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Din (Arabic)

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with religion.

Dīn (Arabic: دين, romanized: Dīn, also anglicized as Deen) is an Arabic word with three general senses: judgment, custom, and religion.[1] It is used by both Muslims and Arab Christians.

In Islamic terminology, the word refers to the way of life Muslims must adopt to comply with divine law, encompassing beliefs, character and deeds.[2] The term appears in the Quran 98 times with different connotations, including in the phrase yawm al-din (Arabic: يوم الدين), generally translated to "Day of Judgment" or the famous verse "La ikraha fid din" which translates to "Let there be no compulsion in religion" (Abdullah Yusuf Ali translation).

Etymology edit

According to Arthur Jeffery dīn "related to religion" and dīn "judgement, debt etc..." are two separate words of different origin, he derives the dīn related to religion from the Middle Persian den, itself derived from the Zoroastrian Avestan notion daena.[3] Most scholars, such as Nöldeke, Vollers, Mushegh Asatrian and Johnny Cheung are in agreement with this etymology.[4][5] Others like Gaudefroy-Demombynes and Gardet, have found this derivation unconvincing.[1] Nonetheless, Al Khafaji and Tha'ahbi have included the dīn that is related to religion in their list of foreign words, due to its lack of verbal root.[3]

The Arabic dīn "judgement, debt, etc.." has Semitic cognates, including the Hebrew dīn (דין‎), Aramaic dīnā (דִּינָא), Amharic dañä (ዳኘ) and Ugaritic dyn (𐎄𐎊𐎐). However none of these cognates carry any form of religious connotations, further supporting the etymological proposition made by Arthur Jeffery.[3]

The Arabic sense of judgment is likely analogous to the Hebraeo-Aramaic cognate root.[1] The Hebrew term "דין", transliterated as "dīn", means either "law" or "judgement". In the Kabbalah of Judaism, the term can, alongside "Gevurah" (cognate to the feminine form of Arabic adjective "Jabārah جَبَّارَة"), refer to "power" and "judgement".[6] In ancient Israel, the term featured heavily in administrative and legal proceedings i.e. Beth Din, literally "the house of judgement," the ancient building block of the Jewish legal system.[7][8] The Arabic sense "custom, usage" has been derived by classical and modern lexicologists from the Arabic verbal forms dāna (دانى, "be indebted") and dāna li- (-دانى لِ, "submit to").[1] Louis Gardet sees the Hebraic and Arabic senses as related through the notions of retribution, debt, obligation, custom, and direction, prompting him to translate yawm al-din as "the day when God gives a direction to each human being".[1] This view is not supported by the majority of scholars, who translate yawm al-din as "the day of judgement".[9][3]

Use in Islam edit

It has been said that the word Dīn appears in as many as 79 verses in the Qur'an,[10] but because there is no exact English translation of the term, its precise definition has been the subject of some misunderstanding and disagreement. For instance, the term is often translated in parts of the Qur'an as "religion".[11]

Some Qur'anic scholars have translated Dīn in places as "faith".[12] Others suggest that the term "has been used in various forms and meanings, e.g., system, power, supremacy, ascendancy, sovereignty or lordship, dominion, law, constitution, mastery, government, realm, decision, definite outcome, reward and punishment. On the other hand, this word is also used in the sense of obedience, submission and allegiance".[13]

In addition to the two broad usages referred to so far, of sovereignty on the one hand and submission on the other, others have noted[14] that the term Dīn is also widely used in translations of the Qur'an in a third sense. Most famously in its opening chapter, al-Fātiḥah, the term is translated in almost all English translations as "judgment":

1:3 مَٰلِكِ يَوْمِ ٱلدِّينِ transliterated as "Maliki yawmi ad-Dīni," and (usually) translated as "Master of the Day of Judgment".

The well-known Islamic scholar, Fazlur Rahman Malik, suggested that Dīn is best considered as "the way-to-be-followed". In that interpretation, Dīn is the exact correlate of Shari'a: "whereas Shari'a is the ordaining of the Way and its proper subject is God, Dīn is the following of that Way, and its subject is man".[15] Thus, "if we abstract from the Divine and the human points of reference, Shari'a and Dīn would be identical as far as the 'Way' and its content are concerned".[15]

In many hadith, the din has been described as a midway lifestyle:

Narrated Abu Huraira, the Prophet said, "Religion (Dīn) is very easy and whoever overburdens himself in his religion will not be able to continue in that way. So you should not be extremists, but try to be near to perfection and receive the good tidings that you will be rewarded; and gain strength by worshipping in the mornings, the nights."

