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Harley-Davidson

February 16, 2024

"Harley Davidson" redirects here. For the speed skater, see Harley Davidson (skater).

Harley-Davidson, Inc. (H-D, or simply Harley) is an American motorcycle manufacturer headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. Founded in 1903, it is one of two major American motorcycle manufacturers to survive the Great Depression along with its historical rival, Indian Motorcycles.[3] The company has survived numerous ownership arrangements, subsidiary arrangements, periods of poor economic health and product quality, and intense global competition[4] to become one of the world's largest motorcycle manufacturers and an iconic brand widely known for its loyal following. There are owner clubs and events worldwide, as well as a company-sponsored, brand-focused museum.

Harley-Davidson, Inc.
Headquarters in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Company typePublic
ISINUS4128221086
Founded1903; 121 years ago (1903)
FounderWilliam S. Harley
Arthur Davidson
Walter Davidson
William A. Davidson
HeadquartersMilwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.
43°02′46″N 87°57′36″W / 43.04611°N 87.96000°W / 43.04611; -87.96000
Key people
Jochen Zeitz (CEO and chairman)[1]
ProductsMotorcycles
Production output
 194,256 units (2021)[2]
Revenue US$4.540 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[2]
US$823 Million (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[2]
US$650.0 Million (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[2]
Total assets US$11.051 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[2]
Total equity US$2.553 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[2]
Number of employees
≈5,800 (2021)[2]
SubsidiariesHarley-Davidson EMEA
Harley-Davidson Brazil
Harley-Davidson India
Harley-Davidson Asia
Websiteharley-davidson.com

Harley-Davidson is noted for a style of customization that gave rise to the chopper motorcycle style.[5] The company traditionally marketed heavyweight, air-cooled cruiser motorcycles with engine displacements greater than 700 cc, but it has broadened its offerings to include more contemporary VRSC (2002) and middle-weight Street (2015) platforms.

Harley-Davidson manufactures its motorcycles at factories in[6] York, Pennsylvania; Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin; Tomahawk, Wisconsin; Manaus, Brazil; and Rayong, Thailand.[7] The company markets its products worldwide, and also licenses and markets merchandise under the Harley-Davidson brand, among them apparel, home décor and ornaments, accessories, toys, scale models of its motorcycles, and video games based on its motorcycle line and the community.

History edit

 
From left: William A. Davidson, Walter Davidson Sr., Arthur Davidson and William S. Harley

In 1901, 20-year-old William S. Harley drew up plans for a small engine with a displacement of 7.07 cubic inches (116 cc) and four-inch (102 mm) flywheels[8][9] designed for use in a regular pedal-bicycle frame. Over the next two years, he and his childhood friend Arthur Davidson worked on their motor-bicycle using the northside Milwaukee machine shop at the home of their friend Henry Melk. It was finished in 1903 with the help of Arthur's brother Walter Davidson. Upon testing their power-cycle, Harley and the Davidson brothers found it unable to climb the hills around Milwaukee without pedal assistance, and they wrote off their first motor-bicycle as a valuable learning experiment.[10]

The three began work on a new and improved machine with an engine of 24.74 cubic inches (405 cc) with 9.75 in (24.8 cm) flywheels weighing 28 lb (13 kg). Its advanced loop-frame pattern was similar to the 1903 Milwaukee Merkel motorcycle designed by Joseph Merkel, later of Flying Merkel fame. The bigger engine and loop-frame design took it out of the motorized bicycle category and marked the path to future motorcycle designs. They also received help with their bigger engine from outboard motor pioneer Ole Evinrude, who was then building gas engines of his own design for automotive use on Milwaukee's Lake Street.

 
Prototype

The prototype of the new loop-frame Harley-Davidson was assembled in a 10 ft × 15 ft (3.0 m × 4.6 m) shed in the Davidson family backyard.[11][12] Most of the major parts, however, were made elsewhere, including some probably fabricated at the West Milwaukee railshops where oldest brother William A. Davidson was toolroom foreman. This prototype machine was functional by September 8, 1904, when it competed in a Milwaukee motorcycle race held at State Fair Park. Edward Hildebrand rode it and placed fourth in the race.[11]

In January 1905, the company placed small advertisements in the Automobile and Cycle Trade Journal offering bare Harley-Davidson engines to the do-it-yourself trade. By April, they were producing complete motorcycles on a very limited basis. That year, Harley-Davidson dealer Carl H. Lang of Chicago sold three bikes from the five built in the Davidson backyard shed. Years later, the company moved the original shed to the Juneau Avenue factory where it stood for many decades as a tribute.

In 1906, Harley and the Davidson brothers built their first factory on Chestnut Street (later Juneau Avenue),[13] at the current location of Harley-Davidson's corporate headquarters.[14] The first Juneau Avenue plant was a 40 ft × 60 ft (12 m × 18 m) single-story wooden structure. The company produced about 50 motorcycles that year.

 
1907 model
 
Harley-Davidson 1,000 cc HT 1916

In 1907, William S. Harley graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison with a degree in mechanical engineering. That year, they expanded the factory with a second floor and later with facings and additions of Milwaukee pale yellow ("cream") brick. With the new facilities, production increased to 150 motorcycles in 1907. The company was officially incorporated that September. They also began selling their motorcycles to police departments around this time, a market that has been important to them ever since.[15] In 1907, William A. Davidson quit his job as tool foreman for the Milwaukee Road railroad and joined the Motor Company.

Production in 1905 and 1906 were all single-cylinder models with 26.84-cubic-inch (440 cc) engines. In February 1907, they displayed a prototype model at the Chicago Automobile Show with a 45-degree V-Twin engine. Very few V-Twin models were built between 1907 and 1910. These first V-Twins displaced 53.68 cubic inches (880 cc) and produced about 7 horsepower (5.2 kW). This gave about double the power of the first singles, and top speed was about 60 mph (100 km/h). Production jumped from 450 motorcycles in 1908 to 1,149 machines in 1909.[16]

 
Harley-Davidson works in 1911

In 1911, the company introduced an improved V-Twin model with a displacement of 49.48 cubic inches (811 cc) and mechanically operated intake valves, as opposed to the "automatic" intake valves used on earlier V-Twins that opened by engine vacuum. It was smaller than earlier twins but gave better performance. After 1913, the majority of bikes produced by Harley-Davidson were V-Twin models.

In 1912, Harley-Davidson introduced their patented "Ful-Floteing Seat", which was suspended by a coil spring inside the seat tube.[17] The spring tension could be adjusted to suit the rider's weight, and more than 3 inches (76 mm) of travel was available.[18] Harley-Davidson used seats of this type until 1958.[19]

By 1913, the yellow brick factory had been demolished and a new five-story structure had been built on the site which took up two blocks along Juneau Avenue and around the corner on 38th Street. Despite the competition, Harley-Davidson was already pulling ahead of Indian and dominated motorcycle racing after 1914. Production that year swelled to 16,284 machines.

 
Ralph Hepburn on his Harley racing bike in 1919

World War I edit

In 1917, the United States entered World War I and the military demanded motorcycles for the war effort.[20] Harleys had already been used by the military in the Pancho Villa Expedition[21][22] but World War I was the first time that it was adopted for military issue, first with the British Model H produced by Triumph Motorcycles Ltd in 1915.[23] The U.S. military purchased over 20,000 motorcycles from Harley-Davidson.[24]

Harley-Davidson launched a line of bicycles in 1917 in hopes of recruiting more domestic customers for its motorcycles. Models included the traditional diamond frame men's bicycle, a step-through frame 3–18 "Ladies Standard", and a 5–17 "Boy Scout" for youth. The effort was discontinued in 1923 because of disappointing sales.[25] The bicycles were built for Harley-Davidson in Dayton, Ohio by the Davis Machine Company from 1917 to 1921, when Davis stopped manufacturing bicycles.[26]

1920s edit

 
Harley-Davidson 1000 cc HT 1923

By 1920 Harley-Davidson was the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world, with 28,189 machines produced and dealers in 67 countries.[27] In 1921, Otto Walker set a record on a Harley-Davidson as the first motorcycle to win a race at an average speed greater than 100 mph (160 km/h).[28][29]

Harley-Davidson put several improvements in place during the 1920s, such as a new 74 cubic inch (1,212.6  cc) V-Twin introduced in 1921, and the "teardrop" gas tank in 1925. They added a front brake in 1928, although only on the J/JD models.[30] In the late summer of 1929, Harley-Davidson introduced its 45-cubic-inch (737 cc) flathead V-Twin to compete with the Indian 101 Scout and the Excelsior Super X.[31] This was the "D" model produced from 1929 to 1931.[32] Riders of Indian motorcycles derisively referred to it as the "three cylinder Harley" because the generator was upright and parallel to the front cylinder.[33] In 1929, Vivian Bales drove a record 5,000 miles across the United States and Canada on a D-model.[34]

Great Depression edit

 
Harley-Davidson 1,200 cc SV 1931

The Great Depression began a few months after the introduction of their 45 cu in (740 cm3) model. Harley-Davidson's sales fell from 21,000 in 1929 to 3,703 in 1933. Despite this, Harley-Davidson unveiled a new lineup for 1934, which included a flathead engine and Art Deco styling.[35]

In order to survive the remainder of the Depression, the company manufactured industrial powerplants based on their motorcycle engines. They also designed and built a three-wheeled delivery vehicle called the Servi-Car, which remained in production until 1973.[31]

 
Harley-Davidson UL

Alfred Rich Child opened a production line in Japan in the mid-1930s with the 74 cu in (1,210 cm3) VL. The Japanese license-holder, Sankyo Seiyaku Corporation, severed its business relations with Harley-Davidson in 1936 and continued manufacturing the VL under the Rikuo name.[36]

 
Harley-Davidson dealer in Texas, ca. 1930–1945

An 80 cubic inches (1,300 cm3) flathead engine was added to the line in 1935, by which time the single-cylinder motorcycles had been discontinued.[37]

In 1936, the 61E and 61EL models with the "Knucklehead" OHV engines were introduced.[38] Valvetrain problems in early Knucklehead engines required a redesign halfway through its first year of production and retrofitting of the new valvetrain on earlier engines.[39]

By 1937, all Harley-Davidson flathead engines were equipped with dry-sump oil recirculation systems similar to the one introduced in the "Knucklehead" OHV engine. The revised 74 cubic inches (1,210 cm3) V and VL models were renamed U and UL, the 80 cu in (1,300 cm3) VH and VLH to be renamed UH and ULH, and the 45 cu in (740 cm3) R to be renamed W.[38]

In 1941, the 74-cubic-inch "Knucklehead" was introduced as the F and the FL. The 80 cu in (1,300 cm3) flathead UH and ULH models were discontinued after 1941, while the 74-cubic-inchU & UL flathead models were produced up to 1948.[38]

World War II edit

 
Harley copied the BMW R71 to produce its XA model.

One of only two American motorcycle manufacturers to survive the Great Depression (the other being the Indian Motorcycle Manufacturing Company),[40][41] Harley-Davidson again produced large numbers of motorcycles for the US Army in World War II and resumed civilian production afterwards, producing a range of large V-twin motorcycles that were successful both on racetracks and for private buyers.

Harley-Davidson, on the eve of World War II, was already supplying the Army with a military-specific version of its 45 cubic inches (740 cm3) WL line, called the WLA. The A in this case stood for "Army". Upon the outbreak of war, the company, along with most other manufacturing enterprises, shifted to war work. More than 90,000 military motorcycles, mostly WLAs and WLCs (the Canadian version) were produced, many to be provided to allies.[42] Harley-Davidson received two Army-Navy "E" Awards, one in 1943 and the other in 1945, which were awarded for Excellence in Production.

 
Harley-Davidson produced the WLC for the Canadian military.

Shipments to the Soviet Union under the Lend-Lease program numbered at least 30,000.[43] The WLAs produced during all four years of war production generally have 1942 serial numbers. Production of the WLA stopped at the end of World War II, but was resumed from 1950 to 1952 for use in the Korean War.

The U.S. Army also asked Harley-Davidson to produce a new motorcycle with many of the features of BMW's side-valve and shaft-driven R71. Harley-Davidson largely copied the BMW engine and drive train and produced the shaft-driven 750 cc 1942 Harley-Davidson XA. This shared no dimensions, no parts or no design concepts (except side valves) with any prior Harley-Davidson engine. Due to the superior cooling of the flat-twin engine with the cylinders across the frame, Harley's XA cylinder heads ran 100 °F (56 °C) cooler than its V-twins.[44] The XA never entered full production: the motorcycle by that time had been eclipsed by the Jeep as the Army's general-purpose vehicle, and the WLA – already in production – was sufficient for its limited police, escort, and courier roles. Only 1,000 were made and the XA never went into full production. It remains the only shaft-driven Harley-Davidson ever made.

Small: Hummer, Sportcycle and Aermacchi edit

 
Harley-Davidson Hummer
 
Sportcycle, 1966 "Young America" advertising campaign[45]
See also: Harley-Davidson Hummer and Harley-Davidson Topper

As part of war reparations, Harley-Davidson acquired the design of a small German motorcycle, the DKW RT 125, which they adapted, manufactured, and sold from 1948 to 1966.[46] Various models were made, including the Hummer from 1955 to 1959, but they are all colloquially referred to as "Hummers" at present.[47] BSA in the United Kingdom took the same design as the foundation of their BSA Bantam.[48]

 
1971 Aermacchi Harley-Davidson Turismo Veloce

In 1960, Harley-Davidson consolidated the Model 165 and Hummer lines into the Super-10, introduced the Topper scooter,[49] and bought fifty percent of Aermacchi's motorcycle division.[49][50] Importation of Aermacchi's 250 cc horizontal single began the following year.[50][51][52] The bike bore Harley-Davidson badges and was marketed as the Harley-Davidson Sprint.[51][52] The engine of the Sprint was increased to 350 cc in 1969[50][53] and would remain that size until 1974, when the four-stroke Sprint was discontinued.[53]

After the Pacer and Scat models were discontinued at the end of 1965, the Bobcat became the last of Harley-Davidson's American-made two-stroke motorcycles. The Bobcat was manufactured only in the 1966 model year.[54]

Harley-Davidson replaced their American-made lightweight two-stroke motorcycles with the Italian Aermacchi-built two-stroke powered M-65, M-65S, and Rapido. The M-65 had a semi-step-through frame and tank. The M-65S was a M-65 with a larger tank that eliminated the step-through feature. The Rapido was a larger bike with a 125 cc engine.[55] The Aermacchi-built Harley-Davidsons became entirely two-stroke powered when the 250 cc two-stroke SS-250 replaced the four-stroke 350 cc Sprint in 1974.[56]

Harley-Davidson purchased full control of Aermacchi's motorcycle production in 1974 and continued making two-stroke motorcycles there until 1978, when they sold the facility to Cagiva, owned by the Castiglioni family.[49]

Tarnished reputation edit

 
Replica of the "Captain America bike" from the film Easy Rider

In 1952, following their application to the U.S. Tariff Commission for a 40 percent tax on imported motorcycles, Harley-Davidson was charged with restrictive practices.[57]

 
AMF H-D Electra Glide

In 1969, American Machine and Foundry (AMF) bought the company,[58][59] streamlined production, and slashed the workforce. This tactic resulted in a labor strike and cost-cutting produced lower-quality bikes.[4] Simultaneously, the Japanese "big four" manufacturers (Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki, and Yamaha)[60] revolutionized the North American market by introducing what the motoring press would call the Universal Japanese Motorcycle.[61] In comparison, Harley-Davidson's bikes were expensive and inferior in performance, handling, and quality. Sales and quality declined, and the company almost went bankrupt.[4] The "Harley-Davidson" name was mocked as "Hardly Ableson", "Hardly Driveable", and "Hogly Ferguson",[62] and the nickname "Hog" became pejorative.[63]

In 1977, following the successful manufacture of the Liberty Edition to commemorate America's bicentennial in 1976,[64] Harley-Davidson produced what has become one of its most controversial models, the Harley-Davidson Confederate Edition. The bike was essentially a stock Harley-Davidson with Confederate-specific paint and details.[65]

Restructuring and revival edit

In 1981, AMF sold the company to a group of 13 investors led by Vaughn Beals and Willie G. Davidson for $80 million.[66] The new management team improved product quality, introduced new technologies, and adopted just-in-time inventory management.[67] These operational and product improvements were matched with a strategy of seeking tariff protection for large-displacement motorcycles in the face of intense competition with Japanese manufacturers. These protections were granted by the Reagan administration in 1983, giving Harley-Davidson time to implement their new strategies.[68][69]

Revising stagnated product designs was a crucial centerpiece of Harley-Davidson's turnaround strategy. Rather than trying to mimic popular Japanese designs, the new management deliberately exploited the "retro" appeal of Harley motorcycles, building machines that deliberately adopted the look and feel of their earlier bikes and the subsequent customizations of owners of that era. Many components such as brakes, forks, shocks, carburetors, electrics and wheels were outsourced from foreign manufacturers and quality increased, technical improvements were made, and buyers slowly returned.

