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Wikipedia

C-SPAN

Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network (C-SPAN /ˈsˌspæn/ SEE-span) is an American cable and satellite television network, created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a nonprofit public service. It televises proceedings of the United States federal government and other public affairs programming. C-SPAN is a private, nonprofit organization funded by its cable and satellite affiliates. It does not have advertisements on any of its networks or radio stations, nor does it solicit donations or pledges. The network operates independently; the cable industry and the U.S. Congress have no control over its programming content.

C-SPAN
CountryUnited States
Broadcast areaNationwide
HeadquartersCapitol Hill, Washington, D.C.
Programming
Language(s)English
Picture format1080i (HDTV)
(downscaled to letterboxed 480i for SDTV feeds)
Ownership
OwnerNational Cable Satellite Corporation
Sister channelsC-SPAN2
C-SPAN3
C-SPAN Radio
History
LaunchedMarch 19, 1979; 43 years ago (1979-03-19)
(C-SPAN)
June 2, 1986; 36 years ago (1986-06-02)
(C-SPAN2)
January 22, 2001; 21 years ago (2001-01-22)
(C-SPAN3)
FounderBrian Lamb
Links
Websitewww.c-span.org
Availability
Terrestrial
WCSP-FM/HD
(C-SPAN Radio)
90.1 FM / HD Radio (Washington, D.C. / Baltimore)
Selective TV, Inc.
(Alexandria, Minnesota)
K50DB-D 50.3
Streaming media
Available to current cable/satellite subscribersC-SPAN Live
and on demand

The C-SPAN network includes the television channels C-SPAN, focusing on the U.S. House of Representatives; C-SPAN2, focusing on the U.S. Senate; and C-SPAN3, airing other government hearings and related programming; the radio station WCSP-FM; and a group of websites which provide streaming media and program archives. C-SPAN's television channels are available to approximately 100 million cable and satellite households within the United States. WCSP-FM is broadcast on FM radio in Washington, D.C., and is available throughout the U.S. on SiriusXM, via Internet streaming, and globally through iOS and Android apps.

The network televises U.S. political events, particularly live and "gavel-to-gavel" coverage of the U.S. Congress. C-SPAN also televises occasional proceedings of the Australian, British, and Canadian parliaments, as well as other major events worldwide. Coverage of political and policy events is unmoderated, providing the audience with unfiltered information about politics and government. Non-political coverage includes historical programming, programs dedicated to non-fiction books, and interview programs with noteworthy individuals associated with public policy.

History

Development

 
Sen. Robert Byrd (right), C-SPAN's founder Brian Lamb (left) and Paul FitzPatrick flip the switch for C-SPAN2 on June 2, 1986. FitzPatrick was C-SPAN president at the time.

Brian Lamb, C-SPAN's chairman and former chief executive officer, conceived C-SPAN in 1975 while working as the Washington, D.C., bureau chief of Cablevision.[1] The number of cable television channels was rapidly growing at the time, and Lamb envisioned a non-profit network, financed by the cable industry, that televised Congressional sessions, public affairs events, and policy discussions.[2] [3][4] Bob Rosencrans, who provided $25,000 of initial funding in 1979,[2][5] and John D. Evans, who provided the wiring and access to the headend needed for the distribution of the C-SPAN signal,[6][7] were among those who helped Lamb launch the network. According to a report from commentator Jeff Greenfield on Nightline in 1980,[8] C-SPAN was launched to provide televised coverage of U.S. political events in their entirety, and help viewers maintain a thorough view of politics, especially presidential campaigns.

C-SPAN launched on March 19, 1979[9] for the first televised session made available by the House of Representatives, beginning with a speech by then-Tennessee representative Al Gore.[10][11] Upon its debut, only 3.5 million homes were wired for C-SPAN,[12] and the network had just three employees.[13] For the first few years C-SPAN leased satellite time from the USA Network and had approximately 9 hours of daily programming. On February 1, 1982, C-SPAN launched its own transponder and expanded programming to 16 hours a day; the arrangement with the USA Network was discontinued two months later.[14] C-SPAN began full-time operations on September 13, 1982.[15]

The second C-SPAN channel, C-SPAN2, launched on June 2, 1986 to cover Senate proceedings, and began full-time operations on January 5, 1987.[16][17][18] The Senate had debated allowing television coverage for over two years, with Majority Leader Howard Baker introducing the first, failed, resolution to allow cameras onto the floor and Senator William L. Armstrong finally succeeding in televising Senate proceedings.[19]

C-SPAN3, the most recent expansion channel, began full-time operations on January 22, 2001.[18] It airs public policy and government-related events on weekdays, historical programming on weeknights and weekends, and sometimes serves as an overflow channel for live programming conflicts on C-SPAN and C-SPAN2.[3] C-SPAN3 is the successor of a digital channel called C-SPAN Extra, which was launched in the Washington, D.C., area in 1997, and televised live and recorded political events on weekdays.[18][20] C-SPAN Radio also began operations in 1997, covering similar events as the television networks and often simulcasting their programming.[21]

Between the late 1980s and 2011 prank callers frequently called into C-SPAN, with calls ranging from crude jokes about Howard Stern and Bababooey to racist tirades against Martin Luther King Jr. [22] [23][24] [25] [26] On January 12, 2017, the online feed for C-SPAN1 was interrupted and replaced by a feed from the Russian television network RT America for approximately 10 minutes.[27] C-SPAN announced that they were troubleshooting the incident and were "operating under the assumption that it was an internal routing issue."[28]

Lamb semi-retired in March 2012, coinciding with the channel's 33rd anniversary, and gave executive control of the network to his two lieutenants, Rob Kennedy and Susan Swain.[29]

Anniversaries

 
C-SPAN's logo from 1991, to the day before its 40th anniversary on March 18, 2019. The logo has taken different design cues, coloring, and been rendered in 3-D in various times, depending on logo design trends over the years and decades.
External video
  Remarks by Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) and House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy on the House floor on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of C-SPAN, March 26, 2019

C-SPAN celebrated its 10th anniversary in 1989 with a three-hour retrospective, featuring Lamb recalling the development of the network.[16] The 15th anniversary was commemorated in an unconventional manner as the network facilitated a series of re-enactments of the seven historic Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858, which were televised from August to October 1994, and have been rebroadcast from time to time ever since.[30] Five years later, the series American Presidents: Life Portraits, which won a Peabody Award, served as a year-long observation of C-SPAN's 20th anniversary.[31][32]

In 2004, C-SPAN celebrated its 25th anniversary, by which time the flagship network was viewed in 86 million homes, C-SPAN2 was in 70 million homes and C-SPAN3 was in 8 million homes.[2] On the anniversary date, C-SPAN repeated the first televised hour of floor debate in the House of Representatives from 1979 and, throughout the month, 25th anniversary features included "then and now" segments with journalists who had appeared on C-SPAN during its early years.[10] Also included in the 25th anniversary was an essay contest for viewers to write in about how C-SPAN had influenced their life regarding community service. For example, one essay contest winner wrote about how C-SPAN's non-fiction book programming serves as a resource in his charitable mission to record non-fiction audio books for people who are blind.[33]

To commemorate 25 years of taking viewer telephone calls, in 2005, C-SPAN had a 25-hour "call-in marathon", from 8:00 pm. Eastern Time on Friday, October 7, concluding at 9:00 pm. Eastern Time on Saturday, October 8. The network also had a viewer essay contest, the winner of which was invited to co-host an hour of the broadcast from C-SPAN's Capitol Hill studios.[34]

Scope and limitations of coverage

C-SPAN continues to expand its coverage of government proceedings, with a history of requests to government officials for greater access, especially to the U.S. Supreme Court.[35] In December 2009, Lamb wrote to leaders in the House and Senate, requesting that negotiations for health care reform be televised by C-SPAN.[36] Committee meetings on health care were subsequently broadcast by C-SPAN and may be viewed on the C-SPAN website.[37] In November 2010, Lamb wrote to incoming House Speaker John Boehner requesting changes to restrictions on cameras in the House.[38] In particular, C-SPAN asked to add some of its own robotically operated cameras to the existing government-controlled cameras in the House chamber. In February 2011, Boehner denied the request.[39] A previous request to Speaker Designate Nancy Pelosi in 2006, to add C-SPAN's cameras in the House chamber to record floor proceedings, was also denied.[39] Although C-SPAN uses the congressional chamber feed cables, the cameras are owned and controlled by each respective body of Congress.[40] Requests by C-SPAN for camera access to non-government events such as the annual dinner by the Gridiron Club have also been denied.[41]

On June 22 and into June 23, 2016, C-SPAN took video footage of the House floor from individual House representatives via streaming services Periscope and Facebook Live during a sit-in by House Democrats asking for a vote on gun control measures after the Orlando nightclub shooting. This needed to be done because—as the sit-in was done out of formal session and while the House was in official recess—the existing House cameras could not be utilized for coverage of the event by rule. [42][43] Although the use of electronic devices to create the Periscope feeds by House Democrats violated House rules that prohibit their use on the floor,[44] C-SPAN did not state why it chose to broadcast those feeds. The network ran disclaimers on-air and on their official social media feeds noting the restrictions.[45]

Expansion and technology

Since the late 1990s, C-SPAN has significantly expanded its online presence. In January 1997, C-SPAN began real-time streaming of C-SPAN and C-SPAN2 on its website, the first time that Congress had been live streamed online.[18] To cover the Democratic and Republican conventions and the presidential debates of 2008, C-SPAN created two standalone websites: the Convention Hub and the Debate Hub.[46] In addition to real-time streams of C-SPAN's television networks online, c-span.org features further live programming such as committee hearings and speeches that are broadcast later in the day, after the House and Senate have left.[47]

C-SPAN began promoting audience interaction early in its history, by the regular incorporation of viewer telephone calls in its programming. It has since expanded into social media. In March 2009,[18] viewers began submitting questions live via Twitter to guests on C-SPAN's morning call-in show Washington Journal.[48] The network also has a Facebook page to which it added occasional live streaming in January 2011. The live stream is intended to show selected well-publicized events of Congress.[49] In June 2010, C-SPAN joined with the website Foursquare to provide users of the application with access to geotagged C-SPAN content at various locations in Washington, D.C.[50]

In 2010, C-SPAN began a transition to high definition telecasts, planned to take place over an 18-month period.[3] The network provided C-SPAN and C-SPAN2 in high definition on June 1, 2010, and C-SPAN3 in July 2010.[51]

As part of the network's 40th anniversary, C-SPAN instituted the second logo change in the network's history on March 18, 2019.

