hancock sent in his 1st Division under Brig Gen John C Caldwell to reinforce the Union in the Wheatfield As Lt Gen A P Hill s corps continued the attack toward the Union center Hancock rallied the defenses and rushed units to the critical spots 34 First he sent the 3rd Brigade of the 3rd Division under Col George Willard into the fray to stop the advance of Confederate Brigadier General William Barksdale s Brigade 35 In one famous incident he sacrificed a regiment the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment by ordering it to advance and charge a Confederate brigade four times its size causing the Minnesotans to suffer 87 casualties 36 While costly this sacrifice bought time to organize the defensive line and saved the day for the Union Army 36 Following the action toward his right he sent the 13th Vermont Volunteer Infantry Regiment of the 1st Corps which had come from Cemetery Hill to help quell the crisis to recover some artillery pieces the Confederates had captured and were pulling away The Vermonters were successful 37 Having stabilized his line he turned his attention to the sound of fighting on East Cemetery Hill There with darkness falling Confederates from Maj Gen Jubal Early s Division had gotten into Union batteries and were fighting the cannoneers hand to hand 38 Hancock sent the First Brigade of his Third Division under Colonel Samuel S Carroll to the fighting 39 The brigade was crucial in flushing the enemy out of the batteries and dispatching them back down the face of East Cemetery Hill On July 3 Hancock defended his position on Cemetery Ridge and thus bore the brunt of Pickett s Charge 40 During the massive Confederate artillery bombardment that preceded the infantry assault Hancock was prominent on horseback reviewing and encouraging his troops When one of his subordinates protested General the corps commander ought not to risk his life that way Hancock is said to have replied There are times when a corps commander s life does not count 41 During the infantry assault his old friend Brig Gen Lewis A Armistead now leading a brigade in Maj Gen George Pickett s division was wounded and died two days later Hancock could not meet with his friend because he had just been wounded himself a severe wound caused by a bullet striking the pommel of his saddle entering his inner right thigh along with wood fragments and a large bent nail 42 Helped from his horse by aides and with a tourniquet applied to stanch the bleeding he removed the saddle nail himself and mistaking its source remarked wryly They must be hard up for ammunition when they throw such shot as that 43 News of Armistead s mortal wounding was brought to Hancock by a member of his staff Capt Henry H Bingham Despite his pain Hancock refused evacuation to the rear until the battle was resolved He had been an inspiration for his troops throughout the three day battle Hancock later received the thanks of the U S Congress for his gallant meritorious and conspicuous share in that great and decisive victory 13 One military historian wrote No other Union general at Gettysburg dominated men by the sheer force of their presence more completely than Hancock 27 As another wrote his tactical skill had won him the quick admiration of adversaries who had come to know him as the Thunderbolt of the Army of the Potomac 44 Virginia and the end of the war edit nbsp Hancock surrounded by three of his division commanders Francis C Barlow David B Birney and John Gibbon during the Wilderness campaignHancock suffered from the effects of his Gettysburg wound for the rest of the war 27 After recuperating in Norristown he performed recruiting services over the winter and returned in the spring to field command of the II Corps for Lt Gen Ulysses S Grant s 1864 Overland Campaign but he never regained full mobility and his former youthful energy 45 Nevertheless he performed well at the Battle of the Wilderness and commanded a critical breakthrough assault of the Mule Shoe at the Bloody Angle in the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House on May 12 shattering the Confederate defenders in his front including the Stonewall Brigade 46 His corps suffered enormous losses during a futile assault Grant ordered at Cold Harbor 47 After Grant s army slipped past Lee s army to cross the James River Hancock found himself in a position from which he might have ended the war His corps arrived to support William Farrar Smith s assaults on the lightly held Petersburg defensive lines but he deferred to Smith s advice because Smith knew the ground and had been on the field all day and no significant assaults were made before the Confederate lines were reinforced One of the great opportunities of the war was lost 2 After his corps participated in the assaults at Deep Bottom Hancock was promoted to brigadier general in the regular army effective August 12 1864 13 Hancock s only significant military defeat occurred during the siege of