The first Perso-Arabic derived alphabet for Uyghur was developed in the 10th century, when Islam was introduced there. The alphabet was used for writing the Chagatai language, the regional literary language, and is now known as the Chagatay alphabet (Uyghur: كونا يېزىق, romanized: Kona Yëziq, lit. 'old script'). It was used nearly exclusively up to the early 1920s. This alphabet did not represent Uyghur vowels and according to Robert Barkley Shaw, spelling was irregular and long vowel letters were frequently written for short vowels since most Turki speakers were unsure of the difference between long and short vowels.[2] The pre-modification alphabet used Arabic diacritics (zabar, zer and pesh) to mark short vowels.[3] Also, the ة was used to represent a short [a] by some Turki writers.[4][5][6][full citation needed]
Alternative Uyghur scripts then began emerging and collectively largely displaced Chagatai. Between 1937 and 1954, the Perso-Arabic alphabet used to write Uyghur was modified by removing redundant letters and adding markings for vowels.[7][8] The Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet was introduced around 1937, and the Latin-based Uyghur New Script in 1958.[9] The modern Uyghur Perso-Arabic alphabet was made official in 1978 and reinstituted by the Chinese government in 1983, with modifications for representing Uyghur vowels.[10][11][12][13]
The reformed modern Uyghur Arabic alphabet eliminated letters whose sounds were found only in Arabic and spelled Arabic and Persian loanwords such as Islamic religious words, as they were pronounced in Uyghur and not as they were originally spelled in Arabic or Persian.
The table below lists all 32 letters of the current official Uyghur alphabet used in Xinjiang in alphabetical order, along with their IPA transcriptions.
Note: ئ also represents /ʔ/ but it is usually ignored at the beginning of words. It still reads /ʔ/ in the middle, such as سائەت /saʔɛt/ hour.
Spelling of Suffixesedit
Uyghur spelling borrowed heavily from Chagatai influences. The spelling of the suffixes from Uyghur also matched Chagatai spellings which were kept largely static. Below is an incomplete list of suffixed spellings and their vowel harmony alternatives. Frequently, some Chagatai suffixes were separated from their root words by a zero width non-joiner while in modern Uyghur the root+suffix would be joined.
Chagatai/Uyghur suffix structure
Part of speech
IPA
UEY
UEY Example
Traditional Spelling
Traditional Example
Plural Suffix
/-lɛr/
لەر
ئۆردەك + لەر = ئۆردەكلەر
لار
اوردک + لار = اوردکلار
/-lar/
لار
قۇش + لار = قۇشلار
قوش + لار = قوشلار
Historical Spellingsedit
Alphabetical order for the traditional Perso-Arabic Script (Kona Yëziq) used before the 1950s
Letter
ا
ب
پ
ت
ث
ج
چ
ح
خ
د
ذ
ر
ز
س
ش
ص
ULY
a
b
p
t
s
j
ch
h
x
d
z
r
z
s
sh
s
Letter
ض
ط
ظ
ع
غ
ف
ق
ک
گ
ݣ
ل
م
ن
و
ه
ى
ULY
z
t
z
gh
f
q
k
g
ng
l
m
n
w, o, u
h
y, e, i
MS Windows Uyghur keyboard layout. Note that vowels are composed of pairs of Arabic letters, starting by an alef with hamza, that must be entered separately on this keyboard before the actual vowel. In fact, the keyboard is based on the older Latin alphabet used for Uyghur New Script and does not allow entering all vowels correctly for the current Arabic alphabet.
Vowel marks used for the traditional Perso-Arabic Script before the 1950s
Mark
ـَ
ـِ
ـُ
Name
zabar
zer
pesh
Letter
ا
ي
و
Name
alif
ye
wáo
Old and Modern Alphabet Spelling Comparisonsedit
Old Perso-Arabic alphabet (Kona Yëziq) used before the 1950s
^Shaw, Robert Berkley (1878). A Sketch of the Turki Language as Spoken in Eastern Turkistan (Kàshgar and Yarkand). Calcutta: Printed by J. W. Thomas, at the Baptist Mission Press. p. 13 – via Google Books.
^Shaw, Robert Barkley (1878). A Sketch of the Turki Language as Spoken in Eastern Turkistan (Kàshgar and Yarkand). Calcutta: Printed by J. W. Thomas, at the Baptist Mission Press. p. 15 – via Google Books.
^Shaw, Robert Berkley (1878). A Sketch of the Turki Language as Spoken in Eastern Turkistan (Kàshgar and Yarkand). Calcutta: Printed by J. W. Thomas, at the Baptist Mission Press – via Google Books.
^Shaw, Robert Barkley (1880). A Sketch of the Turki Language as Spoken in Eastern Turkistan (Kàshgar and Yarkand): Part II: Vocabulary, Turki-English. Calcutta: Printed by J. W. Thomas, at the Baptist Mission Press – via Google Books.
