Liberal Party (Philippines)

The Liberal Party (Filipino and Spanish: Partido Liberal), abbreviated as the LP, is a liberal political party in the Philippines.^[9]

Liberal Party Partido Liberal
Logo since 2021
Abbreviation	LP
President	Edcel Lagman
Chairperson	Francis Pangilinan
Secretary-General	Teddy Baguilat
Founders	Manuel Roxas Elpidio Quirino
Founded	January 19, 1946; 76 years ago (1946-01-19)
Split from	Nacionalista Party
Headquarters	AGS Building, EDSA, Guadalupe Viejo, Makati City, Metro Manila
Think tank	Center for Liberalism and Democracy^[1]
Youth wing	Liberal Youth (LY)
Ideology	Liberalism^[2]^[3] Social liberalism^[4] Progressivism^[5]
Political position	Centre^[6] to centre-left^[7]
Regional affiliation	Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
International affiliation	Liberal International
Colors	Yellow,   red,   blue   Buff (customary)
Slogan	Bago. Bukas. Liberal. (since 2020)^[8]
Seats in the Senate	0 / 24
Seats in the House of Representatives	10 / 316
Provincial governorships	1 / 81
Provincial vice governorships	4 / 81
Provincial board members	25 / 1,023
Website
liberal.ph
Politics of the Philippines Political parties Elections

Founded on January 19, 1946, by Senate President Manuel Roxas, Senate President Pro-Tempore Elpidio Quirino, and former 9th Senatorial District Senator José Avelino from the breakaway liberal wing of the old Nacionalista Party (NP), the Liberal Party remains the second-oldest active political party in the Philippines after the NP, and the oldest continually-active party. The LP served as the governing party of four Philippine presidents: Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino, Diosdado Macapagal, and Benigno Aquino III. As a vocal opposition party to the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, it reemerged as a major political party after the People Power Revolution and the establishment of the Fifth Republic. It subsequently served as a senior member of President Corazon Aquino's UNIDO coalition. Upon Corazon Aquino's death in 2009, the party regained popularity, winning the 2010 Philippine presidential election under Benigno Aquino III and returning it to government to serve from 2010 to 2016. This was the only instance the party had won the presidency since the end of the Marcos dictatorship, however, as it lost control of the office to Rodrigo Duterte of PDP–Laban in the 2016 presidential election and became the leading opposition party once again. Its vice presidential candidate Leni Robredo won in the same election, however, narrowly beating the second candidate by a small margin.^[10]

The Liberal Party was the political party of the immediate past Vice President of the Philippines. In the 2019 midterm elections, the party remained the primary opposition party of the Philippines, holding three seats in the Senate. The LP was the largest party outside of Rodrigo Duterte's supermajority, holding 18 seats in the House of Representatives after 2019. In local government, the party held two provincial governorships and five vice governorships. The general election of 2022, however, was a setback for the party, which lost both the Presidency and Vice-Presidency, as well as all of its seats in the Senate, and saw its representation in the House of Representatives reduced.

The Liberal Party remains an influential organization in contemporary Philippine politics. With centre-left positions on social issues and centrist positions on economic issues, it is commonly associated with the post-revolution, liberal-democratic status quo of the Philippines in contrast to authoritarianism, neoconservatism, and socialism. Aside from presidents, the party has been led by liberal thinkers and progressive politicians including Benigno Aquino Jr., Jovito Salonga, Raul Daza, Florencio B. Abad Jr., Franklin Drilon, and Mar Roxas. Two of its members, Corazon Aquino and Leila de Lima, have received the prestigious Prize For Freedom, one of the highest international awards for liberal and democratic politicians since 1985 given by Liberal International. The Liberal Party is a member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats and Liberal International.

History

 

The Liberal Party logo from 1953 to 1965.

 

The Liberal Party logo from 1965 to 2010 and again from 2016 to 2021.

 

The Liberal Party logo during the term of President Noynoy Aquino from 2010 to 2016.