Programming

Senate and House of Representatives

The C-SPAN network's core programming is live coverage of the U.S. House and Senate, with the C-SPAN channel emphasizing the United States House of Representatives. Between 1979 and May 2011, the network televised more than 24,246 hours of floor action.[10] C-SPAN2, the first of the C-SPAN spin-off networks, provides uninterrupted live coverage of the United States Senate.[30] With coverage of the House and Senate, viewers can track legislation as it moves through both bodies of Congress.[52] Important debates in Congress that C-SPAN has covered live include the Persian Gulf conflict during 1991, and the House impeachment vote and Senate trial of President Bill Clinton in 1998 and 1999 as well as the impeachment proceedings of President Trump in 2019 and 2020.[53][17] When the House or Senate are not in session, C-SPAN channels broadcast other public affairs programming and recordings of previous events.[52]

Public affairs

The public affairs coverage on the C-SPAN networks other than the House and Senate floor debates is wide-ranging. C-SPAN is considered a useful source of information for journalists, lobbyists, educators and government officials as well as casual viewers interested in politics, due to its unedited coverage of political events.[13] C-SPAN has been described by media observers as a "window into the world of Washington politics" and it characterizes its own mission as being "to provide public access to the political process".[54][55] The networks cover U.S. political campaigns, including the Republican, Democratic, and Libertarian presidential nominating conventions in their entirety. Coverage of presidential campaign events are provided during the duration of the campaign, both by a weekly television program, Road to the White House,[30] and at its dedicated politics website.[56] C-SPAN also covers midterm elections.[57]

 
C-SPAN's HDTV coverage of the beginning of the 112th Congress on January 5, 2011. The on-screen design seen here was used from April 19, 2010, to January 17, 2016.

All three channels televise events such as congressional hearings,[30] White House press briefings and presidential speeches, as well as other government meetings including Federal Communications Commission hearings and Pentagon press conferences.[58] Other U.S. political coverage includes State of the Union speeches,[17] and presidential press conferences. According to the results of a survey after the 1992 presidential election, 85% of C-SPAN viewers voted in that election.[59] The results of a similar survey in 2013 found that 89% of C-SPAN viewers voted in the 2012 presidential election.[60] In addition to this political coverage, the network broadcasts press conferences and meetings of various news media and nonprofit organizations, including those at the National Press Club,[17] public policy seminars and the White House Correspondents' Dinner.[59] While C-SPAN does not have video access to the Supreme Court, the network has used the Court's audio recordings accompanied by still photographs of the justices and lawyers to cover the Court in session on significant cases, and has covered individual Supreme Court justices' speaking engagements.[61]

Occasionally, proceedings of the Parliament of Australia, Parliament of Canada, Parliament of the United Kingdom (usually Prime Minister's Questions and the State Opening of Parliament) and other governments are shown on C-SPAN when they discuss matters of importance to viewers in the U.S.[62][63] Similarly, the networks will sometimes broadcast news reports from around the world when major events occur – for instance, C-SPAN broadcast CBC Television coverage of the September 11 attacks.[18] C-SPAN also covers lying in state in the Capitol Rotunda and funerals of former presidents[64][65] and other notable individuals.[66] In 2005, C-SPAN covered Hurricane Katrina through NBC affiliate WDSU in New Orleans, as well as coverage of Hurricane Ike via CBS affiliate KHOU in Houston.[67] C-SPAN also carries CBC coverage during events that affect Canadians, such as the Canadian federal elections,[68] the death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau,[69] and the 2003 North America blackout.[70][71] During early 2011, C-SPAN carried broadcasts by Al Jazeera to cover the events in Egypt, Tunisia, and other Arab nations.[18][72] Additionally, C-SPAN simulcasts NASA Space Shuttle mission launches and landings live, using video footage and audio sourced from NASA TV.[73]

With its public affairs programming, C-SPAN intends to offer different viewpoints by allowing time for multiple opinions to be discussed on a given topic. For example, in 2004 C-SPAN intended to televise a speech by Holocaust historian Deborah Lipstadt adjacent to a speech by Holocaust denier David Irving, who had unsuccessfully sued Lipstadt for libel in the United Kingdom four years earlier; C-SPAN was criticized for its use of the word "balance" to describe the plan to cover both Lipstadt and Irving.[74][75] When Lipstadt ended media access to her speech, C-SPAN canceled coverage of both.[76]

The network strives for neutrality and a lack of bias; in all programming when on-camera hosts are present their role is simply to facilitate and explain proceedings to the viewer.[2] Due to this policy, C-SPAN hosts do not state their names on television.[13]

C-SPAN and C-SPAN2 flagship programs

C-SPAN covers floor proceedings of the House of Representatives, while C-SPAN 2 covers floor proceedings of the Senate.[77] Although many hours of programming on C-SPAN are dedicated to coverage of the House, the network's daily programming begins with the political phone-in and interview program Washington Journal from 7:00 to 10:00 a.m. Eastern Time.[18] Washington Journal premiered on January 4, 1995, and has been broadcast every morning since then, with guests including elected officials, government administrators, and journalists. The program covers current events, with guests answering questions on topics presented by the hosts, as well as questions from members of the general public.[78] On weeknights C-SPAN2 dedicates its schedule to Politics and Public Policy Today (9:00 p.m. – midnight for the East Coast primetime, replayed immediately for the West Coast primetime), which is a block of recordings of the day's noteworthy events in rapid succession. On the weekend schedule, C-SPAN's main program is Q&A, a Sunday evening interview program hosted by Susan Swain, with guests including journalists, politicians, authors, and other public figures.[79]

On weekends, C-SPAN2 dedicates its schedule to Book TV, which is 48 hours of programming about non-fiction books, book events, and authors. Book TV was launched in September 1998. Booknotes was originally broadcast from 1989 to 2004,[80] as a one-hour one-on-one interview of a non-fiction author.[81] Repeats of the interviews remain a regular part of the Book TV schedule with the title Encore Booknotes.[82] Other Book TV programs feature political and historical books and biographies of public figures. These include In Depth, a live, monthly, three-hour interview with a single author, and After Words,[83] an author interview program featuring guest hosts interviewing authors on topics with which both are familiar.[84] After Words was developed as a new type of author interview program after the end of production of Booknotes.[84] Weekend programming on Book TV also includes coverage of book events such as panel discussions, book fairs,[85] book signings, readings by authors and tours of bookstores around the U.S.[52]

C-SPAN3

C-SPAN 3 covers public affairs events, congressional hearings and history programming.[77] The weekday programming on C-SPAN3 (from the morning — anywhere from 6 to 8:30 a.m. — to 8 p.m. Eastern Time) features uninterrupted live public affairs events, in particular political events from Washington, D.C.[20] Each weekend since January 8, 2011, the network has broadcast 48 hours of programming dedicated to the history of the United States, under the umbrella title American History TV.[3][86][87] The programming covers the history of the U.S. from the founding of the nation through the late 20th century. Programs include American Artifacts, which is dedicated to exploring museums, archives and historical sites, and Lectures in History, featuring major university history professors giving lectures on U.S. history.[88] In 2009, C-SPAN3 aired an eight-installment series of interviews from the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics at the University of Kansas, which featured historian Richard Norton Smith and Vice President Walter Mondale, among other interviewees.[89]

Special programming

C-SPAN has occasionally produced spinoff programs from Booknotes focusing on specific topics. In 1994, Booknotes collaborated with Lincoln scholar Harold Holzer to produce re-creations of the seven Lincoln–Douglas debates.[90] Several years later, a similar series retraced the journey of Alexis de Tocqueville described in Democracy in America.[91] Another special series was American Writers, a 38-week tour of the U.S. based on the works of 40 famous American writers.[91]

During 2008 and 2009, as part of programming specially commissioned for the 200th anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln, C-SPAN produced a series titled Lincoln 200 Years, which featured episodes on a variety of topics relating to the life of Lincoln including his career, his homes and his opinions of slavery.[92][93]

The network has also produced special feature documentaries of American institutions and historical landmarks, exploring their history to the present day. These programs include: The Capitol emphasizing the history, art, and architecture of the U.S. Capitol Building;[94] The White House, featuring film footage inside the White House and exploring the history of the building and its occupants;[95] The Supreme Court, focusing on the history and personalities of the court;[96] and Inside Blair House, an examination of the president's guest house.[97]

In 2013, C-SPAN introduced a new program, First Ladies: Influence & Image. 35 episodes profiling the First Ladies are planned for the series,[98] which was created with support from the White House Historical Association.[99]

Radio broadcasts

In addition to the three television networks, C-SPAN also broadcasts via C-SPAN Radio, which is carried on their owned-and-operated station WCSP-FM (90.1 FM) in the Washington, D.C., area with all three cable network feeds airing via HD Radio subchannels, and nationwide on XM Satellite Radio.[100] Its programming is also livestreamed at c-span.org and is available via apps for iPhone, BlackBerry and Android devices.[101][102] C-SPAN Radio has a selective policy regarding its broadcast content, rather than duplicating the television network programming, although it does offer some audio simulcasts of programs such as Washington Journal.[103] Unique programming on the radio station includes oral histories, and some committee meetings and press conferences not shown on television due to programming commitments. The station also compiles the Sunday morning talk shows for a same-day rebroadcast without commercials, in rapid succession.[103]

Online availability

 
Home page of the C-SPAN Video Library

C-SPAN archival video is available through the C-SPAN Video Library, maintained at the Purdue Research Park in West Lafayette, Indiana.[104] Unveiled in August 2007,[18] the C-SPAN Video Library contains all of the network's programming since 1987, totaling more than 160,000 hours at its completion of digitization and public debut in March 2010.[105][106] Older C-SPAN programming continues to be added to the library, dating back to the beginning of the network in 1979,[29] and some limited earlier footage from the National Archives, such as film clips of Richard Nixon's 1972 trip to China, is available as well.[107] Most of the recordings before 1987 (when the C-SPAN Archive was established) were not saved, except for approximately 10,000 hours of video which are slated to be made available online.[29] As of November 2021, the C-SPAN Video Library held over 271,000 hours of programming, and they have been viewed over 253 million times. Described by media commentators as a major educational service and a valuable resource for researchers of politics and history,[29][108][109] the C-SPAN Video Library has also had a major role in media and opposition research in several U.S. political campaigns.[110] It won a Peabody Award in 2010 "for creating an enduring archive of the history of American policymaking, and for providing it as a free, user-friendly public service."[111]