— Sahih al-Bukhari, , (Fath-ul-Bari, Page 102, Vol 1)

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Gardet, L. (2012). "Dīn". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0168.
  2. ^ John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). . The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d Jeffery, Arthur (1938). The Foreign Vocabulary Of The Quran (Gaekwad's Oriental Series; 79). Baroda: Oriental Institute. pp. 133 seqq.
  4. ^ Asatrian, Mushegh (2006). "Iranian Elements in Arabic: The State of Research". Iran & the Caucasus. 10 (1): 87–106. doi:10.1163/157338406777979386. ISSN 1609-8498. JSTOR 4030944.
  5. ^ Cheung, Johnny (6 June 2016), On the (Middle) Iranian borrowings in Qur'ānic (and pre-Islamic) Arabic, retrieved 29 December 2022 – via HAL-SHS
  6. ^ "The Ten Sefirot: Din, Gevurah". Jewish Virtual Library. from the original on 30 November 2016.
  7. ^ Fox, Tamar. "The Beit Din". My Jewish Learning. from the original on 19 October 2020.
  8. ^ Reiss, Jonathan (Winter 1999). "Jewish Divorce and the Role of Beit Din". Jewish Action. Jewish Law. from the original on 7 December 2022.
  9. ^ Wehr, Hans (1994). "A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic". Spoken Language Services. p. 352. ISBN 0-87950-003-4.
  10. ^ Gulam Ahmed Parwez, "Exposition of the Qur'an", p. 12, Tolu-E-Islam Trust
  11. ^ For instance, translations of the Qur'an by Marmaduke Pickthall, Shakir, and others
  12. ^ For instance, the translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, 60:9
  13. ^ Lugh’at-ul-Quran, Ghulam Ahmed Parwez, Tolu-e-Islam Trust, 1941
  14. ^ "Let Us Be Muslims, Abu Ala Maududi U.K.I.M. Dawah Center, 1960
  15. ^ a b Rahman F, Islam, p. 100, University of Chicago Press, 1979