Founding

The Liberal Party was founded on January 19, 1946, by Manuel Roxas,^[11][2] the first President of the Third Philippine Republic.^[11] It was formed by Roxas from what was once the "Liberal Wing" of the Nacionalista Party.^[11] Two more Presidents of the Philippines elected into office came from the LP: Elpidio Quirino and Diosdado Macapagal.^[12][13] Two other presidents came from the ranks of the LP, as former members of the party who later joined the Nacionalistas: Ramon Magsaysay and Ferdinand Marcos.^[14]

Martial law era

During the days leading to his declaration of martial law, Marcos would find his old party as a potent roadblock to his quest for one-man rule. Led by Ninoy Aquino, Gerry Roxas and Jovito Salonga, the LP would hound President Marcos on issues like human rights and the curtailment of freedoms. Even after Marcos' declaration of martial law silenced the LP, the party continued to oppose the regime, and many of its leaders and members would be prosecuted and even killed during this time.^[2][11]

Post-EDSA

After democracy was restored after the People Power Revolution, the LP was instrumental in ending more than half a century of US military presence in the Philippines with its campaign in the 1991 senate to reject a new RP-US Bases Treaty. This ironically cost the party dearly, losing for it the elections of 1992. In 2000, it was in opposition to the Joseph Estrada administration, actively supporting the Resign-Impeach-Oust initiatives that led to People Power II.^[2][11]

On March 2, members of the LP installed Manila Mayor Lito Atienza as the party president, which triggered an LP leadership struggle and party schism. The Supreme Court later proclaimed Drilon the true president of the party, leaving the Atienza wing expelled.^[11][2]

The Benigno Aquino III administration

The Liberal Party regained influence when it nominated as its next presidential candidate then-Senator Benigno Aquino III,^[11] the son of former President Corazon Aquino, for the 2010 Philippine presidential election after the latter's death that subsequently showed a groundswell of support for his candidacy.^[15] Even though the party had earlier nominated Sen. Manuel "Mar" Roxas II to be its presidential candidate for the 2010 Philippine general election, Roxas gave way to Aquino and instead ran for vice president. The party was able to field new members breaking away from the then-ruling party Lakas–Kampi–CMD, becoming the largest minority party in Congress.^[2][11][16] Aquino would later win by plurality, and the LP would become the majority party in Congress.^[17]

2016–present

In the 2016 presidential elections, the Liberal Party nominated Mar Roxas, former Department of Transportation and Communications (DoTC) and Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) secretary, and Leni Robredo, a representative from Naga City and widow of Jesse Robredo, the DILG secretary who preceded Roxas, as the party's presidential and vice presidential candidates. Robredo won, while Roxas lost. Most of the party's members either switched allegiance to PDP–Laban,^[18][19][20] joined a supermajority alliance but retained their LP membership (with some defecting later), joined the "recognized minority", or created an opposition bloc called "Magnificent 7".

As early as February 2017, the leaders of the Liberal Party chose to focus on rebuilding the party by inviting sectoral representation of non-politicians in its membership numbers.^[21] Since then the party had been inducting new members who were non-politicians, some of whom applied online through the party's website, Liberal.ph.^[22][23][24] Before the scheduled 2019 general elections, the LP formed Otso Diretso, an electoral coalition of eight candidates for the senate race; led by the party, the coalition field also comprised members of the Magdalo Party-List, Akbayan Citizens Action Party, and Aksyon Demokratiko.^[25][26][27] None of the eight senatorial candidates under Otso Diretso won a seat, however; it was the first time in the history of the current bicameral composition of the Philippine Congress under the 1987 Constitution that the opposition failed to win a seat in one of the chambers, and the second time that a Liberal Party-led coalition suffered a great loss since 1955.

For the 2022 Philippine presidential election, the Liberal Party nominated Leni Robredo and Francis Pangilinan for the presidential and vice presidential posts, respectively.^[28][29]

Ideology

While the Liberal Party defines its ideology as social liberalism,^[30] the party has often been described as a "centrist" or "liberal" party. Historically, the Liberal Party has been evaluated as a "conservative" party,^[31][32] with an ideology similar to or indistinguishable from the Nacionalista Party's ideology,^[33][34] until it became the opposition party under the Marcos dictatorship, wherein it became more liberal.^[35] Being a founding member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats and a full member of Liberal International, the Liberal Party advocates the values of "freedom, justice and solidarity (bayanihan)," as described in the party's values charter.^[36][37] Although this may be deemed theoretically true since the party's founding in 1946, it became more tangible through the party's position of continuing dissent during the Marcos dictatorship.

