Sturgis Motorcycle Rally
The Sturgis Motorcycle Rally is a motorcycle rally held annually in Sturgis, South Dakota, and the surrounding Black Hills region of the United States.[2][3] It began in 1938 by a group of Indian Motorcycle riders and was originally held for stunts and races. Since then, the rally has become a pluralistic endeavor that consists of events put on by many different groups.[2] Attendance has historically been around 500,000 people, reaching a high of over 700,000 in 2015. The event takes place over 10 days and generates around $800 million in annual revenue.[1][4]
| Sturgis Motorcycle Rally | |
|---|---|
Motorcycles lined up on Main Street during the 2006 event | |
| Genre | Motorcycle rally |
| Dates | Starts first Friday in August (for 10 days) |
| Location(s) | Sturgis, South Dakota, U.S. |
| Founded | August 14, 1938 |
| Most recent | August 4–13, 2023 |
| Next event | August 2–11, 2024 |
| Attendance | highest: 739,000 (2015)[1] |
| Website | https://www.sturgismotorcyclerally.com/ |
History edit
The first rally was held by Indian Motorcycle riders on August 14, 1938, by the Jackpine Gypsies motorcycle club.[5] The club still owns and operates the tracks, hillclimb, and field areas where the rally is centered. The first event was called the "Black Hills Motor Classic." The founder was Clarence "Pappy" Hoel. He purchased an Indian motorcycle franchise in Sturgis in 1936 and formed the Jackpine Gypsies in 1938.[5][6] The Jackpine Gypsies were inducted to the Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1997.[7] Hoel was inducted into the AMA Hall of Fame the following year.[8]
The focus of a motorcycle rally was originally racing and stunts. In 1961, the rally was expanded to include the Hillclimb and Motocross races.[5] This could include half-mile track racing (the first year in Sturgis, there were 19 participants), intentional board wall crashes, ramp jumps and head-on collisions with automobiles.
The Sturgis Rally has been held every year, with exceptions during World War II. In 1942, the decision was made by the Black Hills Motor Classic Committee to not hold their regular event until after the war was over. The reason given for not holding the event was the "inability to obtain high-class talent."[9] The Sturgis Rally would not be held again until 1946, when the Black Hills Classic Reorganized and made plans to revive the motorcycle rally.[10]
Originally the rally was composed of two separate events that spanned three days. Starting of the event was a Gypsy tour, where riders would be guided through the Black Hills by an escort of Jackpine Gypsy club members. The following two days would be filled with motorcycle and automobile races. Additional events would be held in the downtown district of Sturgis, including parades, dances, and animal shows.[11]
Through the 1970s and early 1980s, many attendees camped in City Park.[12] When a record 40,000 visitors arrived in Sturgis in 1980, local residents became concerned with the behavior of these attendees.[13] In 1982, a referendum was presented to the city asking them to no longer provide municipal services such as parking on Main Street, law enforcement and allowing camping in City Park.[14] City attorney Dale Hansen advised that any vote would be non-binding and could not stop the rally because the motorcycle rally is sponsored by private groups.[15] Although the referendum was defeated 1,454 to 826,[16] the City of Sturgis followed the mayor's committee[17] recommendation to prohibit camping in City Park and eliminate downtown street vendors.[18]
For many years, the rally was a seven-day event[19] starting on a Monday during the first full week of August.[20]
In October 2016, the city of Sturgis expanded the city's dates to the 10-day format and have the rally start on the Friday before the first full week of August and end on the second Sunday. In 2017, the Rally became a 10-day event starting on the first Friday in August.[21]
Attendance edit
The South Dakota Department of Transportation provides official traffic counts, which sometimes differ from official attendance figures.[22] Attendance is higher on major anniversaries (e.g. 75th in 2015) and one or two years prior to the anniversary and falls off the following year or two.[23] "Attendance" is defined as vehicle crossings at about a dozen roads around Sturgis for 10 days, city-wide trash collection, vendor licenses issued in Sturgis, and other sources, not just the actual number of people attending the rally. Most attendees are counted multiple times, so the actual number of people attending is much lower than the listed attendance.
