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Moro National Liberation Front

July 22, 2023

Not to be confused with Moro Islamic Liberation Front.

The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF; Arabic: الجبهة الوطنية لتحرير مورو) is a political organization in the Philippines that was founded in 1972.[1][10] It started as a splinter group of the Muslim Independence Movement.[1] The MNLF was the leading organization among Moro separatists for about two decades beginning from the 1970s.[1]

Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
الجبهة الوطنية لتحرير مورو‎

Flag and logo of the MNLF
LeadersDisputed since 1996
Nur Misuari (MNLF) and Mus Sema (MNLF EC-15)[1]
Dates of operationMarch 18, 1968 – September 2, 1996
(as a secessionist group)[2]
September 2, 1996 – present
(as a political organization)
HeadquartersSulu, Philippines
Active regionsMindanao, Philippines
IdeologyMoro autonomy
Egalitarianism
Federalism[3]
AlliesState allies
Republic of the Philippines
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (until 2011)
Government of Malaysia
Non-state allies
MILF (MNLF EC-15)[4]
Sulu Sultanate (Jamalul Kiram III loyalist) (Misuari faction)[5]
OpponentsState opponents
Government of Malaysia (Misuari faction)[6][7]
Non-state opponent
Al-Qaeda

Islamic State

MILF (Misuari faction)[8][9]
New People's Army
Battles and warsMoro conflict
Designated as a terrorist group by Malaysia (Misuari faction)[6][7]
Websitewww.mnlf.org.ph

In 1996, the MNLF signed a landmark peace agreement with the Philippine government that saw the creation of Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), an area composed of two mainland provinces and three island provinces in which the predominantly Muslim population enjoys a degree of self-rule.[11] Nur Misuari was installed as the region's governor but his rule ended in violence when he led a failed rebellion against the Philippine government in November 2001,[11] and fled to Sabah before being deported back to the Philippines by the Malaysian authorities.[1][12][13]

The MNLF is internationally recognized by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and its Parliamentary Union of OIC Member States (PUIC).[14] Since 1977, the MNLF has been an observer member of the OIC.[15] On January 30, 2012, MNLF became an observer member of the Parliamentary Union of Islamic Cooperation (PUIC), as approved during the 7th PUIC global session held in Palembang, Indonesia.[16]

Background

Further information: Jabidah massacre
 
MNLF fighters in 2009

The Philippine government wanted to encourage migration of landless Christians from other parts of the country in a so-called Homestead Program (1903–1973). There was no land titling system by the natives of Mindanao at that time, and the Christian settlers exploited the situation. Lanao and Cotabato received an influx of migrants from Luzon and Visayas. Tensions between Moros and Christians were caused by disputes about land ownership and disenfranchisement of Muslims. The Homestead Program is one of the root-causes of the Moro conflict.[17][18]

Poverty, grievances of the Muslim population, weak rule of law and difficult terrain have made counterterrorism challenging against insurgents in the Southern Philippines.[19]

On March 18, 1968, there was an alleged massacre of Moro soldiers in Corregidor Island.[20][21] This eventually led to the establishment of the Bangsamoro Liberation Organization (BMLO).[22] Bangsamoro Liberation Organization (BMLO) and Ansarul Islam founders were Rashid Lucman, Salipada Pendatun, Domocao Alonto, Hamid Kamlian, Captain Sayyid Kalingalan Caluang, Udtog Matalam and Atty. Macapantun Abbas Jr.[23][24]There has been a long-standing allegation that Malaysia provided the initial training and arming of the first batch of MNLF cadres known as "Top 90" in 1969.[25] It has been alleged that Malaysia was either ignorant or tolerated the illicit arms shipments, mainly from the Middle East, flowing into Mindanao that fueled the insurgency.[26]

The founder and one of disputed leaders of the MNLF is Nur Misuari.[1] The MNLF was founded as a splinter group of the Muslim Independence Movement on October 21, 1972.[1]

MNLF officially claims that its ideology is egalitarianism, and the organization is a secular movement, unlike its splinter group the Moro Islamic Liberation Front.[27]

Leadership and splits

Further information: Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Abu Sayyaf, and MNLF Executive Council of 15