Harley-Davidson bought the "Sub Shock" cantilever-swingarm rear suspension design from Missouri engineer Bill Davis and developed it into its Softail series of motorcycles, introduced in 1984 with the FXST Softail.[70]

In response to possible motorcycle market loss due to the aging of baby-boomers, Harley-Davidson bought luxury motorhome manufacturer Holiday Rambler in 1986.[71] In 1996, the company sold Holiday Rambler to the Monaco Coach Corporation.[72]

The "Sturgis" model, boasting a dual belt-drive, was introduced initially in 1980 and was made for three years. This bike was then brought back as a commemorative model in 1991.

Fat Boy, Dyna, and Harley-Davidson museum edit

Main articles: Harley-Davidson Fat Boy and Harley-Davidson Museum

By 1990, with the introduction of the "Fat Boy", Harley-Davidson once again became the sales leader in the heavyweight (over 750 cc) market.[73] At the time of the Fat Boy model introduction, a false etymology spread that "Fat Boy" was a combination of the names of the atomic bombs Fat Man and Little Boy.[74] This has been debunked, as the name "Fat Boy" actually comes from the observation that the motorcycle is somewhat wider than other bikes when viewed head-on.[75][76][77]

1993 and 1994 saw the replacement of FXR models with the Dyna (FXD), which became the sole rubber mount FX Big Twin frame in 1994. The FXR was revived briefly from 1999 to 2000 for special limited editions (FXR2, FXR3 & FXR4).[78]

Harley-Davidson celebrated their 100th anniversary on September 1, 2003 with a large event and concert featuring performances from Elton John, The Doobie Brothers, Kid Rock, and Tim McGraw.[79]

Construction started on the $75 million, 130,000 square-foot (12,000 m2) Harley-Davidson Museum in the Menomonee Valley of Milwaukee, Wisconsin on June 1, 2006. It opened in 2008 and houses the company's vast collection of historic motorcycles and corporate archives, along with a restaurant, café and meeting space.[80]

Overseas operations edit

Established in 1918, the oldest continuously operating Harley-Davidson dealership outside of the United States is in Australia.[14] Sales in Japan started in 1912[14] then in 1929, Harley-Davidsons were produced in Japan under license to the company Rikuo (Rikuo Internal Combustion Company)[81] under the name of Harley-Davidson and using the company's tooling, and later under the name Rikuo. Production continued until 1958.[82][83]

In 1998, the first Harley-Davidson factory outside the US opened in Manaus, Brazil, taking advantage of the free economic zone there. The location was positioned to sell motorcycles in the southern hemisphere market.[84][85]

In August 2009, Harley-Davidson launched Harley-Davidson India and started selling motorcycles there in 2010. The company established the subsidiary in Gurgaon, near Delhi, in 2011 and created an Indian dealer network.[86][87] On September 24, 2020, Harley Davidson announced that it would discontinue its sales and manufacturing operations in India due to weak demand and sales. The move involves $75 million in restructuring costs, 70 layoffs and the closure of its Bawal plant in northern India.[88]

Buell Motorcycle Company edit

Main article: Buell Motorcycle Company
 
Buell Lightning XB9SX

Harley-Davidson's association with sportbike manufacturer Buell Motorcycle Company began in 1987 when they supplied Buell with fifty surplus XR1000 engines. Buell continued to buy engines from Harley-Davidson until 1993, when Harley-Davidson bought 49 percent of the Buell Motorcycle Company.[89] Harley-Davidson increased its share in Buell to ninety-eight percent in 1998, and to complete ownership in 2003.[90]

In an attempt to attract newcomers to motorcycling in general and to Harley-Davidson in particular, Buell developed a low-cost, low-maintenance motorcycle. The resulting single-cylinder Buell Blast was introduced in 2000,[91] and was made through 2009, which, according to Buell, was to be the final year of production.[92] The Buell Blast was the training vehicle for the Harley-Davidson Rider's Edge New Rider Course from 2000 until May 2014, when the company re-branded the training academy and started using the Harley-Davidson Street 500 motorcycles. In those 14 years, more than 350,000 participants in the course learned to ride on the Buell Blast.[93]

On October 15, 2009, Harley-Davidson Inc. issued an official statement that it would be discontinuing the Buell line and ceasing production immediately, in order to focus on the Harley-Davidson brand.[94] The company refused to consider selling Buell.[95] Founder Erik Buell subsequently established Erik Buell Racing and continued to manufacture and develop the company's 1125RR racing motorcycle.[96]

Claims of stock price manipulation edit

 
Harley-Davidson, Inc. (NYSE:HOG) stock price (source: ZenoBank.com)

During its period of peak demand, during the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century, Harley-Davidson embarked on a program of expanding the number of dealerships throughout the country. At the same time, its current dealers typically had waiting lists that extended up to a year for some of the most popular models. Harley-Davidson, like the auto manufacturers, records a sale not when a consumer buys their product, but rather when it is delivered to a dealer. Therefore, it is possible for the manufacturer to inflate sales numbers by requiring dealers to accept more inventory than desired in a practice called channel stuffing. When demand softened following the unique 2003 model year, this news led to a dramatic decline in the stock price. In April 2004 alone, the price of HOG shares dropped from more than $60 to less than $40. Immediately prior to this decline, retiring CEO Jeffrey Bleustein profited $42 million on the exercise of employee stock options.[97] Harley-Davidson was named as a defendant in numerous class action suits filed by investors who claimed they were intentionally defrauded by Harley-Davidson's management and directors.[98] By January 2007, the price of Harley-Davidson shares reached $70.

Problems with Police Touring models edit

Starting around 2000, several police departments started reporting problems with high-speed instability on the Harley-Davidson Touring motorcycles.[99] A Raleigh, North Carolina police officer, Charles Paul, was killed when his 2002 police touring motorcycle crashed after reportedly experiencing a high-speed wobble.[100] The California Highway Patrol conducted testing of the Police Touring motorcycles in 2006. The CHP test riders reported experiencing wobble or weave instability while operating the motorcycles on the test track.[101]

2007 strike edit

On February 2, 2007, upon the expiration of their union contract, about 2,700 employees at Harley-Davidson Inc.'s largest manufacturing plant in York, Pennsylvania, went on strike after failing to agree on wages and health benefits.[102][103] During the pendency of the strike, the company refused to pay for any portion of the striking employees' health care.[104]

The day before the strike, after the union voted against the proposed contract and to authorize the strike, the company shut down all production at the plant. The York facility employs more than 3,200 workers, both union and non-union.[105]

Harley-Davidson announced on February 16, 2007, that it had reached a labor agreement with union workers at its largest manufacturing plant, a breakthrough in the two-week-old strike.[106] The strike disrupted Harley-Davidson's national production and was felt in Wisconsin, where 440 employees were laid off, and many Harley suppliers also laid off workers because of the strike.[107]

MV Agusta Group edit

On July 11, 2008, Harley-Davidson announced they had signed a definitive agreement to acquire the MV Agusta Group for US$109 million (€70M). MV Agusta Group contains two lines of motorcycles: the high-performance MV Agusta brand and the lightweight Cagiva brand.[108][109] The acquisition was completed on August 8.[110][111]

On October 15, 2009, Harley-Davidson announced that it would divest its interest in MV Agusta.[94] Harley-Davidson Inc. sold Italian motorcycle maker MV Agusta to Claudio Castiglioni – a member of the family that had purchased Aermacchi from H-D in 1978 – for a reported 3 euros, ending the transaction in the first week of August 2010. Castiglioni was MV Agusta's former owner, and had been MV Agusta's chairman since Harley-Davidson bought it in 2008. As part of the deal, Harley-Davidson put $26M into MV Agusta's accounts, essentially giving Castiglioni $26M to take the brand.[112][113]

Financial crisis edit

The 2007–2008 financial crisis and 2008–2010 automotive industry crisis affected also the motorcycle industry. According to Interbrand, the value of the Harley-Davidson brand fell by 43 percent to $4.34 billion in 2009. The fall in value is believed to be connected to the 66 percent drop in the company profits in two-quarters of the previous year.[114] On April 29, 2010, Harley-Davidson stated that they must cut $54 million in manufacturing costs from its production facilities in Wisconsin, and that they would explore alternative U.S. sites to accomplish this. The announcement came in the wake of a massive company-wide restructuring, which began in early 2009 and involved the closing of two factories, one distribution center, and the planned elimination of nearly 25 percent of its total workforce (around 3,500 employees). The company announced on September 14, 2010, that it would remain in Wisconsin.[115]

Motorcycle engines edit

 
1,450 cubic centimetres (88 cu in) V-twin
Main article: Harley-Davidson engine timeline

The classic Harley-Davidson engines are V-twin engines, with a 45° angle between the cylinders. The crankshaft has a single pin, and both pistons are connected to this pin through their connecting rods.[5]

This 45° angle is covered under several United States patents and is an engineering tradeoff that allows a large, high-torque engine in a relatively small space. It causes the cylinders to fire at uneven intervals and produces the choppy "potato-potato" sound so strongly linked to the Harley-Davidson brand.

To simplify the engine and reduce costs, the V-twin ignition was designed to operate with a single set of points and no distributor. This is known as a dual fire ignition system, causing both spark plugs to fire regardless of which cylinder was on its compression stroke, with the other spark plug firing on its cylinder's exhaust stroke, effectively "wasting a spark". The exhaust note is basically a throaty growling sound with some popping. The 45° design of the engine thus creates a plug firing sequencing as such: The first cylinder fires, the second (rear) cylinder fires 315° later, then there is a 405° gap until the first cylinder fires again, giving the engine its unique sound.[116]

Harley-Davidson has used various ignition systems, including the early points and condenser system on Big Twins and Sportsters up to 1978, a magneto ignition system used on some 1958 to 1969 Sportsters, an early electronic with centrifugal mechanical advance weights on all models from mid-1978 until 1979, and a later electronic with a transistorized ignition control module (more familiarly known as a black box or a brain) on all models 1980 to present.

Starting in 1995, the company introduced Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) as an option for the 30th anniversary edition Electra Glide.[117] EFI became standard on all Harley-Davidson motorcycles, including Sportsters, upon the introduction of the 2007 product line.[118]

In 1991, Harley-Davidson began to participate in the Sound Quality Working Group, founded by Orfield Labs, Bruel and Kjaer, TEAC, Yamaha, Sennheiser, SMS and Cortex. This was the nation's first group to share research on psychological acoustics. Later that year, Harley-Davidson participated in a series of sound quality studies at Orfield Labs, based on recordings taken at the Talladega Superspeedway, with the objective to lower the sound level for EU standards while analytically capturing the "Harley Sound".[119][120] This research resulted in the bikes that were introduced in compliance with EU standards for 1998.

On February 1, 1994, the company filed a sound trademark application for the distinctive sound of the Harley-Davidson motorcycle engine: "The mark consists of the exhaust sound of applicant's motorcycles, produced by V-twin, common crankpin motorcycle engines when the goods are in use". Nine of Harley-Davidson's competitors filed comments opposing the application, arguing that cruiser-style motorcycles of various brands use a single-crankpin V-twin engine which produce a similar sound.[121] These objections were followed by litigation. In June 2000, the company dropped efforts to register a sound trademark.[122][123]

Big V-twins edit

  • F-head, also known as JD, pocket valve and IOE (intake over exhaust), 1914–1929 (1,000 cc), and 1922–1929 (1,200 cc)
  • Flathead, 1930–1949 (1,200 cc) and 1935–1941 (1,300 cc).
  • Knucklehead, 1936–1947 61 cubic inch (1,000 cc), and 1941–1947 74 cubic inch (1,200 cc)
  • Panhead, 1948–1965 61 cubic inch (1,000 cc), and 1948–1965, 74 cubic inch (1,200 cc)
  • Shovelhead, 1966–1984, 74 cubic inch (1,200 cc) and 80 cubic inch (1,338 cc) since late 1978
  • Evolution (a.k.a. "Evo" and "Blockhead"), 1984–1999, 80 cubic inch (1,340 cc)
  • Twin Cam (a.k.a. "Fathead" as named by American Iron Magazine) 1999–2017, in the following versions:
    • Twin Cam 88, 1999–2006, 88 cubic inch (1,450 cc)
    • Twin Cam 88B, counterbalanced version of the Twin Cam 88, 2000–2006, 88 cubic inch (1,450 cc)
    • Twin Cam 95, since 2000, 95 cubic inch (1,550 cc) (engines for early C.V.O. models)
    • Twin Cam 96, since 2007.
    • Twin Cam 103, 2003–2006, 2009, 103 cubic inch (1,690 cc) (engines for C.V.O. models), Standard on 2011 Touring models: Ultra Limited, Road King Classic and Road Glide Ultra and optional on the Road Glide Custom and Street Glide. Standard on most 2012 models excluding Sportsters and 2 Dynas (Street Bob and Super Glide Custom). Standard on all 2014 dyna models.
    • Twin Cam 110, 2007–2017, 110 cubic inch (1,800 cc) (engines for C.V.O. models, 2016 Soft Tail Slim S; FatBoy S, Low Rider S, and Pro-Street Breakout)
  • Milwaukee-Eight
    • Standard 107 cu in (1,746 cc): Standard on touring model year 2017+ and Softail models 2018+.[124]
    • Twin-cooled 107 cu in (1,746 cc): Optional on some touring and trike model year 2017+.[125]
    • Twin-cooled 114 cu in (1,868 cc): Optional on touring and trike model year 2017+, standard on 2017 CVO models.[125]
    • Twin-cooled 117 cu in (1,923 cc): Standard on 2018 CVO models[126]

Small V-twins edit

 
Evolution Sportster
  • D Model, 1929–1931, 750 cc
  • R Model, 1932–1936, 750 cc
  • Flathead 750 cc
    • 1937–1952 W Model solo 2 wheel
    • 1932–1973 G Model Servi-Car three-wheeler
  • K Model, 1952–1953, 750 cc
  • KH Model, 1954–1956, 900 cc
  • Ironhead, 1957–1971, 883 cc; 1972–1985, 1,000 cc
  • Evolution, since 1986, 883 cc, 1,100 cc and 1,200 cc

Revolution engine edit

 
Revolution engine in V-Rod

The Revolution engine is based on the VR-1000 Superbike race program, developed by Harley-Davidson's Powertrain Engineering with Porsche helping to make the engine suitable for street use. It is a liquid cooled, dual overhead cam, internally counterbalanced 60 degree V-twin engine with a displacement of 69 cubic inch (1,130 cc), producing 115 hp (86 kW) at 8,250 rpm at the crank, with a redline of 9,000 rpm.[127][128] It was introduced for the new VRSC (V-Rod) line in 2001 for the 2002 model year, starting with the single VRSCA (V-Twin Racing Street Custom) model.[129][130] The Revolution marks Harley's first collaboration with Porsche since the V4 Nova project, which, like the V-Rod, was a radical departure from Harley's traditional lineup until it was cancelled by AMF in 1981 in favor of the Evolution engine.[131]

A 1,250 cc Screamin' Eagle version of the Revolution engine was made available for 2005 and 2006, and was present thereafter in a single production model from 2005 to 2007. In 2008, the 1,250 cc Revolution Engine became standard for the entire VRSC line. Harley-Davidson claims 123 hp (92 kW) at the crank for the 2008 VRSCAW model. The VRXSE Destroyer dragbike is equipped with a stroker (75 mm crank) Screamin' Eagle 79 cubic inch (1,300 cc) Revolution Engine, producing 97 pound-feet (132 N⋅m),[132] and more than 165 hp (123 kW).