| Year | SDDOT traffic count | Official attendance |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 528,676 | 400,000 |
| 1999 | 539,475 | 325,000 |
| 2000 | 604,441 | 633,000 |
| 2001 | 530,667 | 400,000 |
| 2002 | 561,752 | 450,000 |
| 2003 | 605,140 | 502,000 |
| 2004 | 547,370 | 514,951 |
| 2005 | 524,656 | 525,250 |
| 2006 | 449,527 | 456,968 |
| 2007 | 461,507 | 507,234 |
| 2008 | 405,475 | 414,917 |
| 2009 | 394,009 | 442,163 |
| 2010 | 459,968 | 466,769 |
| 2011 | 415,367 | 416,727 |
| 2012 | 445,700 | |
| 2013 | 516,378[23] | 467,338 |
| 2014 | 442,200 | |
| 2015 | c. 1,000,000[24] | 739,000[1] |
| 2016 | c.360,000[25] | 448,000[26] – 463,412[27] |
| 2017 | 376,033[25][28]–469,100[23] | 480,000[26] |
| 2018 | 505,969[23] | 495,000 |
| 2019 | 499,654[29] | 490,000[30] |
| 2020 | 462,000[31] | 445,000 |
| 2021 | 525,768[32] | 555,000 |
| 2022 | 497,835[33] | 505,000 |
Trademarks and ownership edit
For many years, the Sturgis Chamber of Commerce claimed ownership of the words "Sturgis", "Sturgis Motorcycle Rally" and "Sturgis Rally & Races" through an attempted trademark claim. Those trademark claims were later transferred to Sturgis Motorcycle Rally Inc., which made efforts to enforce the claims.
In 2018, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit Court ruled the trademark invalid in a dispute between Sturgis Motorcycle Rally Inc. (SMRI) and Rushmore Photo and Gifts. In their ruling, the Court stated that the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally is a pluralistic endeavor promoted by multiple organizations. They further stated that the city's involvement does not extend beyond the provision of municipal services.
The record stated, “We agree and hold that the jury could not infer from the onerous planning that the City undertakes to provide infrastructure for the rally that the City was the organizer or sponsor of the rally. To allow such an inference would be tantamount to saying that it would be reasonable to infer that the City of New York organizes the sessions of the United Nations General Assembly because of everything it does to assist their occurrence. One cannot infer from the fact that a city augments its municipal services to accommodate those who attend an event-e.g., a funeral or political protest-that it organizes, promotes, or sponsors the event in a way that would permit it to acquire ownership over the event or its intellectual property."[2]
For many years the city has been in an agreement with SMRI, and its predecessor-in-interest, the Sturgis Area Chamber of Commerce, to license use of the words "Sturgis", "Sturgis Motorcycle Rally" and "Sturgis Rally & Races".[2] That agreement involving invalid trademark enforcement generated millions of dollars in royalties and sponsorship dollars.[34] On December 11, 2019, Federal Judge Jeffery Viken ordered that SMRI may no longer attempt to claim ownership of "Sturgis", "Sturgis Motorcycle Rally" or "Sturgis Rally & Races". The court order called for trademark cancellations to be sent to the United States Patent and Trademark Office.[35]
Rally impact on community and nationwide edit
The City of Sturgis has calculated that the Rally brings over $800 million to South Dakota annually.[34] The City of Sturgis earned almost $270,000 in 2011 from selling event guides and sponsorships. In 2019, the Rally generated $628,116 for local charities.[36] In 2020, the rally provided 21% of the city's annual revenue.[37]
There were 187 individuals jailed at the 2020 rally.[38] Approximately $250,000 worth of motorcycles are stolen annually.[39]
Rally-goers are a mix of white-collar and blue-collar workers and are generally welcomed as an important source of income for Sturgis and surrounding areas. The rally turns local roads into "parking lots",[40] and draws local law enforcement away from routine patrols.[41] Furthermore, the large numbers of people visiting the town and region served as a model for the state of Oregon in preparation for the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017, given the expected impact on emergency services.[42]
The Lakota Indian tribe in coalition with other tribes has protested the large amount of alcohol distributed at the event so close to the sacred Bear Butte, but also acknowledged that income from the event was important to the region and also benefits some members of the tribes.[43]
There have been a few deaths at the Rally.[44]
Rallies during the COVID-19 pandemic edit
Concerns about the possible spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and travel restrictions were expected to lead to lower attendance in 2020.[45] The 2020 final traffic count was about 462,000.