Prior to the initiation of the C-SPAN Video Library, websites such as Metavid and voterwatch.org hosted House and Senate video records, however C-SPAN contested Metavid's usage of C-SPAN copyrighted footage. The result was Metavid's removal of portions of the archive produced with C-SPAN's cameras, while preserving its archive of government-produced content.[112] C-SPAN also engaged in actions to stop parties from making unauthorized uses of its content online, including its video of House and Senate proceedings. Most notably, in May 2006, C-SPAN requested the removal of Stephen Colbert's performance at the White House Correspondents' Association Dinner from YouTube.[113] After concerns by some webloggers,[114] C-SPAN gave permission for Google Video to host the full event.[115] On March 7, 2007, C-SPAN liberalized its copyright policy for current, future, and past coverage of any official events sponsored by Congress and any federal agency and now allows for attributed non-commercial copying, sharing, and posting of C-SPAN video on the Internet,[116][117] excluding re-syndication of live video streams. The new policy did not affect the public's right to use the public domain video coverage of the floor proceedings of the U.S. House and Senate.[118]

In 2008, C-SPAN's online political coverage was expanded just prior to the elections, with the introduction of three special pages on the C-SPAN website: the C-SPAN Convention Hubs and C-SPAN Debate Hub, which offered video of major events as well as discussion from weblogs and social media about the major party conventions and candidate debates.[119][120] C-SPAN brought back the Convention Hub for the 2012 presidential election.[121]

In addition to the programming available in the C-SPAN Video Library, all C-SPAN programming is available as a live feed streamed on its website in Flash Video format.[122]

On July 29, 2014, C-SPAN announced that it would begin restricting access to the live feeds of the main channel, C-SPAN2 and C-SPAN3 to subscribers of cable or satellite providers later that summer, citing concerns with the slow shift in viewing habits from cable television to the internet due to its reliance on carriage fees from cable and satellite providers. However, it will continue to allow all government meetings, hearings and conferences to be streamed live online and via archived on the C-SPAN Video Library without requiring an authenticated login by a provider; live audio feeds of all three channels are also available for free through the network's mobile app. The decision drew some criticism from public interest and government transparency advocates, citing the fact that C-SPAN was designed as a public service.[123][124] As of December 2019, C-SPAN has begun advertising on its online videos, with YouTube-style advertisements that can be skipped after 5 seconds.[125]

Organization and operations

 
Founder Brian Lamb in 2012 flanked by co-CEOs Rob Kennedy and Susan Swain
National Cable Satellite Corporation
FoundedNovember 14, 1978; 44 years ago (1978-11-14)[126]
84-0751854[127]
Legal status501(c)(3) nonprofit organization
HeadquartersWashington, D.C.
Brian Lamb[127]
AffiliationsC-SPAN Education Foundation[127]
Revenue (2014)
$73,244,854[127]
Expenses (2014)$63,409,586[127]
Employees (2013)
282[128] or 337[127]
Websitec-span.org

C-SPAN is operated by the National Cable Satellite Corporation, a nonprofit organization,[13] the board of directors of which consists primarily of representatives of the largest cable companies.[129] Early chairmen of C-SPAN include Bob Rosencrans, John Saeman, Ed Allen and Gene Schneider.[130] C-SPAN began airing internet commercials early in 2021 and offering C-SPAN-themed clothing though not soliciting donations on air; nonetheless, as a non-commercial public service, it receives most of its funding from subscriber fees charged to cable and direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) operators.[129] As of 2012, C-SPAN received 6¢ of each subscriber's cable bill for an annual budget of $60 million.[131] As the network is an independent entity, neither the cable industry nor Congress controls the content of its programming.[58]

As of January 2013, the network has 282[128] or 337[127] employees. C-SPAN is led by co-CEOs Rob Kennedy and Susan Swain. Founder and former CEO Brian Lamb serves as the executive chairman of the board of directors.[132] The majority of C-SPAN's employees are based at C-SPAN's headquarters located on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C.; however, in 2003 television studios were opened in New York City and Denver, Colorado. These studios use digital equipment that can be controlled from Washington.[2]

C-SPAN also maintains archives in West Lafayette, Indiana, at the Purdue Research Park under the direction of Dr. Robert X. Browning.[59]

Audience

The C-SPAN networks are available in more than 100 million households as of 2010, not including access to the C-SPAN websites.[54][133] More than 7,000 telephone callers have participated with discussion on Washington Journal as of March 18, 2009.[134] There are no official viewing statistics for C-SPAN because the network, which has no commercials or underwriting advertisements, does not use the Nielsen ratings.[59] However, there have been a number of surveys providing estimates:

  • A 1994 survey found that 8.6% of the U.S. population regularly watched C-SPAN.[59]
  • In 2004 this figure increased to 12% of the U.S. population, according to a Pew Research Center survey, while 31% of the population was categorized as occasional viewers.[12] More than 28 million people said they watched C-SPAN programming each week.[13]
  • A March 2009 Hart Research survey found that 20% of homes with cable television watch C-SPAN at least once a week, for an estimated 39 million Americans.[135]
  • A 2010 poll conducted by C-SPAN and Penn Schoen Berland estimates that 79 million adults in the U.S. watched C-SPAN at some time from 2009 to 2010.[136]
  • In January 2013, Hart Research conducted another survey which showed that 47 million adults, or 24% of adults with access to cable television, watch C-SPAN weekly.[60][137] Of the 47 million regular C-SPAN viewers, 51% are male and 49% female; 26% are liberal, 31% conservative, and 39% moderate. About half are college graduates. 28% of 18-to-49-year-olds report watching at least once a week, as do 19% of 50- to 64-year-olds, and 22% of those over age 65.[137]
  • In February 2017, Ipsos Audience conducted another survey which showed that 70 million adults, or 36% of adults with access to cable television, watch C-SPAN on a given six-month period. Of the 70 million regular C-SPAN viewers, 52% are male and 48% female; 25% are West viewers, 22% Midwest, 20% Northeast and 33% South. 28% identified themselves as liberal, 27% conservative, and 36% moderate. 51% of all viewers are 18–44 years old.

Public and media opinion

A 2009 C-SPAN survey of viewers found that the network's most-valued attribute was its balanced programming. The survey's respondents were a mixed group, with 31% describing themselves as "liberal," while 28% described themselves as "conservative", and the survey found that C-SPAN viewers are an equal mixture of men and women of all age groups.[citation needed]

C-SPAN's public service nature has been praised as an enduring contribution to national knowledge.[138] In 1987, Andrew Rosenthal wrote for The New York Times about C-SPAN's influence in political elections, arguing that C-SPAN's "blanket coverage" had expanded television journalism "into areas once shielded from general view".[139] The network has received positive media coverage for providing public access to proceedings such as the Goldman Sachs Senate hearings,[140] and the U.S. 2010 Healthcare Summit,[141] while its everyday programming has been credited with providing the media and the general public with an intimate knowledge of U.S. political proceedings and people.[141][142][143] The ability of C-SPAN to provide this service without federal funding, advertising or soliciting viewer contributions has been remarked by local newspapers and online news services, with the Daily Beast terming C-SPAN's $55 million annual budget (in 2009), "an astounding bargain."[138][144] In an article on the 25th anniversary of the network, The Washington Post noted that C-SPAN's programming has been copied by television networks worldwide and credits the network with providing information about foreign politics to American viewers.[145] According to The New York Times, C-SPAN's mission to record official events in Washington, D.C., makes it "one of a kind", particularly in the creation of the C-SPAN Video Library, which received significant press coverage.[29][105]

Despite its stated commitment to providing politically balanced programming, C-SPAN and its shows such as Washington Journal, Booknotes, Q & A, and After Words have been accused by some liberal organizations of having a conservative bias.[146] In 2005, the media criticism organization Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) released a study of C-SPAN's morning telephone call-in show Washington Journal. In their six-month sample of guests, they identified 32 as "right-of-center" and 19 as "left-of-center"; they also noted people of color are underrepresented at 15% of the guest list.[147] A 2007 survey released by the think tank Center for Economic and Policy Research reported that C-SPAN covered conservative think tanks more than left-of-center think tanks.[148]

Must-carry

In 1992, Congress passed must-carry regulations, which required cable carriers to allocate spectrum to local broadcasters. This affected the availability of C-SPAN in some areas, in particular C-SPAN2, as some providers chose to discontinue carriage of the channel altogether.[149][150] Between 1993 and 1994, cable systems in 95 U.S. cities dropped or reduced broadcasts of C-SPAN and C-SPAN2, following the implementation of the must-carry regulations.[149] Viewers protested these decisions, especially when the changes coincided with matters of local interest occurring in the House or Senate.[151] Some communities, such as Eugene, Oregon and Alexandria, Virginia, were successful in restoring C-SPAN availability. C-SPAN availability was later restored as technological developments that resulted in the expansion of channel capacity on cable providers allowed for mandatory stations and the C-SPAN networks both to be broadcast.[149]

Other services

 
C-SPAN Digital Bus, which tours the U.S. educating the public about C-SPAN resources

C-SPAN offers a number of public services related to the network's public affairs programming. C-SPAN Classroom, a free membership service for teachers, began in July 1987 and offers help using C-SPAN resources for classes or research.[10] The C-SPAN School Bus, introduced in November 1993, traveled around the U.S. educating the public about government and politics using C-SPAN resources, and served as a mobile television studio. The bus also recorded video footage of the places that it visited.[152] A second bus was introduced in 1996. The two original buses were retired in 2010,[153] and the C-SPAN Digital Bus was inaugurated, introducing the public to C-SPAN's enhanced digital products.[50] C-SPAN has also equipped six Local Content Vehicles (LCVs) to travel the country and record unique political and historical stories, with each vehicle containing production and web-based technologies to produce on-the-spot content.[154][155]

C-SPAN has published ten books based on its programming; these contain original material and text taken from interview transcripts. The first C-SPAN book, C-SPAN: America's Town Hall, was published in 1988.[16] Other C-SPAN books include: Gavel to Gavel: A C-SPAN Guide to Congress;[156] Who's Buried in Grant's Tomb?, a guide to the grave sites of U.S. presidents;[157] Abraham Lincoln - Great American Historians On Our Sixteenth President, a collection of essays based on C-SPAN interviews with American historians;[158] and The Supreme Court, which features biographies and interviews with past Supreme Court judges together with commentary from legal experts.[159] Five books have been drawn from the former Booknotes program: Booknotes: Life Stories;[160] Booknotes: On American Character;[161] Booknotes: Stories from American History;[162] Booknotes: America's Finest Authors on Reading, Writing and the Power of Ideas, the latter a compilation of short monologues taken from the transcripts of Lamb's interviews;[81] and a companion book to the series on Tocqueville, Traveling Tocqueville's America: A Tour Book.[163]

Publications

  • Educators' Guide: Teaching Critical Thinking in the Classroom (1995). Washington, DC: National Cable Satellite Corp. C-SPAN in the Classroom Series.
  • Gavel to Gavel: A C-SPAN Guide to Congress (1999). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6111-6.

