"Kosli language" redirects here. Not to be confused with "Kosali", a term also used for Awadhi and related languages.
Sambalpuri is an Indo-Aryan language variety spoken in western Odisha, India. It is alternatively known as Western Odia, and as Kosali (with variants Kosli, Koshal and Koshali),[5] a recently popularised but controversial term, which draws on an association with the historical region of Dakshina Kosala, whose territories also included the present-day Sambalpur region.[6][7]
A Sambalpuri speaker speaking three languages, recorded in China.
Its speakers usually perceive it as a separate language, while outsiders have seen it as a dialect of Odia,[8] and standard Odia is used by Sambalpuri speakers for formal communication.[9] A 2006 survey of the varieties spoken in four villages found out that they share three-quarters of their basic vocabulary with Standard Odia.[10]
There were 2.63 million people in India who declared their language to be Sambalpuri at the 2011 census, almost all of them residents in Odisha.[11] These speakers were mostly concetrated in the districts of Bargarh (1,130,000 speakers), Subarnapur (364,000), Balangir (335,000), Sambalpur (275,000), Jharsuguda (245,000), Nuapada (145,000), Baudh (90,700), and Sundargarh (42,700).[12]
Script
The inscriptions and literary works from the Western Odisha region used the Odia script, which is attested through the inscriptions like the Stambeswari stone inscription of 1268 CE laid by the Eastern Ganga monarch Bhanu Deva I at Sonepur and the Meghla grant and Gobindpur charter of Raja Prithvi Sing of Sonepur State[13] and also through the major epic Kosalananda Kavya composed during the 17th century Chauhan rule under Raja Baliar Singh of the Sambalpur State, which was written in Sanskrit in Odia script.[14]
The Devanagari script may have been used in the past,[15] (the Hindi language was mandated in administration and education in Sambalpur for the brief period 1895–1901)[16]
Phonology
Sambalpuri has 28 consonant phonemes, 2 semivowel phonemes and 5 vowel phonemes.[17]
The following is a list of features and comparison with Standard Odia:[18]
Some key features include-
r-insertion: insertion or paragogue of /r/ at the end of Sambalpuri verbs
Word Medial Vowel Deletion - Syncope of certain word medial vowels, with exceptions seen in -ai diphthongs.
Vowel Harmony - a shift of /o/ to /u/. This is also seen in the Baleswari Odia dialect and to an extent the Ganjami Odia dialect.
Word Final Vowel Deletion - Apocope of word-final schwa (see Schwa deletion).
Word Medial Vowel Deletion- Syncope
Standard Odia
Sambalpuri
Meaning
ପଢ଼ିବା (paṛibā) padhibā
ପଢ଼୍ବାର୍ (paṛbār) padhbār
to study
ଗାଧେଇବା (gādheibā)
ଗାଧ୍ବାର୍ (gādhbār)
to bath
ହସିବା (hasibā)
ହସ୍ବାର୍ (hasbār)
to laugh
ବୁଲିବା (bulibā)
ବୁଲ୍ବାର୍ (bulbār)
to roam
ରାନ୍ଧିବା (rāndhibā)
ରାନ୍ଧ୍ବାର୍ (rāndhbār)
to cook
ଖେଳିବା (kheḷibā)
ଖେଲ୍ବାର୍ (khelbār)
to play
Exceptions to Word Medial Vowel Deletion- seen in '-ai' diphthongs
Standard Odia
Sambalpuri
Meaning
ଖାଇବା (khāibā)
ଖାଏବାର୍ (khāebār)
to eat
ଗାଇବା (gāibā)
ଗାଏବାର୍ (gāebār)
to sing
ପାଇବା (pāibā)
ପାଏବାର୍ (pāebār)
to get
ହାଇ (hāi)
ହାଇ (hāi)
yawn
ଗାଇ (gāi)
ଗାଏ (gāe)
cow
Vowel Harmony- 'o' to 'u' phoneme shift, feature also seen in Baleswari Odia dialect
Standard Odia
Sambalpuri
Meaning
ଶୋଇବା (soibā)
ସୁଇବାର୍ (suibār)
to sleep
ଖୋଜିବା (khojibā)