750 cc and 500 cc versions of the Revolution engine are used in Harley-Davidson's Street line of light cruisers.[40] These motors, named the Revolution X, use a single overhead cam, screw and locknut valve adjustment, a single internal counterbalancer, and vertically split crankcases; all of these changes making it different from the original Revolution design.[133]

Düsseldorf-Test edit

An extreme endurance test of the Revolution engine was performed in a dynamometer installation at the Harley-Davidson factory in Milwaukee, simulating the German Autobahn (highways without general speed limit) between the Porsche research and development center in Weissach, near Stuttgart to Düsseldorf. An undisclosed number of samples of engines failed, until an engine successfully passed the 500-hour nonstop run. This was the benchmark for the engineers to approve the start of production for the Revolution engine, which was documented in the Discovery channel special Harley-Davidson: Birth of the V-Rod, October 14, 2001.[134]

Single-cylinder engines edit

 
1928 Harley-Davidson single-cylinder motorcycle
IOE singles

The first Harley-Davidson motorcycles were powered by single-cylinder IOE engines with the inlet valve operated by engine vacuum, based on the DeDion-Bouton pattern.[135] Singles of this type continued to be made until 1913, when a pushrod and rocker system was used to operate the overhead inlet valve on the single, a similar system having been used on their V-twins since 1911.[136] Single-cylinder motorcycle engines were discontinued in 1918.[137]

Flathead and OHV singles

Single-cylinder engines were reintroduced in 1925 as 1926 models.[138] These singles were available either as flathead engines or as overhead valve engines[139] until 1930, after which they were only available as flatheads.[138] The flathead single-cylinder motorcycles were designated Model A for engines with magneto systems only and Model B for engines with battery and coil systems, while overhead valve versions were designated Model AA and Model BA respectively, and a magneto-only racing version was designated Model S.[139] This line of single-cylinder motorcycles ended production in 1934.[138]

Two-stroke singles
See also: Harley-Davidson Hummer

Model families edit

Modern Harley-branded motorcycles fall into one of seven model families: Touring, Softail, Dyna, Sportster, Vrod, Street and LiveWire. These model families are distinguished by the frame, engine, suspension, and other characteristics.

Touring edit

See also: Harley-Davidson FL
 
Harley-Davidson Road King
 
Hamburg Police Electra Glide

Touring models use Big-Twin engines and large-diameter telescopic forks. All Touring designations begin with the letters FL, e.g., FLHR (Road King) and FLTR (Road Glide).

The touring family, also known as "dressers" or "baggers", includes Road King, Road Glide, Electra Glide and Street Glide models offered in various trims. The Road Kings have a "retro cruiser" appearance and are equipped with a large clear windshield. Road Kings are reminiscent of big-twin models from the 1940s and 1950s. Electra Glides can be identified by their full front fairings. Most Electra Glides sport a fork-mounted fairing referred to as the "Batwing" due to its unmistakable shape. The Road Glide and Road Glide Ultra Classic have a frame-mounted fairing, referred to as the "Sharknose". The Sharknose includes a unique, dual front headlight.

Touring models are distinguishable by their large saddlebags, rear coil-over air suspension and are the only models to offer full fairings with radios and CBs. All touring models use the same frame, first introduced with a Shovelhead motor in 1980, and carried forward with only modest upgrades until 2009, when it was extensively redesigned. The frame is distinguished by the location of the steering head in front of the forks and was the first H-D frame to rubber mount the drivetrain to isolate the rider from the vibration of the big V-twin.

 
Electra Glide "Ultra Classic"

The frame was modified for the 1993 model year when the oil tank went under the transmission and the battery was moved inboard from under the right saddlebag to under the seat. In 1997, the frame was again modified to allow for a larger battery under the seat and to lower seat height. In 2007, Harley-Davidson introduced the 96 cubic inches (1,570 cubic centimetres)[140] Twin Cam 96 engine, as well the six-speed transmission to give the rider better speeds on the highway.

In 2006, Harley introduced the FLHX Street Glide, a bike designed by Willie G. Davidson to be his personal ride, to its touring line.[141]

In 2008, Harley added anti-lock braking systems and cruise control as a factory installed option on all touring models (standard on CVO and Anniversary models).[142] Also new for 2008 is the 6-US-gallon (23 L; 5.0 imp gal) fuel tank for all touring models. 2008 also brought throttle-by-wire to all touring models.

For the 2009 model year, Harley-Davidson redesigned the entire touring range with several changes, including a new frame, new swingarm, a completely revised engine-mounting system, 17-inch (430 mm) front wheels for all but the FLHRC Road King Classic, and a 2–1–2 exhaust. The changes result in greater load carrying capacity, better handling, a smoother engine, longer range and less exhaust heat transmitted to the rider and passenger.[143][144] Also released for the 2009 model year is the FLHTCUTG Tri-Glide Ultra Classic, the first three-wheeled Harley since the Servi-Car was discontinued in 1973. The model features a unique frame and a 103-cubic-inch (1,690 cc) engine exclusive to the trike.[145]

In 2014, Harley-Davidson released a redesign for specific touring bikes and called it "Project Rushmore".[146] Changes include a new 103CI High Output engine, one handed easy open saddlebags and compartments, a new Boom! Box Infotainment system with either 4.3-inch (10 cm) or 6.5-inch (16.5 cm) screens featuring touchscreen functionality [6.5-inch (16.5 cm) models only], Bluetooth (media and phone with approved compatible devices), available GPS and SiriusXM, Text-to-Speech functionality (with approved compatible devices) and USB connectivity with charging. Other features include ABS with Reflex linked brakes, improved styling, Halogen or LED lighting and upgraded passenger comfort.

Softail edit

Main article: Softail
 
2002 Softail Heritage Classic

These big-twin motorcycles capitalize on Harley's strong value on tradition. With the rear-wheel suspension hidden under the transmission, they are visually similar to the "hardtail" choppers popular in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as from their own earlier history. In keeping with that tradition, Harley offers Softail models with "Heritage" styling that incorporate design cues from throughout their history and used to offer "Springer" front ends on these Softail models from the factory.

Designation

Softail models utilize the big-twin engine (F) and the Softail chassis (ST).

  • Softail models that use 21-inch (530 mm) Front Wheels have designations that begin with FX, e.g., FXSTB (Night Train), FXSTD (Deuce), and FXSTS (Springer).
  • Softail models that use 16-inch (410 mm) Front Wheels have designations beginning with FL, e.g., FLSTF (Fat Boy), FLSTC (Heritage Softail Classic), FLSTN (Softail Deluxe) and FLS (Softail Slim).
  • Softail models that use Springer forks with a 21-inch (530 mm) wheel have designations that begin with FXSTS, e.g., FXSTS (Springer Softail) and FXSTSB (Bad Boy).
  • Softail models that use Springer forks with a 16-inch (410 mm) wheel have designations that begin with FLSTS, e.g., FLSTSC (Springer Classic) and FLSTSB (Cross Bones).

Dyna edit

Main article: Harley-Davidson Super Glide
 
2005 Dyna Super Glide Custom

Dyna-frame motorcycles were developed in the 1980s and early 1990s and debuted in the 1991 model year with the FXDB Sturgis offered in limited edition quantities. In 1992 the line continued with the limited edition FXDB Daytona and a production model FXD Super Glide. The new DYNA frame featured big-twin engines and traditional styling. They can be distinguished from the Softail by the traditional coil-over suspension that connects the swingarm to the frame, and from the Sportster by their larger engines. On these models, the transmission also houses the engine's oil reservoir.

Prior to 2006, Dyna models typically featured a narrow, XL-style 39mm front fork and front wheel, as well as footpegs which the manufacturer indicated with the letter "X" in the model designation. This lineup traditionally included the Super Glide (FXD), Super Glide Custom (FXDC), Street Bob (FXDB), and Low Rider (FXDL). One exception was the Wide Glide (FXDWG), which featured thicker 41mm forks and a narrow front wheel, but positioned the forks on wider triple-trees that give a beefier appearance. In 2008, the Dyna Fat Bob (FXDF) was introduced to the Dyna lineup, featuring aggressive styling like a new 2–1–2 exhaust, twin headlamps, a 180 mm rear tire, and, for the first time in the Dyna lineup, a 130 mm front tire. For the 2012 model year, the Dyna Switchback (FLD) became the first Dyna to break the tradition of having an FX model designation with floorboards, detachable painted hard saddlebags, touring windshield, headlight nacelle and a wide front tire with full fender. The new front end resembled the big-twin FL models from 1968 to 1971.

The Dyna family used the 88-cubic-inch (1,440 cc) twin cam from 1999 to 2006. In 2007, the displacement was increased to 96 cubic inches (1,570 cc) as the factory increased the stroke to 4.375 inches (111.1 mm). For the 2012 model year, the manufacturer began to offer Dyna models with the 103-cubic-inch (1,690 cc) upgrade. All Dyna models use a rubber-mounted engine to isolate engine vibration. Harley discontinued the Dyna platform in 2017 for the 2018 model year, having been replaced by a completely-redesigned Softail chassis; some of the existing models previously released by the company under the Dyna nameplate have since been carried over to the new Softail line.[147]

Designation

Dyna models utilize the big-twin engine (F), footpegs noted as (X) with the exception of the 2012 FLD Switchback, a Dyna model which used floorboards as featured on the Touring (L) models, and the Dyna chassis (D). Therefore, except for the FLD from 2012 to 2016, all Dyna models have designations that begin with FXD, e.g., FXDWG (Dyna Wide Glide) and FXDL (Dyna Low Rider).

Sportster edit

Main article: Harley-Davidson Sportster
 
2002 Sportster 883 Custom
 
2003 Harley-Davidson XL1200 Custom Anniversary Edition

Introduced in 1957, the Sportster family were conceived as racing motorcycles, and were popular on dirt and flat-track race courses through the 1960s and 1970s. Smaller and lighter than the other Harley models, contemporary Sportsters make use of 883 cc or 1,200 cc Evolution engines and, though often modified, remain similar in appearance to their racing ancestors.[148]

Up until the 2003 model year, the engine on the Sportster was rigidly mounted to the frame. The 2004 Sportster received a new frame accommodating a rubber-mounted engine. This made the bike heavier and reduced the available lean angle, while it reduced the amount of vibration transmitted to the frame and the rider, providing a smoother ride for rider and passenger.[149]

In the 2007 model year, Harley-Davidson celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Sportster and produced a limited edition called the XL50, of which only 2000 were made for sale worldwide. Each motorcycle was individually numbered and came in one of two colors, Mirage Pearl Orange or Vivid Black. Also in 2007, electronic fuel injection was introduced to the Sportster family, and the Nightster model was introduced in mid-year. In 2009, Harley-Davidson added the Iron 883 to the Sportster line, as part of the Dark Custom series. In the 2008 model year, Harley-Davidson released the XR1200 Sportster in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The XR1200 had an Evolution engine tuned to produce 91 bhp (68 kW), four-piston dual front disc brakes, and an aluminum swing arm. Motorcyclist featured the XR1200 on the cover of its July 2008 issue and was generally positive about it in their "First Ride" story, in which Harley-Davidson was repeatedly asked to sell it in the United States.[150] One possible reason for the delayed availability in the United States was that Harley-Davidson had to obtain the "XR1200" naming rights from Storz Performance, a Harley customizing shop in Ventura, Calif.[151] The XR1200 was released in the United States in 2009 in a special color scheme including Mirage Orange highlighting its dirt-tracker heritage. The first 750 XR1200 models in 2009 were pre-ordered and came with a number 1 tag for the front of the bike, autographed by Kenny Coolbeth and Scott Parker and a thank you/welcome letter from the company, signed by Bill Davidson.[citation needed] The XR1200 was discontinued in model year 2013.

In 2021, Harley-Davidson launched the Sportster S model, with a 121 hp engine and 228 Kg ready-to-ride weight.[152] The Sportster S was one of the first Harleys to come with cornering-ABS and lean-sensitive traction control.[153] The Sportster S is also the first model under the Sportster nameplate since 1957 to receive a completely new engine.

Designation

Except for the street-going XR1000 of the 1980s and the XR1200, most Sportsters made for street use have the prefix XL in their model designation. For the Sportster Evolution engines used since the mid-1980s, there have been two engine sizes. Motorcycles with the smaller engine are designated XL883, while those with the larger engine were initially designated XL1100. When the size of the larger engine was increased from 1,100 cc to 1,200 cc, the designation was changed accordingly from XL1100 to XL1200. Subsequent letters in the designation refer to model variations within the Sportster range, e.g. the XL883C refers to an 883 cc Sportster Custom, while the XL1200S designates the now-discontinued 1200 Sportster Sport.