See also

References

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External links

span, cable, satellite, public, affairs, network, span, american, cable, satellite, television, network, created, 1979, cable, television, industry, nonprofit, public, service, televises, proceedings, united, states, federal, government, other, public, affairs. Cable Satellite Public Affairs Network C SPAN ˈ s iː ˌ s p ae n SEE span is an American cable and satellite television network created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a nonprofit public service It televises proceedings of the United States federal government and other public affairs programming C SPAN is a private nonprofit organization funded by its cable and satellite affiliates It does not have advertisements on any of its networks or radio stations nor does it solicit donations or pledges The network operates independently the cable industry and the U S Congress have no control over its programming content C SPANCountryUnited StatesBroadcast areaNationwideHeadquartersCapitol Hill Washington D C ProgrammingLanguage s EnglishPicture format1080i HDTV downscaled to letterboxed 480i for SDTV feeds OwnershipOwnerNational Cable Satellite CorporationSister channelsC SPAN2C SPAN3C SPAN RadioHistoryLaunchedMarch 19 1979 43 years ago 1979 03 19 C SPAN June 2 1986 36 years ago 1986 06 02 C SPAN2 January 22 2001 21 years ago 2001 01 22 C SPAN3 FounderBrian LambLinksWebsitewww wbr c span wbr orgAvailabilityTerrestrialWCSP FM HD C SPAN Radio 90 1 FM HD Radio Washington D C Baltimore Selective TV Inc Alexandria Minnesota K50DB D 50 3Streaming mediaAvailable to current cable satellite subscribersC SPAN Liveand on demandThe C SPAN network includes the television channels C SPAN focusing on the U S House of Representatives C SPAN2 focusing on the U S Senate and C SPAN3 airing other government hearings and related programming the radio station WCSP FM and a group of websites which provide streaming media and program archives C SPAN s television channels are available to approximately 100 million cable and satellite households within the United States WCSP FM is broadcast on FM radio in Washington D C and is available throughout the U S on SiriusXM via Internet streaming and globally through iOS and Android apps The network televises U S political events particularly live and gavel to gavel coverage of the U S Congress C SPAN also televises occasional proceedings of the Australian British and Canadian parliaments as well as other major events worldwide Coverage of political and policy events is unmoderated providing the audience with unfiltered information about politics and government Non political coverage includes historical programming programs dedicated to non fiction books and interview programs with noteworthy individuals associated with public policy Contents 1 History 1 1 Development 1 2 Anniversaries 1 3 Scope and limitations of coverage 1 4 Expansion and technology 2 Programming 2 1 Senate and House of Representatives 2 2 Public affairs 2 3 C SPAN and C SPAN2 flagship programs 2 4 C SPAN3 2 5 Special programming 2 6 Radio broadcasts 2 7 Online availability 3 Organization and operations 4 Audience 5 Public and media opinion 6 Must carry 7 Other services 8 Publications 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksHistory EditDevelopment Edit Sen Robert Byrd right C SPAN s founder Brian Lamb left and Paul FitzPatrick flip the switch for C SPAN2 on June 2 1986 FitzPatrick was C SPAN president at the time Brian Lamb C SPAN s chairman and former chief executive officer conceived C SPAN in 1975 while working as the Washington D C bureau chief of Cablevision 1 The number of cable television channels was rapidly growing at the time and Lamb envisioned a non profit network financed by the cable industry that televised Congressional sessions public affairs events and policy discussions 2 3 4 Bob Rosencrans who provided 25 000 of initial funding in 1979 2 5 and John D Evans who provided the wiring and access to the headend needed for the distribution of the C SPAN signal 6 7 were among those who helped Lamb launch the network According to a report from commentator Jeff Greenfield on Nightline in 1980 8 C SPAN was launched to provide televised coverage of U S political events in their entirety and help viewers maintain a thorough view of politics especially presidential campaigns C SPAN launched on March 19 1979 9 for the first televised session made available by the House of Representatives beginning with a speech by then Tennessee representative Al Gore 10 11 Upon its debut only 3 5 million homes were wired for C SPAN 12 and the network had just three employees 13 For the first few years C SPAN leased satellite time from the USA Network and had approximately 9 hours of daily programming On February 1 1982 C SPAN launched its own transponder and expanded programming to 16 hours a day the arrangement with the USA Network was discontinued two months later 14 C SPAN began full time operations on September 13 1982 15 The second C SPAN channel C SPAN2 launched on June 2 1986 to cover Senate proceedings and began full time operations on January 5 1987 16 17 18 The Senate had debated allowing television coverage for over two years with Majority Leader Howard Baker introducing the first failed resolution to allow cameras onto the floor and Senator William L Armstrong finally succeeding in televising Senate proceedings 19 C SPAN3 the most recent expansion channel began full time operations on January 22 2001 18 It airs public policy and government related events on weekdays historical programming on weeknights and weekends and sometimes serves as an overflow channel for live programming conflicts on C SPAN and C SPAN2 3 C SPAN3 is the successor of a digital channel called C SPAN Extra which was launched in the Washington D C area in 1997 and televised live and recorded political events on weekdays 18 20 C SPAN Radio also began operations in 1997 covering similar events as the television networks and often simulcasting their programming 21 Between the late 1980s and 2011 prank callers frequently called into C SPAN with calls ranging from crude jokes about Howard Stern and Bababooey to racist tirades against Martin Luther King Jr 22 23 24 25 26 On January 12 2017 the online feed for C SPAN1 was interrupted and replaced by a feed from the Russian television network RT America for approximately 10 minutes 27 C SPAN announced that they were troubleshooting the incident and were operating under the assumption that it was an internal routing issue 28 Lamb semi retired in March 2012 coinciding with the channel s 33rd anniversary and gave executive control of the network to his two lieutenants Rob Kennedy and Susan Swain 29 Anniversaries Edit C SPAN s logo from 1991 to the day before its 40th anniversary on March 18 2019 The logo has taken different design cues coloring and been rendered in 3 D in various times depending on logo design trends over the years and decades External video Remarks by Speaker Nancy Pelosi D CA and House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy on the House floor on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of C SPAN March 26 2019C SPAN celebrated its 10th anniversary in 1989 with a three hour retrospective featuring Lamb recalling the development of the network 16 The 15th anniversary was commemorated in an unconventional manner as the network facilitated a series of re enactments of the seven historic Lincoln Douglas debates of 1858 which were televised from August to October 1994 and have been rebroadcast from time to time ever since 30 Five years later the series American Presidents Life Portraits which won a Peabody Award served as a year long observation of C SPAN s 20th anniversary 31 32 In 2004 C SPAN celebrated its 25th anniversary by which time the flagship network was viewed in 86 million homes C SPAN2 was in 70 million homes and C SPAN3 was in 8 million homes 2 On the anniversary date C SPAN repeated the first televised hour of floor debate in the House of Representatives from 1979 and throughout the month 25th anniversary features included then and now segments with journalists who had appeared on C SPAN during its early years 10 Also included in the 25th anniversary was an essay contest for viewers to write in about how C SPAN had influenced their life regarding community service For example one essay contest winner wrote about how C SPAN s non fiction book programming serves as a resource in his charitable mission to record non fiction audio books for people who are blind 33 To commemorate 25 years of taking viewer telephone calls in 2005 C SPAN had a 25 hour call in marathon from 8 00 pm Eastern Time on Friday October 7 concluding at 9 00 pm Eastern Time on Saturday October 8 The network also had a viewer essay contest the winner of which was invited to co host an hour of the broadcast from C SPAN s Capitol Hill studios 34 Scope and limitations of coverage Edit C SPAN continues to expand its coverage of government proceedings with a history of requests to government officials for greater access especially to the U S Supreme Court 35 In December 2009 Lamb wrote to leaders in the House and Senate requesting that negotiations for health care reform be televised by C SPAN 36 Committee meetings on health care were subsequently broadcast by C SPAN and may be viewed on the C SPAN website 37 In November 2010 Lamb wrote to incoming House Speaker John Boehner requesting changes to restrictions on cameras in the House 38 In particular C SPAN asked to add some of its own robotically operated cameras to the existing government controlled cameras in the House chamber In February 2011 Boehner denied the request 39 A previous request to Speaker Designate Nancy Pelosi in 2006 to add C SPAN s cameras in the House chamber to record floor proceedings was also denied 39 Although C SPAN uses the congressional chamber feed cables the cameras are owned and controlled by each respective body of Congress 40 Requests by C SPAN for camera access to non government events such as the annual dinner by the Gridiron Club have also been denied 41 On June 22 and into June 23 2016 C SPAN took video footage of the House floor from individual House representatives via streaming services Periscope and Facebook Live during a sit in by House Democrats asking for a vote on gun control measures after the Orlando nightclub shooting This needed to be done because as the sit in was done out of formal session and while the House was in official recess the existing House cameras could not be utilized for coverage of the event by rule 42 43 Although the use of electronic devices to create the Periscope feeds by House Democrats violated House rules that prohibit their use on the floor 44 C SPAN did not state why it chose to broadcast those feeds The network ran disclaimers on air and on their official social media feeds noting the restrictions 45 Expansion and technology Edit Since the late 1990s C SPAN has significantly expanded its online presence In January 1997 C SPAN began real time streaming of C SPAN and C SPAN2 on its website the first time that Congress had been live streamed online 18 To cover the Democratic and Republican conventions and the presidential debates of 2008 C SPAN created two standalone websites the Convention Hub and the Debate Hub 46 In addition to real time streams of C SPAN s television networks online c span org features further live programming such as committee hearings and speeches that are broadcast later in the day after the House and Senate have left 47 C SPAN began promoting audience interaction early in its history by the regular incorporation of viewer telephone calls in its programming It has since expanded