ଖୁଜ୍ବାର୍ (khujbār)
to search
Lengthening of Vowel Sound - vowels which appear in between consonants take their longer counterpart
Standard Odia
Sambalpuri
Meaning
ପାଣି (pāṇi)
ପାଏନ୍ (pāen)
water
ଚାରି (cāri)
ଚାଏର୍ (cāer)
four
Consonant shift- shift of 'ṇ' and 'ḷ' phonemes to 'n' and 'l'
Standard Odia
Sambalpuri
Meaning
ଫଳ (phaḷa)
ଫଲ୍ (phal)
fruit
Word Final Vowel Deletion(Schwa deletion Apocope)- a characteristic feature of Sambalpuri
Standard Odia
Sambalpuri
Meaning
ଭଲ (bhala)
ଭଲ୍ (bhal)
good
ବାଘ (bāgha)
ବାଘ୍ (bāgh)
tiger
କୁକୁର (kukura)
କୁକୁର୍ (kukur)
dog
ଲୋକ (loka)
ଲୋକ୍ (lok)
people
ଗଛ (gacha)
ଗଛ୍ (gach)
tree
ଫୁଲ (phula)
ଫୁଲ୍ (phul)
flower
ଭାତ (bhāta)
ଭାତ୍ (bhāt)
rice
ଘର (ghara)
ଘର୍ (ghar)
house
Sambalpuri words
Standard Odia
Sambalpuri
Meaning
ମାଛ (mācha)
ଝୁରି (jhuri)
fish
ବାଣ (bāṇa)
ଫଟ୍କା (phatka)
firecracker
Language movement
There has been a language movement campaigning for the recognition of the language. Its main objective has been the inclusion of the language into the 8th schedule of the Indian constitution.[19][20]
Literature
Satya Narayan Bohidar– writer and pioneer of Sambalpuri literature. Notable works include Ṭikcaham̐rā (1975), Sambalapurī bhāshāra sabda-bibhaba : bā, Saṃkshipta Sambalapurī byākaraṇa o racanā (1977)[21]
Haldhar Nag– Famous Sambalpuri poet and popularly known as "Lok kabi Ratna". His notable Sambalpuri works are- Lokgeet, Samparda, Krushnaguru, Mahasati Urmila, Tara Mandodari, Achhia, Bacchhar, Siri Somalai, Veer Surendra Sai, Karamsani, Rasia Kavi, Prem Paechan.[23] His works has been compiled into "Lokakabi Haladhar Granthabali"[24] and "Surata". He was awarded the Padma Shri in 2016.[25][26]
^Mathai & Kelsall 2013, pp. 4–6. The precise figures are 75–76%. This was based on comparisons of 210-item wordlists.
^Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. "C-16: Population by mother tongue, India – 2011". Retrieved 14 October 2022.
^Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. "C-16: Population by mother tongue, Odisha – 2011". Retrieved 16 December 2022.
^Pabitra Mohan Nayak (2011), Inscriptions of Orissa: With Special Reference to Subarnapur, Readworthy, pp. 1, 14, 19, ISBN9789350181089, retrieved 14 March 2021
^Ashok kumar Patnaik (December 2009), The Mirror Reflection of Sambalpur State through the Courtly Chronicle called Kosalananda Kavyam, Odisha History Congress, p. 237, retrieved 12 March 2021
^Mahapatra, B.P. (2002). Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa(PDF). Kolkata, India: Language Division, Office of the Registrar General. p. 67,68. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^Dash, Suhasini (2019), Phonological Variations between Odia and Sambalpuri Optimality Theoretic Approach(PDF)
^Plea to include Kosli in 8th Schedule of Constitution
^Memorandum for Inclusion of Kosli Language in the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution
^Sudeep Kumar Guru (25 September 2010). "Poetry makes him known as new GangadharMeher". The Telegraph (India). Ananda Publishers. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^Nag, Haldhar, "Lokakabi Haladhar Granthabali", compiler – Dwarikanath Nayak, Bidya Prakashan, Cuttack, 2000, ISBN81-7703-009-4 (Five PhD theses on this class III-dropout poet)
Dash, Ashok Kumar (1990). Evolution of Sambalpuri language and its morphology (Thesis). Sambalpur University. hdl:10603/187859.