^"Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal". 1878 – via Google Books.
^Zhou, Minglang (2003). Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949–2002. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 166. ISBN3-11-017896-6 – via Google Books.
^Johanson, Éva Ágnes Csató; Johanson, Lars, eds. (2003). The Turkic Languages. Taylor & Francis. p. 387. ISBN978-0-203-06610-2 – via Google Books.
^Benson, Linda; Svanberg, Ingvar (1998). China's Last Nomads: The History and Culture of China's Kazaks. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. p. 174. ISBN1-56324-781-X – via Google Books.
^Dillon, Michael (1999). China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects. Surrey: Curzon. p. 159. ISBN0-7007-1026-4 – via Google Books.
^Starr, S. Frederick, ed. (2004). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. London: M. E. Sharpe. p. 195. ISBN0-7656-1317-4 – via Google Books.
^Dillon, Michael (2004). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 27. ISBN0-203-16664-7 – via Google Books.
^Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 236. ISBN978-0-231-13924-3 – via Google Books.
November 26, 2023
uyghur, arabic, alphabet, uyghur, ئۇيغۇر, ئەرەب, يېزىقى, romanized, uyghur, ereb, yëziqi, version, arabic, alphabet, used, writing, uyghur, language, primarily, uyghurs, living, xinjiang, uyghur, autonomous, region, several, uyghur, alphabets, been, official, . The Uyghur Arabic alphabet Uyghur ئۇيغۇر ئەرەب يېزىقى romanized Uyghur Ereb Yeziqi or UEY is a version of the Arabic alphabet used for writing the Uyghur language primarily by Uyghurs living in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region It is one of several Uyghur alphabets and has been the official alphabet of the Uyghur language since 1982 1 Uyghur alphabetئۇيغۇر يېزىقىExample of writing in the Uyghur alphabet UyghurScript typeAlphabetLanguagesUyghur SarikoliRelated scriptsParent systemsProto SinaiticPhoenicianAramaicNabataeanArabicPerso ArabicUyghur alphabetUnicodeUnicode rangeU 0600 to U 06FFU 0750 to U 077FU FB50 to U FDFF U FE70 to U FEFF This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters This article contains Uyghur text Without proper rendering support you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Uyghur script The first Perso Arabic derived alphabet for Uyghur was developed in the 10th century when Islam was introduced there The alphabet was used for writing the Chagatai language the regional literary language and is now known as the Chagatay alphabet Uyghur كونا يېزىق romanized Kona Yeziq lit old script It was used nearly exclusively up to the early 1920s This alphabet did not represent Uyghur vowels and according to Robert Barkley Shaw spelling was irregular and long vowel letters were frequently written for short vowels since most Turki speakers were unsure of the difference between long and short vowels 2 The pre modification alphabet used Arabic diacritics zabar zer and pesh to mark short vowels 3 Also the ة was used to represent a short a by some Turki writers 4 5 6 full citation needed Alternative Uyghur scripts then began emerging and collectively largely displaced Chagatai Between 1937 and 1954 the Perso Arabic alphabet used to write Uyghur was modified by removing redundant letters and adding markings for vowels 7 8 The Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet was introduced around 1937 and the Latin based Uyghur New Script in 1958 9 The modern Uyghur Perso Arabic alphabet was made official in 1978 and reinstituted by the Chinese government in 1983 with modifications for representing Uyghur vowels 10 11 12 13 The reformed modern Uyghur Arabic alphabet eliminated letters whose sounds were found only in Arabic and spelled Arabic and Persian loanwords such as Islamic religious words as they were pronounced in Uyghur and not as they were originally spelled in Arabic or Persian Contents 1 Current Official Alphabet 2 Spelling of Suffixes 3 Historical Spellings 4 Old and Modern Alphabet Spelling Comparisons 5 ReferencesCurrent Official Alphabet editThe table below lists all 32 letters of the current official Uyghur alphabet used in Xinjiang in alphabetical order along with their IPA transcriptions Current Official Uyghur Arabic Alphabet No Letter IPA No Letter IPA1 ئا ɑ 17 ق q 2 ئە ɛ 18 ك k 3 ب b 19 گ ɡ 4 پ p 20 ڭ ŋ 5 ت t 21 ل l 6 ج d ʒ 22 م m 7 چ t ʃ 23 ن n 8 خ x 24 ھ h 9 د d 25 ئو o 10 ر r 26 ئۇ u 11 ز z 27 ئۆ o 12 ژ ʒ 28 ئۈ y 13 س s 29 ۋ v w 14 ش ʃ 30 ئې e 15 غ ʁ 31 ئى i 16 ف f 32 ي