While some health officials and local leaders wanted to cancel the rally, that proved impossible since many events take place beyond the city limits.[46][47] The 250,000 participants were recommended but not required to wear face masks in a state that had seen 9,371 confirmed cases, and 144 deaths due to contraction of COVID-19 (0.016% of the population).[48] Several checkpoints to stop outsiders were put up on the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation, an action that state and federal officials consider illegal.[49] The 2020 final traffic count was about 462,000, with many attendees not wearing masks or observing social distancing.[31]
Cell phone data showed that by August 25, 2020, 61% of US counties had been visited by a Sturgis attendee.[50]
As of August 20, 2020, seven COVID-19 cases in the Nebraska Panhandle had been traced to the Rally, and 22 cases had been reported among out-of-state attendees.[51][52] As of August 21, 2020, Minnesota had 15 cases traced to the rally, with more cases expected,[53] and a few cases had been reported in Wyoming.[54] Public health notices were issued for One-Eyed Jack's Saloon, The Knuckle Saloon, The Broken Spoke, and Asylum Tattoo in Sturgis, and for the Bumpin’ Buffalo Bar and Grill in Hill City.[55][56][52][57] Some exposures in Minnesota could not be traced to specific locations. A Minnesota public health official urged all rallygoers to monitor for symptoms for 14 days, adding that "if you are feeling ill after returning from the event, please get tested and self-isolate while you wait for the test results."[58][59]
By August 24, 2020, there were a total of 76 cases linked to the rally (0.016% of attendees), in four states, South Dakota, Minnesota, Nebraska and Wyoming, with additional reports of cases in North Dakota and Washington State.[60] The number rose to 103 (0.022% of attendees) on August 26, in at least eight states, including 37 cases in South Dakota, and cases in Wisconsin, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, Washington and North Dakota.[61][62] On August 26, 6 cases were reported in New Hampshire.[63] On August 27, over 20 cases were reported in Colorado.[64] Two of the cases reported in Minnesota were people who had been Sturgis event employees or volunteers.[65][61]
On August 27, 2020, the results of mass testing in Sturgis became available. Out of 650 tests there were 26 positive results, all asymptomatic.[66]
As of August 28, 2020, 46 cases in Minnesota had been linked to the rally, including two hospitalizations, with one person in intensive care. An additional cluster of secondary transmission from the rally was identified at a wedding.[67][51][68][59][60][61] The number of infections increased substantially although health authorities suspected the real number could be far higher because many attendees refused to cooperate with contact tracers.[69] On September 2, 2020, the first COVID-19 death related to the 2020 Sturgis rally was reported in Minnesota.[70]
A paper by economist Dhaval Dave and colleagues at IZA Institute of Labor Economics estimated the number of cases that could have been caused by the 2020 rally, at which few attendees wore masks, could have infected 267,000 and result in $12.2 billion in health care costs.[71][72] A partnership between Slate magazine, New America, and Arizona State University, questioned the methodology and thereby contested the findings of the study. The Slate analysis did find the IZA estimates for Meade County, South Dakota, between 177 and 195 cases (0.038–0.042% of attendees), to be consistent with the raw data.[73] South Dakota governor Kristi Noem said the study was "fiction," and an "attack on those who exercised their personal freedom to attend Sturgis...Predictably, some in the media breathlessly report on this non-peer-reviewed model, built on incredibly faulty assumptions that do not reflect the actual facts and data here in South Dakota."[citation needed] State epidemiologist Joshua Clayton stated, "From what we know the results do not align with what we know."[citation needed]