VRSC edit

Main article: Harley-Davidson VRSC
 
2003 VRSCA V-Rod

Introduced in 2001 and produced until 2017,[154] the VRSC muscle bike family bears little resemblance to Harley's more traditional lineup. Competing against Japanese and American muscle bikes in the upcoming muscle bike/power cruiser segment, the "V-Rod" makes use of the revolution engine that, for the first time in Harley history, incorporates overhead cams and liquid cooling. The V-Rod is visually distinctive, easily identified by the 60-degree V-Twin engine, the radiator and the hydroformed frame members that support the round-topped air cleaner cover. The VRSC platform was also used for factory drag-racing motorcycles.

In 2008, Harley added the anti-lock braking system as a factory-installed option on all VRSC models.[142] Harley also increased the displacement of the stock engine from 1,130 to 1,250 cc (69 to 76 cu in), which had only previously been available from Screamin' Eagle, and added a slipper clutch as standard equipment.

VRSC models include:

  • VRSCA: V-Rod (2002–2006), VRSCAW: V-Rod (2007–2010), VRSCB: V-Rod (2004–2005), VRSCD: Night Rod (2006–2008), VRSCDX: Night Rod Special (2007–2014), VRSCSE: Screamin' Eagle CVO V-Rod (2005), VRSCSE2: Screamin' Eagle CVO V-Rod (2006), VRSCR: Street Rod (2006–2007), VRSCX: Screamin' Eagle Tribute V-Rod (2007), VRSCF: V-Rod Muscle (2009–2014).

VRSC models utilize the Revolution engine (VR), and the street versions are designated Street Custom (SC). After the VRSC prefix common to all street Revolution bikes, the next letter denotes the model, either A (base V-Rod: discontinued), AW (base V-Rod + W for Wide with a 240 mm rear tire), B (discontinued), D (Night Rod: discontinued), R (Street Rod: discontinued), SE and SEII (CVO Special Edition), or X (Special edition). Further differentiation within models are made with an additional letter, e.g., VRSCDX denotes the Night Rod Special.

VRXSE edit

The VRXSE V-Rod Destroyer is Harley-Davidson's production drag racing motorcycle, constructed to run the quarter mile in less than ten seconds. It is based on the same revolution engine that powers the VRSC line, but the VRXSE uses the Screamin' Eagle 1,300 cc "stroked" incarnation, featuring a 75 mm crankshaft, 105 mm Pistons, and 58 mm throttle bodies.

The V-Rod Destroyer is not a street-legal motorcycle. As such, it uses "X" instead of "SC" to denote a non-street bike. "SE" denotes a CVO Special Edition.

Street edit

Main article: Harley-Davidson Street

The Street, Harley-Davidson's newest platform and their first all new platform in thirteen years, was designed to appeal to younger riders looking for a lighter bike at a cheaper price.[40] The Street 750 model was launched in India at the 2014 Indian Auto Expo, Delhi-NCR on February 5, 2014. The Street 750 weighs 218 kg and has a ground clearance of 144 mm giving it the lowest weight and the highest ground clearance of Harley-Davidson motorcycles currently available.[155]

The Street 750 uses an all-new, liquid-cooled, 60° V-twin engine called the Revolution X. In the Street 750, the engine displaces 749 cc (45.7 cu in) and produces 65 Nm at 4,000 rpm. A six speed transmission is used.[155]

The Street 750 and the smaller-displacement Street 500 have been available since late 2014.[40] Street series motorcycles for the North American market will be built in Harley-Davidson's Kansas City, Missouri plant,[40] while those for other markets around the world will be built completely in their plant in Bawal, India.[40][155]

LiveWire edit

Main article: LiveWire (company)
 
The electric LiveWire motorcycle

Harley-Davidson's LiveWire, released in 2019, is their first electric vehicle. The high-voltage battery provides a minimum city range of 98 miles (158 km).[156] The LiveWire targets a different type of customer than their classic V-twin powered motorcycles.[157]

In March 2020, a Harley-Davidson LiveWire was used to break the 24-hour distance record for an electric motorcycle. The bike traveled a reported 1,723 km (1,079 miles) in 23 hours and 48 minutes. The LiveWire offers a Level 1 slow recharge, which uses a regular wall outlet to refill an empty battery overnight, or a quick Level 3 DC Fast Charge. The Fast Charge fills the battery most of the way in about 40 minutes. Swiss rider Michel von Tell used the Level 3 charging to make the 24-hour ride.[158]

In December 2021, the company announced that that LiveWire was to be spun-off from parent Harley Davidson, set to go public in the first half of 2022 as a special-purpose acquisition company (SPAC) with the value estimated to be $1.77 billion.[159][needs update]

Custom Vehicle Operations edit

Main article: Harley-Davidson CVO

Custom Vehicle Operations (CVO) is a team within Harley-Davidson that produces limited-edition customizations of Harley's stock models. Every year since 1999, the team has selected two to five of the company's base models and added higher-displacement engines, performance upgrades, special-edition paint jobs, more chromed or accented components, audio system upgrades, and electronic accessories to create high-dollar, premium-quality customizations for the factory custom market.[160] The models most commonly upgraded in such a fashion are the Ultra Classic Electra Glide, which has been selected for CVO treatment every year from 2006 to the present, and the Road King, which was selected in 2002, 2003, 2007, and 2008. The Dyna, Softail, and VRSC families have also been selected for CVO customization.

Environmental record edit

The Environmental Protection Agency conducted emissions-certification and representative emissions test in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 2005. Subsequently, Harley-Davidson produced an "environmental warranty". The warranty ensures each owner that the vehicle is designed and built free of any defects in materials and workmanship that would cause the vehicle to not meet EPA standards.[161] In 2005, the EPA and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) confirmed Harley-Davidson to be the first corporation to voluntarily enroll in the One Clean-Up Program. This program is designed for the clean-up of the affected soil and groundwater at the former York Naval Ordnance Plant. The program is backed by the state and local government along with participating organizations and corporations.[162]

Paul Gotthold, Director of Operations for the EPA, congratulated the motor company:

Harley-Davidson has taken their environmental responsibilities very seriously and has already made substantial progress in the investigation and cleanup of past contamination. Proof of Harley's efforts can be found in the recent EPA determination that designates the Harley property as 'under control' for cleanup purposes. This determination means that there are no serious contamination problems at the facility. Under the new One Cleanup Program, Harley, EPA, and PADEP will expedite the completion of the property investigation and reach a final solution that will permanently protect human health and the environment.[162]

Harley-Davidson also purchased most of Castalloy, a South Australian producer of cast motorcycle wheels and hubs. The South Australian government has set forth "protection to the purchaser (Harley-Davidson) against environmental risks".[163]

In August 2016, Harley-Davidson settled with the EPA for $12 million, without admitting wrongdoing, over the sale of after-market "super tuners".[164][165] Super tuners were devices, marketed for competition, which enabled increased performance of Harley-Davidson products. However, the devices also modified the emission control systems, producing increased hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide. Harley-Davidson is required to buy back and destroy any super tuners which do not meet Clean Air Act requirements and spend $3 million on air pollution mitigation.

Brand culture edit

 
Harley-Davidson Cafe theme restaurant located on the Las Vegas Strip

According to a recent Harley-Davidson study, in 1987 half of all Harley riders were under age 35.[166] However, by 2006, only 15 percent of Harley buyers were under 35,[166] and as of 2005, the median age had risen to 46.7.[167][168][169][170] In 2008, Harley-Davidson stopped disclosing the average age of riders; at this point it was 48 years old.[171]

In 1987, the median household income of a Harley-Davidson rider was $38,000. By 1997, the median household income for those riders had more than doubled, to $83,000.[172][clarification needed]

Many Harley-Davidson Clubs exist nowadays around the world;[173] the oldest one, founded in 1928, is in Prague.[174]

Harley-Davidson attracts a loyal brand community,[175] with licensing of the Harley-Davidson logo accounting for almost 5 percent of the company's net revenue ($41 million in 2004).[176] Harley-Davidson supplies many American police forces with their motorcycle fleets.[177]

From its founding, Harley-Davidson had worked to brand its motorcycles as respectable and refined products, with ads that showed what motorcycling writer Fred Rau called "refined-looking ladies with parasols, and men in conservative suits as the target market".[178][179] The 1906 Harley-Davidson's effective, and polite, muffler was emphasized in advertisements with the nickname "The Silent Gray Fellow".[179][180] That began to shift in the 1960s, partially in response to the clean-cut motorcyclist portrayed in Honda's "You meet the nicest people on a Honda" campaign, when Harley-Davidson sought to draw a contrast with Honda by underscoring the more working-class, macho, and even a little anti-social attitude associated with motorcycling's dark side. With the 1971 FX Super Glide, the company embraced, rather than distanced itself from, chopper style and the counterculture custom Harley scene.[181] Their marketing cultivated the "bad boy" image of biker and motorcycle clubs, and to a point, even outlaw or one-percenter motorcycle clubs.[178][179]

Origin of "Hog" nickname edit

Beginning in 1920, a team of farm boys, including Ray Weishaar, who became known as the "hog boys", consistently won races. The group had a live hog as their mascot. Following a win, they would put the hog on their Harley and take a victory lap.[182] In 1983, the Motor Company formed a club for owners of its product, taking advantage of the long-standing nickname by turning "hog" into the acronym HOG, for Harley Owners Group. Harley-Davidson attempted to trademark "hog", but lost a case against an independent Harley-Davidson specialist, The Hog Farm of West Seneca, New York,[183] in 1999, when the appellate panel ruled that "hog" had become a generic term for large motorcycles and was therefore unprotectable as a trademark.[184]

On August 15, 2006, Harley-Davidson Inc. had its NYSE ticker symbol changed from HDI to HOG.[185]

Bobbers edit

Harley-Davidson FL "big twins" normally had heavy steel fenders, chrome trim, and other ornate and heavy accessories. After World War II, riders wanting more speed would often shorten the fenders or take them off completely to reduce the weight of the motorcycle. These bikes were called "bobbers" or sometimes "choppers", because parts considered unnecessary were chopped off. Those who made or rode choppers and bobbers, especially members of motorcycle clubs like the Hells Angels, referred to stock FLs as "garbage wagons".[186]

Harley Owners Group edit

Main article: Harley Owners Group

Harley-Davidson established the Harley Owners Group (HOG) in 1983 to build on the loyalty of Harley-Davidson enthusiasts as a means to promote a lifestyle alongside its products. The HOG also opened new revenue streams for the company, with the production of tie-in merchandise offered to club members, numbering more than one million. Other motorcycle brands,[187] and other and consumer brands outside motorcycling, have also tried to create factory-sponsored community marketing clubs of their own.[188] HOG members typically spend 30 percent more than other Harley owners on such items as clothing and Harley-Davidson-sponsored events.[189]

In 1991, HOG went international, with the first official European HOG Rally in Cheltenham, England.[190] Today, more than one million members and more than 1400 chapters worldwide make HOG the largest factory-sponsored motorcycle organization in the world.[191]

HOG benefits include organized group rides, exclusive products and product discounts, insurance discounts, and the Hog Tales newsletter. A one-year full membership is included with the purchase of a new, unregistered Harley-Davidson.[192]

In 2008, HOG celebrated its 25th anniversary in conjunction with the Harley 105th in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

3rd Southern HOG Rally set to bring together largest gathering of Harley-Davidson owners in South India. More than 600 Harley-Davidson Owners expected to ride to Hyderabad from across 13 HOG Chapters.[193]

Factory tours and museum edit

 
Harley-Davidson Museum in Milwaukee

Harley-Davidson offers factory tours at four of its manufacturing sites, and the Harley-Davidson Museum, which opened in 2008, exhibits Harley-Davidson's history, culture, and vehicles, including the motor company's corporate archives.[194][195]

  • York, Pennsylvania – Vehicle Operations: Manufacturing site for Touring class, Softail, and custom vehicles.
  • Tomahawk, Wisconsin – Tomahawk Operations: Facility that makes sidecars, saddlebags, windshields, and more.
  • Kansas City, Missouri – Vehicle and Powertrain Operations: Manufacturing site of Sportster, VRSC, and other vehicles.
  • Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin – Pilgrim Road Powertrain Operations plant, two types of tours.
  • Milwaukee, Wisconsin – Harley-Davidson Museum: Archive; exhibits of people, products, culture and history; restaurant & café; and museum store.

Due to the consolidation of operations, the Capitol Drive Tour Center in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, was closed in 2009.

Historic register designations edit

Some of the company's buildings have been listed on state and national historic registers, including:

Anniversary celebrations edit

 
Clockwise from top left: William S. Harley, William A. Davidson, Walter Davidson Sr., Arthur Davidson

Beginning with Harley-Davidson's 90th anniversary in 1993, Harley-Davidson has had celebratory rides to Milwaukee called the "Ride Home".[199] This new tradition has continued every five years, and is referred to unofficially as "Harleyfest", in line with Milwaukee's other festivals (Summerfest, German fest, Festa Italiana, etc.). This event brings Harley riders from all around the world.[200][201] The 105th anniversary celebration was held on August 28–31, 2008,[202] and included events in Milwaukee, Waukesha, Racine, and Kenosha counties, in Southeast Wisconsin. The 110th-anniversary celebration was held on August 29–31, 2013. The 115th anniversary was held in Prague, Czech Republic, the home country of the oldest existing Harley Davidson Club, on July 5–8, 2018 and attracted more than 100,000 visitors and 60,000 bikes.[203] The 120th anniversary was held in Budapest, Hungary, with the parade on June 24.[204]

Labor Hall of Fame edit

William S. Harley, Arthur Davidson, William A. Davidson and Walter Davidson Sr were, in 2004, inducted into the Labor Hall of Fame for their accomplishments for the H-D company and its workforce.[205]

Television drama edit

The company's origins were dramatized in a 2016 miniseries entitled Harley and the Davidsons, starring Robert Aramayo as William Harley, Bug Hall as Arthur Davidson[206] and Michiel Huisman as Walter Davidson, and premiered on the Discovery Channel as a "three-night event series" on September 5, 2016.[207][208]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Jochen Zeitz Appointed President and Chief Executive Officer of Harley-Davidson". Harley-Davidson USA. May 7, 2020. from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
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Further reading edit