External links edit

    January 01, 1970
    arabic, confused, with, religion, dīn, arabic, دين, romanized, dīn, also, anglicized, deen, arabic, word, with, three, general, senses, judgment, custom, religion, used, both, muslims, arab, christians, islamic, terminology, word, refers, life, muslims, must, . Not to be confused with religion Din Arabic دين romanized Din also anglicized as Deen is an Arabic word with three general senses judgment custom and religion 1 It is used by both Muslims and Arab Christians In Islamic terminology the word refers to the way of life Muslims must adopt to comply with divine law encompassing beliefs character and deeds 2 The term appears in the Quran 98 times with different connotations including in the phrase yawm al din Arabic يوم الدين generally translated to Day of Judgment or the famous verse La ikraha fid din which translates to Let there be no compulsion in religion Abdullah Yusuf Ali translation Contents 1 Etymology 2 Use in Islam 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksEtymology editAccording to Arthur Jeffery din related to religion and din judgement debt etc are two separate words of different origin he derives the din related to religion from the Middle Persian den itself derived from the Zoroastrian Avestan notion daena 3 Most scholars such as Noldeke Vollers Mushegh Asatrian and Johnny Cheung are in agreement with this etymology 4 5 Others like Gaudefroy Demombynes and Gardet have found this derivation unconvincing 1 Nonetheless Al Khafaji and Tha ahbi have included the din that is related to religion in their list of foreign words due to its lack of verbal root 3 The Arabic din judgement debt etc has Semitic cognates including the Hebrew din דין Aramaic dina ד ינ א Amharic dana ዳኘ and Ugaritic dyn 𐎄𐎊𐎐 However none of these cognates carry any form of religious connotations further supporting the etymological proposition made by Arthur Jeffery 3 The Arabic sense of judgment is likely analogous to the Hebraeo Aramaic cognate root 1 The Hebrew term דין transliterated as din means either law or judgement In the Kabbalah of Judaism the term can alongside Gevurah cognate to the feminine form of Arabic adjective Jabarah ج ب ار ة refer to power and judgement 6 In ancient Israel the term featured heavily in administrative and legal proceedings i e Beth Din literally the house of judgement the ancient building block of the Jewish legal system 7 8 The Arabic sense custom usage has been derived by classical and modern lexicologists from the Arabic verbal forms dana دانى be indebted and dana li دانى ل submit to 1 Louis Gardet sees the Hebraic and Arabic senses as related through the notions of retribution debt obligation custom and direction prompting him to translate yawm al din as the day when God gives a direction to each human being 1 This view is not supported by the majority of scholars who translate yawm al din as the day of judgement 9 3 Use in Islam editIt has been said that the word Din appears in as many as 79 verses in the Qur an 10 but because there is no exact English translation of the term its precise definition has been the subject of some misunderstanding and disagreement For instance the term is often translated in parts of the Qur an as religion 11 Some Qur anic scholars have translated Din in places as faith 12 Others suggest that the term has been used in various forms and meanings e g system power supremacy ascendancy sovereignty or lordship dominion law constitution mastery government realm decision definite outcome reward and punishment On the other hand this word is also used in the sense of obedience submission and allegiance 13 In addition to the two broad usages referred to so far of sovereignty on the one hand and submission on the other others have noted 14 that the term Din is also widely used in translations of the Qur an in a third sense Most famously in its opening chapter al Fatiḥah the term is translated in almost all English translations as judgment 1 3 م ل ك ي و م ٱلد ين transliterated as Maliki yawmi ad Dini and usually translated as Master of the Day of Judgment The well known Islamic scholar Fazlur Rahman Malik suggested that Din is best considered as the way to be followed In that interpretation Din is the exact correlate of Shari a whereas Shari a is the ordaining of the Way and its proper subject is God Din is the following of that Way and its subject is man 15 Thus if we abstract from the Divine and the human points of reference Shari a and Din would be identical as far as the Way and its content are concerned 15 In many hadith the din has been described as a midway lifestyle Narrated Abu Huraira the Prophet said Religion Din is very easy and whoever overburdens himself in his religion will not be able to continue in that way So you should not be extremists but try to be near to perfection and receive the good tidings that you will be rewarded and gain strength by worshipping in the mornings the nights Sahih al Bukhari 1 2 38 Fath ul Bari Page 102 Vol 1 See also editTaqwa Daena List of Islamic terms in Arabic Sharia Christian worldview Halakha Kabbalah Wasatiyyah Islamic term References edit a b c d e Gardet L 2012 Din In P Bearman Th Bianquis C E Bosworth E van Donzel W P Heinrichs eds Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed Brill doi 10 1163 1573 3912 islam COM 0168 John L Esposito ed 2014 Din The Oxford Dictionary of Islam Oxford Oxford University Press Archived from the original on 20 February 2019 a b c d Jeffery Arthur 1938 The Foreign Vocabulary Of The Quran Gaekwad s Oriental Series 79 Baroda Oriental Institute pp 133 seqq Asatrian Mushegh 2006 Iranian Elements in Arabic The State of Research Iran amp the Caucasus 10 1 87 106 doi 10 1163 157338406777979386 ISSN 1609 8498 JSTOR 4030944 Cheung Johnny 6 June 2016 On the Middle Iranian borrowings in Qur anic and pre Islamic Arabic retrieved 29 December 2022 via HAL SHS The Ten Sefirot Din Gevurah Jewish Virtual Library Archived from the original on 30 November 2016 Fox Tamar The Beit Din My Jewish Learning Archived from the original on 19 October 2020 Reiss Jonathan Winter 1999 Jewish Divorce and the Role of Beit Din Jewish Action Jewish Law Archived from the original on 7 December 2022 Wehr Hans 1994 A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic Spoken Language Services p 352 ISBN 0 87950 003 4 Gulam Ahmed Parwez Exposition of the Qur an p 12 Tolu E Islam Trust For instance translations of the Qur an by Marmaduke Pickthall Shakir and others For instance the translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali 60 9 Lugh at ul Quran Ghulam Ahmed Parwez Tolu e Islam Trust 1941 Let Us Be Muslims Abu Ala Maududi U K I M Dawah Center 1960 a b Rahman F Islam p 100 University of Chicago Press 1979External links editDefinition of Deen Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Din Arabic amp oldid 1210471752, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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