By September 8, 2020, South Dakota reported 124 residents had become ill after attending the rally.[71] On November 20, 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified 51 people from Minnesota who were infected at the 2020 rally and another 35 who got secondary infections from attendees; four of the 86 were hospitalized and one died.[74] Researchers noted that the actual figures were probably higher since many people who attended the rally refused to speak to them. They also pointed out that the study only involved one state, although rally attendees came from across the country.[75]
Concerns about virus transmission appeared again before the 2021 rally, expected to draw 700,000 visitors.[76] The City of Sturgis planned to make 15-minute self test kits for SARS‑CoV‑2 available during the 2021 rally.[77]
Transportation to Sturgis edit
Shipping companies transport thousands of motorcycles to Sturgis for attendees who arrive via airline.[78]
Media coverage edit
Print and Radio edit
The Rapid City Journal and South Dakota Public Broadcasting feature daily coverage of the Sturgis Rally.[79]
The Seattle Times covered some of the 2008 Sturgis Rally while rock band Judd Hoos was playing at the Loud American Roadhouse.[80] All Gas No Brakes covered the 2020 rally.
Television edit
In 1997, notable attendees at the rally included the crew from the television series COPS, and basketball player Dennis Rodman.[citation needed]
From 1996 to 1999, World Championship Wrestling held a pay-per-view event called Road Wild (Hog Wild for the 1996 event).[81] Rodman participated at the show in the final year in 1999.
Sturgis was featured in Season 7, Episode 13 of King of the Hill, "Queasy Rider." The episode features Hank and Peggy buying a motorcycle to rekindle their marriage and traveling to the event.
Television coverage of the festival by the VH1 Classic network includes interviews and performances as well as rock music videos from the Buffalo Chip Campground.[82][83][84] The rally was featured in 2005 as part of the ESPN SportsCenter promotion 50 States in 50 Days.[85]
Starting in 2009 an American reality television series began airing on the truTV network: Full Throttle Saloon, showing the inner operations at the world's largest biker bar just prior to the rally opening and for the duration of the rally each year.
Sturgis was also featured on American Pickers Season 4, Episode 6, "What Happens In Sturgis ...". Originally aired January 2, 2012, on the History Channel. "... When Mike tells Frank let's pack up for a trip to South Dakota, Frank says he can't. He's secretly going to his 30th annual trip to the legendary Sturgis motorcycle rally, but says he'll cover the shop ...".[86] Sturgis has also been featured in the TV Show Pawn Stars in which Richard and Corey Harrison visit Sturgis with Chumlee Russell on his birthday.
Gallery edit
References edit
- ^ a b c , Associated Press, September 22, 2015, archived from the original on September 23, 2015 – via Daily Journal (Franklin, Indiana)
- ^ a b c d "Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, Inc. v. Rushmore Photo & Gifts, Inc., No. 17-1762 (8th Cir. 2018)". Justia Law. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
- ^ KOTA. "Can you handle 10 official days of the Sturgis Rally?". Retrieved January 14, 2017.
- ^ Fleming, Charles (August 5, 2014). . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b c "Timeline of History of the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally". sturgismotorcyclerally.com.
- ^ "Chasing Coyotes Via Motorcycles May Be New Sport". Rapid City Journal. January 28, 1938.
The new organization, with about 20 members, will be known as the Jack Pines Gypsies' Motorcycle club, and plans the hunt for Sunday if weather permits.
- ^ Jackpine Gypsies at the Motorcycle Hall of Fame
- ^ J.C. Hoel at the Motorcycle Hall of Fame
- ^ "Sturgis Not to Hold Regular Motorcycle Races This Year". Rapid City Journal. January 31, 1942.