  • Bach, Sharon; Ostermann, Ken, eds. (1993). The Legend Begins: Harley-Davidson Motorcycles 1903–1969. Harley-Davidson, Inc.
  • Davidson, Willie G. (2002). 100 Years of Harley-Davidson. Bulfinch Press. ISBN 978-0-8212-2819-7.
  • Dregni, Michael (February 7, 2010). The Harley-Davidson Reader. MotorBooks International. ISBN 978-0760337127.
  • Frank, Aaron (2018). The Harley-Davidson Story: Tales from the Archives. Minneapolis, MN: Motorbooks. ISBN 978-0-7603-6071-2. OCLC 1020000307.
  • Gnadt, Amy. "Exposed! Harley-Davidson's Lost Photographs, 1915–1916 November 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 98, no. 1 (Autumn 2014): 28–37.
  • Holmstrom, Darwin (July 19, 2016). Harley-Davidson: The Complete History. Motorbooks. ISBN 9780760363072.
  • Hook, Patrick (2002). Harley Davidson: The Complete History. London: PRC Pub. Ltd. ISBN 0760755175. OCLC 906849779.
  • Mitchel, Doug (1997). Harley-Davidson Chronicle: An American Original. Publications International Limited. ISBN 0-7853-2514-X.
  • Mitchel, Doug (March 18, 2005). Harley-Davidson Field Guide: All-American Bikes 1903-2004. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-4402-2547-5.
  • Myatt, Steven (2009). The Legend of Harley-Davidson. Dennis Publishing. ISBN 978-1-906372-73-6. OCLC 703343293.
  • Oosterwal, Dantar P. (January 13, 2010). The Lean Machine: How Harley-Davidson Drove Top-Line Growth and Profitability with Revolutionary Lean Product Development. AMACOM. ISBN 978-0-8144-1379-1.
  • Scott, Missy (2008). Harley-Davidson Motor Company. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-34890-7. OCLC 247080027.
  • Siegal, Margie (May 10, 2014). Harley-Davidson: A History of the World's Most Famous Motorcycle. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7478-1495-5.
  • Wagner, Herbert (2003). At the Creation: Myth, Reality, and the Origin of the Harley-Davidson Motorcycle, 1901–1909. Wisconsin Historical Society Press.
  • Wente, Philipp (2017). The Harley-Davidson Book. teNeues Publishing Company. ISBN 978-3-96171-023-2.
  • Wilson, H. (1995). The Encyclopedia of the Motorcycle. Dorling-Kindersley Limited. ISBN 0-7513-0206-6.
  • Harley-Davidson: American Freedom Machines. Publications International, Limited. October 2019. ISBN 978-1-64558-016-4.
Videos
  • "Why Harley-Davidson Is Struggling In India". CNBC. May 28, 2019. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harley-Davidson.
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February 16, 2024
harley, davidson, harley, davidson, redirects, here, speed, skater, harley, davidson, skater, simply, harley, american, motorcycle, manufacturer, headquartered, milwaukee, wisconsin, united, states, founded, 1903, major, american, motorcycle, manufacturers, su. Harley Davidson redirects here For the speed skater see Harley Davidson skater Harley Davidson Inc H D or simply Harley is an American motorcycle manufacturer headquartered in Milwaukee Wisconsin United States Founded in 1903 it is one of two major American motorcycle manufacturers to survive the Great Depression along with its historical rival Indian Motorcycles 3 The company has survived numerous ownership arrangements subsidiary arrangements periods of poor economic health and product quality and intense global competition 4 to become one of the world s largest motorcycle manufacturers and an iconic brand widely known for its loyal following There are owner clubs and events worldwide as well as a company sponsored brand focused museum Harley Davidson Inc Headquarters in Milwaukee WisconsinCompany typePublicTraded asNYSE HOGS amp P 400 componentISINUS4128221086Founded1903 121 years ago 1903 FounderWilliam S HarleyArthur DavidsonWalter Davidson William A DavidsonHeadquartersMilwaukee Wisconsin U S 43 02 46 N 87 57 36 W 43 04611 N 87 96000 W 43 04611 87 96000Key peopleJochen Zeitz CEO and chairman 1 ProductsMotorcyclesProduction output194 256 units 2021 2 RevenueUS 4 540 Billion Fiscal Year Ended December 31 2021 2 Operating incomeUS 823 Million Fiscal Year Ended December 31 2021 2 Net incomeUS 650 0 Million Fiscal Year Ended December 31 2021 2 Total assetsUS 11 051 Billion Fiscal Year Ended December 31 2021 2 Total equityUS 2 553 Billion Fiscal Year Ended December 31 2021 2 Number of employees 5 800 2021 2 SubsidiariesHarley Davidson EMEAHarley Davidson BrazilHarley Davidson IndiaHarley Davidson AsiaWebsiteharley davidson wbr comHarley Davidson is noted for a style of customization that gave rise to the chopper motorcycle style 5 The company traditionally marketed heavyweight air cooled cruiser motorcycles with engine displacements greater than 700 cc but it has broadened its offerings to include more contemporary VRSC 2002 and middle weight Street 2015 platforms Harley Davidson manufactures its motorcycles at factories in 6 York Pennsylvania Menomonee Falls Wisconsin Tomahawk Wisconsin Manaus Brazil and Rayong Thailand 7 The company markets its products worldwide and also licenses and markets merchandise under the Harley Davidson brand among them apparel home decor and ornaments accessories toys scale models of its motorcycles and video games based on its motorcycle line and the community Contents 1 History 1 1 World War I 1 2 1920s 1 3 Great Depression 1 4 World War II 1 5 Small Hummer Sportcycle and Aermacchi 1 6 Tarnished reputation 1 7 Restructuring and revival 1 8 Fat Boy Dyna and Harley Davidson museum 1 9 Overseas operations 1 10 Buell Motorcycle Company 1 11 Claims of stock price manipulation 1 12 Problems with Police Touring models 1 13 2007 strike 1 14 MV Agusta Group 1 15 Financial crisis 2 Motorcycle engines 2 1 Big V twins 2 2 Small V twins 2 3 Revolution engine 2 3 1 Dusseldorf Test 2 4 Single cylinder engines 3 Model families 3 1 Touring 3 2 Softail 3 3 Dyna 3 4 Sportster 3 5 VRSC 3 5 1 VRXSE 3 6 Street 3 7 LiveWire 4 Custom Vehicle Operations 5 Environmental record 6 Brand culture 6 1 Origin of Hog nickname 6 2 Bobbers 6 3 Harley Owners Group 6 4 Factory tours and museum 6 5 Historic register designations 6 6 Anniversary celebrations 6 7 Labor Hall of Fame 6 8 Television drama 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksHistory edit nbsp From left William A Davidson Walter Davidson Sr Arthur Davidson and William S HarleyIn 1901 20 year old William S Harley drew up plans for a small engine with a displacement of 7 07 cubic inches 116 cc and four inch 102 mm flywheels 8 9 designed for use in a regular pedal bicycle frame Over the next two years he and his childhood friend Arthur Davidson worked on their motor bicycle using the northside Milwaukee machine shop at the home of their friend Henry Melk It was finished in 1903 with the help of Arthur s brother Walter Davidson Upon testing their power cycle Harley and the Davidson brothers found it unable to climb the hills around Milwaukee without pedal assistance and they wrote off their first motor bicycle as a valuable learning experiment 10 The three began work on a new and improved machine with an engine of 24 74 cubic inches 405 cc with 9 75 in 24 8 cm flywheels weighing 28 lb 13 kg Its advanced loop frame pattern was similar to the 1903 Milwaukee Merkel motorcycle designed by Joseph Merkel later of Flying Merkel fame The bigger engine and loop frame design took it out of the motorized bicycle category and marked the path to future motorcycle designs They also received help with their bigger engine from outboard motor pioneer Ole Evinrude who was then building gas engines of his own design for automotive use on Milwaukee s Lake Street nbsp PrototypeThe prototype of the new loop frame Harley Davidson was assembled in a 10 ft 15 ft 3 0 m 4 6 m shed in the Davidson family backyard 11 12 Most of the major parts however were made elsewhere including some probably fabricated at the West Milwaukee railshops where oldest brother William A Davidson was toolroom foreman This prototype machine was functional by September 8 1904 when it competed in a Milwaukee motorcycle race held at State Fair Park Edward Hildebrand rode it and placed fourth in the race 11 In January 1905 the company placed small advertisements in the Automobile and Cycle Trade Journal offering bare Harley Davidson engines to the do it yourself trade By April they were producing complete motorcycles on a very limited basis That year Harley Davidson dealer Carl H Lang of Chicago sold three bikes from the five built in the Davidson backyard shed Years later the company moved the original shed to the Juneau Avenue factory where it stood for many decades as a tribute In 1906 Harley and the Davidson brothers built their first factory on Chestnut Street later Juneau Avenue 13 at the current location of Harley Davidson s corporate headquarters 14 The first Juneau Avenue plant was a 40 ft 60 ft 12 m 18 m single story wooden structure The company produced about 50 motorcycles that year nbsp 1907 model nbsp Harley Davidson 1 000 cc HT 1916In 1907 William S Harley graduated from the University of Wisconsin Madison with a degree in mechanical engineering That year they expanded the factory with a second floor and later with facings and additions of Milwaukee pale yellow cream brick With the new facilities production increased to 150 motorcycles in 1907 The company was officially incorporated that September They also began selling their motorcycles to police departments around this time a market that has been important to them ever since 15 In 1907 William A Davidson quit his job as tool foreman for the Milwaukee Road railroad and joined the Motor Company Production in 1905 and 1906 were all single cylinder models with 26 84 cubic inch 440 cc engines In February 1907 they displayed a prototype model at the Chicago Automobile Show with a 45 degree V Twin engine Very few V Twin models were built between 1907 and 1910 These first V Twins displaced 53 68 cubic inches 880 cc and produced about 7 horsepower 5 2 kW This gave about double the power of the first singles and top speed was about 60 mph 100 km h Production jumped from 450 motorcycles in 1908 to 1 149 machines in 1909 16 nbsp Harley Davidson works in 1911In 1911 the company introduced an improved V Twin model with a displacement of 49 48 cubic inches 811 cc and mechanically operated intake valves as opposed to the automatic intake valves used on earlier V Twins that opened by engine vacuum It was smaller than earlier twins but gave better performance After 1913 the majority of bikes produced by Harley Davidson were V Twin models In 1912 Harley Davidson introduced their patented Ful Floteing Seat which was suspended by a coil spring inside the seat tube 17 The spring tension could be adjusted to suit the rider s weight and more than 3 inches 76 mm of travel was available 18 Harley Davidson used seats of this type until 1958 19 By 1913 the yellow brick factory had been demolished and a new five story structure had been built on the site which took up two blocks along Juneau Avenue and around the corner on 38th Street Despite the competition Harley Davidson was already pulling ahead of Indian and dominated motorcycle racing after 1914 Production that year swelled to 16 284 machines nbsp Ralph Hepburn on his Harley racing bike in 1919World War I edit In 1917 the United States entered World War I and the military demanded motorcycles for the war effort 20 Harleys had already been used by the military in the Pancho Villa Expedition 21 22 but World War I was the first time that it was adopted for military issue first with the British Model H produced by Triumph Motorcycles Ltd in 1915 23 The U S military purchased over 20 000 motorcycles from Harley Davidson 24 Harley Davidson launched a line of bicycles in 1917 in hopes of recruiting more domestic customers for its motorcycles Models included the traditional diamond frame men s bicycle a step through frame 3 18 Ladies Standard and a 5 17 Boy Scout for youth The effort was discontinued in 1923 because of disappointing sales 25 The bicycles were built for Harley Davidson in Dayton Ohio by the Davis Machine Company from 1917 to 1921 when Davis stopped manufacturing bicycles 26 1920s edit nbsp Harley Davidson 1000 cc HT 1923By 1920 Harley Davidson was the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world with 28 189 machines produced and dealers in 67 countries 27 In 1921 Otto Walker set a record on a Harley Davidson as the first motorcycle to win a race at an average speed greater than 100 mph 160 km h 28 29 Harley Davidson put several improvements in place during the 1920s such as a new 74 cubic inch 1 212 6 cc V Twin introduced in 1921 and the teardrop gas tank in 1925 They added a front brake in 1928 although only on the J JD models 30 In the late summer of 1929 Harley Davidson introduced its 45 cubic inch 737 cc flathead V Twin to compete with the Indian 101 Scout and the Excelsior Super X 31 This was the D model produced from 1929 to 1931 32 Riders of Indian motorcycles derisively referred to it as the three cylinder Harley because the generator was upright and parallel to the front cylinder 33 In 1929 Vivian Bales drove a record 5 000 miles across the United States and Canada on a D model 34 Great Depression edit nbsp Harley Davidson 1 200 cc SV 1931The Great Depression began a few months after the introduction of their 45 cu in 740 cm3 model Harley Davidson s sales fell from 21 000 in 1929 to 3 703 in 1933 Despite this Harley Davidson unveiled a new lineup for 1934 which included a flathead engine and Art Deco styling 35 In order to survive the remainder of the Depression the company manufactured industrial powerplants based on their motorcycle engines They also designed and built a three wheeled delivery vehicle called the Servi Car which remained in production until 1973 31 nbsp Harley Davidson ULAlfred Rich Child opened a production line in Japan in the mid 1930s with the 74 cu in 1 210 cm3 VL The Japanese license holder Sankyo Seiyaku Corporation severed its business relations with Harley Davidson in 1936 and continued manufacturing the VL under the Rikuo name 36 nbsp Harley Davidson dealer in Texas ca 1930 1945An 80 cubic inches 1 300 cm3 flathead engine was added to the line in 1935 by which time the single cylinder motorcycles had been discontinued 37 In 1936 the 61E and 61EL models with the Knucklehead OHV engines were introduced 38 Valvetrain problems in early Knucklehead engines required a redesign halfway through its first year of production and retrofitting of the new valvetrain on earlier engines 39 By 1937 all Harley Davidson flathead engines were equipped with dry sump oil recirculation systems similar to the one introduced in the Knucklehead OHV engine The revised 74 cubic inches 1 210 cm3 V and VL models were renamed U and UL the 80 cu in 1 300 cm3 VH and VLH to be renamed UH and ULH and the 45 cu in 740 cm3 R to be renamed W 38 In 1941 the 74 cubic inch Knucklehead was introduced as the F and the FL The 80 cu in 1 300 cm3 flathead UH and ULH models were discontinued after 1941 while the 74 cubic inchU amp UL flathead models were produced up to 1948 38 World War II edit nbsp Harley copied the BMW R71 to produce its XA model One of only two American motorcycle manufacturers to survive the Great Depression the other being the Indian Motorcycle Manufacturing Company 40 41 Harley Davidson again produced large numbers of motorcycles for the US Army in World War II and resumed civilian production afterwards producing a range of large V twin motorcycles that were successful both on racetracks and for private buyers Harley Davidson on the eve of World War II was already supplying the Army with a military specific version of its 45 cubic inches 740 cm3 WL line called the WLA The A in this case stood for Army Upon the outbreak of war the company along with most other manufacturing enterprises shifted to war work More than 90 000 military motorcycles mostly WLAs and WLCs the Canadian version were produced many to be provided to allies 42 Harley Davidson received two Army Navy E Awards one in 1943 and the other in 1945 which were awarded for Excellence in Production nbsp Harley Davidson produced the WLC for the Canadian military Shipments to the Soviet Union under the Lend Lease program numbered at least 30 000 43 The WLAs produced during all four years of war production generally have 1942 serial numbers Production of the WLA stopped at the end of World War II but was resumed from 1950 to 1952 for use in the Korean War The U S Army also asked Harley Davidson to produce a new motorcycle with many of the features of BMW s side valve and shaft driven R71 Harley Davidson largely copied the BMW engine and drive train and produced the shaft driven 750 cc 1942 Harley Davidson XA This shared no dimensions no parts or no design concepts except side valves with any prior Harley Davidson engine Due to the superior cooling of the flat twin engine with the cylinders across the frame Harley s XA cylinder heads ran 100 F 56 C cooler than its V twins 44 The XA never entered full production the motorcycle by that time had been eclipsed by the Jeep as the Army s general purpose vehicle and the WLA already in production was sufficient for its limited police escort and courier roles Only 1 000 were made and the XA never went into full production It remains the only shaft driven Harley Davidson ever made Small Hummer Sportcycle and Aermacchi edit nbsp