Petersburg His II Corps moved south of the city along the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad tearing up track On August 25 Confederate Maj Gen Henry Heth attacked and overran the faulty Union position at Reams s Station shattering the II Corps capturing many prisoners 48 Despite a later victory at Hatcher s Run the humiliation of Reams s Station contributed along with the lingering effects of his Gettysburg wound to his decision to give up field command in November 49 He left the II Corps after a year in which it had suffered over 40 000 casualties but had achieved significant military victories His next assignment was to command the ceremonial First Veteran Corps 49 He performed more recruiting commanded the Middle Department and relieved Maj Gen Philip Sheridan in command of forces in the now quiet Shenandoah Valley 2 He was promoted to brevet major general in the regular army for his service at Spotsylvania effective March 13 1865 13 Post war military service editExecution of Lincoln assassination conspirators edit nbsp The execution of the Lincoln assassination conspirators July 7 1865At the close of the war Hancock was assigned to supervise the execution of the conspirators in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln 50 Lincoln had been assassinated on April 14 1865 and by May 9 of that year a military commission had been convened to try the accused 51 The actual assassin John Wilkes Booth was already dead but the trial of his co conspirators proceeded quickly resulting in convictions President Andrew Johnson ordered the executions to be carried out on July 7 Although he was reluctant to execute some of the less culpable conspirators especially Mary Surratt Hancock carried out his orders later writing that every soldier was bound to act as I did under similar circumstances 52 Service on the Plains edit After the executions Hancock was assigned command of the newly organized Middle Military Department headquartered in Baltimore 53 In 1866 on Grant s recommendation Hancock was promoted to major general and was transferred later that year to command of the military Department of the Missouri which included the states of Missouri and Kansas and the territories of Colorado and New Mexico 54 Hancock reported to Fort Leavenworth Kansas and took up his new posting Soon after arriving he was assigned by General Sherman to lead an expedition to negotiate with the Cheyenne and Sioux with whom relations had worsened since the Sand Creek massacre 55 The negotiations got off to a bad start and after Hancock ordered the burning of an abandoned Cheyenne village in central Kansas relations became worse than when the expedition had started 56 The official report to the President by the Indian Peace Commission found that the actions of George Custer and other subordinates just after Hancock s arrival led to an instigation of violent reprisals by the Native Americans Orders were then given to surround the village and capture the Indians remaining The order was obeyed but the chiefs and warriors had departed The only persons found were an old Sioux and an idiotic girl of eight or nine years of age It afterwards appeared that the person of this girl had been violated from which she soon died The Indians were gone and the report spread that she had been a captive among them and they had committed this outrage before leaving The Indians say that she was an idiotic Cheyenne girl forgotten in the confusion of flight and if violated it was not by them The next morning General Custer under orders stated in pursuit of the Indians with his cavalry and performed a campaign of great labor and suffering passing over a vast extent of country but seeing no hostile Indians When the fleeing Indians reached the Smoky Hill they destroyed a station and killed several men A courier having brought this intelligence to General Hancock he at once ordered the Indian village of about 300 lodges together with the entire property of the tribes to be burned The Indian now became an outlaw not only the Cheyennes and Sioux but all the tribes on the plains The superintendent of an express company Cottrell issued a circular order to the agents and employees of the company in the following language You will hold no communications with Indians whatever If Indians come within shooting distance shoot them Show them no mercy for they will show you none This was in the Indian country He closes by saying General Hancock will protect you and our property Whether war existed previous to that time seems to have been a matter of doubt even with General Hancock himself From that day forward no doubt on the subject was entertained by anybody The Indians were then fully aroused and no more determined war has ever been waged by them The evidence taken tends to show that we have lost many soldiers besides a larger number of settlers on the frontier The most valuable trains belonging to individuals as well as to