Mathai, Eldose K.; Kelsall, Juliana (2013). Sambalpuri of Orissa, India: A Brief Sociolinguistic Survey (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports.
Patel, Kunjaban (n.d.). A Sambalpuri phonetic reader (Thesis). Sambalpur University.
Sahu, Gobardhan (2001). Generative phonology of Sambalpuri: a study (revised) (PhD). Sambalpur University. hdl:10603/187791.
Sahu, Gopal Krishna (2002). A derivational morphology of Sambalpuri (Thesis). Sambalpur University. hdl:10603/187186.
External links and further reading
Biswal, Tuna (2010). "Politics of Sambalpuri or Kosali as a dialect of Oriy in Orissa" (PDF). Language in India. 10 (11).
Registered newspapers and magazines published in Kosli language
Datta, S.P. (2002). "Sambalpuri dialect". Linguistic survey of India: special studies: Orissa. Special studies / Linguistic Survey of India. Kolkata: Language Division, Office of the Registrar General, India. pp. 67–93.
February 14, 2023
sambalpuri, language, kosli, language, redirects, here, confused, with, kosali, term, also, used, awadhi, related, languages, sambalpuri, indo, aryan, language, variety, spoken, western, odisha, india, alternatively, known, western, odia, kosali, with, variant. Kosli language redirects here Not to be confused with Kosali a term also used for Awadhi and related languages Sambalpuri is an Indo Aryan language variety spoken in western Odisha India It is alternatively known as Western Odia and as Kosali with variants Kosli Koshal and Koshali 5 a recently popularised but controversial term which draws on an association with the historical region of Dakshina Kosala whose territories also included the present day Sambalpur region 6 7 SambalpuriWestern Odiaସମ ବଲପ ର Sambalpuri in Odia scriptNative toIndiaRegionWestern OdishaNative speakers2 63 million 2011 census 1 Language familyIndo European Indo IranianIndo AryanEasternOdiaSambalpuriWriting systemOdia 2 3 4 Language codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code spv class extiw title iso639 3 spv spv a Glottologsamb1325 Sambalpuriwest2384 Western OriyaSambalpuri speaking areas dialect continuum in green in Odisha and ChhattisgarhThis article contains Odia text Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Odia script source source source source source source source source source source source source source source A Sambalpuri speaker speaking three languages recorded in China Its speakers usually perceive it as a separate language while outsiders have seen it as a dialect of Odia 8 and standard Odia is used by Sambalpuri speakers for formal communication 9 A 2006 survey of the varieties spoken in four villages found out that they share three quarters of their basic vocabulary with Standard Odia 10 Contents 1 Geographical Distribution 2 Script 3 Phonology 4 Characteristics 5 Language movement 6 Literature 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links and further readingGeographical Distribution EditThere were 2 63 million people in India who declared their language to be Sambalpuri at the 2011 census almost all of them residents in Odisha 11 These speakers were mostly concetrated in the districts of Bargarh 1 130 000 speakers Subarnapur 364 000 Balangir 335 000 Sambalpur 275 000 Jharsuguda 245 000 Nuapada 145 000 Baudh 90 700 and Sundargarh 42 700 12 Script EditThe inscriptions and literary works from the Western Odisha region used the Odia script which is attested through the inscriptions like the Stambeswari stone inscription of 1268 CE laid by the Eastern Ganga monarch Bhanu Deva I at Sonepur and the Meghla grant and Gobindpur charter of Raja Prithvi Sing of Sonepur State 13 and also through the major epic Kosalananda Kavya composed during the 17th century Chauhan rule under Raja Baliar Singh