Harley Davidson Hummer nbsp Sportcycle 1966 Young America advertising campaign 45 See also Harley Davidson Hummer and Harley Davidson Topper As part of war reparations Harley Davidson acquired the design of a small German motorcycle the DKW RT 125 which they adapted manufactured and sold from 1948 to 1966 46 Various models were made including the Hummer from 1955 to 1959 but they are all colloquially referred to as Hummers at present 47 BSA in the United Kingdom took the same design as the foundation of their BSA Bantam 48 nbsp 1971 Aermacchi Harley Davidson Turismo VeloceIn 1960 Harley Davidson consolidated the Model 165 and Hummer lines into the Super 10 introduced the Topper scooter 49 and bought fifty percent of Aermacchi s motorcycle division 49 50 Importation of Aermacchi s 250 cc horizontal single began the following year 50 51 52 The bike bore Harley Davidson badges and was marketed as the Harley Davidson Sprint 51 52 The engine of the Sprint was increased to 350 cc in 1969 50 53 and would remain that size until 1974 when the four stroke Sprint was discontinued 53 After the Pacer and Scat models were discontinued at the end of 1965 the Bobcat became the last of Harley Davidson s American made two stroke motorcycles The Bobcat was manufactured only in the 1966 model year 54 Harley Davidson replaced their American made lightweight two stroke motorcycles with the Italian Aermacchi built two stroke powered M 65 M 65S and Rapido The M 65 had a semi step through frame and tank The M 65S was a M 65 with a larger tank that eliminated the step through feature The Rapido was a larger bike with a 125 cc engine 55 The Aermacchi built Harley Davidsons became entirely two stroke powered when the 250 cc two stroke SS 250 replaced the four stroke 350 cc Sprint in 1974 56 Harley Davidson purchased full control of Aermacchi s motorcycle production in 1974 and continued making two stroke motorcycles there until 1978 when they sold the facility to Cagiva owned by the Castiglioni family 49 Tarnished reputation edit nbsp Replica of the Captain America bike from the film Easy RiderIn 1952 following their application to the U S Tariff Commission for a 40 percent tax on imported motorcycles Harley Davidson was charged with restrictive practices 57 nbsp AMF H D Electra GlideIn 1969 American Machine and Foundry AMF bought the company 58 59 streamlined production and slashed the workforce This tactic resulted in a labor strike and cost cutting produced lower quality bikes 4 Simultaneously the Japanese big four manufacturers Honda Kawasaki Suzuki and Yamaha 60 revolutionized the North American market by introducing what the motoring press would call the Universal Japanese Motorcycle 61 In comparison Harley Davidson s bikes were expensive and inferior in performance handling and quality Sales and quality declined and the company almost went bankrupt 4 The Harley Davidson name was mocked as Hardly Ableson Hardly Driveable and Hogly Ferguson 62 and the nickname Hog became pejorative 63 In 1977 following the successful manufacture of the Liberty Edition to commemorate America s bicentennial in 1976 64 Harley Davidson produced what has become one of its most controversial models the Harley Davidson Confederate Edition The bike was essentially a stock Harley Davidson with Confederate specific paint and details 65 Restructuring and revival edit In 1981 AMF sold the company to a group of 13 investors led by Vaughn Beals and Willie G Davidson for 80 million 66 The new management team improved product quality introduced new technologies and adopted just in time inventory management 67 These operational and product improvements were matched with a strategy of seeking tariff protection for large displacement motorcycles in the face of intense competition with Japanese manufacturers These protections were granted by the Reagan administration in 1983 giving Harley Davidson time to implement their new strategies 68 69 Revising stagnated product designs was a crucial centerpiece of Harley Davidson s turnaround strategy Rather than trying to mimic popular Japanese designs the new management deliberately exploited the retro appeal of Harley motorcycles building machines that deliberately adopted the look and feel of their earlier bikes and the subsequent customizations of owners of that era Many components such as brakes forks shocks carburetors electrics and wheels were outsourced from foreign manufacturers and quality increased technical improvements were made and buyers slowly returned Harley Davidson bought the Sub Shock cantilever swingarm rear suspension design from Missouri engineer Bill Davis and developed it into its Softail series of motorcycles introduced in 1984 with the FXST Softail 70 In response to possible motorcycle market loss due to the aging of baby boomers Harley Davidson bought luxury motorhome manufacturer Holiday Rambler in 1986 71 In 1996 the company sold Holiday Rambler to the Monaco Coach Corporation 72 The Sturgis model boasting a dual belt drive was introduced initially in 1980 and was made for three years This bike was then brought back as a commemorative model in 1991 Fat Boy Dyna and Harley Davidson museum edit Main articles Harley Davidson Fat Boy and Harley Davidson Museum By 1990 with the introduction of the Fat Boy Harley Davidson once again became the sales leader in the heavyweight over 750 cc market 73 At the time of the Fat Boy model introduction a false etymology spread that Fat Boy was a combination of the names of the atomic bombs Fat Man and Little Boy 74 This has been debunked as the name Fat Boy actually comes from the observation that the motorcycle is somewhat wider than other bikes when viewed head on 75 76 77 1993 and 1994 saw the replacement of FXR models with the Dyna FXD which became the sole rubber mount FX Big Twin frame in 1994 The FXR was revived briefly from 1999 to 2000 for special limited editions FXR2 FXR3 amp FXR4 78 Harley Davidson celebrated their 100th anniversary on September 1 2003 with a large event and concert featuring performances from Elton John The Doobie Brothers Kid Rock and Tim McGraw 79 Construction started on the 75 million 130 000 square foot 12 000 m2 Harley Davidson Museum in the Menomonee Valley of Milwaukee Wisconsin on June 1 2006 It opened in 2008 and houses the company s vast collection of historic motorcycles and corporate archives along with a restaurant cafe and meeting space 80 Overseas operations edit Established in 1918 the oldest continuously operating Harley Davidson dealership outside of the United States is in Australia 14 Sales in Japan started in 1912 14 then in 1929 Harley Davidsons were produced in Japan under license to the company Rikuo Rikuo Internal Combustion Company 81 under the name of Harley Davidson and using the company s tooling and later under the name Rikuo Production continued until 1958 82 83 In 1998 the first Harley Davidson factory outside the US opened in Manaus Brazil taking advantage of the free economic zone there The location was positioned to sell motorcycles in the southern hemisphere market 84 85 In August 2009 Harley Davidson launched Harley Davidson India and started selling motorcycles there in 2010 The company established the subsidiary in Gurgaon near Delhi in 2011 and created an Indian dealer network 86 87 On September 24 2020 Harley Davidson announced that it would discontinue its sales and manufacturing operations in India due to weak demand and sales The move involves 75 million in restructuring costs 70 layoffs and the closure of its Bawal plant in northern India 88 Buell Motorcycle Company edit Main article Buell Motorcycle Company nbsp Buell Lightning XB9SXHarley Davidson s association with sportbike manufacturer Buell Motorcycle Company began in 1987 when they supplied Buell with fifty surplus XR1000 engines Buell continued to buy engines from Harley Davidson until 1993 when Harley Davidson bought 49 percent of the Buell Motorcycle Company 89 Harley Davidson increased its share in Buell to ninety eight percent in 1998 and to complete ownership in 2003 90 In an attempt to attract newcomers to motorcycling in general and to Harley Davidson in particular Buell developed a low cost low maintenance motorcycle The resulting single cylinder Buell Blast was introduced in 2000 91 and was made through 2009 which according to Buell was to be the final year of production 92 The Buell Blast was the training vehicle for the Harley Davidson Rider s Edge New Rider Course from 2000 until May 2014 when the company re branded the training academy and started using the Harley Davidson Street 500 motorcycles In those 14 years more than 350 000 participants in the course learned to ride on the Buell Blast 93 On October 15 2009 Harley Davidson Inc issued an official statement that it would be discontinuing the Buell line and ceasing production immediately in order to focus on the Harley Davidson brand 94 The company refused to consider selling Buell 95 Founder Erik Buell subsequently established Erik Buell Racing and continued to manufacture and develop the company s 1125RR racing motorcycle 96 Claims of stock price manipulation edit nbsp Harley Davidson Inc NYSE HOG stock price source ZenoBank com During its period of peak demand during the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century Harley Davidson embarked on a program of expanding the number of dealerships throughout the country At the same time its current dealers typically had waiting lists that extended up to a year for some of the most popular models Harley Davidson like the auto manufacturers records a sale not when a consumer buys their product but rather when it is delivered to a dealer Therefore it is possible for the manufacturer to inflate sales numbers by requiring dealers to accept more inventory than desired in a practice called channel stuffing When demand softened following the unique 2003 model year this news led to a dramatic decline in the stock price In April 2004 alone the price of HOG shares dropped from more than 60 to less than 40 Immediately prior to this decline retiring CEO Jeffrey Bleustein profited 42 million on the exercise of employee stock options 97 Harley Davidson was named as a defendant in numerous class action suits filed by investors who claimed they were intentionally defrauded by Harley Davidson s management and directors 98 By January 2007 the price of Harley Davidson shares reached 70 Problems with Police Touring models edit Starting around 2000 several police departments started reporting problems with high speed instability on the Harley Davidson Touring motorcycles 99 A Raleigh North Carolina police officer Charles Paul was killed when his 2002 police touring motorcycle crashed after reportedly experiencing a high speed wobble 100 The California Highway Patrol conducted testing of the Police Touring motorcycles in 2006 The CHP test riders reported experiencing wobble or weave instability while operating the motorcycles on the test track 101 2007 strike edit On February 2 2007 upon the expiration of their union contract about 2 700 employees at Harley Davidson Inc s largest manufacturing plant in York Pennsylvania went on strike after failing to agree on wages and health benefits 102 103 During the pendency of the strike the company refused to pay for any portion of the striking employees health care 104 The day before the strike after the union voted against the proposed contract and to authorize the strike the company shut down all production at the plant The York facility employs more than 3 200 workers both union and non union 105 Harley Davidson announced on February 16 2007 that it had reached a labor agreement with union workers at its largest manufacturing plant a breakthrough in the two week old strike 106 The strike disrupted Harley Davidson s national production and was felt in Wisconsin where 440 employees were laid off and many Harley suppliers also laid off workers because of the strike 107 MV Agusta Group edit On July 11 2008 Harley Davidson announced they had signed a definitive agreement to acquire the MV Agusta Group for US 109 million 70M MV Agusta Group contains two lines of motorcycles the high performance MV Agusta brand and the lightweight Cagiva brand 108 109 The acquisition was completed on August 8 110 111 On October 15 2009 Harley Davidson announced that it would divest its interest in MV Agusta 94 Harley Davidson Inc sold Italian motorcycle maker MV Agusta to Claudio Castiglioni a member of the family that had purchased Aermacchi from H D in 1978 for a reported 3 euros ending the transaction in the first week of August 2010 Castiglioni was MV Agusta s former owner and had been MV Agusta s chairman since Harley Davidson bought it in 2008 As part of the deal Harley Davidson put 26M into MV Agusta s accounts essentially giving Castiglioni 26M to take the brand 112 113 Financial crisis edit The 2007 2008 financial crisis and 2008 2010 automotive industry crisis affected also the motorcycle industry According to Interbrand the value of the Harley Davidson brand fell by 43 percent to 4 34 billion in 2009 The fall in value is believed to be connected to the 66 percent drop in the company profits in two quarters of the previous year 114 On April 29 2010 Harley Davidson stated that they must cut 54 million in manufacturing costs from its production facilities in Wisconsin and that they would explore alternative U S sites to accomplish this The announcement came in the wake of a massive company wide restructuring which began in early 2009 and involved the closing of two factories one distribution center and the planned elimination of nearly 25 percent of its total workforce around 3 500 employees The company announced on September 14 2010 that it would remain in Wisconsin 115 Motorcycle engines edit nbsp 1 450 cubic centimetres 88 cu in V twinMain article Harley Davidson engine timeline The classic Harley Davidson engines are V twin engines with a 45 angle between the cylinders The crankshaft has a single pin and both pistons are connected to this pin through their connecting rods 5 This 45 angle is covered under several United States patents and is an engineering tradeoff that allows a large high torque engine in a relatively small space It causes the cylinders to fire at uneven intervals and produces the choppy potato potato sound so strongly linked to the Harley Davidson brand To simplify the engine and reduce costs the V twin ignition was designed to operate with a single set of points and no distributor This is known as a dual fire ignition system causing both spark plugs to fire regardless of which cylinder was on its compression stroke with the other spark plug firing on its cylinder s exhaust stroke effectively wasting a spark The exhaust note is basically a throaty growling sound with some popping The 45 design of the engine thus creates a plug firing sequencing as such The first cylinder fires the second rear cylinder fires 315 later then there is a 405 gap until the first cylinder fires again giving the engine its unique sound 116 Harley Davidson has used various ignition systems including the early points and condenser system on Big Twins and Sportsters up to 1978 a magneto ignition system used on some 1958 to 1969 Sportsters an early electronic with centrifugal mechanical advance weights on all models from mid 1978 until 1979 and a later electronic with a transistorized ignition control module more familiarly known as a black box or a brain on all models 1980 to present Starting in 1995 the company introduced Electronic Fuel Injection EFI as an option for the 30th anniversary edition Electra Glide 117 EFI became standard on all Harley Davidson motorcycles including Sportsters upon the introduction of the 2007 product line 118 In 1991 Harley Davidson began to participate in the Sound Quality Working Group founded by Orfield Labs Bruel and Kjaer TEAC Yamaha Sennheiser SMS and Cortex This was the nation s first group to share research on psychological acoustics Later that year Harley Davidson participated in a series of sound quality studies at Orfield Labs based on recordings taken at the Talladega Superspeedway with the objective to lower the sound level for EU standards while analytically capturing the Harley Sound 119 120 This research resulted in the bikes that were introduced in compliance with EU standards for 1998 On February 1 1994 the company filed a sound trademark application for the distinctive sound of the Harley Davidson motorcycle engine The mark consists of the exhaust sound of applicant s motorcycles produced by V twin common crankpin motorcycle engines when the goods are in use Nine of Harley Davidson s competitors filed comments opposing the application arguing that cruiser style motorcycles of various brands use a single crankpin V twin engine which produce a similar sound 121 These objections were followed by litigation In June 2000 the company dropped efforts to register a sound trademark 122 123 Big V twins edit F head also known as JD pocket valve and IOE intake over exhaust 1914 1929 1 000 cc and 1922 1929 1 200 cc Flathead 1930 1949 1 200 cc and 1935 1941 1 300 cc Knucklehead 1936 1947 61 cubic inch 1 000 cc and 1941 1947 74 cubic inch 1 200 cc Panhead 1948 1965 61 cubic inch 1 000 cc and 1948 1965 74 cubic inch 1 200 cc Shovelhead 