The MNLF was the leading organization among Moro separatists for about two decades beginning from the 1970s. However, discontent on Nur Misuari's leadership caused the group to unravel especially after the 1996 peace agreement. Integration of former rebels in the society was also a factor in the weakening. At the present there are multiple competing factions. For instance, Hadja Bainon Karon's faction supported peace deal in 2012, after Nur Misuari had criticized it.[1][28][29][30] There was also a case of defections of Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) fighters to MNLF.[31] As of 14 August 2015, the current chairman of the group is uncertain and the sources, including Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and Philippine Government, disagree. Nur Misuari still has support among some of the factions.[1]

Many splits followed tribal affiliation.[1] United Nations Security Council report stated in 2010 that the splinter groups Moro Islamic Liberation Front and Abu Sayyaf recruit and use child soldiers in the conflict.[32]

Peace talks

Main article: 1996 Final Peace Agreement

Libyan and Muammar Gaddafi's mediation resulted in the signing of the Tripoli Agreement on December 23, 1976. The agreement aimed to establish an autonomous region for Ethnic-Muslim Filipinos. The agreement failed shortly after signing due to President Ferdinand Marcos' duplicitous decision to create two autonomous regions instead of only one, which consisted of only 10 of the 13 provinces agreed upon in the Tripoli Agreement. A referendum was held on each province to be included in the autonomous region. Decades after the government's resettlement of un-landed settlers in Moro Ancestral Lands in Mindanao, the Moros became the minority in their own homeland. The referendums however did influence Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao by creating its predecessors. MNLF decided to continue armed struggle.[1]

The MNLF shifted from demands of full independence to autonomy in the 1980s. In 1986 a ceasefire and attempts to have a peace agreement were made, but they failed.[1]

Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao was established in 1989, despite opposition from the MNLF.[1]

OIC, Libya and Indonesia mediated peace talks which were restarted in 1992. Statements of Understanding and Interim Agreements were made between 1992 and 1996. Jakarta Peace Agreement was signed in 1996.[1]

Tensions between the Philippine Government and the MNLF have been fueled by mineral wealth sharing, problems of implementing the peace agreement and the Nur Misuari faction's ongoing opposition of the peace agreement.[1][33]

In 2015 Nur Misuari rejected reports on the MNLF involvement in the North Borneo dispute and said only the Sultanate of Sulu can pursue the negotiations for the Sabah claim with the Malaysian sides. The MNLF has asserted that their group are not involved in any part of the North Borneo dispute and stressing it is a non-issue as Sabah has become the "home-base for different tribal groupings of Muslims from different regions of Southeast Asia that have enjoyed peaceful and harmonious co-existence with the Chinese and Christian populace in the area."[34]

European Union and the United States do not use the classification of "terrorist" for the MNLF.[35]

Zamboanga City crisis

 
Zamboanga City hall pictured.
Main articles: Zamboanga City crisis and Bangsamoro Republik

In 2013, the Nur Misuari faction of the MNLF declared independence for the Bangsamoro Republik and attacked Zamboanga City. During the MNLF standoff with the Armed Forces of the Philippines, the group was accused by the Philippines of using civilians as human shields, thus leading the Philippine government to label them terrorists.[36][37][38][39] The State Department of the United States included a mention of the siege in its report on "East Asia and Pacific Overview".[40]

Present

 
President Rodrigo Duterte with Nur Misuari during their meeting at Davao City.

The Moro National Liberation Front under Nur Misuari had talks with President Rodrigo Duterte. Misuari has been meeting with Duterte ever since the signing of the Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL) in Davao City. Duterte is also considering autonomy to be given to Misuari.[41] Misuari also talked with Duterte about Federalism[42] according to Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque.[43]

The OPAPP under the orders of President Duterte formed the GPH-MNLF Peace Coordinating Committee[44][45] in order to fulfill the remaining parts of the 1996 Final Peace Agreement. It also tackles the security and socio-economic problems within Sulu. It also aims to resolve conflicts within Mindanao with the help of MNLF. It also serves as the coordinating committee with the Philippine Government.[46]

On August 12, 2022, Abdulkarim Misuari, Nurrheda Misuari[47] along with 4 others have been appointed as Members of Parliament for the Bangsamoro Transition Authority under President Bongbong Marcos.[48] The appointment lasts until the regular elections for the Bangsamoro Parliament will be held on 2025.