government among which was a government train of ammunition were captured by those wild horsemen Stations were destroyed Hundreds of horses and mules were taken and found in their possession when we met them in council while we are forced to believe that their entire loss since the burning of their village consists of six men killed The Kiowas and Comanches it will be seen deny the statement of Jones in every particular They say that no war party came in at the time stated or at any other time after the treaty of 1865 They deny that they killed any Negro soldiers and positively assert that no Indian was ever known to scalp a Negro In the latter statement they are corroborated by all the tribes and by persons who know their habits and the records of the adjutant general s office fail to show the loss of the 17 Negro soldiers or any soldiers at all They deny having robbed Jones or insulted Page or Tappan Tappan s testimony was taken in which he brands the whole statement of Jones as false and declares that both he and Page so informed Major Douglas within a few days after Jones made his affidavit We took the testimony of Major Douglas in which he admits the correctness of Tappan s statement but for some reason unexplained he failed to communicate the correction to General Hancock The threats to take the horses and attack the posts on the Arkansas were made in a vein of jocular bravado and not understood by any one present at the time to possess the least importance The case of the Box family has already been explained and this completes the case against the Kiowas and Comanches who are exculpated by the united testimony of all the tribes from any share in the late troubles The Cheyennes admit that one of their young men in a private quarrel both parties being drunk killed a New Mexican at Fort Zarah Such occurrences are so frequent among the whites on the plains that ignorant Indians might be pardoned for participating if it be done merely to evidence their advance in civilization The Indians claim that the Spaniard was in fault and further protest that no demand was ever made for the delivery of the Indian The Arapahoes admit that a party of their young men with three young warriors of the Cheyennes returning from an excursion against the Utes attacked the train of Mr Weddell of New Mexico during the month of March and they were gathering up the stock when the war commenced Though this recital should prove tedious it was thought necessary to guard the future against the errors of the past We would not blunt the vigilance of military men in the Indian country but we would warn them against the acts of the selfish and unprincipled who need to be watched as well as the Indian The origin and progress of this war are repeated in nearly all Indian wars The history of one will suffice for many Nor would we be understood as conveying a censure of General Hancock empasis added for organizing this expedition He had just come to the department and circumstances were ingeniously woven to deceive him His distinguished services in another field of patriotic duty had left him but little time to become acquainted with the remote or immediate causes producing these troubles If he erred he can very well roll a part of the responsibility on others not alone on subordinate commanders who were themselves deceived by others but on those who were able to guard against the error and yet failed to do it We have hundreds of treaties with the Indians and military posts are situated everywhere on their reservations Since 1837 these treaties have not been compiled and no provision is made when a treaty is proclaimed to furnish it to the commanders of posts departments or divisions This is the fault of Congress 57 Reconstruction edit nbsp Andrew Johnson thought Hancock was the ideal Reconstruction general Hancock s time in the West was brief President Johnson unhappy with the way Republican generals were governing the South under Reconstruction sought replacements for them 58 The general who offended Johnson the most was Philip Sheridan and Johnson soon ordered General Grant to switch the assignments of Hancock and Sheridan believing that Hancock a Democrat would govern in a style more to Johnson s liking 59 Although neither man was pleased with the change Sheridan reported to Fort Leavenworth and Hancock to New Orleans 59 Hancock s new assignment found him in charge of the Fifth Military District covering Texas and Louisiana Almost immediately upon arriving Hancock ingratiated himself with the secessionist white population by issuing his General Order Number 40 of November 29 1867 In that order written while traveling to New Orleans Hancock expressed sentiments in support of President Johnson s policies writing that if the residents of the district conducted themselves peacefully and the civilian officials perform their duties then the military power should cease to lead and the civil administration resume its natural