of the Sambalpur State which was written in Sanskrit in Odia script 14 The Devanagari script may have been used in the past 15 the Hindi language was mandated in administration and education in Sambalpur for the brief period 1895 1901 16 Phonology EditSambalpuri has 28 consonant phonemes 2 semivowel phonemes and 5 vowel phonemes 17 Sambalpuri vowel phonemes Front Central BackHigh i uMid e o Low a ɔThere are no long vowels in Sambalpuri just like Standard Odia Sambalpuri consonant phonemes Labial Alveolar Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar GlottalNasal m nStop Affricate voiceless p t ʈ tʃ kvoiceless aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰvoiced b d ɖ dʒ ɡvoiced aspirated bʱ dʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱFricative s ɦTrill Flap ɾ ɽ ɽʰLateral approximant lApproximant w jSambalpuri shows loss of retroflex consonants like retroflex unaspirated nasal voiced retroflex nasal ɳ ଣ and voiced retroflex lateral approximant ɭ ଳ which are present in Standard Odia Characteristics EditThe following is a list of features and comparison with Standard Odia 18 Some key features include r insertion insertion or paragogue of r at the end of Sambalpuri verbs Word Medial Vowel Deletion Syncope of certain word medial vowels with exceptions seen in ai diphthongs Vowel Harmony a shift of o to u This is also seen in the Baleswari Odia dialect and to an extent the Ganjami Odia dialect Word Final Vowel Deletion Apocope of word final schwa see Schwa deletion Word Medial Vowel Deletion Syncope Standard Odia Sambalpuri Meaningପଢ ବ paṛiba padhiba ପଢ ବ ର paṛbar padhbar to studyଗ ଧ ଇବ gadheiba ଗ ଧ ବ ର gadhbar to bathହସ ବ hasiba ହସ ବ ର hasbar to laughବ ଲ ବ buliba ବ ଲ ବ ର bulbar to roamର ନ ଧ ବ randhiba ର ନ ଧ ବ ର randhbar to cookଖ ଳ ବ kheḷiba ଖ ଲ ବ ର khelbar to playExceptions to Word Medial Vowel Deletion seen in ai diphthongs Standard Odia Sambalpuri Meaningଖ ଇବ khaiba ଖ ଏବ ର khaebar to eatଗ ଇବ gaiba ଗ ଏବ ର gaebar to singପ ଇବ paiba ପ ଏବ ର paebar to getହ ଇ hai ହ ଇ hai yawnଗ ଇ gai ଗ ଏ gae cowVowel Harmony o to u phoneme shift feature also seen in Baleswari Odia dialect Standard Odia Sambalpuri Meaningଶ ଇବ soiba ସ ଇବ ର suibar to sleepଖ ଜ ବ khojiba ଖ ଜ ବ ର khujbar to searchLengthening of Vowel Sound vowels which appear in between consonants take their longer counterpart Standard Odia Sambalpuri Meaningପ ଣ paṇi ପ ଏନ paen waterଚ ର cari ଚ ଏର caer fourConsonant shift shift of ṇ and ḷ phonemes to n and l Standard Odia Sambalpuri Meaningଫଳ phaḷa ଫଲ phal fruitWord Final Vowel Deletion Schwa deletion Apocope a characteristic feature of Sambalpuri Standard Odia Sambalpuri Meaningଭଲ bhala ଭଲ bhal goodବ ଘ bagha ବ ଘ bagh tigerକ କ ର kukura କ କ ର kukur dogଲ କ loka ଲ କ lok peopleଗଛ gacha ଗଛ gach treeଫ ଲ phula ଫ ଲ phul flowerଭ ତ bhata ଭ ତ bhat riceଘର ghara ଘର ghar houseSambalpuri words Standard Odia Sambalpuri Meaningମ ଛ macha ଝ ର jhuri fishବ ଣ baṇa ଫଟ କ phatka firecrackerLanguage movement EditThere has been a language movement campaigning for the recognition of the language Its main objective has been the inclusion of the language into the 8th schedule of the Indian constitution 19 20 Literature EditSatya Narayan Bohidar writer and pioneer of Sambalpuri literature Notable works include Ṭikcaham ra 1975 Sambalapuri bhashara sabda bibhaba ba Saṃkshipta Sambalapuri byakaraṇa o racana 1977 21 Prayag Dutta Joshi Sambalpuri writer Nil Madhab Panigrahi Wrote Mahabharat Katha 22 Haldhar Nag Famous Sambalpuri poet and popularly known as Lok kabi Ratna His notable Sambalpuri works are Lokgeet Samparda Krushnaguru Mahasati Urmila Tara Mandodari Achhia Bacchhar Siri Somalai Veer Surendra Sai Karamsani Rasia Kavi Prem Paechan 23 His works has been compiled into Lokakabi Haladhar Granthabali 24 and Surata He was