The annual motorcycle races, sponsored by the Black Hills Motor Classics Inc., each year, will abandon its regular show this year, it was decided at a meeting of the stockholders here recently. Inability to obtain high-class talent this year was given as a reason for not staging the annual event. Plans for resumption of the races will be given consideration as soon as the war is over, it was decided.
- ^ "Motor Classic Reorganizes". Rapid City Journal. January 31, 1946.
The organization plans to revive the motorcycle races which were held annually before the war.[sic?]
- ^ "Sturgis 'Gypsy Tour' Looms As Colorful Motorcycle Event". Rapid City Journal. July 21, 1939.
Committees are working fast and furiously in preparation for the Black Hills Motor classic, to be held here Aug. 12 and 13... One of the interesting features of the motorbike event will be a Gypsy tour, to be staged Aug. 11, when 400 and 700 riders will be entertained by a trip through the Hills, guided by an escort of Jackpine club members... Many added attractions are being planned by the classic committees, including parades, aerial trapeze acts and an animal show in the downtown district.
- ^ staff, Journal. "70 years of the rally: Two wheels, seven decades, countless stories". Rapid City Journal Media Group. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
- ^ staff, Journal. "The Story of Sturgis: Part 6, the 1980s and 1990s". Rapid City Journal Media Group. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
- ^ "Sturgis voters want to keep Black Hills Motorcycle Classic". Rapid City Journal. November 3, 1982.
In September, petitions were presented to the city asking the council to tell rally sponsors that it will no longer block off Main street for parking, provide law enforcement or allow camping in City Park during the rally--strong restrictions on an event that drew an estimated 45,000 bikers one day last summer.
- ^ "Disgruntled Sturgis citizens rally support for end to biker classic". Rapid City Journal. August 24, 1982.
City Attorney Dale Hansen said last week that any vote would be non-binding because the motorcycle classic is sponsored by private groups.
- ^ Imrie, Bob (November 3, 1982). "Sturgis Voters want to keep Black Hills Motor Classic". Rapid City Journal.
The resolution was defeated 1,454 to 826.
- ^ Imrie, Bob (October 14, 1982). "Committee's proposal on motorcycle rally includes closing city park". Rapid City Journal.
City park, the heart of the Sturgis motorcycle rally revelry, should be closed to such activity next year, according to a recommendation by a mayor's committee.
- ^ "Sturgis Camping Prohibited". Rapid City Journal. January 2, 1983.
The city followed a committee's recommendations to cool down the classic by prohibiting camping in city park and eliminating downtown street vendors.
- ^ Edeburn, Carl (2003). Sturgis: The Story of the Rally. 421 Seventeenth Avenue South, Brookings, SD, 57006: Dimensions Press. p. 234. ISBN 1-893490-07-6.
The rally was extended to its present seven-day format in 1975, and Youth Night, an event for 9 to 11 year-old racers was introduced.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ staff, Jim Holland Journal. "2020 Sturgis rally schedule has some bikers scrambling". Rapid City Journal Media Group. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
- ^ staff, Jim Holland Journal. "2020 Sturgis rally schedule has some bikers scrambling". Rapid City Journal Media Group. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
- ^ , Sturgis City Rally Department, archived from the original on February 12, 2007, retrieved May 21, 2015
- ^ a b c d Deb Holland (August 15, 2018), "2018 Rally attendance up 8 percent over 2017", Black Hills Pioneer, Spearfish, South Dakota
- ^ Woody Gottburg (August 10, 2015), Sturgis Rally Sets Records, KSCJ
- ^ a b South Dakota Completes 77th Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, Associated Press, August 14, 2017
- ^ a b Barry Amundson (October 12, 2017), "Official attendance at Sturgis Motorcycle Rally set at 480,000", News-Tribune, Duluth
- ^ "Sturgis rally attendance down nearly 40 percent", Rapid City Journal, October 28, 2016
- ^ "2017 rally is quiet, cool, calm", Rapid City Journal, August 14, 2017
- ^ Todd Epp (August 13, 2019), "SDDOT says 2019 Sturgis Rally traffic down slightly", KELO-AM, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
- ^ Deb Holland (October 4, 2019), "Sturgis estimates Rally attendance at 490,000", Black Hills Pioneer, Spearfish, South Dakota
- ^ a b "2020 Sturgis Rally Final Vehicle Counts". South Dakota State News Home. August 18, 2020. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
- ^ "Sturgis PD reveals 2021 Rally stats". August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
- ^ "Sturgis Rally Numbers - How Big Was The 2022 Sturgis Rally Attendance?". October 25, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
- ^ a b 70th Sturgis motorcycle rally statistics compiled by the city of Sturgis and the rally department, Black Hills State University, February 8, 2011, retrieved January 25, 2013
- ^ "Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, Inc. v. Rushmore Photo & Gifts, Inc., CIV. 11-5052-JLV | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
- ^ "City of Sturgis announces, "Give Back" Rally Campaign numbers" (PDF) (Press release). City of Sturgis. October 3, 2019.