Under the Executive Council of 15, they were part of the Bangsamoro Transition Commission with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front. Yusop Jikiri and Muslimin Sema along with her wife, former Congresswoman Bai Sandra Sema supports the Bangsamoro Organic Law.[49][50] After the enactment of the Bangsamoro Organic Law, members of the EC-15 got appointed into the Bangsamoro Transition Authority by President Duterte.[51]

Flag

 
Flag of the MNLF without inscriptions.

The Moro National Liberation Front makes use of a flag consist of a golden yellow star and crescent and a kris on a red field. The star represents Truthfulness, Fairness, Equality and Tolerance while the crescent moon symbolizes wisdom. The kris symbolizes strength. The red field represents the Bangsamoro activism, decisiveness, persistence, frugality, and sacrifices in pushing forward the revolutionary struggle for survival, self-determination, and success. The flag design is secular despite having a star and crescent, a symbol often associated with Islam. The flag has not been standardized and many variation exists regarding the scaling of elements in the flag. A variant, with a shahadah on the star and crescent exists. The flag was also used for the Bangsamoro Republik, a widely unrecognized state declared by the group.[52][unreliable source?]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Daniel Cassman (August 14, 2015). "Moro National Liberation Front". Mapping Militant Organizations – Stanford university.
  2. ^ "Final Peace Agreement with the MNLF, September 2, 1996 | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. September 2, 1996.
  3. ^ . Archived from the original on April 3, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ^ "MILF, MNLF jointly call on Bangsamoro for unity and solidarity". Relief Web. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  5. ^ Teoh El Sen (March 14, 2013). "MNLF supports Sulu claim, says Nur Misuari faction". Astro Awani. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
  6. ^ a b . Bernama. MySinChew English. July 16, 2014. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  7. ^ a b . Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. March 5, 2013. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
  8. ^ Edwin O. Fernandez (March 20, 2013). . Philippine News Agency. Interaksyon. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  9. ^ Ruth Cabal (November 8, 2016). "EXCLUSIVE: MILF 'traitors' and 'criminals' – Misuari". CNN Philippines. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
  10. ^ . Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  11. ^ a b . Anti-Defamation League. April 2004. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  12. ^ Barbara Mae Dacanay (December 20, 2001). . Gulf News. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
  13. ^ . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. December 20, 2001. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
  14. ^ "PUIC". Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  15. ^ List of Observer Members of Organization of Islamic Conference[permanent dead link]
  16. ^ . Archived from the original on June 2, 2013.
  17. ^ dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA406868
  18. ^ Damien Kingsbury; Senior Lecturer in International Development Damien Kingsbury; Costas Laoutides (March 5, 2015). Territorial Separatism in Global Politics: Causes, Outcomes and Resolution. Routledge. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-317-63139-2.
  19. ^ "Terrorism Havens: Philippines". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  20. ^ Marites Dañguilan Vitug; Glenda M. Gloria (March 18, 2013). . Rappler. Archived from the original on September 13, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  21. ^ Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr. (March 28, 1968). "Jabidah! Special Forces of Evil?". Delivered at the Legislative Building, Manila, on March 28, 1968. Government of the Philippines. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
  22. ^ Fallon, Joseph E. (August 1989). . Fourth World Journal. 2 (1). Archived from the original on August 18, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2007.
  23. ^ Espaldon, Senator Ernesto (1997). WITH THE BRAVEST The Untold Story of the Sulu Freedom Fighters of World War II. Bureau of Public Printing. p. 210.
  24. ^ Caluang, Calingalan. "THE HERO SAYYID KALINGALAN CALUANG". Retrieved May 20, 2023.
  25. ^ Tan, Andrew T/H. (2009). A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 230, 238. ISBN 978-1847207180.
  26. ^ Lino Miani (2011). The Sulu Arms Market: National Responses to a Regional Problem. Institute of Southeast Asian. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-981-4311-11-3.