awarded the Padma Shri in 2016 25 26 Prafulla Kumar Tripathy Compiled the Sambalpuri Odia Dictionary Samalpuri Odia Shabdakosha 2001 27 Hema Chandra Acharya Wrote Ram Raha 2001 the Sambalpuri version of the Ramayana 28 See also EditSambalpuri cultureReferences Edit Sambalpuri Ethnologue Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India Director Anthropological Survey of India Indian Museum 1979 Chitrasen Pasayat 1998 Tribe Caste and Folk Culture Rawat Publications ISBN 9788170334576 Subodh Kapoor 2002 The Indian Encyclopaedia La Behmen Maheya Cosmo Publications pp 4240 ISBN 978 81 7755 271 3 Sambalpuri language at Ethnologue 21st ed 2018 Dash 1990 pp 4 5 G Sahu 2001 pp 7 8 G K Sahu 2002 pp 1 2 Patel n d cited in Mathai amp Kelsall 2013 p 3 Mathai amp Kelsall 2013 pp 4 6 The precise figures are 75 76 This was based on comparisons of 210 item wordlists Office of the Registrar General amp Census Commissioner India C 16 Population by mother tongue India 2011 Retrieved 14 October 2022 Office of the Registrar General amp Census Commissioner India C 16 Population by mother tongue Odisha 2011 Retrieved 16 December 2022 Pabitra Mohan Nayak 2011 Inscriptions of Orissa With Special Reference to Subarnapur Readworthy pp 1 14 19 ISBN 9789350181089 retrieved 14 March 2021 Ashok kumar Patnaik December 2009 The Mirror Reflection of Sambalpur State through the Courtly Chronicle called Kosalananda Kavyam Odisha History Congress p 237 retrieved 12 March 2021 Mathai amp Kelsall 2013 p 3 Untitled 13 Archived 17 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine Mahapatra B P 2002 Linguistic Survey of India Orissa PDF Kolkata India Language Division Office of the Registrar General p 67 68 Retrieved 5 August 2020 Dash Suhasini 2019 Phonological Variations between Odia and Sambalpuri Optimality Theoretic Approach PDF Plea to include Kosli in 8th Schedule of Constitution Memorandum for Inclusion of Kosli Language in the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution Satya Narayan Bohidar Open Library Panigrahi Nil Madhab Mahabharat Katha Lark books Bhubaneswar 1996 ISBN 81 7375 023 8 Sudeep Kumar Guru 25 September 2010 Poetry makes him known as new GangadharMeher The Telegraph India Ananda Publishers Retrieved 4 November 2010 Nag Haldhar Lokakabi Haladhar Granthabali compiler Dwarikanath Nayak Bidya Prakashan Cuttack 2000 ISBN 81 7703 009 4 Five PhD theses on this class III dropout poet 5 PhD theses on this class III dropout poet Translation takes Nag s poems to more readers www telegraphindia com Retrieved 14 February 2019 Prafulla Kumar Tripathy Odia Sahitya Hema Chandra Acharya Ram Raha Archive org Bibliography EditDash Ashok Kumar 1990 Evolution of Sambalpuri language and its morphology Thesis Sambalpur University hdl 10603 187859 Mathai Eldose K Kelsall Juliana 2013 Sambalpuri of Orissa India A Brief Sociolinguistic Survey Report SIL Electronic Survey Reports Patel Kunjaban n d A Sambalpuri phonetic reader Thesis Sambalpur University Sahu Gobardhan 2001 Generative phonology of Sambalpuri a study revised PhD Sambalpur University hdl 10603 187791 Sahu Gopal Krishna 2002 A derivational morphology of Sambalpuri Thesis Sambalpur University hdl 10603 187186 External links and further reading EditBiswal Tuna 2010 Politics of Sambalpuri or Kosali as a dialect of Oriy in Orissa PDF Language in India 10 11 Registered newspapers and magazines published in Kosli language Datta S P 2002 Sambalpuri dialect Linguistic survey of India special studies Orissa Special studies Linguistic Survey of India Kolkata Language Division Office of the Registrar General India pp 67 93 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sambalpuri language amp oldid 1137415558, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