into social media In March 2009 18 viewers began submitting questions live via Twitter to guests on C SPAN s morning call in show Washington Journal 48 The network also has a Facebook page to which it added occasional live streaming in January 2011 The live stream is intended to show selected well publicized events of Congress 49 In June 2010 C SPAN joined with the website Foursquare to provide users of the application with access to geotagged C SPAN content at various locations in Washington D C 50 In 2010 C SPAN began a transition to high definition telecasts planned to take place over an 18 month period 3 The network provided C SPAN and C SPAN2 in high definition on June 1 2010 and C SPAN3 in July 2010 51 As part of the network s 40th anniversary C SPAN instituted the second logo change in the network s history on March 18 2019 Programming EditSenate and House of Representatives Edit The C SPAN network s core programming is live coverage of the U S House and Senate with the C SPAN channel emphasizing the United States House of Representatives Between 1979 and May 2011 the network televised more than 24 246 hours of floor action 10 C SPAN2 the first of the C SPAN spin off networks provides uninterrupted live coverage of the United States Senate 30 With coverage of the House and Senate viewers can track legislation as it moves through both bodies of Congress 52 Important debates in Congress that C SPAN has covered live include the Persian Gulf conflict during 1991 and the House impeachment vote and Senate trial of President Bill Clinton in 1998 and 1999 as well as the impeachment proceedings of President Trump in 2019 and 2020 53 17 When the House or Senate are not in session C SPAN channels broadcast other public affairs programming and recordings of previous events 52 Public affairs Edit The public affairs coverage on the C SPAN networks other than the House and Senate floor debates is wide ranging C SPAN is considered a useful source of information for journalists lobbyists educators and government officials as well as casual viewers interested in politics due to its unedited coverage of political events 13 C SPAN has been described by media observers as a window into the world of Washington politics and it characterizes its own mission as being to provide public access to the political process 54 55 The networks cover U S political campaigns including the Republican Democratic and Libertarian presidential nominating conventions in their entirety Coverage of presidential campaign events are provided during the duration of the campaign both by a weekly television program Road to the White House 30 and at its dedicated politics website 56 C SPAN also covers midterm elections 57 C SPAN s HDTV coverage of the beginning of the 112th Congress on January 5 2011 The on screen design seen here was used from April 19 2010 to January 17 2016 All three channels televise events such as congressional hearings 30 White House press briefings and presidential speeches as well as other government meetings including Federal Communications Commission hearings and Pentagon press conferences 58 Other U S political coverage includes State of the Union speeches 17 and presidential press conferences According to the results of a survey after the 1992 presidential election 85 of C SPAN viewers voted in that election 59 The results of a similar survey in 2013 found that 89 of C SPAN viewers voted in the 2012 presidential election 60 In addition to this political coverage the network broadcasts press conferences and meetings of various news media and nonprofit organizations including those at the National Press Club 17 public policy seminars and the White House Correspondents Dinner 59 While C SPAN does not have video access to the Supreme Court the network has used the Court s audio recordings accompanied by still photographs of the justices and lawyers to cover the Court in session on significant cases and has covered individual Supreme Court justices speaking engagements 61 Occasionally proceedings of the Parliament of Australia Parliament of Canada Parliament of the United Kingdom usually Prime Minister s Questions and the State Opening of Parliament and other governments are shown on C SPAN when they discuss matters of importance to viewers in the U S 62 63 Similarly the networks will sometimes broadcast news reports from around the world when major events occur for instance C SPAN broadcast CBC Television coverage of the September 11 attacks 18 C SPAN also covers lying in state in the Capitol Rotunda and funerals of former presidents 64 65 and other notable individuals 66 In 2005 C SPAN covered Hurricane Katrina through NBC affiliate WDSU in New Orleans as well as coverage of Hurricane Ike via CBS affiliate KHOU in Houston 67 C SPAN also carries CBC coverage during events that affect Canadians such as the Canadian federal elections 68 the death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau 69 and the 2003 North America blackout 70 71 During early 2011 C SPAN carried broadcasts by Al Jazeera to cover the events in Egypt Tunisia and other Arab nations 18 72 Additionally C SPAN simulcasts NASA Space Shuttle mission launches and landings live using video footage and audio sourced from NASA TV 73 With its public affairs programming C SPAN intends to offer different viewpoints by allowing time for multiple opinions to be discussed on a given topic For example in 2004 C SPAN intended to televise a speech by Holocaust historian Deborah Lipstadt adjacent to a speech by Holocaust denier David Irving who had unsuccessfully sued Lipstadt for libel in the United Kingdom four years earlier C SPAN was criticized for its use of the word balance to describe the plan to cover both Lipstadt and Irving 74 75 When Lipstadt ended media access to her speech C SPAN canceled coverage of both 76 The network strives for neutrality and a lack of bias in all programming when on camera hosts are present their role is simply to facilitate and explain proceedings to the viewer 2 Due to this policy C SPAN hosts do not state their names on television 13 C SPAN and C SPAN2 flagship programs Edit C SPAN covers floor proceedings of the House of Representatives while C SPAN 2 covers floor proceedings of the Senate 77 Although many hours of programming on C SPAN are dedicated to coverage of the House the network s daily programming begins with the political phone in and interview program Washington Journal from 7 00 to 10 00 a m Eastern Time 18 Washington Journal premiered on January 4 1995 and has been broadcast every morning since then with guests including elected officials government administrators and journalists The program covers current events with guests answering questions on topics presented by the hosts as well as questions from members of the general public 78 On weeknights C SPAN2 dedicates its schedule to Politics and Public Policy Today 9 00 p m midnight for the East Coast primetime replayed immediately for the West Coast primetime which is a block of recordings of the day s noteworthy events in rapid succession On the weekend schedule C SPAN s main program is Q amp A a Sunday evening interview program hosted by Susan Swain with guests including journalists politicians authors and other public figures 79 On weekends C SPAN2 dedicates its schedule to Book TV which is 48 hours of programming about non fiction books book events and authors Book TV was launched in September 1998 Booknotes was originally broadcast from 1989 to 2004 80 as a one hour one on one interview of a non fiction author 81 Repeats of the interviews remain a regular part of the Book TV schedule with the title Encore Booknotes 82 Other Book TV programs feature political and historical books and biographies of public figures These include In Depth a live monthly three hour interview with a single author and After Words 83 an author interview program featuring guest hosts interviewing authors on topics with which both are familiar 84 After Words was developed as a new type of author interview program after the end of production of Booknotes 84 Weekend programming on Book TV also includes coverage of book events such as panel discussions book fairs 85 book signings readings by authors and tours of bookstores around the U S 52 C SPAN3 Edit C SPAN 3 covers public affairs events congressional hearings and history programming 77 The weekday programming on C SPAN3 from the morning anywhere from 6 to 8 30 a m to 8 p m Eastern Time features uninterrupted live public affairs events in particular political events from Washington D C 20 Each weekend since January 8 2011 the network has broadcast 48 hours of programming dedicated to the history of the United States under the umbrella title American History TV 3 86 87 The programming covers the history of the U S from the founding of the nation through the late 20th century Programs include American Artifacts which is dedicated to exploring museums archives and historical sites and Lectures in History featuring major university history professors giving lectures on U S history 88 In 2009 C SPAN3 aired an eight installment series of interviews from the Robert J Dole Institute of Politics at the University of Kansas which featured historian Richard Norton Smith and Vice President Walter Mondale among other interviewees 89 Special programming Edit C SPAN has occasionally produced spinoff programs from Booknotes focusing on specific topics In 1994 Booknotes collaborated with Lincoln scholar Harold Holzer to produce re creations of the seven Lincoln Douglas debates 90 Several years later a similar series retraced the journey of Alexis de Tocqueville described in Democracy in America 91 Another special series was American Writers a 38 week tour of the U S based on the works of 40 famous American writers 91 During 2008 and 2009 as part of programming specially commissioned for the 200th anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln C SPAN produced a series titled Lincoln 200 Years which featured episodes on a variety of topics relating to the life of Lincoln including his career his homes and his opinions of slavery 92 93 The network has also produced special feature documentaries of American institutions and historical landmarks exploring their history to the present day These programs include The Capitol emphasizing the history art and architecture of the U S Capitol Building 94 The White House featuring film footage inside the White House and exploring the history of the building and its occupants 95 The Supreme Court focusing on the history and personalities of the court 96 and Inside Blair House an examination of the president s guest house 97 In 2013 C SPAN introduced a new program First Ladies Influence amp Image 35 episodes profiling the First Ladies are planned for the series 98 which was created with support from the White House Historical Association 99 Radio broadcasts Edit In addition to the three television networks C SPAN also broadcasts via C SPAN Radio which is carried on their owned and operated station WCSP FM 90 1 FM in the Washington D C area with all three cable network feeds airing via HD Radio subchannels and nationwide on XM Satellite Radio 100 Its programming is also livestreamed at c span org and is available via apps for iPhone BlackBerry and Android devices 101 102 C SPAN Radio has a selective policy regarding its broadcast content rather than duplicating the television network programming although it does offer some audio simulcasts of programs such as Washington Journal 103 Unique programming on the radio station includes oral histories and some committee meetings and press conferences not shown on television due to programming commitments The station also compiles the Sunday morning talk shows for a