  27. ^ . Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  28. ^ "MNLF official appeals for support for peace deal". philstar.com. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  29. ^ "Abu splits into smaller groups, says MNLF official". philstar.com. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  30. ^ "Misuari to Abu Sayyaf: Enough, we cannot tolerate you forever". February 9, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  31. ^ "Al Jazeera reports exodus of MILF members to MNLF". ABS-CBN News.
  32. ^ "a/64/742 – E". www.un.org. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  33. ^ "MNLF technical panel 'walks out' in final peace agreement talks". Tempo – News in a Flash. Archived from the original on May 3, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  34. ^ Karlos Manlupig (May 17, 2015). . Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 17, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2015. Misuari, who is hiding after the hostilities in Zamboanga in 2013, maintains his position that only the Sultanate of Sulu can pursue the negotiations for the Sabah claim. Respecting the fervent wish of the late Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Kiram III to let alone the Islamic Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo (SSNB) to negotiate peacefully with the Muslim leaders of Malaysia to settle the controversial issue in order not to repeat the March 2013 Lahad Datu, Sabah incident, Chairman Misuari has dismissed the media reports as unfounded and without any ounce of truth involving the MNLF in any level talks. The MNLF, however, asserted that the Sabah case is a non-issue because it is the "home-base for different tribal groupings of Muslims from different regions of Southeast Asia that have enjoyed peaceful and harmonious co-existence with the Chinese and Christian populace in the area.
  35. ^ "Moro National Liberation Front". Mapping Militant Organizations.
  36. ^ Carmela Lapeña; Amita Legaspi (September 9, 2013). "MNLF attacks Zambo City, using 20 hostages as 'human shields;' six killed". GMA News. Reuters. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
  37. ^ Titus Calauor; Benjie Vergara; Al Jacinto (September 11, 2013). "Human shields beg for help". Agence France Presse. The Manila Times. from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
  38. ^ Senator Aquilino "Koko" Pimentel III (November 27, 2013). "Resolution directing the appropriate Senate Committee's, to conduct an inquiry, in aid of legislation, on the motives, behind the Zamboanga City siege in September 2013 which resulted in a humanitarian crisis in the said city, with the end in view of enacting measures to prevent the reccurrence of a similar incident in the future" (PDF). Philippine Senate. Retrieved November 28, 2013.
  39. ^ News, from a report by Atom Araullo, ABS-CBN. "Misuari declares independence". abs-cbn.com. Retrieved April 3, 2018. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  40. ^ "Chapter 2. Country Reports: East Asia and Pacific Overview". U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State. 2013.
  41. ^ News, Dharel Placido, ABS-CBN. "Duterte, Misuari in first meeting since Bangsamoro Law signing". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved October 6, 2018. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  42. ^ "Duterte, Misuari hold talks on federalism". Manila Bulletin News. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  43. ^ "Duterte meets with MNLF leader Misuari in Davao City". GMA News Online. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  44. ^ Corrales, Nestor (August 27, 2019). "Duterte orders creation of PH-MNLF coordinating committee". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  45. ^ Parrocha, Azer (November 12, 2019). "PRRD, Misuari to finalize GPH-MNLF peace panel next month". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  46. ^ "MNLF in Sulu welcomes GPH-MNLF peace developments". Manila Standard. January 27, 2020. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  47. ^ "New BTA unites former warring MILF, MNLF rebels". Philippine News Agency. August 14, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  48. ^ "Marcos names members of Bangsamoro transition government". CNN Philippines. August 12, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  49. ^ Arguillas, Carolyn O. "New Bangsamoro political entity: from ARMM to BARMM; from BBL to OLBARMM". MindaNews. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  50. ^ Viña, Antonio G. M. La. "RIVERMAN'S VISTA: Hopes raised with the Bangsamoro Organic Law". MindaNews. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  51. ^ Argullas, Carolyn (February 24, 2019). "Bangsamoro in transition: so who took their oath as BTA members?". MindaNews. MindaNews. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  52. ^ Petalcorin, John Remollo (December 19, 2010). "FAQ About MNLF". Voice from the Resistance. Retrieved December 26, 2013.