j Note ئ also represents ʔ but it is usually ignored at the beginning of words It still reads ʔ in the middle such as سائەت saʔɛt hour Spelling of Suffixes editUyghur spelling borrowed heavily from Chagatai influences The spelling of the suffixes from Uyghur also matched Chagatai spellings which were kept largely static Below is an incomplete list of suffixed spellings and their vowel harmony alternatives Frequently some Chagatai suffixes were separated from their root words by a zero width non joiner while in modern Uyghur the root suffix would be joined Chagatai Uyghur suffix structure Part of speech IPA UEY UEY Example Traditional Spelling Traditional ExamplePlural Suffix lɛr لەر ئۆردەك لەر ئۆردەكلەر لار اوردک لار اوردکلار lar لار قۇش لار قۇشلار قوش لار قوشلار Historical Spellings editAlphabetical order for the traditional Perso Arabic Script Kona Yeziq used before the 1950s Letter ا ب پ ت ث ج چ ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ULY a b p t s j ch h x d z r z s sh sLetter ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ݣ ل م ن و ه ى ULY z t z gh f q k g ng l m n w o u h y e i nbsp MS Windows Uyghur keyboard layout Note that vowels are composed of pairs of Arabic letters starting by an alef with hamza that must be entered separately on this keyboard before the actual vowel In fact the keyboard is based on the older Latin alphabet used for Uyghur New Script and does not allow entering all vowels correctly for the current Arabic alphabet Vowel marks used for the traditional Perso Arabic Script before the 1950s Mark ـ ـ ـ Name zabar zer peshLetter ا ي و Name alif ye waoOld and Modern Alphabet Spelling Comparisons editOld Perso Arabic alphabet Kona Yeziq used before the 1950s Modern Uyghur Arabic alphabet Latin Meaningبغرا بۇغرا bughra bull camelارسلان ئارىسلان arislan lionسلطان سۇلتان sultan sultanيوسف يۈسۈپ Yusup Yusufحسن ھەسەن Hesen Hassanخلق خەلق xelq peopleكافیر كاپىر kapir infidelمسلمان مۇسۇلمان musulman Muslimمنافق مۇناپىق munapiq hypocriteاسلام ئىسلام Islam Islamدين دىن din religionكاشقر قەشقەر Qeshqer Kashgarختن خوتەن Xoten Khotanينگي حصار يېڭىسار Yengisar Yangi Hissarساريق قول سارىقول Sariqol Sarikolقيرغيز قىرغىز Qirghiz Kirghizدولان دولان Dolan Dolan peopleكوندوز كۈندۈز kunduz day timeساريغ or ساريق سېرىق seriq yellowمارالباشي مارالبېشى Maralbeshi Maralbexi Countyلونگي لۇنگى Lungi Lungiآلتی شهر ئالتە شەھەر Alte sheher Altishahrآفاق خواجه ئاپاق خوجا Apaq Xoja Afaq Khojaپيچاق پىچاق pichaq knifeReferences edit XUAR Government Document No XH 1982 283 Shaw Robert Berkley 1878 A Sketch of the Turki Language as Spoken in Eastern Turkistan Kashgar and Yarkand Calcutta Printed by J W Thomas at the Baptist Mission Press p 13 via Google Books Shaw Robert Barkley 1878 A Sketch of the Turki Language as Spoken in Eastern Turkistan Kashgar and Yarkand Calcutta Printed by J W Thomas at the Baptist Mission Press p 15 via Google Books Shaw Robert Berkley 1878 A Sketch of the Turki Language as Spoken in Eastern Turkistan Kashgar and Yarkand Calcutta Printed by J W Thomas at the Baptist Mission Press via Google Books Shaw Robert Barkley 1880 A Sketch of the Turki Language as Spoken in Eastern Turkistan Kashgar and Yarkand Part II Vocabulary Turki English Calcutta Printed by J W Thomas at the Baptist Mission Press via Google Books Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 1878 via Google Books Zhou Minglang 2003 Multilingualism in China The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages 1949 2002 Berlin Mouton de Gruyter p 166 ISBN 3 11 017896 6 via Google Books Johanson Eva Agnes Csato Johanson Lars eds 2003 The Turkic Languages Taylor amp Francis p 387 ISBN 978 0 203 06610 2 via Google Books Benson Linda Svanberg Ingvar 1998 China s Last Nomads The History and Culture of China s Kazaks Armonk New York M E Sharpe p 174 ISBN 1 56324 781 X via Google Books Dillon Michael 1999 China s Muslim Hui Community Migration Settlement and Sects Surrey Curzon p 159 ISBN 0 7007 1026 4 via Google Books Starr S Frederick ed 2004 Xinjiang China s Muslim Borderland London M E Sharpe p 195 ISBN 0 7656 1317 4 via Google Books Dillon Michael 2004 Xinjiang China s Muslim Far Northwest London RoutledgeCurzon p 27 ISBN 0 203 16664 7 via Google Books Millward James A 2007 Eurasian Crossroads A History of Xinjiang New York Columbia University Press p 236 ISBN 978 0 231 13924 3 via Google Books Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Uyghur Arabic alphabet amp oldid 1183581224, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