same day rebroadcast without commercials in rapid succession 103 Online availability Edit Home page of the C SPAN Video Library C SPAN archival video is available through the C SPAN Video Library maintained at the Purdue Research Park in West Lafayette Indiana 104 Unveiled in August 2007 18 the C SPAN Video Library contains all of the network s programming since 1987 totaling more than 160 000 hours at its completion of digitization and public debut in March 2010 105 106 Older C SPAN programming continues to be added to the library dating back to the beginning of the network in 1979 29 and some limited earlier footage from the National Archives such as film clips of Richard Nixon s 1972 trip to China is available as well 107 Most of the recordings before 1987 when the C SPAN Archive was established were not saved except for approximately 10 000 hours of video which are slated to be made available online 29 As of November 2021 update the C SPAN Video Library held over 271 000 hours of programming and they have been viewed over 253 million times Described by media commentators as a major educational service and a valuable resource for researchers of politics and history 29 108 109 the C SPAN Video Library has also had a major role in media and opposition research in several U S political campaigns 110 It won a Peabody Award in 2010 for creating an enduring archive of the history of American policymaking and for providing it as a free user friendly public service 111 Prior to the initiation of the C SPAN Video Library websites such as Metavid and voterwatch org hosted House and Senate video records however C SPAN contested Metavid s usage of C SPAN copyrighted footage The result was Metavid s removal of portions of the archive produced with C SPAN s cameras while preserving its archive of government produced content 112 C SPAN also engaged in actions to stop parties from making unauthorized uses of its content online including its video of House and Senate proceedings Most notably in May 2006 C SPAN requested the removal of Stephen Colbert s performance at the White House Correspondents Association Dinner from YouTube 113 After concerns by some webloggers 114 C SPAN gave permission for Google Video to host the full event 115 On March 7 2007 C SPAN liberalized its copyright policy for current future and past coverage of any official events sponsored by Congress and any federal agency and now allows for attributed non commercial copying sharing and posting of C SPAN video on the Internet 116 117 excluding re syndication of live video streams The new policy did not affect the public s right to use the public domain video coverage of the floor proceedings of the U S House and Senate 118 In 2008 C SPAN s online political coverage was expanded just prior to the elections with the introduction of three special pages on the C SPAN website the C SPAN Convention Hubs and C SPAN Debate Hub which offered video of major events as well as discussion from weblogs and social media about the major party conventions and candidate debates 119 120 C SPAN brought back the Convention Hub for the 2012 presidential election 121 In addition to the programming available in the C SPAN Video Library all C SPAN programming is available as a live feed streamed on its website in Flash Video format 122 On July 29 2014 C SPAN announced that it would begin restricting access to the live feeds of the main channel C SPAN2 and C SPAN3 to subscribers of cable or satellite providers later that summer citing concerns with the slow shift in viewing habits from cable television to the internet due to its reliance on carriage fees from cable and satellite providers However it will continue to allow all government meetings hearings and conferences to be streamed live online and via archived on the C SPAN Video Library without requiring an authenticated login by a provider live audio feeds of all three channels are also available for free through the network s mobile app The decision drew some criticism from public interest and government transparency advocates citing the fact that C SPAN was designed as a public service 123 124 As of December 2019 update C SPAN has begun advertising on its online videos with YouTube style advertisements that can be skipped after 5 seconds 125 Organization and operations Edit Founder Brian Lamb in 2012 flanked by co CEOs Rob Kennedy and Susan Swain National Cable Satellite CorporationFoundedNovember 14 1978 44 years ago 1978 11 14 126 Tax ID no 84 0751854 127 Legal status501 c 3 nonprofit organizationHeadquartersWashington D C Chairman PresidentBrian Lamb 127 AffiliationsC SPAN Education Foundation 127 Revenue 2014 73 244 854 127 Expenses 2014 63 409 586 127 Employees 2013 282 128 or 337 127 Websitec span wbr orgC SPAN is operated by the National Cable Satellite Corporation a nonprofit organization 13 the board of directors of which consists primarily of representatives of the largest cable companies 129 Early chairmen of C SPAN include Bob Rosencrans John Saeman Ed Allen and Gene Schneider 130 C SPAN began airing internet commercials early in 2021 and offering C SPAN themed clothing though not soliciting donations on air nonetheless as a non commercial public service it receives most of its funding from subscriber fees charged to cable and direct broadcast satellite DBS operators 129 As of 2012 update C SPAN received 6 of each subscriber s cable bill for an annual budget of 60 million 131 As the network is an independent entity neither the cable industry nor Congress controls the content of its programming 58 As of January 2013 update the network has 282 128 or 337 127 employees C SPAN is led by co CEOs Rob Kennedy and Susan Swain Founder and former CEO Brian Lamb serves as the executive chairman of the board of directors 132 The majority of C SPAN s employees are based at C SPAN s headquarters located on Capitol Hill in Washington D C however in 2003 television studios were opened in New York City and Denver Colorado These studios use digital equipment that can be controlled from Washington 2 C SPAN also maintains archives in West Lafayette Indiana at the Purdue Research Park under the direction of Dr Robert X Browning 59 Audience EditThe C SPAN networks are available in more than 100 million households as of 2010 update not including access to the C SPAN websites 54 133 More than 7 000 telephone callers have participated with discussion on Washington Journal as of March 18 2009 update 134 There are no official viewing statistics for C SPAN because the network which has no commercials or underwriting advertisements does not use the Nielsen ratings 59 However there have been a number of surveys providing estimates A 1994 survey found that 8 6 of the U S population regularly watched C SPAN 59 In 2004 this figure increased to 12 of the U S population according to a Pew Research Center survey while 31 of the population was categorized as occasional viewers 12 More than 28 million people said they watched C SPAN programming each week 13 A March 2009 Hart Research survey found that 20 of homes with cable television watch C SPAN at least once a week for an estimated 39 million Americans 135 A 2010 poll conducted by C SPAN and Penn Schoen Berland estimates that 79 million adults in the U S watched C SPAN at some time from 2009 to 2010 136 In January 2013 Hart Research conducted another survey which showed that 47 million adults or 24 of adults with access to cable television watch C SPAN weekly 60 137 Of the 47 million regular C SPAN viewers 51 are male and 49 female 26 are liberal 31 conservative and 39 moderate About half are college graduates 28 of 18 to 49 year olds report watching at least once a week as do 19 of 50 to 64 year olds and 22 of those over age 65 137 In February 2017 Ipsos Audience conducted another survey which showed that 70 million adults or 36 of adults with access to cable television watch C SPAN on a given six month period Of the 70 million regular C SPAN viewers 52 are male and 48 female 25 are West viewers 22 Midwest 20 Northeast and 33 South 28 identified themselves as liberal 27 conservative and 36 moderate 51 of all viewers are 18 44 years old Public and media opinion EditA 2009 C SPAN survey of viewers found that the network s most valued attribute was its balanced programming The survey s respondents were a mixed group with 31 describing themselves as liberal while 28 described themselves as conservative and the survey found that C SPAN viewers are an equal mixture of men and women of all age groups citation needed C SPAN s public service nature has been praised as an enduring contribution to national knowledge 138 In 1987 Andrew Rosenthal wrote for The New York Times about C SPAN s influence in political elections arguing that C SPAN s blanket coverage had expanded television journalism into areas once shielded from general view 139 The network has received positive media coverage for providing public access to proceedings such as the Goldman Sachs Senate hearings 140 and the U S 2010 Healthcare Summit 141 while its everyday programming has been credited with providing the media and the general public with an intimate knowledge of U S political proceedings and people 141 142 143 The ability of C SPAN to provide this service without federal funding advertising or soliciting viewer contributions has been remarked by local newspapers and online news services with the Daily Beast terming C SPAN s 55 million annual budget in 2009 an astounding bargain 138 144 In an article on the 25th anniversary of the network The Washington Post noted that C SPAN s programming has been copied by television networks worldwide and credits the network with providing information about foreign politics to American viewers 145 According to The New York Times C SPAN s mission to record official events in Washington D C makes it one of a kind particularly in the creation of the C SPAN Video Library which received significant press coverage 29 105 Despite its stated commitment to providing politically balanced programming C SPAN and its shows such as Washington Journal Booknotes Q amp A and After Words have been accused by some liberal organizations of having a conservative bias 146 In 2005 the media criticism organization Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting FAIR released a study of C SPAN s morning telephone call in show Washington Journal In their six month sample of guests they identified 32 as right of center and 19 as left of center they also noted people of color are underrepresented at 15 of the guest list 147 A 2007 survey released by the think tank Center for Economic and Policy Research reported that C SPAN covered conservative think tanks more than left of center think tanks 148 Must carry EditIn 1992 Congress passed must carry regulations which required cable carriers to allocate spectrum to local broadcasters This affected the availability of C SPAN in some areas in particular C SPAN2 as some providers chose to discontinue carriage of the channel altogether 149 150 Between 1993 and 1994 cable systems in 95 U S cities dropped or reduced broadcasts of C SPAN and C SPAN2 following the implementation of the must carry regulations 149 Viewers protested these decisions especially when the changes coincided with matters of local interest occurring in the House or Senate 151 Some communities such as Eugene Oregon and Alexandria Virginia were successful in restoring C SPAN availability C SPAN availability was later restored as technological developments that resulted in the expansion of channel capacity on cable providers allowed for mandatory stations and the C SPAN networks both to be broadcast 149 Other services Edit C SPAN Digital Bus which tours the U S educating the public about C SPAN