and rightful dominion 60 The order continued The great principles of American liberty are still the lawful inheritance of this people and ever should be The right of trial by jury the habeas corpus the liberty of the press the freedom of speech the natural rights of persons and the rights of property must be preserved Free institutions while they are essential to the prosperity and happiness of the people always furnish the strongest inducements to peace and order 61 Hancock s order encouraged white Democrats across the South who hoped to return to civilian government more quickly but discomforted blacks and Republicans in the South who feared a return to the antebellum ways of traditional white dominance 62 Hancock s General Order Number 40 was quickly condemned by Republicans in Washington especially by the Radicals while President Johnson wholeheartedly approved 63 Heedless of the situation in Washington Hancock soon put his words into action refusing local Republican politicians requests to use his power to overturn elections and court verdicts while also letting it be known that open insurrection would be suppressed 63 Hancock s popularity within the Democratic party grew to the extent that he was considered a potential presidential nominee for that party in the 1868 election 64 Although Hancock collected a significant number of delegates at the 1868 convention his presidential possibilities went unfulfilled Even so he was henceforth identified as a rare breed in politics one who believed in the Democratic Party s principles of states rights and limited government but whose anti secessionist sentiment was unimpeachable 65 Return to the Plains edit Following General Grant s 1868 presidential victory the Republicans were firmly in charge in Washington As a result Hancock found himself transferred this time away from the sensitive assignment of reconstructing the South and into the relative backwater that was the Department of Dakota 66 The Department covered Minnesota Montana and the Dakotas As in his previous Western command Hancock began with a conference of the Indian chiefs but this time was more successful in establishing a peaceful intent 67 Relations worsened in 1870 however as an army expedition committed a massacre against the Blackfeet 68 Relations with the Sioux also became contentious as a result of white encroachment into the Black Hills in violation of the Treaty of Fort Laramie 69 It was during this tour that Hancock had the opportunity to contribute to the creation of Yellowstone National Park In August 1870 he ordered the 2nd Cavalry at Fort Ellis to provide a military escort for General Henry D Washburn s planned exploration of the Yellowstone Region The expedition which was a major impetus in creating the park became known as the Washburn Langford Doane Expedition Hancock s order led to the assignment of Lt Gustavus Cheyney Doane and a troop of 5 cavalrymen from Fort Ellis to escort the expedition In 1871 Captain John W Barlow during his exploration of the Yellowstone region formally named a summit on what would become the southern boundary of the park Mount Hancock to honor the general s decision to provide the escort 70 Command in the East and political ambitions edit In 1872 General Meade died leaving Hancock the army s senior major general This entitled him to a more prominent command and President Grant still desirous to keep Hancock from a Southern post assigned him command of the Division of the Atlantic headquartered at Fort Columbus on Governors Island in New York City 71 The vast department covered the settled northeast area of the country and was militarily uneventful with the exception of the army s involvement in the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 When railroad workers went on strike to protest wage cuts the nation s transportation system was paralyzed The governors of Pennsylvania West Virginia and Maryland asked President Hayes to call in federal troops to re open the railways Once federal troops entered the cities most of the strikers melted away but there were some violent clashes 72 All the while Hancock was posted in New York he did his best to keep his political ambitions alive He received some votes at the Democrats 1876 convention but was never a serious contender as New York governor Samuel J Tilden swept the field on the second ballot 73 The Republican candidate Rutherford B Hayes won the election and Hancock refocused his ambition on 1880 The electoral crisis of 1876 and the subsequent end to Reconstruction in 1877 convinced many observers that the election of 1880 would give the Democrats their best chance at victory in a generation 74 Election of 1880 editMain article 1880 United States presidential election Hancock after the War nbsp nbsp Democratic convention edit Hancock s name had been proposed several times for the Democratic nomination for president but he never captured a majority of delegates In 1880 