1966 1984 74 cubic inch 1 200 cc and 80 cubic inch 1 338 cc since late 1978 Evolution a k a Evo and Blockhead 1984 1999 80 cubic inch 1 340 cc Twin Cam a k a Fathead as named by American Iron Magazine 1999 2017 in the following versions Twin Cam 88 1999 2006 88 cubic inch 1 450 cc Twin Cam 88B counterbalanced version of the Twin Cam 88 2000 2006 88 cubic inch 1 450 cc Twin Cam 95 since 2000 95 cubic inch 1 550 cc engines for early C V O models Twin Cam 96 since 2007 Twin Cam 103 2003 2006 2009 103 cubic inch 1 690 cc engines for C V O models Standard on 2011 Touring models Ultra Limited Road King Classic and Road Glide Ultra and optional on the Road Glide Custom and Street Glide Standard on most 2012 models excluding Sportsters and 2 Dynas Street Bob and Super Glide Custom Standard on all 2014 dyna models Twin Cam 110 2007 2017 110 cubic inch 1 800 cc engines for C V O models 2016 Soft Tail Slim S FatBoy S Low Rider S and Pro Street Breakout Milwaukee Eight Standard 107 cu in 1 746 cc Standard on touring model year 2017 and Softail models 2018 124 Twin cooled 107 cu in 1 746 cc Optional on some touring and trike model year 2017 125 Twin cooled 114 cu in 1 868 cc Optional on touring and trike model year 2017 standard on 2017 CVO models 125 Twin cooled 117 cu in 1 923 cc Standard on 2018 CVO models 126 Small V twins edit nbsp Evolution SportsterD Model 1929 1931 750 cc R Model 1932 1936 750 cc Flathead 750 cc 1937 1952 W Model solo 2 wheel 1932 1973 G Model Servi Car three wheeler K Model 1952 1953 750 cc KH Model 1954 1956 900 cc Ironhead 1957 1971 883 cc 1972 1985 1 000 cc Evolution since 1986 883 cc 1 100 cc and 1 200 ccRevolution engine edit nbsp Revolution engine in V RodThe Revolution engine is based on the VR 1000 Superbike race program developed by Harley Davidson s Powertrain Engineering with Porsche helping to make the engine suitable for street use It is a liquid cooled dual overhead cam internally counterbalanced 60 degree V twin engine with a displacement of 69 cubic inch 1 130 cc producing 115 hp 86 kW at 8 250 rpm at the crank with a redline of 9 000 rpm 127 128 It was introduced for the new VRSC V Rod line in 2001 for the 2002 model year starting with the single VRSCA V Twin Racing Street Custom model 129 130 The Revolution marks Harley s first collaboration with Porsche since the V4 Nova project which like the V Rod was a radical departure from Harley s traditional lineup until it was cancelled by AMF in 1981 in favor of the Evolution engine 131 A 1 250 cc Screamin Eagle version of the Revolution engine was made available for 2005 and 2006 and was present thereafter in a single production model from 2005 to 2007 In 2008 the 1 250 cc Revolution Engine became standard for the entire VRSC line Harley Davidson claims 123 hp 92 kW at the crank for the 2008 VRSCAW model The VRXSE Destroyer dragbike is equipped with a stroker 75 mm crank Screamin Eagle 79 cubic inch 1 300 cc Revolution Engine producing 97 pound feet 132 N m 132 and more than 165 hp 123 kW 750 cc and 500 cc versions of the Revolution engine are used in Harley Davidson s Street line of light cruisers 40 These motors named the Revolution X use a single overhead cam screw and locknut valve adjustment a single internal counterbalancer and vertically split crankcases all of these changes making it different from the original Revolution design 133 Dusseldorf Test edit An extreme endurance test of the Revolution engine was performed in a dynamometer installation at the Harley Davidson factory in Milwaukee simulating the German Autobahn highways without general speed limit between the Porsche research and development center in Weissach near Stuttgart to Dusseldorf An undisclosed number of samples of engines failed until an engine successfully passed the 500 hour nonstop run This was the benchmark for the engineers to approve the start of production for the Revolution engine which was documented in the Discovery channel special Harley Davidson Birth of the V Rod October 14 2001 134 Single cylinder engines edit nbsp 1928 Harley Davidson single cylinder motorcycleIOE singlesThe first Harley Davidson motorcycles were powered by single cylinder IOE engines with the inlet valve operated by engine vacuum based on the DeDion Bouton pattern 135 Singles of this type continued to be made until 1913 when a pushrod and rocker system was used to operate the overhead inlet valve on the single a similar system having been used on their V twins since 1911 136 Single cylinder motorcycle engines were discontinued in 1918 137 Flathead and OHV singlesSingle cylinder engines were reintroduced in 1925 as 1926 models 138 These singles were available either as flathead engines or as overhead valve engines 139 until 1930 after which they were only available as flatheads 138 The flathead single cylinder motorcycles were designated Model A for engines with magneto systems only and Model B for engines with battery and coil systems while overhead valve versions were designated Model AA and Model BA respectively and a magneto only racing version was designated Model S 139 This line of single cylinder motorcycles ended production in 1934 138 Two stroke singlesSee also Harley Davidson HummerModel families editModern Harley branded motorcycles fall into one of seven model families Touring Softail Dyna Sportster Vrod Street and LiveWire These model families are distinguished by the frame engine suspension and other characteristics Touring edit See also Harley Davidson FL nbsp Harley Davidson Road King nbsp Hamburg Police Electra GlideTouring models use Big Twin engines and large diameter telescopic forks All Touring designations begin with the letters FL e g FLHR Road King and FLTR Road Glide The touring family also known as dressers or baggers includes Road King Road Glide Electra Glide and Street Glide models offered in various trims The Road Kings have a retro cruiser appearance and are equipped with a large clear windshield Road Kings are reminiscent of big twin models from the 1940s and 1950s Electra Glides can be identified by their full front fairings Most Electra Glides sport a fork mounted fairing referred to as the Batwing due to its unmistakable shape The Road Glide and Road Glide Ultra Classic have a frame mounted fairing referred to as the Sharknose The Sharknose includes a unique dual front headlight Touring models are distinguishable by their large saddlebags rear coil over air suspension and are the only models to offer full fairings with radios and CBs All touring models use the same frame first introduced with a Shovelhead motor in 1980 and carried forward with only modest upgrades until 2009 when it was extensively redesigned The frame is distinguished by the location of the steering head in front of the forks and was the first H D frame to rubber mount the drivetrain to isolate the rider from the vibration of the big V twin nbsp Electra Glide Ultra Classic The frame was modified for the 1993 model year when the oil tank went under the transmission and the battery was moved inboard from under the right saddlebag to under the seat In 1997 the frame was again modified to allow for a larger battery under the seat and to lower seat height In 2007 Harley Davidson introduced the 96 cubic inches 1 570 cubic centimetres 140 Twin Cam 96 engine as well the six speed transmission to give the rider better speeds on the highway In 2006 Harley introduced the FLHX Street Glide a bike designed by Willie G Davidson to be his personal ride to its touring line 141 In 2008 Harley added anti lock braking systems and cruise control as a factory installed option on all touring models standard on CVO and Anniversary models 142 Also new for 2008 is the 6 US gallon 23 L 5 0 imp gal fuel tank for all touring models 2008 also brought throttle by wire to all touring models For the 2009 model year Harley Davidson redesigned the entire touring range with several changes including a new frame new swingarm a completely revised engine mounting system 17 inch 430 mm front wheels for all but the FLHRC Road King Classic and a 2 1 2 exhaust The changes result in greater load carrying capacity better handling a smoother engine longer range and less exhaust heat transmitted to the rider and passenger 143 144 Also released for the 2009 model year is the FLHTCUTG Tri Glide Ultra Classic the first three wheeled Harley since the Servi Car was discontinued in 1973 The model features a unique frame and a 103 cubic inch 1 690 cc engine exclusive to the trike 145 In 2014 Harley Davidson released a redesign for specific touring bikes and called it Project Rushmore 146 Changes include a new 103CI High Output engine one handed easy open saddlebags and compartments a new Boom Box Infotainment system with either 4 3 inch 10 cm or 6 5 inch 16 5 cm screens featuring touchscreen functionality 6 5 inch 16 5 cm models only Bluetooth media and phone with approved compatible devices available GPS and SiriusXM Text to Speech functionality with approved compatible devices and USB connectivity with charging Other features include ABS with Reflex linked brakes improved styling Halogen or LED lighting and upgraded passenger comfort Softail edit Main article Softail nbsp 2002 Softail Heritage ClassicThese big twin motorcycles capitalize on Harley s strong value on tradition With the rear wheel suspension hidden under the transmission they are visually similar to the hardtail choppers popular in the 1960s and 1970s as well as from their own earlier history In keeping with that tradition Harley offers Softail models with Heritage styling that incorporate design cues from throughout their history and used to offer Springer front ends on these Softail models from the factory DesignationSoftail models utilize the big twin engine F and the Softail chassis ST Softail models that use 21 inch 530 mm Front Wheels have designations that begin with FX e g FXSTB Night Train FXSTD Deuce and FXSTS Springer Softail models that use 16 inch 410 mm Front Wheels have designations beginning with FL e g FLSTF Fat Boy FLSTC Heritage Softail Classic FLSTN Softail Deluxe and FLS Softail Slim Softail models that use Springer forks with a 21 inch 530 mm wheel have designations that begin with FXSTS e g FXSTS Springer Softail and FXSTSB Bad Boy Softail models that use Springer forks with a 16 inch 410 mm wheel have designations that begin with FLSTS e g FLSTSC Springer Classic and FLSTSB Cross Bones Dyna edit Main article Harley Davidson Super Glide nbsp 2005 Dyna Super Glide CustomDyna frame motorcycles were developed in the 1980s and early 1990s and debuted in the 1991 model year with the FXDB Sturgis offered in limited edition quantities In 1992 the line continued with the limited edition FXDB Daytona and a production model FXD Super Glide The new DYNA frame featured big twin engines and traditional styling They can be distinguished from the Softail by the traditional coil over suspension that connects the swingarm to the frame and from the Sportster by their larger engines On these models the transmission also houses the engine s oil reservoir Prior to 2006 Dyna models typically featured a narrow XL style 39mm front fork and front wheel as well as footpegs which the manufacturer indicated with the letter X in the model designation This lineup traditionally included the Super Glide FXD Super Glide Custom FXDC Street Bob FXDB and Low Rider FXDL One exception was the Wide Glide FXDWG which featured thicker 41mm forks and a narrow front wheel but positioned the forks on wider triple trees that give a beefier appearance In 2008 the Dyna Fat Bob FXDF was introduced to the Dyna lineup featuring aggressive styling like a new 2 1 2 exhaust twin headlamps a 180 mm rear tire and for the first time in the Dyna lineup a 130 mm front tire For the 2012 model year the Dyna Switchback FLD became the first Dyna to break the tradition of having an FX model designation with floorboards detachable painted hard saddlebags touring windshield headlight nacelle and a wide front tire with full fender The new front end resembled the big twin FL models from 1968 to 1971 The Dyna family used the 88 cubic inch 1 440 cc twin cam from 1999 to 2006 In 2007 the displacement was increased to 96 cubic inches 1 570 cc as the factory increased the stroke to 4 375 inches 111 1 mm For the 2012 model year the manufacturer began to offer Dyna models with the 103 cubic inch 1 690 cc upgrade All Dyna models use a rubber mounted engine to isolate engine vibration Harley discontinued the Dyna platform in 2017 for the 2018 model year having been replaced by a completely redesigned Softail chassis some of the existing models previously released by the company under the Dyna nameplate have since been carried over to the new Softail line 147 DesignationDyna models utilize the big twin engine F footpegs noted as X with the exception of the 2012 FLD Switchback a Dyna model which used floorboards as featured on the Touring L models and the Dyna chassis D Therefore except for the FLD from 2012 to 2016 all Dyna models have designations that begin with FXD e g FXDWG Dyna Wide Glide and FXDL Dyna Low Rider Sportster edit Main article Harley Davidson Sportster nbsp 2002 Sportster 883 Custom nbsp 2003 Harley Davidson XL1200 Custom Anniversary EditionIntroduced in 1957 the Sportster family were conceived as racing motorcycles and were popular on dirt and flat track race courses through the 1960s and 1970s Smaller and lighter than the other Harley models contemporary Sportsters make use of 883 cc or 1 200 cc Evolution engines and though often modified remain similar in appearance to their racing ancestors 148 Up until the 2003 model year the engine on the Sportster was rigidly mounted to the frame The 2004 Sportster received a new frame accommodating a rubber mounted engine This made the bike heavier and reduced the available lean angle while it reduced the amount of vibration transmitted to the frame and the rider providing a smoother ride for rider and passenger 149 In the 2007 model year Harley Davidson celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Sportster and produced a limited edition called the XL50 of which only 2000 were made for sale worldwide Each motorcycle was individually numbered and came in one of two colors Mirage Pearl Orange or Vivid Black Also in 2007 electronic fuel injection was introduced to the Sportster family and the Nightster model was introduced in mid year In 2009 Harley Davidson added the Iron 883 to the Sportster line as part of the Dark Custom series In the 2008 model year Harley Davidson released the XR1200 Sportster in Europe Africa and the Middle East The XR1200 had an Evolution engine tuned to produce 91 bhp 68 kW four piston dual front disc brakes and an aluminum swing arm Motorcyclist featured the XR1200 on the cover of its July 2008 issue and was generally positive about it in their First Ride story in which Harley Davidson was repeatedly asked to sell it in the United States 150 One possible reason for the delayed availability in the United States was that Harley Davidson had to obtain the XR1200 naming rights from Storz Performance a Harley customizing shop in Ventura Calif 151 The XR1200 was released in the United States in 2009 in a special color scheme including Mirage Orange highlighting its dirt tracker heritage The first 750 XR1200 models in 2009 were pre ordered and came with a number 1 tag for the front of the bike autographed by Kenny Coolbeth and Scott Parker and a thank you welcome letter from the company signed by Bill Davidson citation needed The XR1200 was discontinued in model year 2013 In 2021 Harley Davidson launched the Sportster S model with a 121 hp engine and 228 Kg ready to ride weight 152 The Sportster S was one of the first Harleys to come with cornering ABS and lean sensitive traction control 153 The Sportster S is also the first model under the Sportster nameplate since 1957 to receive a completely new engine DesignationExcept for the street going XR1000 of the 1980s and the XR1200 most Sportsters made for street use have the prefix XL in their model designation For the Sportster Evolution engines used since the mid 1980s there have been two engine sizes Motorcycles with the smaller engine are designated XL883 while those with the larger engine were initially designated XL1100 When the size of the larger engine was increased from 1 100 cc to 1 200 cc the designation was changed accordingly from XL1100 to XL1200 Subsequent letters in the designation refer to model variations within the Sportster range e g the XL883C refers to an 883 cc Sportster Custom while the XL1200S designates the now discontinued 1200 Sportster Sport VRSC edit Main article Harley Davidson VRSC nbsp 2003 VRSCA V RodIntroduced in 2001 and produced until 2017 154 the VRSC muscle bike family bears little resemblance to Harley s more traditional lineup Competing against Japanese and American muscle bikes in the upcoming muscle bike power cruiser segment the V Rod makes use of the revolution engine that for the first time in Harley history incorporates overhead cams and liquid cooling The V Rod is visually distinctive easily identified by the 60 degree V Twin engine the radiator and the hydroformed frame members that support the round topped air cleaner cover The VRSC platform was also used for factory drag racing motorcycles In 2008 