resources C SPAN offers a number of public services related to the network s public affairs programming C SPAN Classroom a free membership service for teachers began in July 1987 and offers help using C SPAN resources for classes or research 10 The C SPAN School Bus introduced in November 1993 traveled around the U S educating the public about government and politics using C SPAN resources and served as a mobile television studio The bus also recorded video footage of the places that it visited 152 A second bus was introduced in 1996 The two original buses were retired in 2010 153 and the C SPAN Digital Bus was inaugurated introducing the public to C SPAN s enhanced digital products 50 C SPAN has also equipped six Local Content Vehicles LCVs to travel the country and record unique political and historical stories with each vehicle containing production and web based technologies to produce on the spot content 154 155 C SPAN has published ten books based on its programming these contain original material and text taken from interview transcripts The first C SPAN book C SPAN America s Town Hall was published in 1988 16 Other C SPAN books include Gavel to Gavel A C SPAN Guide to Congress 156 Who s Buried in Grant s Tomb a guide to the grave sites of U S presidents 157 Abraham Lincoln Great American Historians On Our Sixteenth President a collection of essays based on C SPAN interviews with American historians 158 and The Supreme Court which features biographies and interviews with past Supreme Court judges together with commentary from legal experts 159 Five books have been drawn from the former Booknotes program Booknotes Life Stories 160 Booknotes On American Character 161 Booknotes Stories from American History 162 Booknotes America s Finest Authors on Reading Writing and the Power of Ideas the latter a compilation of short monologues taken from the transcripts of Lamb s interviews 81 and a companion book to the series on Tocqueville Traveling Tocqueville s America A Tour Book 163 Publications EditEducators Guide Teaching Critical Thinking in the Classroom 1995 Washington DC National Cable Satellite Corp C SPAN in the Classroom Series Gavel to Gavel A C SPAN Guide to Congress 1999 Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 6111 6 See also Edit Television portal United States portal Politics portalPublic educational and government access Legislature broadcasterReferences Edit Booth David R 2010 Peer Participation and Software What Mozilla Has to Teach Government MIT Press p 81 ISBN 978 0 262 51461 3 a b c d e Barnhart Aaron May 3 2003 Win like a lamb C SPAN remains a reliable source thanks to founder s fair approach Kansas City Star p F1 Retrieved May 22 2013 a b c d C SPAN The Other Washington Monument tvnewscheck com News Check Media April 20 2010 Archived from the original on February 5 2013 Retrieved November 30 2010 Mixon Franklin G 2003 Legislative Television As Political Advertising A Public Choice Approach iUniverse p 2 ISBN 978 0 595 27086 6 Original Cable Guy college columbia edu Columbia College Archived from the original on August 29 2008 Retrieved August 5 2008 Paddock Travis April 8 1998 C SPAN chief says network has extended the gallery The University Record Ann Arbor Michigan The University of Michigan Archived from the original on July 29 2020 Retrieved October 8 2012 Frantzich Stephen E John Sullivan 1996 The C SPAN Revolution University of Oklahoma Press p 30 ISBN 0 8061 2870 4 Election Process Highlights C SPAN org c span org Retrieved April 16 2019 Lamb opened government with C SPAN Journal amp Courier Lafayette Indiana November 3 2007 p 6A Retrieved May 22 2013 a b c d C SPAN By the Numbers The Washington Post March 14 2004 Retrieved May 22 2013 Frantzich Stephen E John Sullivan 1996 The C SPAN Revolution University of Oklahoma Press p 23 ISBN 0 8061 2870 4 a b Ruth Marcus March 18 2004 Confessions of a C SPAN Junkie The Washington Post p A31 Retrieved May 22 2013 a b c d e Chris Wallace August 15 2004 Power Player of the Week Brian Lamb Fox News Network Retrieved May 22 2013 C SPAN goes on campaign trail PDF Broadcasting Magazine January 25 1982 p 99 Retrieved August 8 2021 24 hour milestone PDF Broadcasting Magazine August 2 1982 p 8 Retrieved August 12 2021 a b c Tom Shales April 3 1989 C SPAN America s Town Hall Looking Back on the Decade That Brought Government Home The Washington Post Archived from the original on November 5 2013 Retrieved May 22 2013 a b c d Ragsdale Shirley March 14 1999 C SPAN has taken viewers on tour of history government for 20 years Argus Leader Sioux Falls South Dakota p 10C Retrieved May 22 2013 a b c d e f g h i C SPAN Milestones c span org C SPAN Archived from the original on July 17 2011 Retrieved October 8 2010 Life and Career of William Armstrong C SPAN org www c span org Retrieved June 25 2020 a b Moss Linda February 19 2001 Time Warner Gives Lift to C SPAN3 Multichannel News Retrieved May 22 2013 A B Stoddard October 15 1997 Rosty to be Released from Custody Today The Hill Washington D C Retrieved May 22 2013 Ultimate C SPAN Prank Call Compilation YouTube Retrieved January 15 2021 Do You Respect Howard Sterns Penis YouTube Retrieved November 17 2021 Howard Stern Prank Call Compilation YouTube Retrieved March 18 2010 https www c span org video c3584039 user clip howard stern call 3 bare URL C SPAN Flooded with Racist Phone Calls on 50th Anniversary of MLK Death Video April 4 2018 Bromwich Jonah Engel January 12 2017 C Span Online Broadcast Interrupted by Russian Network The New York Times C SPAN cspan January 12 2017 This afternoon the online feed for C SPAN was briefly interrupted by RT programming Tweet via Twitter a b c d e Stelter Brian March 15 2010 C SPAN Puts Full Archives on the Web The New York Times Retrieved September 27 2010 a b c d Hodges Ann March 19 1994 Historic debates will mark 15 years of C SPAN The Houston Chronicle p 4 Retrieved May 22 2013 American Presidents Life Portraits C SPAN Retrieved March 7 2016 59th Annual Peabody Awards May 2000 C SPAN 25th Anniversary Essay Winner c span org C SPAN Retrieved February 27 2004 C SPAN s 24 Hour Call In Marathon c span org C SPAN Archived from the original on August 19 2011 Retrieved June 4 2011 David G Savage November 15 2011 C SPAN seeks to air Supreme Court healthcare arguments Los Angeles Times Retrieved October 7 2013 C SPAN Challenges Congress to Open Health Care Talks to TV Coverage foxnews com Fox News January 5 2010 Archived from the original on November 18 2010 Retrieved November 22 2010 Mini Health Insurance Policies c span org C SPAN December 1 2010 Retrieved March 22 2011 O Connor Patrick November 15 2010 More Cameras in the House Washington Wire The Wall Street Journal Retrieved November 30 2010 a b Weiner Rachel February 4 2011 C SPAN denied cameras in the House of Representatives again The Washington Post Retrieved February 8 2011 Lamb Brian December 14 2006 C SPAN letter to Nancy Pelosi PDF Archived from the original PDF on October 1 2008 Retrieved October 12 2008 Allen Mike March 19 2010 Gridiron rejects C SPAN overture politico com Politico Retrieved January 27 2010 Akin Stephanie June 22 2016 Why You Can t See the House Sit In on C SPAN Roll Call Retrieved June 23 2016 Phillips Amber June 23 2016 C SPAN cameras couldn t show Democrats gun control sit in so Democrats did it themselves The Washington Post Retrieved June 23 2016 Herszenhorn David M Huetteman Emmarie June 22 2016 House Democrats Gun Control Sit In Turns into Chaotic Showdown With Republicans The New York Times Herszenhorn cspan C SPAN has no control over the U S House TV cameras Tweet C SPAN Twitter account June 22 2016 Retrieved June 23 2016 Ostrow Adam September 26 2008 Don t like Twitter s Election Site C SPAN Has a Way Cooler Alternative Really mashable com Mashable Archived from the original on August 8 2010 Retrieved January 27 2011 Viewer FAQs c span org C SPAN Archived from the original on September 25 2013 Retrieved September 27 2013 Linkins Jason May 21 2009 Profiles in Twittering C SPAN Builds An Online Bridge The Huffington Post Retrieved January 28 2011 Rollins Samantha January 5 2011 C SPAN Goes Social Streams 112th Congress Live on Facebook Time com Time Retrieved January 28 2011 a b Shayon Sheila June 22 2010 Foursquare Checks into Politics With C SPAN Brandchannel com Brandchannel Archived from the original on September 20 2013 Retrieved November 22 2010 Cable Show Draws News of HD Channel Launches multichannel com NewBay Media May 18 2010 Retrieved December 3 2010 a b c C SPAN2 to be Added to PRIMESTAR s Channel Lineup Press release C SPAN December 4 1996 C SPAN s Impeachment Coverage C SPAN org www c span org Retrieved July 4 2020 a b Linda M Harrington October 31 1993 C SPAN TV s Political Insider in Washington Chicago Tribune Retrieved May 22 2013 About C SPAN c span org C SPAN Retrieved January 25 2011 C SPAN Politics c span org C SPAN Retrieved December 6 2010 Rothstein Betsy October 20 2010 C SPAN Reaches Debate Milestone Adweek Retrieved December 13 2020 a b Gillespie Nick December 2010 The Democratizer reason com Reason Retrieved November 22 2010 a b c d e Harden Blaine May 9 1996 Feasting on C SPAN Diet of Public Affairs TV Puts Political Junkies Inside Beltway The Washington Post Archived from the original on November 5 2013 Retrieved May 22 2013 a b Eggerton John March 19 2013 Exclusive C SPAN Study Finds Almost Quarter of Cable Satellite Subs Watch Weekly Audience is up 4 since last Hart Research survey Broadcasting amp Cable Retrieved March 22 2013 Cohen Andrew October 8 2010 C SPAN s Supreme Court Broadcasts Do You Have the Right to Burn the Flag politicsdaily com AOL Archived from the original on October 5 2015 Retrieved October 11 2010 BBC Parliament Goes Live on Digital Satellite Press release M2 Presswire November 25 1998 Australian Parliament c span org C SPAN Archived from the original on October 20 2013 Retrieved July 16 2013 Kubasik Ben April 26 1994 Networks planning coverage of Nixon funeral The Spokesman Review Spokane Washington Retrieved June 19 2013 Turegano Preston June 14 2004 Television did its job as window on America s farewell to Reagan The San Diego Union Tribune p D 6 Retrieved May 22 2013 Shannon Kelley July 14 2007 Lady Bird Johnson former first lady remembered at Texas funeral attended by 1 800 Associated Press Archived from the original on August 1 2020 Retrieved May 22 2013 Timpane John September 2 2008 Coverage of Gustav tops politics on Day 1 The Philadelphia Inquirer Retrieved May 22 2013 Election night 2008 Connect2Canada com Connect2Canada Archived from the original on January 12 2012 Retrieved December 7 2010 Former Prime Minister Trudeau Funeral C SPAN October 3 2000 Retrieved October 18 2013 Northeastern Electricity Failures C SPAN August 14 2003 Archived from the original on October 17 2013 Retrieved October 18 2013 Northeast Power Outages Day 1 C SPAN September 3 2003 Archived from the original on October 31 2013 Retrieved October 18 2013 Moammar Qadhafi Address c spanvideo org C SPAN March 2 2011 Retrieved March 15 2011 E Vision launches C Span channel on its cable network Al Bawaba Amman Jordan June 11 2009 Retrieved May 22 2013 C SPAN s David Irving contretemps adl org Anti Defamation League April 13 2005 Archived from the original on August 1 2009 Retrieved July 29 2009 Cohen Richard March 15 2005 C SPAN s Balance of the Absurd The Washington Post Retrieved June 11 2013 Lipstadt Irving Libel Trial c spanvideo org C SPAN Retrieved March 22 2011 a b FAQs C SPAN Archived from the original on August 22 2019 Retrieved August 22 2019 Reed Irvine May 10 1998 Accuracy in media Left Winger s Truth Exposed As Make Believe Chattanooga Free Press p A11 Retrieved May 22 2013 McArdle John December 6 2004 New Show Familiar Format For C