however Hancock s chances improved President Hayes had promised not to run for a second term and the previous Democratic nominee Tilden declined to run again due to poor health 75 Hancock faced several competitors for the nomination including Thomas A Hendricks Allen G Thurman Stephen Johnson Field and Thomas F Bayard Hancock s neutrality on the monetary question and his lingering support in the South owing to his General Order Number 40 meant that Hancock more than any other candidate had nationwide support 76 When the Democratic convention assembled in Cincinnati in June 1880 Hancock led on the first ballot but did not have a majority 77 By the second ballot Hancock received the requisite two thirds and William Hayden English of Indiana was chosen as his running mate 78 79 Campaign against Garfield edit nbsp Hancock English election posterThe Republicans nominated James A Garfield a Congressman from Ohio and a skillful politician as well as a former general from the Civil War Hancock and the Democrats expected to carry the Solid South but needed to add a few of the Northern states to their total to win the election The practical differences between the parties were few and the Republicans were reluctant to attack Hancock personally because of his heroic reputation 80 The one policy difference the Republicans were able to exploit was a statement in the Democratic platform endorsing a tariff for revenue only 81 Garfield s campaigners used this statement to paint the Democrats as unsympathetic to the plight of industrial laborers a group that would benefit by a high protective tariff The tariff issue cut Democratic support in industrialized Northern states which were essential in establishing a Democratic majority 82 In the end the Democrats and Hancock failed to carry any of the Northern states they had targeted with the exception of New Jersey Hancock lost the election to Garfield Garfield polled only 39 213 more votes than Hancock the popular vote being 4 453 295 for Garfield and 4 414 082 for Hancock The electoral count however had a much larger spread as Garfield polled 214 electoral votes and Hancock only 155 Garfield would be shot four months into his presidency on July 2 1881 and would die on September 19 1881 83 Later life editHancock took his electoral defeat in stride and attended Garfield s inauguration 84 Following the election Hancock carried on as commander of the Division of the Atlantic He was elected president of the National Rifle Association in 1881 explaining that The object of the NRA is to increase the military strength of the country by making skill in the use of arms as prevalent as it was in the days of the Revolution 85 Hancock was a Charter Director and the first president of the Military Service Institution of the United States from 1878 until his death in 1886 86 He was commander in chief of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States veterans organization from 1879 until his death in 1886 He was the author of Reports of Major General W S Hancock upon Indian Affairs published in 1867 13 Hancock s last major public appearance was to preside over the funeral of President Grant in 1885 although he also made a less publicized trip that year to Gettysburg 87 Hancock died in 1886 at Governors Island still in command of the Military Division of the Atlantic the victim of an infected carbuncle complicated by diabetes 27 2 He is buried in Montgomery Cemetery in West Norriton Township Pennsylvania near Norristown Pennsylvania 13 Hancock s wife Almira published Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock in 1887 In 1893 Republican General Francis A Walker wrote Although I did not vote for General Hancock I am strongly disposed to believe that one of the best things the nation has lost in recent years has been the example and the influence of that chivalric stately and splendid gentleman in the White House Perhaps much which both parties now recognize as having been unfortunate and mischievous during the past thirteen years would have been avoided had General Hancock been elected 88 His noted integrity was a counterpoint to the corruption of the era for as President Rutherford B Hayes said If when we make up our estimate of a public man conspicuous both as a soldier and in civil life we are to think first and chiefly of his manhood his integrity his purity his singleness of purpose and his unselfish devotion to duty we can truthfully say of Hancock that he was through and through pure gold 89 nbsp General Winfield Scott Hancock leading Ulysses S Grant s funeral procession in New York CityThe last public act performed by Hancock was his oversight of the funeral of Ulysses S Grant in 1885 and his organizing and leading of Grant s nine mile funeral procession in New York City From Grant s home at Mount McGregor New York to its resting place in Riverside Park the casket containing Grant s remains was in the charge of General Hancock As he appeared