Harley added the anti lock braking system as a factory installed option on all VRSC models 142 Harley also increased the displacement of the stock engine from 1 130 to 1 250 cc 69 to 76 cu in which had only previously been available from Screamin Eagle and added a slipper clutch as standard equipment VRSC models include VRSCA V Rod 2002 2006 VRSCAW V Rod 2007 2010 VRSCB V Rod 2004 2005 VRSCD Night Rod 2006 2008 VRSCDX Night Rod Special 2007 2014 VRSCSE Screamin Eagle CVO V Rod 2005 VRSCSE2 Screamin Eagle CVO V Rod 2006 VRSCR Street Rod 2006 2007 VRSCX Screamin Eagle Tribute V Rod 2007 VRSCF V Rod Muscle 2009 2014 VRSC models utilize the Revolution engine VR and the street versions are designated Street Custom SC After the VRSC prefix common to all street Revolution bikes the next letter denotes the model either A base V Rod discontinued AW base V Rod W for Wide with a 240 mm rear tire B discontinued D Night Rod discontinued R Street Rod discontinued SE and SEII CVO Special Edition or X Special edition Further differentiation within models are made with an additional letter e g VRSCDX denotes the Night Rod Special VRXSE edit The VRXSE V Rod Destroyer is Harley Davidson s production drag racing motorcycle constructed to run the quarter mile in less than ten seconds It is based on the same revolution engine that powers the VRSC line but the VRXSE uses the Screamin Eagle 1 300 cc stroked incarnation featuring a 75 mm crankshaft 105 mm Pistons and 58 mm throttle bodies The V Rod Destroyer is not a street legal motorcycle As such it uses X instead of SC to denote a non street bike SE denotes a CVO Special Edition Street edit Main article Harley Davidson Street The Street Harley Davidson s newest platform and their first all new platform in thirteen years was designed to appeal to younger riders looking for a lighter bike at a cheaper price 40 The Street 750 model was launched in India at the 2014 Indian Auto Expo Delhi NCR on February 5 2014 The Street 750 weighs 218 kg and has a ground clearance of 144 mm giving it the lowest weight and the highest ground clearance of Harley Davidson motorcycles currently available 155 The Street 750 uses an all new liquid cooled 60 V twin engine called the Revolution X In the Street 750 the engine displaces 749 cc 45 7 cu in and produces 65 Nm at 4 000 rpm A six speed transmission is used 155 The Street 750 and the smaller displacement Street 500 have been available since late 2014 40 Street series motorcycles for the North American market will be built in Harley Davidson s Kansas City Missouri plant 40 while those for other markets around the world will be built completely in their plant in Bawal India 40 155 LiveWire edit Main article LiveWire company nbsp The electric LiveWire motorcycleHarley Davidson s LiveWire released in 2019 is their first electric vehicle The high voltage battery provides a minimum city range of 98 miles 158 km 156 The LiveWire targets a different type of customer than their classic V twin powered motorcycles 157 In March 2020 a Harley Davidson LiveWire was used to break the 24 hour distance record for an electric motorcycle The bike traveled a reported 1 723 km 1 079 miles in 23 hours and 48 minutes The LiveWire offers a Level 1 slow recharge which uses a regular wall outlet to refill an empty battery overnight or a quick Level 3 DC Fast Charge The Fast Charge fills the battery most of the way in about 40 minutes Swiss rider Michel von Tell used the Level 3 charging to make the 24 hour ride 158 In December 2021 the company announced that that LiveWire was to be spun off from parent Harley Davidson set to go public in the first half of 2022 as a special purpose acquisition company SPAC with the value estimated to be 1 77 billion 159 needs update Custom Vehicle Operations editMain article Harley Davidson CVO Custom Vehicle Operations CVO is a team within Harley Davidson that produces limited edition customizations of Harley s stock models Every year since 1999 the team has selected two to five of the company s base models and added higher displacement engines performance upgrades special edition paint jobs more chromed or accented components audio system upgrades and electronic accessories to create high dollar premium quality customizations for the factory custom market 160 The models most commonly upgraded in such a fashion are the Ultra Classic Electra Glide which has been selected for CVO treatment every year from 2006 to the present and the Road King which was selected in 2002 2003 2007 and 2008 The Dyna Softail and VRSC families have also been selected for CVO customization Environmental record editThe Environmental Protection Agency conducted emissions certification and representative emissions test in Ann Arbor Michigan in 2005 Subsequently Harley Davidson produced an environmental warranty The warranty ensures each owner that the vehicle is designed and built free of any defects in materials and workmanship that would cause the vehicle to not meet EPA standards 161 In 2005 the EPA and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection PADEP confirmed Harley Davidson to be the first corporation to voluntarily enroll in the One Clean Up Program This program is designed for the clean up of the affected soil and groundwater at the former York Naval Ordnance Plant The program is backed by the state and local government along with participating organizations and corporations 162 Paul Gotthold Director of Operations for the EPA congratulated the motor company Harley Davidson has taken their environmental responsibilities very seriously and has already made substantial progress in the investigation and cleanup of past contamination Proof of Harley s efforts can be found in the recent EPA determination that designates the Harley property as under control for cleanup purposes This determination means that there are no serious contamination problems at the facility Under the new One Cleanup Program Harley EPA and PADEP will expedite the completion of the property investigation and reach a final solution that will permanently protect human health and the environment 162 Harley Davidson also purchased most of Castalloy a South Australian producer of cast motorcycle wheels and hubs The South Australian government has set forth protection to the purchaser Harley Davidson against environmental risks 163 In August 2016 Harley Davidson settled with the EPA for 12 million without admitting wrongdoing over the sale of after market super tuners 164 165 Super tuners were devices marketed for competition which enabled increased performance of Harley Davidson products However the devices also modified the emission control systems producing increased hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide Harley Davidson is required to buy back and destroy any super tuners which do not meet Clean Air Act requirements and spend 3 million on air pollution mitigation Brand culture edit nbsp Harley Davidson Cafe theme restaurant located on the Las Vegas StripAccording to a recent Harley Davidson study in 1987 half of all Harley riders were under age 35 166 However by 2006 only 15 percent of Harley buyers were under 35 166 and as of 2005 the median age had risen to 46 7 167 168 169 170 In 2008 Harley Davidson stopped disclosing the average age of riders at this point it was 48 years old 171 In 1987 the median household income of a Harley Davidson rider was 38 000 By 1997 the median household income for those riders had more than doubled to 83 000 172 clarification needed Many Harley Davidson Clubs exist nowadays around the world 173 the oldest one founded in 1928 is in Prague 174 Harley Davidson attracts a loyal brand community 175 with licensing of the Harley Davidson logo accounting for almost 5 percent of the company s net revenue 41 million in 2004 176 Harley Davidson supplies many American police forces with their motorcycle fleets 177 From its founding Harley Davidson had worked to brand its motorcycles as respectable and refined products with ads that showed what motorcycling writer Fred Rau called refined looking ladies with parasols and men in conservative suits as the target market 178 179 The 1906 Harley Davidson s effective and polite muffler was emphasized in advertisements with the nickname The Silent Gray Fellow 179 180 That began to shift in the 1960s partially in response to the clean cut motorcyclist portrayed in Honda s You meet the nicest people on a Honda campaign when Harley Davidson sought to draw a contrast with Honda by underscoring the more working class macho and even a little anti social attitude associated with motorcycling s dark side With the 1971 FX Super Glide the company embraced rather than distanced itself from chopper style and the counterculture custom Harley scene 181 Their marketing cultivated the bad boy image of biker and motorcycle clubs and to a point even outlaw or one percenter motorcycle clubs 178 179 Origin of Hog nickname edit Beginning in 1920 a team of farm boys including Ray Weishaar who became known as the hog boys consistently won races The group had a live hog as their mascot Following a win they would put the hog on their Harley and take a victory lap 182 In 1983 the Motor Company formed a club for owners of its product taking advantage of the long standing nickname by turning hog into the acronym HOG for Harley Owners Group Harley Davidson attempted to trademark hog but lost a case against an independent Harley Davidson specialist The Hog Farm of West Seneca New York 183 in 1999 when the appellate panel ruled that hog had become a generic term for large motorcycles and was therefore unprotectable as a trademark 184 On August 15 2006 Harley Davidson Inc had its NYSE ticker symbol changed from HDI to HOG 185 Bobbers edit Harley Davidson FL big twins normally had heavy steel fenders chrome trim and other ornate and heavy accessories After World War II riders wanting more speed would often shorten the fenders or take them off completely to reduce the weight of the motorcycle These bikes were called bobbers or sometimes choppers because parts considered unnecessary were chopped off Those who made or rode choppers and bobbers especially members of motorcycle clubs like the Hells Angels referred to stock FLs as garbage wagons 186 Harley Owners Group edit Main article Harley Owners Group Harley Davidson established the Harley Owners Group HOG in 1983 to build on the loyalty of Harley Davidson enthusiasts as a means to promote a lifestyle alongside its products The HOG also opened new revenue streams for the company with the production of tie in merchandise offered to club members numbering more than one million Other motorcycle brands 187 and other and consumer brands outside motorcycling have also tried to create factory sponsored community marketing clubs of their own 188 HOG members typically spend 30 percent more than other Harley owners on such items as clothing and Harley Davidson sponsored events 189 In 1991 HOG went international with the first official European HOG Rally in Cheltenham England 190 Today more than one million members and more than 1400 chapters worldwide make HOG the largest factory sponsored motorcycle organization in the world 191 HOG benefits include organized group rides exclusive products and product discounts insurance discounts and the Hog Tales newsletter A one year full membership is included with the purchase of a new unregistered Harley Davidson 192 In 2008 HOG celebrated its 25th anniversary in conjunction with the Harley 105th in Milwaukee Wisconsin 3rd Southern HOG Rally set to bring together largest gathering of Harley Davidson owners in South India More than 600 Harley Davidson Owners expected to ride to Hyderabad from across 13 HOG Chapters 193 Factory tours and museum edit nbsp Harley Davidson Museum in Milwaukee Harley Davidson offers factory tours at four of its manufacturing sites and the Harley Davidson Museum which opened in 2008 exhibits Harley Davidson s history culture and vehicles including the motor company s corporate archives 194 195 York Pennsylvania Vehicle Operations Manufacturing site for Touring class Softail and custom vehicles Tomahawk Wisconsin Tomahawk Operations Facility that makes sidecars saddlebags windshields and more Kansas City Missouri Vehicle and Powertrain Operations Manufacturing site of Sportster VRSC and other vehicles Menomonee Falls Wisconsin Pilgrim Road Powertrain Operations plant two types of tours Milwaukee Wisconsin Harley Davidson Museum Archive exhibits of people products culture and history restaurant amp cafe and museum store Due to the consolidation of operations the Capitol Drive Tour Center in Wauwatosa Wisconsin was closed in 2009 Historic register designations edit Some of the company s buildings have been listed on state and national historic registers including Harley Davidson Motorcycle Factory Building added to National Register of Historic Places on November 9 1994 196 197 Factory No 7 added to Wisconsin State Register of Historic Places on August 14 2020 198 Anniversary celebrations edit nbsp Clockwise from top left William S Harley William A Davidson Walter Davidson Sr Arthur DavidsonBeginning with Harley Davidson s 90th anniversary in 1993 Harley Davidson has had celebratory rides to Milwaukee called the Ride Home 199 This new tradition has continued every five years and is referred to unofficially as Harleyfest in line with Milwaukee s other festivals Summerfest German fest Festa Italiana etc This event brings Harley riders from all around the world 200 201 The 105th anniversary celebration was held on August 28 31 2008 202 and included events in Milwaukee Waukesha Racine and Kenosha counties in Southeast Wisconsin The 110th anniversary celebration was held on August 29 31 2013 The 115th anniversary was held in Prague Czech Republic the home country of the oldest existing Harley Davidson Club on July 5 8 2018 and attracted more than 100 000 visitors and 60 000 bikes 203 The 120th anniversary was held in Budapest Hungary with the parade on June 24 204 Labor Hall of Fame edit William S Harley Arthur Davidson William A Davidson and Walter Davidson Sr were in 2004 inducted into the Labor Hall of Fame for their accomplishments for the H D company and its workforce 205 Television drama edit The company s origins were dramatized in a 2016 miniseries entitled Harley and the Davidsons starring Robert Aramayo as William Harley Bug Hall as Arthur Davidson 206 and Michiel Huisman as Walter Davidson and premiered on the Discovery Channel as a three night event series on September 5 2016 207 208 See also edit nbsp Companies portal nbsp United States portalList of Harley Davidson motorcycles Category Harley Davidson engines Harley Davidson Bally pinball Harley Davidson Sega Stern pinball Harley Davidson amp L A Riders Harley Davidson Race Across America List of motor scooter manufacturers and brandsReferences edit Jochen Zeitz Appointed President and Chief Executive Officer of Harley Davidson Harley Davidson USA May 7 2020 Archived from the original on January 31 2022 Retrieved January 31 2022 a b c d e f g Harley Davidson Inc 2022 Annual Report investor harley davidson com February 25 2022 Archived from the original on August 16 2022 Retrieved August 16 2022 Automotive RSS Feed Archived November 17 2009 at the Wayback Machine Popular Mechanics Retrieved July 7 2011 a b c 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History vol 98 no 1 Autumn 2014 28 37 Holmstrom Darwin July 19 2016 Harley Davidson The Complete History Motorbooks ISBN 9780760363072 Hook Patrick 2002 Harley Davidson The Complete History London PRC Pub Ltd ISBN 0760755175 OCLC 906849779 Mitchel Doug 1997 Harley Davidson Chronicle An American Original Publications International Limited ISBN 0 7853 2514 X Mitchel Doug March 18 2005 Harley Davidson Field Guide All American Bikes 1903 2004 Penguin ISBN 978 1 4402 2547 5 Myatt Steven 2009 The Legend of Harley Davidson Dennis Publishing ISBN 978 1 906372 73 6 OCLC 703343293 Oosterwal Dantar P January 13 2010 The Lean Machine How Harley Davidson Drove Top Line Growth and Profitability with Revolutionary Lean Product Development AMACOM ISBN 978 0 8144 1379 1 Scott Missy 2008 Harley Davidson Motor Company ABC CLIO ISBN 978 0 313 34890 7 OCLC 247080027 Siegal Margie May 10 2014 Harley Davidson A History of the World s Most Famous Motorcycle Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 0 7478 1495 5 Wagner Herbert 2003 At the Creation Myth Reality and the Origin of the Harley Davidson Motorcycle 1901 1909 Wisconsin Historical Society Press Wente Philipp 2017 The Harley Davidson Book teNeues Publishing Company ISBN 978 3 96171 023 2 Wilson H 1995 The Encyclopedia of the Motorcycle Dorling Kindersley Limited ISBN 0 7513 0206 6 Harley Davidson American Freedom Machines Publications International Limited October 2019 ISBN 978 1 64558 016 4 Videos Why Harley Davidson Is Struggling In India CNBC May 28 2019 Archived from the original on December 11 2021 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harley Davidson Official website nbsp Business data for Harley Davidson GoogleSEC filingsYahoo Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Harley Davidson amp oldid 1207120827, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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