SPAN Roll Call Washington D C Retrieved September 28 2010 Booknotes Afterword The Boston Globe August 19 2004 Retrieved May 22 2013 a b Ellen Emry Heltzel August 17 1997 Books on TV and a Host Who Listens The Oregonian Portland Oregon p F07 Retrieved May 22 2013 C SPAN s Booknotes nearing end The Cincinnati Enquirer August 12 2004 Retrieved April 26 2015 Editorial The Sun Herald Biloxi Mississippi September 14 2003 p C12 Retrieved May 22 2013 a b Milliot Jim January 10 2005 BookTV Eyes More Original Programming Publishers Weekly Retrieved May 15 2013 Estepa Jessica July 15 2010 C SPAN2 s Book TV Wins Honor For Its Work Roll Call Washington D C Retrieved February 8 2011 Williams Jenny January 7 2011 Turn to C SPAN for American History wired com Wired Retrieved January 17 2011 Weprin Alex January 6 2011 C SPAN Launching History Programming Block mediabistro com WebMediaBrands Archived from the original on August 8 2014 Retrieved May 15 2013 Gerald D Swick January 18 2011 American History TV New from C SPAN historynet com Weider History Group Retrieved November 22 2010 C SPAN3 to Air Dole Institute Interviews with Bob Dole Walter Mondale Press release The University of Kansas November 20 2009 Archived from the original on March 27 2014 Retrieved May 22 2013 Rust Michael February 9 1998 Americans Speak Up on Talk TV Insight on the News Retrieved May 22 2013 a b Frank J Prial December 4 2004 After Many Million Pages Booknotes Ends Its Run The New York Times Retrieved May 15 2013 Lincoln 200 Years c span org C SPAN Archived from the original on July 15 2012 Retrieved February 23 2011 Lynn Sweet February 6 2009 Run up to Lincoln s Thursday 200th Birthday celebration C SPAN Lincoln specials Chicago Sun Times Archived from the original on October 17 2011 Retrieved February 24 2011 The Capitol c span org C SPAN Retrieved February 23 2011 Kennicott Philip December 13 2008 With Each Tale House Extends Inviting Lines The Washington Post Retrieved February 22 2011 The Supreme Court Home to America s Highest Court c span org C SPAN Retrieved February 23 2011 Blair House The President s Guest House c span org C SPAN Archived from the original on January 25 2014 Retrieved February 23 2011 Bauder David February 15 2013 C SPAN begins 35 episode series on first ladies Associated Press Retrieved February 20 2013 Gavin Patrick February 14 2013 C SPAN views first ladies as political powerhosues Politico Retrieved February 20 2013 Cite error The named reference Babington was invoked but never defined see the help page How to Listen to C SPAN Radio c span org C SPAN Archived from the original on January 4 2012 Retrieved June 20 2013 The most popular iPhone news applications The Independent March 23 2010 Archived from the original on September 25 2015 Retrieved October 11 2010 a b Kaltenbach Chris February 22 1998 New station features processes of government Radio WCSP FM 90 1 serves up large doses of public policy as it s happening but more selectively than C SPAN The Baltimore Sun Archived from the original on October 4 2013 Retrieved May 22 2013 About C SPAN Video Library c span org C SPAN Archived from the original on December 22 2020 Retrieved June 4 2011 a b Reynolds Mike September 16 2010 ACC Awards Golden Beacon To C SPAN s Video Library multichannel com NewBay Media Archived from the original on July 25 2012 Retrieved September 27 2010 Cillizza Chris March 15 2010 Early races for Congress may give forecast for November C SPAN presents The Washington Post Retrieved September 27 2010 Raasch Chuck March 25 2010 Changing the way we view history gannettonline com Gannett News Service Multimedia Archived from the original on July 11 2011 Retrieved September 27 2010 Martel Frances March 16 2010 C SPAN Online Archives Will Redefine Social Studies Education in America mediaite com Mediaite Retrieved September 27 2010 Brian Williams September 24 2010 C SPAN Digital Archives NBC News NBCNews com Retrieved September 27 2010 Howard Kurtz September 23 2010 C SPAN s blasts from the past The Washington Post Retrieved September 27 2010 70th Annual Peabody Awards May 2011 Democratizing the Archive An Open Interface for Mediation Metavid Archived from the original on June 5 2008 Retrieved October 12 2008 C SPAN Asks Sites to Pull Colbert Associated Press May 8 2006 Retrieved June 11 2013 Xeni Jardin May 4 2006 Why was Colbert press corps video removed from YouTube boingboing net Boing Boing Archived from the original on July 9 2008 Retrieved October 12 2008 Cohen Noam May 8 2006 A Comedian s Riff on Bush Prompts an E Spat The New York Times Retrieved July 5 2006 Hunt Kaise March 7 2007 C SPAN alters copyright over Pelosi flap Associated Press Retrieved June 11 2013 C SPAN Takes Lead in Making Video of Congressional Hearings White House and Other Federal Events More Widely Available to Online Community c span org C SPAN March 7 2007 Archived from the original on July 10 2012 Retrieved March 22 2011 Copyright Policy for Educators c span org C SPAN Retrieved March 22 2011 The video coverage of the floor proceedings of the U S House of Representatives and of the U S Senate is public domain material and is not subject to this license and as such may also be used for educational purposes C SPAN Engages New Media Strategies for Innovative Online Convention Coverage nms com New Media Strategies August 12 2008 Archived from the original on August 10 2011 Retrieved December 2 2010 Nusca Andrew September 25 2008 EXCLUSIVE C SPAN Launches Gadget Fueled Debate Hub as Social Political Destination zdnet com ZDNet Retrieved December 3 2010 Fitzpatrick Alex August 23 2012 C SPAN s Online Hub Provides Raw Convention Coverage Mashable Retrieved June 19 2013 Solving Video Problems c span org C SPAN Archived from the original on December 21 2010 Retrieved December 3 2010 Ganucheau Adam July 29 2014 C SPAN to require TV subscription for some programs USA Today Retrieved August 4 2014 Hattem Julian July 29 2014 C SPAN limiting access to its online channels Retrieved August 4 2014 Eggerton John October 19 2020 C SPAN reworks its monetization model Multichannel News Retrieved December 9 2020 National Cable Satellite Corporation permanent dead link District of Columbia Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs Accessed on January 22 2016 a b c d e f g h Form 990 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax National Cable Satellite Corporation Guidestar March 31 2014 a b Company amp Mission Statement c span org C SPAN January 22 2013 Archived from the original on January 24 2013 Retrieved January 25 2013 a b Company Corporate Information c span org C SPAN Archived from the original on July 17 2011 Retrieved March 22 2011 The Board c span org C SPAN Archived from the original on July 17 2011 Retrieved December 7 2010 Touhey Emmanuel April 10 2012 C SPAN founder Brian Lamb starts new chapter in his life The Hill Retrieved June 11 2013 Stelter Brian March 18 2012 C Span Founder to Step Down as Chief Executive The New York Times Retrieved February 13 2013 Bedard Paul June 22 2010 Brian Lamb C SPAN Now Reaches 100 Million Homes usnews com U S News amp World Report Retrieved November 22 2010 Miller Tricia March 18 2009 C SPAN Marks 30 Years of Riveting Television Roll Call Washington D C Retrieved February 8 2011 Marking 30 years Covering Washington like no other c span org C SPAN March 19 2009 Archived from the original on August 19 2011 Retrieved March 22 2011 American Voters Suggest How to Make Congress More Accessible PDF c span org C SPAN November 17 2010 Archived from the original PDF on November 28 2010 Retrieved November 22 2010 a b Harper Jennifer March 19 2013 C SPAN the emerging hipster network its audience trends young The Washington Times Retrieved March 22 2013 a b Osnos Peter March 31 2009 Washington s longest running reality show The Daily Beast Archived from the original on March 28 2010 Retrieved February 8 2011 Rosenthal Andrew October 22 1987 C SPAN s Spotlight Brings Quiet Corners of Campaigning into View The New York Times Retrieved June 11 2013 Zurawik David April 27 2010 Goldman Sachs hearings C SPAN delivers again Z on TV baltimoresun com The Baltimore Sun Retrieved December 14 2010 a b Heffernan Tim February 25 2010 C SPAN Where Health Care and Everything Else Gets Debated Daily The Daily Endorsement esquire com Hearst Communications Retrieved December 14 2010 Randi Rhodes qanda org C SPAN December 18 2005 Archived from the original on July 20 2011 Retrieved December 13 2010 David Corn March 11 2004 Happy Birthday C SPAN Capital Games thenation com The Nation Retrieved December 14 2010 Rash John March 20 2009 It s a fittingly quiet birthday for C SPAN Minneapolis Star Tribune Retrieved February 8 2011 T R Reid March 18 2004 C SPAN Gauged 25 Years After Start The Washington Post p A21 Retrieved December 14 2010 Montecino Juan Mark Weisbrot December 2007 Tilting Rightward C SPAN s Coverage of Think Tanks PDF cepr net Center for Economic and Policy Research Retrieved May 22 2013 C SPAN Slanting Right fair org Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting December 19 2005 Retrieved June 5 2013 Harper Jennifer December 20 2007 Tanks numbers The Washington Times Retrieved June 11 2013 a b c Alice A Love August 8 1994 C SPAN Cut in 95 Cities Around the Country For Total Loss of About Four Million Viewers Brian Lamb Says Competition for Air Time May Lead Network to Liven Up Its Format Roll Call Washington D C Retrieved May 22 2013 Federal Law Forced Paragon into Programming Changes The Oregonian Portland Oregon January 24 1995 p B08 Retrieved May 22 2013 Bayard H Morrison April 8 2001 Some of U S Want Our C SPAN2 Orlando Sentinel Archived from the original on March 27 2014 Retrieved May 22 2013 Schlosse Jim March 9 1995 C SPAN Carries Political Lessons Across Highways News amp Record Guilford County North Carolina p B1 Retrieved May 22 2013 C SPAN Launches New C SPAN Digital Bus and C SPAN Local Content Vehicle PDF C SPAN Archived from the original PDF on June 10 2013 Retrieved September 3 2013 Tucker Joanne July 2013 How C SPAN Manages A Cross Country Fleet Business Fleet Retrieved October 7 2013 Rothstein Betsy March 12 2013 C SPAN Rolls Out Second Fleet of Tricked Out Vehicles mediabistro com Mediabistro com Archived from the original on March 29 2014 Retrieved October 7 2013 C SPAN 1999 Gavel to Gavel A C SPAN Guide to Congress Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 0 8018 6111 X Retrieved October 16 2013 Lamb Brian C SPAN staff 2010 Who s Buried in Grant s Tomb PublicAffairs ISBN 978 1 58648 869 7 Lamb Brian Swain Susan eds 2010 Abraham Lincoln Great American Historians on Our Sixteenth President PublicAffairs ISBN 978 1 58648 774 4 Lamb Brian Swain Susan Farkas Mark eds 2011 The Supreme Court A C SPAN Book Featuring the Justices in their Own Words PublicAffairs ISBN 978 1 58648 835 2 Biffle Tony December 5 2004 The Last Author of One Last Book For One Final Hour The Sun Herald Biloxi Mississippi p B11 Retrieved May 22 2013 Lamb Brian 2005 Booknotes On American Character PublicAffairs ISBN 1 58648 342 0 Retrieved October 16 2013 Booknotes On AMerican Character Lamb Brian 2001 Booknotes Stories from American History PublicAffairs ISBN 1 58648 083 9 Retrieved October 16 2013 Booknotes Stories from American History C SPAN 1998 Traveling Tocqueville s America A Tour Book Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 0 8018 5966 2 External links EditC SPAN at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Official website Recent media coverage at C SPAN C SPAN records repository at George Mason University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title C SPAN amp oldid 1131882654, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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