on the scene at the commencement of Grant s funeral procession Hancock was met with a mild applause but with a gesture he directed a silence and respect for Grant 90 Legacy edit nbsp Statue of Hancock on the Smith Memorial Arch in Philadelphia nbsp General Winfield Scott Hancock Memorial in Washington D C Winfield Scott Hancock is memorialized in a number of statues An equestrian statue on East Cemetery Hill on the Gettysburg Battlefield A portrait statue by Cyrus Dallin as part of the Pennsylvania Memorial at Gettysburg An alto relievo representing Hancock s wounding during Pickett s Charge on the New York State Monument at Gettysburg An equestrian statue located at Pennsylvania Avenue and 7th Street NW in Washington D C An equestrian statue atop the Smith Memorial Arch in Fairmount Park Philadelphia Pennsylvania A monumental bronze bust in Hancock Square New York City by sculptor James Wilson Alexander MacDonald Fort Hancock Texas Fort Hancock on Sandy Hook New Jersey was named for General Hancock The original Winfield Scott Hancock Elementary School located at Arch and East Spruce Streets in Norristown Pennsylvania was built in 1895 in memory of the General who grew up not far from the site It was replaced in 1962 by a new building still in use by the Norristown Area School District only a few blocks away at Arch and Summit Streets which is also named after General Hancock The original 1895 building still stands and is used by a community non profit organization A Pennsylvania historical marker was dedicated September 11 1947 along Bethlehem Pike PA 309 just south of US 202 where Hancock was born nbsp 1886 2 Silver Certificate depicting HancockHancock s portrait adorns U S currency on the 2 Silver Certificate series of 1886 Approximately 1 500 to 2 500 of these bills survive today in numismatic collections Hancock s bill is ranked number 73 on a list of 100 Greatest American Currency Notes 91 Hancock was an important character in the Shaara family s Civil War historical novels The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara and Gods and Generals and The Last Full Measure by Jeffrey Shaara In the films Gettysburg 1993 and Gods and Generals 2003 based on the first two of these novels Hancock is portrayed by Brian Mallon 92 and is depicted in both films in a very favorable light A number of scenes in the novel Gods and Generals that depict Hancock and his friend Lewis A Armistead in Southern California before the war were omitted from the film See also edit nbsp American Civil War portalList of American Civil War generals Union List of equestrian statues in the District of Columbia List of equestrian statues in PennsylvaniaNotes edit a b c d Jordan p 5 a b c d e Cluff pp 922 23 Walker p 7 Jenkins Howard M 1886 Genealogical Sketch of General W S Hancock Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography X 100 Retrieved September 8 2007 Jordan p 6 Tucker pp 18 21 Walker p 10 Jordan pp 10 11 Walker pp 12 15 list of West Point officers in the Civil War Archived December 30 2013 at the Wayback Machine Jordan p 13 Walker p 17 Jordan p 13 a b Jordan p 14 Walker p 18 Jordan pp 15 16 Jordan p 16 Walker p 20 a b c d e f g h i j Eicher pp 277 78 Jordan pp 16 17 Jordan p 19 Tucker p 44 Walker pp 21 22 Walker p 22 Jordan p 24 Jordan p 25 Hancock pp 24 27 a b Jordan p 25 Jordan pp 26 27 Jordan pp 28 32 Jordan pp 33 34 A History of US Revised Third Edition War Terrible War by Joy Hakim Grant Ulysses S Personal Memoirs 1885 Vol II pp 539 40 a b c d e f Tagg pp 33 35 Walker pp 41 42 Walker pp 51 52 Sears p 257 Walker pp 81 91 Jordan p 81 Tucker pp 131 34 a b Jordan pp 89 94 Hancock Almira 1999 Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock Scituate Massachusetts Digital Scanning Inc p 198 ISBN 1 58218 056 3 a b Jordan p 93 Pfanz Harry 1987 Gettysburg The Second Day Chapel Hill North Carolina University of North Carolina Press pp 422 ISBN 0 8078 1749 X Pfanz Harry 1993 Gettysburg Culp s Hill and Cemetery Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina University of North Carolina Press p 269 ISBN 0 8078 2118 7 Pfanz Harry 1993 Gettysburg Culp s Hill and Cemetery Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina University of North Carolina Press pp 263 64 ISBN 0 8078 2118 7 Jordan pp 96 99 Foote p 545 Jordan p 98 Foote p 561 Tucker p 15 Jordan p 103 Jordan pp 126 33 Jordan pp 136 39 Jordan pp 159 64 a b Jordan pp 169 73 Jordan p 177 Trefousse pp 211 12 Jordan pp 176 77 Jordan pp 179 80 Tucker p 272 Jordan p 182 Jordan pp 183 84 Jordan pp 185 89 Jordan p 194 Walker p 296 Indian Peace Commission 1868 Trefousse pp 289 90 a b Jordan pp 200 01 Jamieson pp 152 53 Jordan p 203 Jordan pp 204 05 Tucker pp 279 84 a b Jordan pp 206 08 Walker pp 301 03 Jordan 213 28 Warner p 204 Jordan p 212 Walker pp 301 02 Jordan p 229 Jordan pp 220 21 Jordan p 232 Jordan pp 233 34 Whittlesey Lee 1996 Yellowstone Place Names Gardiner MT Wonderland Publishing Company p 178 ISBN 1 59971 