Since 2017, the party has opened party membership to the general public and to key sectors of society, aiming to harness a large volunteering base. According to the party, this aims to ostensibly build on "the promise of becoming a true people’s party".

Current political positions

The party has declared policies geared toward inclusiveness and people empowerment.^[38][9] It also advocates and supports secure jobs, food, shelter, universal health care, public education access, and other social services, and is against extrajudicial killings, any challenge to the rule of law, and curtailments of human rights strictures. The party also aims to form an open government with participatory democracy, positions that have been supported by the party's recent leaders.^[39][40]

Economic policy

• Improve social safety nets.^[41][42]
• Impose 1% wealth tax on individuals with net value assets exceeding ₱1 billion.^[43]
• Create tax exemptions for selected products.^[44]
• Maximize the budget windfall of local governments for antipoverty projects.^[45]
• Increase minimum wages.^[46]
• Declare and address an "education crisis",^[47] increase the education budget to 6% of GDP, streamline teachers' function,^[48] and establish special education (SPED) centers in all public schools.^[49]
• Develop an inter-sectoral approach and convergence of roles for the attainment of a functioning universal health care,^[50] provide due fixed allowances and statutory benefits to barangay health workers,^[51] and fix the corruption in PhilHealth.^[52]
• Prioritize infrastructure for spurring rural development, transportation, water resource management, and climate resilience, funded through public-private partnerships rather than loans.^[53]
• Upgrade science and technology research and development funding^[54] and promote data-driven agriculture.^[55]
• Invest in subsidies to promote renewable energy^[56][57] and implement better waste disposal to mitigate sea pollution.^[58]
• Prioritize a job guarantee program^[59] and expand coverage of the SSS and Pag-Ibig.^[60]
• Promote financial literacy.^[61]
• Offer voucher programs for access to private colleges and universities.^[48]
• Enact a law calling for equal participation of women in the economy and in decision-making positions, both in public and private organizations.^[62]
• Addressing systemic corruption in government.^[4][63]
• Cleaner air and water and sustainable arable land as well as extensive programs against climate change.

Legal issues

Senator Leila de Lima, who led an investigation into alleged extrajudicial deaths in the early months of Duterte's war on drugs, was issued an arrest warrant in 2017 based on charges linked to the New Bilibid Prison drug trafficking scandal, which the party claimed was based on trumped-up charges, labelling the arrest "patently illegal".^[64] While on the whole, de Lima's investigation was seen by some pundits as an adversarial investigation that was a strategic mistake, others in the party simply saw it as a call to a review of the party's principles and how members have adhered to them.^{[65][64][63][66][67]}

In 2019, the party, along with other groups, was accused of planning a coup against the Duterte government. The party denounced the allegation and called it a state-sponsored threat of legal abuse, demanding the government provide evidence to back the claims.^[68]

Current party officials

• President: Albay Representative Edcel Lagman (2022–present)
• Vice President: Former Quezon Representative Lorenzo Tañada III (2022–present)
• Chairperson: Former Senator Francis Pangilinan (2022–present)
• Vice Chairperson: Former Quezon City Representative Kit Belmonte (2022–present)
• Secretary-General: Former Ifugao Representative Teddy Baguilat (2022–present)
• Treasurer: Oriental Mindoro Representative Alfonso Umali Jr. (2022–present)

Presidents

Term in Office	Name
January 19, 1946 – April 15, 1948	Manuel Roxas^[11]
January 19, 1946 – May 8, 1949	José Avelino
April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1950	Elpidio Quirino
December 30, 1950 – December 30, 1957	Eugenio Pérez
December 30, 1957 – December 30, 1965	Diosdado Macapagal
December 30, 1965 – May 10, 1969	Cornelio T. Villareal
May 10, 1969 – April 19, 1982	Gerardo Roxas
April 20, 1982 – June 1, 1993	Jovito Salonga
June 2, 1993 – October 17, 1994	Wigberto Tañada
October 18, 1994 – September 19, 1999	Raul A. Daza
September 20, 1999 – August 9, 2004	Florencio Abad
August 10, 2004 – November 5, 2007	Franklin Drilon
November 6, 2007 – September 30, 2012	Mar Roxas
October 1, 2012 – August 7, 2016	Joseph Emilio Abaya
August 8, 2016 – September 30, 2022	Francis Pangilinan
September 30, 2022 – present	Edcel Lagman