Further reading

  • The Long Struggle to Silence the Guns of Rebellion: A Review of the Long and Winding Trail to the Elusive Peace Agreements by The CenSEI Report
  • 1996 Peace Agreement with the Moro National Liberation Front

External links

  • Official website
  • Official blog site of the MNLF Director for Advocacy Communication
  • MNLF attacks Marine post in Sulu
  • MNLF of Nur Misuari Attack Zamboanga City
  • Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)

July 22, 2023
moro, national, liberation, front, confused, with, moro, islamic, liberation, front, mnlf, arabic, الجبهة, الوطنية, لتحرير, مورو, political, organization, philippines, that, founded, 1972, started, splinter, group, muslim, independence, movement, mnlf, leading. Not to be confused with Moro Islamic Liberation Front The Moro National Liberation Front MNLF Arabic الجبهة الوطنية لتحرير مورو is a political organization in the Philippines that was founded in 1972 1 10 It started as a splinter group of the Muslim Independence Movement 1 The MNLF was the leading organization among Moro separatists for about two decades beginning from the 1970s 1 Moro National Liberation Front MNLF الجبهة الوطنية لتحرير مورو Flag and logo of the MNLFLeadersDisputed since 1996Nur Misuari MNLF and Mus Sema MNLF EC 15 1 Dates of operationMarch 18 1968 September 2 1996 as a secessionist group 2 September 2 1996 present as a political organization HeadquartersSulu PhilippinesActive regionsMindanao PhilippinesIdeologyMoro autonomy EgalitarianismFederalism 3 AlliesState allies Republic of the Philippines Libyan Arab Jamahiriya until 2011 Government of MalaysiaNon state allies MILF MNLF EC 15 4 Sulu Sultanate Jamalul Kiram III loyalist Misuari faction 5 OpponentsState opponents Government of Malaysia Misuari faction 6 7 Non state opponent Al Qaeda Jemaah IslamiyahIslamic State Abu Sayyaf BIFF MILF Misuari faction 8 9 New People s ArmyBattles and warsMoro conflictDesignated as a terrorist group by Malaysia Misuari faction 6 7 Websitewww wbr mnlf wbr org wbr phIn 1996 the MNLF signed a landmark peace agreement with the Philippine government that saw the creation of Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ARMM an area composed of two mainland provinces and three island provinces in which the predominantly Muslim population enjoys a degree of self rule 11 Nur Misuari was installed as the region s governor but his rule ended in violence when he led a failed rebellion against the Philippine government in November 2001 11 and fled to Sabah before being deported back to the Philippines by the Malaysian authorities 1 12 13 The MNLF is internationally recognized by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation OIC and its Parliamentary Union of OIC Member States PUIC 14 Since 1977 the MNLF has been an observer member of the OIC 15 On January 30 2012 MNLF became an observer member of the Parliamentary Union of Islamic Cooperation PUIC as approved during the 7th PUIC global session held in Palembang Indonesia 16 Contents 1 Background 2 Leadership and splits 3 Peace talks 4 Zamboanga City crisis 5 Present 6 Flag 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksBackground EditFurther information Jabidah massacre MNLF fighters in 2009The Philippine government wanted to encourage migration of landless Christians from other parts of the country in a so called Homestead Program 1903 1973 There was no land titling system by the natives of Mindanao at that time and the Christian settlers exploited the situation Lanao and Cotabato received an influx of migrants from Luzon and Visayas Tensions between Moros and Christians were caused by disputes about land ownership and disenfranchisement of Muslims The Homestead Program is one of the root causes of the Moro conflict 17 18 Poverty grievances of the Muslim population weak rule of law and difficult terrain have made counterterrorism challenging against insurgents in the Southern Philippines 19 On March 18 1968 there was an alleged massacre of Moro soldiers in Corregidor Island 20 21 This eventually led to the establishment of the Bangsamoro Liberation Organization BMLO 22 Bangsamoro Liberation Organization BMLO and Ansarul Islam founders were Rashid Lucman Salipada Pendatun Domocao Alonto Hamid Kamlian Captain Sayyid Kalingalan Caluang Udtog Matalam and Atty Macapantun Abbas Jr 23 24 There has been a long standing allegation that Malaysia provided the initial training and arming of the first batch of MNLF cadres known as Top 90 in 1969 25 It has been alleged that Malaysia was either ignorant or tolerated the illicit arms shipments mainly from the Middle East flowing into Mindanao that fueled the insurgency 26 The founder and one of disputed leaders of the MNLF is Nur Misuari 1 The MNLF was founded as a splinter group of the Muslim Independence Movement on October 21 1972 1 MNLF officially claims that its ideology is egalitarianism and the organization is a secular movement unlike its splinter group the Moro Islamic Liberation