- ^ "City of Sturgis - 2020 Budget" (PDF). Retrieved July 6, 2023.
- ^ "Sturgis Police Department - Final Tally of Arrests & Violations - 2020 Motorcyle Rally" (PDF). Retrieved July 6, 2023.
- ^ Dalton, Aaron (August 1, 2005), , Popular Mechanics, Hearst Magazines, archived from the original on March 24, 2016, retrieved January 25, 2013
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- ^ , All Things Considered, National Public Radio, August 2, 2006, archived from the original on March 25, 2016, retrieved January 25, 2013
- ^ "Statistics" (PDF). www.sturgismotorcyclerally.com. 2015. Retrieved March 10, 2020.
- ^ Daly, Michael. "Even the Official Motorcycle Brand of the Sturgis Rally Thinks the Mass Gathering Is Too Risky". news.yahoo.com. The Daily Beast. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
- ^ Orecchio-Egresitz, Haven. "'It's literally impossible to stop': Sturgis, South Dakota, braces for hundreds of thousands of bikers to arrive for an event in the middle of a pandemic". news.yahoo.com. Business Insider. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
- ^ Blistein, Jon (August 12, 2020). "'Freedom-Loving People': Behind the Scenes at That Controversial Smash Mouth Show in South Dakota". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
- ^ Burke, Minyvonne. "Sturgis motorcycle rally draws thousands of bikers despite coronavirus fears". news.yahoo.com. NBC News. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
- ^ Helmore, Edward. "Thousands of bikers heading to South Dakota rally to be blocked at tribal land checkpoints". news.yahoo.com. The Guardian. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
- ^ "Revved by Sturgis Rally, COVID-19 infections move fast, far". AP NEWS. August 24, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
- ^ a b Loeks, Maunette. "Seven cases of COVID-19 tied to Sturgis rally; three possible exposure sites announced". Scottsbluff Star Herald. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
- ^ a b Matzen, Morgan (August 20, 2020). "'Less than 25' COVID-19 cases tie back to Sturgis rally so far, DOH reports". Rapid City Journal Media Group. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
- ^ Kaur, Harmeet (August 21, 2020). "Covid-19 cases tied to the Sturgis motorcycle rally in South Dakota have reached across state lines". CNN. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 tied to Sturgis rally: What other states have seen". KELOLAND.com. August 22, 2020. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
- ^ "Employee at tattoo shop in Sturgis tests positive for coronavirus". KELOLAND.com. August 20, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
- ^ "DOH: COVID-19 potential exposure at Bumpin' Buffalo Bar and Grill in Hill City". KELOLAND.com. August 14, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
- ^ "DOH says potential COVID-19 exposure at three businesses in Sturgis". KELOLAND.com. August 21, 2020. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
- ^ Karnowski, Steve (August 21, 2020). "15 Minnesotans catch coronavirus at Sturgis Motorcycle Rally". Washington Post. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
- ^ a b Skluzacek, Josh (August 24, 2020). "Minnesota COVID-19 briefing: 27 cases linked to Sturgis, Mask Mandate impact after 30 days". KSTP-TV. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
- ^ a b Groves, Stephen; Associated Press (August 24, 2020). "Revved by Sturgis Rally, COVID-19 infections move fast, far". Casper Star-Tribune. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
- ^ a b c O'Kane, Caitlin (August 26, 2020). "More than 100 coronavirus cases in 8 states linked to massive Sturgis Motorcycle Rally in South Dakota". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
- ^ Kreps, Daniel (August 26, 2020). "Covid-19 Cases Connected to Sturgis Rally Rise After Event that Featured Smash Mouth, Lit, More". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
- ^ Lopez, Siobhan (August 26, 2020). "6 NH residents among 100+ confirmed cases associated with Sturgis rally". WMUR 9 ABC.