Electoral performance

Presidential elections

Year	Candidate	Votes	%	Result	Outcome
1946	Manuel Roxas	1,333,006	53.93	Won	Manuel Roxas won
1949	Elpidio Quirino^[a]	1,803,808	50.93	Won	Elpidio Quirino won
	José Avelino^[a]	419,890	11.85	Lost
1953	Elpidio Quirino	1,313,991	31.08	Lost	Ramon Magsaysay (Nacionalista) won
1957	José Yulo	1,386,829	27.62	Lost	Carlos P. Garcia (Nacionalista) won
	Antonio Quirino^[b]	60,328	1.20	Lost
1961	Diosdado Macapagal	3,554,840	55.00	Won	Diosdado Macapagal won
1965	Diosdado Macapagal	3,187,752	42.88	Lost	Ferdinand Marcos (Nacionalista) won
1969	Sergio Osmeña Jr.	3,143,122	38.51	Lost	Ferdinand Marcos (Nacionalista) won
1981	Not participating			—	Ferdinand Marcos (KBL) won
1986	None; main wing endorsed Corazon Aquino (UNIDO), while Kalaw had no running mate.			Disputed	Corazon Aquino assumed presidency
1992	Jovito Salonga	2,302,123	10.16	Lost	Fidel V. Ramos (Lakas–NUCD) won
1998	Alfredo Lim	2,344,362	8.71	Lost	Joseph Estrada (LAMMP) won
2004	None; endorsed Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas–CMD)			—	Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas–CMD) won
2010	Benigno Aquino III	15,208,678	42.08	Won	Benigno Aquino III won
2016	Mar Roxas	9,978,175	23.45	Lost	Rodrigo Duterte (PDP–Laban) won
2022	Leni Robredo^[c]	15,035,773	27.94	Lost	Bongbong Marcos (PFP) won

Vice presidential elections

Year	Candidate	Votes	%	Result	Outcome
1946	Elpidio Quirino	1,161,725	52.36	Won	Elpidio Quirino won
1949	Fernando Lopez^[a]	1,341,284	52.19	Won	Fernando López won
	Vicente J. Francisco^[a]	44,510	1.73	Lost
1953	José Yulo	1,483,802	37.10	Lost	Carlos P. Garcia (Nacionalista) won
1957	Diosdado Macapagal	2,189,197	46.55	Won	Diosdado Macapagal won
1961	Emmanuel Pelaez	2,394,400	37.57	Won	Emmanuel Pelaez won
1965	Gerardo Roxas	3,504,826	48.12	Lost	Fernando López (Nacionalista) won
1969	Genaro Magsaysay	2,968,526	37.54	Lost	Fernando López (Nacionalista) won
1981	Vice presidency abolished
1986	None; main wing endorsed Salvador Laurel (UNIDO)			Disputed	Salvador Laurel (UNIDO) assumed vice presidency
	Eva Estrada Kalaw	662,185	3.31
1992	None; Salonga's running mate was Aquilino Pimentel Jr. (PDP–Laban)	2,023,289	9.91	Lost	Joseph Estrada (NPC) won
1998	Serge Osmeña	2,351,462	9.20	Lost	Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas–NUCD–UMDP) won
2004	None; endorsed Noli de Castro (Independent)			—	Noli de Castro (Independent) won
2010	Mar Roxas	13,918,490	39.58	Lost	Jejomar Binay (PDP–Laban) won
2016	Leni Robredo	14,418,817	35.11	Won	Leni Robredo won
2022	Francis Pangilinan	9,329,207	17.82	Lost	Sara Duterte (Lakas–CMD) won