Front 27 Leadership and splits EditFurther information Moro Islamic Liberation Front Abu Sayyaf and MNLF Executive Council of 15 The MNLF was the leading organization among Moro separatists for about two decades beginning from the 1970s However discontent on Nur Misuari s leadership caused the group to unravel especially after the 1996 peace agreement Integration of former rebels in the society was also a factor in the weakening At the present there are multiple competing factions For instance Hadja Bainon Karon s faction supported peace deal in 2012 after Nur Misuari had criticized it 1 28 29 30 There was also a case of defections of Moro Islamic Liberation Front MILF fighters to MNLF 31 As of 14 August 2015 update the current chairman of the group is uncertain and the sources including Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and Philippine Government disagree Nur Misuari still has support among some of the factions 1 Many splits followed tribal affiliation 1 United Nations Security Council report stated in 2010 that the splinter groups Moro Islamic Liberation Front and Abu Sayyaf recruit and use child soldiers in the conflict 32 Peace talks EditMain article 1996 Final Peace Agreement Libyan and Muammar Gaddafi s mediation resulted in the signing of the Tripoli Agreement on December 23 1976 The agreement aimed to establish an autonomous region for Ethnic Muslim Filipinos The agreement failed shortly after signing due to President Ferdinand Marcos duplicitous decision to create two autonomous regions instead of only one which consisted of only 10 of the 13 provinces agreed upon in the Tripoli Agreement A referendum was held on each province to be included in the autonomous region Decades after the government s resettlement of un landed settlers in Moro Ancestral Lands in Mindanao the Moros became the minority in their own homeland The referendums however did influence Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao by creating its predecessors MNLF decided to continue armed struggle 1 The MNLF shifted from demands of full independence to autonomy in the 1980s In 1986 a ceasefire and attempts to have a peace agreement were made but they failed 1 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao was established in 1989 despite opposition from the MNLF 1 OIC Libya and Indonesia mediated peace talks which were restarted in 1992 Statements of Understanding and Interim Agreements were made between 1992 and 1996 Jakarta Peace Agreement was signed in 1996 1 Tensions between the Philippine Government and the MNLF have been fueled by mineral wealth sharing problems of implementing the peace agreement and the Nur Misuari faction s ongoing opposition of the peace agreement 1 33 In 2015 Nur Misuari rejected reports on the MNLF involvement in the North Borneo dispute and said only the Sultanate of Sulu can pursue the negotiations for the Sabah claim with the Malaysian sides The MNLF has asserted that their group are not involved in any part of the North Borneo dispute and stressing it is a non issue as Sabah has become the home base for different tribal groupings of Muslims from different regions of Southeast Asia that have enjoyed peaceful and harmonious co existence with the Chinese and Christian populace in the area 34 European Union and the United States do not use the classification of terrorist for the MNLF 35 Zamboanga City crisis Edit Zamboanga City hall pictured Main articles Zamboanga City crisis and Bangsamoro Republik In 2013 the Nur Misuari faction of the MNLF declared independence for the Bangsamoro Republik and attacked Zamboanga City During the MNLF standoff with the Armed Forces of the Philippines the group was accused by the Philippines of using civilians as human shields thus leading the Philippine government to label them terrorists 36 37 38 39 The State Department of the United States included a mention of the siege in its report on East Asia and Pacific Overview 40 Present Edit President Rodrigo Duterte with Nur Misuari during their meeting at Davao City The Moro National Liberation Front under Nur Misuari had talks with President Rodrigo Duterte Misuari has been meeting with Duterte ever since the signing of the Bangsamoro Organic Law BOL in Davao City Duterte is also considering autonomy to be given to Misuari 41 Misuari also talked with Duterte about Federalism 42 according to Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque 43 The OPAPP under the orders of President Duterte formed the GPH MNLF Peace Coordinating Committee 44 45 in order to fulfill the remaining parts of the 1996 Final Peace Agreement It also tackles the security and socio economic problems within Sulu It also aims to resolve conflicts within Mindanao with the help of MNLF It also serves as the coordinating committee with the Philippine Government 46 On August 12 2022 Abdulkarim Misuari Nurrheda Misuari 47 along with 4 others have been appointed as Members of Parliament for the Bangsamoro Transition Authority under President