- ^ "Colorado Reports 20+ Coronavirus Cases Linked To Sturgis Motorcycle Rally". CBS Denver via MSN. August 7, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
- ^ Todisco, Eric. . People. Archived from the original on August 26, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2022 – via MSN.
{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Mass testing results following Sturgis Rally". KELOLAND.com. August 27, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
- ^ Wiese, Charlie (August 28, 2020). "MDH COVID-19 briefing: 46 Minnesota infections linked to Sturgis rally, cluster outbreaks on the rise". KSTP-TV. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
- ^ "MN Department of Health announces 7 more COVID-19 cases connected to Sturgis Rally". KELO. August 23, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
- ^ Coleman, Justine (September 2, 2020). "First coronavirus death occurs linked to Sturgis Motorcycle Rally in South Dakota". The Hill. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
- ^ Scott, Paul John (September 2, 2020). "Minnesota reports first Sturgis-related COVID-19 death". Grand Forks Herald. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
- ^ a b "Sturgis biker rally adds 267,000 COVID cases and $12.2B in health costs, report says". Kansas City Star, Katie Camero, September 8, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
- ^ Friedson, Andrew. "The Contagion Externality of a Superspreading Event: The Sturgis Motorcycle Rally and COVID-19" (PDF). IZA Institute of Labour Economics. IZA Institute of Labour Economics. Retrieved September 11, 2020.. On p. 32 (35/73 in the PDF), the text reads, "We are further able to document national spread due to the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, although that spread also appears to have been successfully mitigated by states with strict infection mitigation policies. ... Adding the number of new cases due to the Rally in South Dakota estimated by synthetic control ... 266,796".
- ^ Dowd, Jennifer Beam (September 10, 2020). "Future Tense: The Sturgis Biker Rally Did Not Cause 266,796 Cases of COVID-19". Slate. The Slate Group. Archived from the original on September 12, 2020. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
The original version of the article 'questioned the paper's estimates for Meade County based on a data error. The Meade County estimates are in fact in a range consistent with raw county data.'
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Christensen, Jen; Maxouris, Christina (November 21, 2020). "Sturgis motorcycle rally in South Dakota led to a Covid-19 outbreak in Minnesota, new report says". CNN. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
- ^ Conner, Tracy (November 20, 2020). "CDC Reveals Wild Spread of COVID-19 Cases From Sturgis Rally". yahoo.com. Daily Beast. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
- ^ "The Sturgis Motorcycle Rally Is Coming Back Despite The Ongoing Coronavirus Pandemic". Associated Press. August 4, 2021 – via NPR.
- ^ "City of Sturgis to distribute self-administered COVID tests". Rapid City, South Dakota: KOTA-TV. August 4, 2021.
- ^ Higgins, Michelle (August 5, 2005). "The Really Easy Rider". The New York Times. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Blabbermouth (August 4, 2004). "TWISTED SISTER's DEE SNIDER Says 'I Wanna Rock' With VH1 CLASSIC". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ List of American Pickers episodes
External links edit
- Official website