Legislative elections

Senate Year Votes % Seats +/– Result Senate of the Philippines 1946 8,626,965 47.7 9 / 24 N/A Minority 1947 12,241,929 54.5 15 / 24   6 Majority 1949 12,782,449 52.5 18 / 24   3 Majority 1951 8,764,190 39.9 12 / 24   6 Majority 1953 8,861,244 36.0 7 / 24   5 Minority 1955 7,395,988 28.9 0 / 24   4 Lost 1957 8,934,218 31.8 2 / 24   2 Minority 1959 10,850,799 31.7 4 / 24   2 Minority 1961 14,988,931 37.9 8 / 24   4 Minority 1963 22,794,310 49.8 10 / 24   2 Majority 1965 23,158,197 46.9 12 / 24   Minority 1967 18,127,926 37.1 7 / 24   3 Minority 1969 21,060,474 39.1 5 / 24   2 Minority 1971 33,469,677 57.4 8 / 24   3 Minority Senate abolished from 1973 to 1986. 1987 # % 9 / 24 N/A Majority 1992 19,158,013 6.9 1 / 24   3 Majority 1995 Not participating   — 1998 5,429,123 2.6 0 / 24   Lost 2001 19,131,732 7.9 1 / 24   1 Majority 2004 30,008,158 12.0 4 / 24   3 Majority 2007 28,843,415 10.7 4 / 24   Split 2010 78,227,817 26.34 4 / 24   Majority 2013 33,369,204 11.32 4 / 24   Majority 2016 100,512,795 31.30 6 / 24   2 Split 2019 43,273,583 11.97 3 / 24   3 Minority 2022 20,243,622 4.66 0 / 24   3 Lost In 1949, the Liberal Party was split into two wings, one led by Quirino or the "Quirino wing", and another led by Avelino or the "Avelino wing". Quirino ran under his own wing of the Liberal Party, while the rest of the party supported Yulo's candidacy. Ran as an independent candidate while retaining membership.^[69]

House of Representatives Year Votes % Seats +/– Result Congress of the Philippines 1946 1,129,971 47.06 49 / 98 N/A Lost 1949 1,834,173 53.00 60 / 100   11 Majority 1953 1,624,571 39.81 31 / 102   35 Minority 1957 1,453,527 30.16 19 / 102   40 Minority 1961 2,167,641 33.71 29 / 104   10 Minority 1965 3,721,460 51.32 61 / 104   32 Majority 1969 2,641,786 41.76 18 / 110   43 Minority Interim Batasang Pambansa 1978 Not participating   18 Lost Regular Batasang Pambansa 1984 Not participating   — Congress of the Philippines 1987 2,101,575 10.5 4 / 200   4 Majority 1992 1,644,568 8.8 11 / 200   7 Majority 1995 358,245 1.9 5 / 226   6 Majority 1998 1,773,124 7.3 15 / 258   10 Majority 2001 # % 19 / 256   3 Majority 2004 # % 29 / 261   10 Majority 2007 # % 23 / 270   6 Majority 2010 6,802,227 19.93 47 / 286  14 Majority 2013 10,557,265 38.27 109 / 292  62 Majority 2016 15,552,401 41.72 115 / 297   6 Split 2019 2,321,759 5.78 18 / 304   97 Minority 2022 1,823,426 3.78 10 / 316   8 Split

Notable members

Philippine presidents

• Manuel Roxas (5th President of the Philippines; one of the co-founders)
• Elpidio Quirino (6th President of the Philippines)
• Diosdado Macapagal (9th President of the Philippines)
• Ferdinand Marcos (10th President of the Philippines) – Marcos won in 1965 as the candidate of the Liberal Party's rival Nacionalista Party, the party to which Marcos defected after failing to get the LP nomination.
• Benigno Aquino III (15th President of the Philippines)
• Rodrigo Duterte (16th President of the Philippines) – A former party chair in Davao City from 2009, Duterte left the party in 2015. He won the presidency in 2016 under the PDP-Laban ticket.^[70][71]

Others

• List of Liberal Party (Philippines) members

Coalition

• Akbayan^[72]
• Katipunan ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino^[73]
• Magdalo^[74]
• Makabayan^[75]
• Partido Reporma^[76]

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