Bongbong Marcos 48 The appointment lasts until the regular elections for the Bangsamoro Parliament will be held on 2025 Under the Executive Council of 15 they were part of the Bangsamoro Transition Commission with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front Yusop Jikiri and Muslimin Sema along with her wife former Congresswoman Bai Sandra Sema supports the Bangsamoro Organic Law 49 50 After the enactment of the Bangsamoro Organic Law members of the EC 15 got appointed into the Bangsamoro Transition Authority by President Duterte 51 Flag Edit Flag of the MNLF without inscriptions The Moro National Liberation Front makes use of a flag consist of a golden yellow star and crescent and a kris on a red field The star represents Truthfulness Fairness Equality and Tolerance while the crescent moon symbolizes wisdom The kris symbolizes strength The red field represents the Bangsamoro activism decisiveness persistence frugality and sacrifices in pushing forward the revolutionary struggle for survival self determination and success The flag design is secular despite having a star and crescent a symbol often associated with Islam The flag has not been standardized and many variation exists regarding the scaling of elements in the flag A variant with a shahadah on the star and crescent exists The flag was also used for the Bangsamoro Republik a widely unrecognized state declared by the group 52 unreliable source See also EditBangsamoro PartyReferences Edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Daniel Cassman August 14 2015 Moro National Liberation Front Mapping Militant Organizations Stanford university Final Peace Agreement with the MNLF September 2 1996 GOVPH Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines September 2 1996 Archived copy Archived from the original on April 3 2013 Retrieved October 8 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link MILF MNLF jointly call on Bangsamoro for unity and solidarity Relief Web Retrieved March 17 2021 Teoh El Sen March 14 2013 MNLF supports Sulu claim says Nur Misuari faction Astro Awani Retrieved June 13 2014 a b Nur Misuari involved says Zahid Bernama MySinChew English July 16 2014 Archived from the original on July 16 2014 Retrieved July 16 2014 a b Press Statement Meeting with the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines H E Albert F del Rosario on 4 March 2013 Ministry of Foreign Affairs Malaysia March 5 2013 Archived from the original on March 8 2013 Retrieved March 7 2013 Edwin O Fernandez March 20 2013 Misuari hit for claiming Malaysia used MILF to bolster claim on Sabah Philippine News Agency Interaksyon Archived from the original on October 25 2015 Retrieved October 25 2015 Ruth Cabal November 8 2016 EXCLUSIVE MILF traitors and criminals Misuari CNN Philippines Retrieved November 9 2016 Focus on the Philippines Archived from the original on March 5 2016 Retrieved January 26 2015 a b The Philippines and Terrorism Anti Defamation League April 2004 Archived from the original on May 5 2015 Retrieved May 5 2015 Barbara Mae Dacanay December 20 2001 Nur Misuari seeks asylum in Malaysia Gulf News Archived from the original on July 5 2014 Retrieved July 5 2014 Nur Misuari to be repatriated to stand trial Australian Broadcasting Corporation December 20 2001 Archived from the original on July 5 2014 Retrieved July 5 2014 PUIC Retrieved January 26 2015 List of Observer Members of Organization of Islamic Conference permanent dead link PUIC Approved MNLF as Observer in Palembang Meet Archived from the original on June 2 2013 dtic mil cgi bin GetTRDoc AD ADA406868 Damien Kingsbury Senior Lecturer in International Development Damien Kingsbury Costas Laoutides March 5 2015 Territorial Separatism in Global Politics Causes Outcomes and Resolution Routledge p 55 ISBN 978 1 317 63139 2 Terrorism Havens Philippines Council on Foreign Relations Retrieved January 26 2015 Marites Danguilan Vitug Glenda M Gloria March 18 2013 Jabidah and Merdeka The inside story Rappler Archived from the original on September 13 2015 Retrieved May 6 2016 Senator Benigno S Aquino Jr March 28 1968 Jabidah Special Forces of Evil Delivered at the Legislative Building Manila on March 28 1968 Government of the Philippines Retrieved May 6 2015 Fallon Joseph E August 1989 Igorot and Moro National Reemergence Fourth World Journal 2 1 Archived from the original on August 18 2007 Retrieved September 5 2007 Espaldon Senator Ernesto 1997 WITH THE BRAVEST The Untold Story of the Sulu Freedom Fighters of World War II Bureau of Public Printing p 210 Caluang Calingalan THE HERO SAYYID KALINGALAN CALUANG Retrieved May 20 2023 Tan Andrew T H 2009 A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia Cheltenham UK Edward Elgar Publishing pp 230 238 ISBN 978 1847207180 Lino Miani 2011 The Sulu Arms Market National Responses to a Regional Problem Institute of Southeast Asian pp 72 ISBN 978 981 4311 11 3 Asia Times Online Moro leader looks for united front Archived from the original on January 31 2013 