716 6 Jordan p 235 Tucker p 292 Jordan pp 242 50 Jordan p 239 Robinson Lloyd The Stolen Election Hayes versus Tilden 1876 Agberg Ltd 1968 pp 199 213 Jordan pp 255 59 Jordan p 262 Walker p 306 Walker p 306 Jordan p 281 Tucker pp 300 01 Jordan pp 292 96 Walker p 307 Jordan p 297 Jordan pp 297 301 Jordan p 306 Walker p 311 Kopel National Review Constitution by laws and register together with memoranda relating to the history and work of the institution Military Service Institution of the United States Governor s Island N Y H Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford co 1906 Jordan pp 312 13 They Also Ran Irving Stone p 188 Jordan p 319 Goodrich 1886 pp 333 34 Bowers D Q and Sundman D M 100 Greatest American Currency Notes Whitman Publishing LLC 2006 Gods and Generals review Variety February 16 2003 Retrieved 2008 07 05 References edit REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT BY THE INDIAN PEACE COMMISSION JANUARY 7 1868 in Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the Year 1868 Washington D C Government Printing Office 1868 26 50 Cluff Mary Lynn Winfield Scott Hancock In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War A Political Social and Military History edited by David S Heidler and Jeanne T Heidler New York W W Norton amp Company 2000 ISBN 0 393 04758 X Eicher John H and David J Eicher Civil War High Commands Stanford CA Stanford University Press 2001 ISBN 0 8047 3641 3 Goodrich Frederick Elizur 1886 Life of Winfield Scott Hancock major general U S A Boston B B Russell Foote Shelby The Civil War A Narrative Vol 2 Fredericksburg to Meridian New York Random House 1958 ISBN 0 394 49517 9 Grant Ulysses S Personal Memoirs of U S Grant 2 vols Charles L Webster amp Company 1885 86 ISBN 0 914427 67 9 Hancock Almira Russell Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock New York Charles L Webster 1887 ISBN 1 58218 056 3 Jamieson Perry D Winfield Scott Hancock Gettysburg Hero Civil War Campaigns and Commanders Series Abilene TX McWhiney Foundation Press 2003 ISBN 1 893114 39 2 Jordan David M Winfield Scott Hancock A Soldier s Life Bloomfield Indiana University Press 1988 ISBN 0 253 36580 5 Kopel David et al National Review Online July 2 2004 Sears Stephen W Landscape Turned Red The Battle of Antietam Boston Houghton Mifflin 1983 ISBN 0 89919 172 X Tagg Larry The Generals of Gettysburg Campbell CA Savas Publishing 1998 ISBN 1 882810 30 9 Trefousse Hans L Andrew Johnson A Biography New York W W Norton amp Co 1991 ISBN 0 393 31742 0 Tucker Glenn Hancock the Superb Indianapolis Bobbs Merrill Co 1960 OCLC 715628 Walker Francis A General Hancock Great Commanders series edited by James Grant Wilson New York D Appleton amp Co 1894 OCLC 747952 Warner Ezra J Generals in Blue Lives of the Union Commanders Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press 1964 ISBN 0 8071 0822 7 Further reading editChalfant William Y Hancock s War Conflict on the Southern Plains Norman OK Arthur H Clark Company 2010 ISBN 978 0 87062 371 4 Cole J R 1880 The life and public services of Winfield Scott Hancock major general U S A Also the life and services of Hon William H English Cincinnati Douglass Brothers Dennison Charles Wheeler Herbert George B 1880 Hancock the superb the early life and public career of Winfield S Hancock including also a sketch of the life of Hon William H English Philadelphia H W Kelley OCLC 81289926 John Wien Forney 1880 Life and military career of Winfield Scott Hancock and biographical sketch of Hon Wm H English Philadelphia Hubbard Bros Freed Augustus Toplady 1880 The life and public services of Winfield Scott Hancock Chicago H A Sumner amp company Goodrich Frederick Elizur 1880 The life and public services of Winfield Scott Hancock major general US A Boston Lee amp Shepard Google eBook OCLC 6782477 Hancock Almira Russell 1887 Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock New York C L Webster amp company Junkin David Xavier 1880 The life of Winfield Scott Hancock personal military and political New York D Appleton and company Southworth Alvan S Bayard Thomas Francis 1880 Life of Gen Winfield S Hancock New York The American news company External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winfield Scott Hancock The Democratic Trojan Horse Harper s Weekly political cartoon about the 1880 presidential election W S Hancock Society Hancock Memorial at Gettysburg Hancock Memorial in Washington D C Hancock s report of the Battle of Gettysburg Hancock Park in New York CityParty political officesPreceded bySamuel J Tilden Democratic nominee for President of the United States1880 Succeeded byGrover ClevelandNational Rifle Association of AmericaPreceded byHenry A Gildersleeve President of the NRA1881 Succeeded byE L Molineux Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Winfield Scott Hancock amp oldid 1215796215, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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