Retrieved January 26 2015 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link MNLF official appeals for support for peace deal philstar com Retrieved January 26 2015 Abu splits into smaller groups says MNLF official philstar com Retrieved January 26 2015 Misuari to Abu Sayyaf Enough we cannot tolerate you forever February 9 2013 Retrieved January 26 2015 Al Jazeera reports exodus of MILF members to MNLF ABS CBN News a 64 742 E www un org Retrieved April 3 2018 MNLF technical panel walks out in final peace agreement talks Tempo News in a Flash Archived from the original on May 3 2013 Retrieved January 26 2015 Karlos Manlupig May 17 2015 MNLF denies talks with Malaysia over Sabah Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on May 17 2015 Retrieved May 18 2015 Misuari who is hiding after the hostilities in Zamboanga in 2013 maintains his position that only the Sultanate of Sulu can pursue the negotiations for the Sabah claim Respecting the fervent wish of the late Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Kiram III to let alone the Islamic Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo SSNB to negotiate peacefully with the Muslim leaders of Malaysia to settle the controversial issue in order not to repeat the March 2013 Lahad Datu Sabah incident Chairman Misuari has dismissed the media reports as unfounded and without any ounce of truth involving the MNLF in any level talks The MNLF however asserted that the Sabah case is a non issue because it is the home base for different tribal groupings of Muslims from different regions of Southeast Asia that have enjoyed peaceful and harmonious co existence with the Chinese and Christian populace in the area Moro National Liberation Front Mapping Militant Organizations Carmela Lapena Amita Legaspi September 9 2013 MNLF attacks Zambo City using 20 hostages as human shields six killed GMA News Reuters Retrieved September 10 2013 Titus Calauor Benjie Vergara Al Jacinto September 11 2013 Human shields beg for help Agence France Presse The Manila Times Archived from the original on October 25 2015 Retrieved September 12 2013 Senator Aquilino Koko Pimentel III November 27 2013 Resolution directing the appropriate Senate Committee s to conduct an inquiry in aid of legislation on the motives behind the Zamboanga City siege in September 2013 which resulted in a humanitarian crisis in the said city with the end in view of enacting measures to prevent the reccurrence of a similar incident in the future PDF Philippine Senate Retrieved November 28 2013 News from a report by Atom Araullo ABS CBN Misuari declares independence abs cbn com Retrieved April 3 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a last has generic name help Chapter 2 Country Reports East Asia and Pacific Overview U S Department of State U S Department of State 2013 News Dharel Placido ABS CBN Duterte Misuari in first meeting since Bangsamoro Law signing ABS CBN News Retrieved October 6 2018 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a last has generic name help Duterte Misuari hold talks on federalism Manila Bulletin News Retrieved October 7 2018 Duterte meets with MNLF leader Misuari in Davao City GMA News Online Retrieved October 6 2018 Corrales Nestor August 27 2019 Duterte orders creation of PH MNLF coordinating committee Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved October 16 2021 Parrocha Azer November 12 2019 PRRD Misuari to finalize GPH MNLF peace panel next month Philippine News Agency Retrieved October 16 2021 MNLF in Sulu welcomes GPH MNLF peace developments Manila Standard January 27 2020 Retrieved October 16 2021 New BTA unites former warring MILF MNLF rebels Philippine News Agency August 14 2022 Retrieved August 14 2022 Marcos names members of Bangsamoro transition government CNN Philippines August 12 2022 Retrieved August 13 2022 Arguillas Carolyn O New Bangsamoro political entity from ARMM to BARMM from BBL to OLBARMM MindaNews Retrieved October 7 2018 Vina Antonio G M La RIVERMAN S VISTA Hopes raised with the Bangsamoro Organic Law MindaNews Retrieved October 7 2018 Argullas Carolyn February 24 2019 Bangsamoro in transition so who took their oath as BTA members MindaNews MindaNews Retrieved March 12 2021 Petalcorin John Remollo December 19 2010 FAQ About MNLF Voice from the Resistance Retrieved December 26 2013 Further reading EditThe Long Struggle to Silence the Guns of Rebellion A Review of the Long and Winding Trail to the Elusive Peace Agreements by The CenSEI Report 1996 Peace Agreement with the Moro National Liberation FrontExternal links EditOfficial website Official blog site of the MNLF Director for Advocacy Communication MNLF attacks Marine post in Sulu MNLF of Nur Misuari Attack Zamboanga City Moro National Liberation Front MNLF Portals Islam Philippines Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Moro National Liberation Front amp oldid 1165542614, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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