The Sulaiman Mountains, also known as Kōh-e Sulaymān (Dari:کوهِ سليمان; "Mountains of ProphetSolomon") or Da Kasē Ghrūna (Pashto: د كسې غرونه; "Mountains of Kasi"), are a north–south extension of the southern Hindu Kush mountain system in Pakistan and Afghanistan. They rise to form the eastern edge of the Iranian plateau.[1] They are located in the Kandahar, Zabul, Paktika and Paktia provinces of Afghanistan, and in Pakistan they extend over the northern part of Balochistan and some southern parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In southwestern Punjab, the mountains extend into the two districts of Dera Ghazi Khan and Rajanpur, which are located west of the Indus River on the boundary with Balochistan. Bordering the mountains to the east are the plains of the Indus River valley, and to the north are the arid highlands of the Central Hindu Kush whose heights extend up to 3,383 metres (11,099 ft).[2] Together with the Kirthar Mountains on the border between Balochistan and Sindh, the Sulaiman Mountains form what is known as the Sulaiman-Kirthar geologic province.[3]
The eastern edge of the Sulaiman range runs 280 miles (450 km) from the Gomal Pass in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province to near the city of Jacobabad in Sindh province,[6] and further stretches into south-west Punjab.
The Sulaiman Range, and the high plateaus to the west of it, helps form a natural barrier against the humid winds that blow from the Indian Ocean, creating arid conditions across southern and central Afghanistan to the west and north. In contrast, the relatively flat and low-lying Indusdelta is situated due east and south of the Sulaimans.
The Sulaimans were formed as a fold and thrust belt as the Indian Plate collided into Eurasian Plate beginning about 30 million years ago.[7] The Indian Plate's counter-clockwise rotation as it collided with the Eurasian Plate resulted in the Sulaiman's having some of the most complex tectonic structures in the world,[7] including "stacking" of thrust faults.[8] The complex fault-system is capable of producing doublet earthquakes that jump to other faults - such as the 1997 Harnai earthquake in which a magnitude 7.1 earthquake triggered a 6.8 earthquake 19 seconds later on a second fault 50 kilometres away.[9]
Areas in the southern part of the range include an Imbricate fan of slices of rocks in close parallel,[7] bounded by faults on either side of each slice.[10] Along the Eastern edge of the Sulaimans is the Sulaiman Fold, an area within the Indian Plate consisting of sediment, alongside which runs the Ornach Nal-Ghazaband-Chaman Fault.[11]
One of the highest peaks of the Sulaimans, the Takht-i Sulaiman ("Throne of Solomon") at 3,382 metres (11,096 ft) high, was recorded by Ibn Battuta as the Koh-i Sulaiman.[12]
In Pashtun legend, it is associated with Prophet Solomon. According to the legend, Prophet Solomon climbed this mountain and looked out over the land of South Asia, which was then covered with darkness, and so turned back without descending into this new frontier, and left only the mountain which is named after him (as told by Ibn Battuta).[13]
According to another legend, Noah's Ark alighted in the Takht-i Sulaiman after the Deluge.
Another legend says that Qais Abdur Rashid, said to be the legendary ancestor of the Pashtun nation, is buried atop Takht-e-Sulaiman, and so it is also locally known as Da Kasī Ghar (د کسي غر, "Mount of Qais").
According to this legend, his descendants migrated west, north, and south from here. Some people visit the place and make animal sacrifices, usually a sheep or a goat, at the tomb of Qais to help feed the poor.[citation needed] Trips to the mountain is undertaken mostly in summer, since from late November until March the snowfall makes it difficult to climb.[14]
^Maldonado, Florian (2011). "Summary of the Stratigraphy and Structural Elements Related to Plate Convergence of the Quetta-Muslim Bagh-Sibi Region, Balochistan, West-Central Pakistan" (PDF). USGS. Reston, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey.
^"Earthquakes can jump long distances". EARTH Magazine. 2016-06-29. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
^Park, Graham (2017-11-09). Mountains: The origins of the Earth's mountain systems. Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. ISBN978-1-78046-579-1.
^"NASA Earth Observatory - Newsroom". Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 6 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
^Battutah, Ibn (2002). The Travels of Ibn Battutah. London: Picador. p. 147. ISBN9780330418799.
^"Shariat and Tasawwuf". Books.themajlis.net. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
External links
Chiltan Adventures Association Balochistan
April 09, 2023
sulaiman, mountains, other, mountains, sulayman, mountain, kyrgyzstan, takht, soleiman, disambiguation, also, known, kōh, sulaymān, dari, کوه, سليمان, mountains, prophet, solomon, kasē, ghrūna, pashto, كسې, غرونه, mountains, kasi, north, south, extension, sout. For other mountains see Sulayman Mountain in Kyrgyzstan and Takht e Soleiman disambiguation The Sulaiman Mountains also known as Kōh e Sulayman Dari کوه سليمان Mountains of Prophet Solomon or Da Kase Ghruna Pashto د كسې غرونه Mountains of Kasi are a north south extension of the southern Hindu Kush mountain system in Pakistan and Afghanistan They rise to form the eastern edge of the Iranian plateau 1 They are located in the Kandahar Zabul Paktika and Paktia provinces of Afghanistan and in Pakistan they extend over the northern part of Balochistan and some southern parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa In southwestern Punjab the mountains extend into the two districts of Dera Ghazi Khan and Rajanpur which are located west of the Indus River on the boundary with Balochistan Bordering the mountains to the east are the plains of the Indus River valley and to the north are the arid highlands of the Central Hindu Kush whose heights extend up to 3 383 metres 11 099 ft 2 Together with the Kirthar Mountains on the border between Balochistan and Sindh the Sulaiman Mountains form what is known as the Sulaiman Kirthar geologic province 3 Sulaiman Rangeد كسې غرونه کوه سليمانSatellite image of a part of the Sulaiman RangeHighest pointElevation3 487 m 11 440 ft Coordinates30 30 N 70 10 E 30 500 N 70 167 E 30 500 70 167 Coordinates 30 30 N 70 10 E 30 500 N 70 167 E 30 500 70 167GeographySulaiman RangeLocationShow map of Balochistan PakistanSulaiman RangeSulaiman Range Pakistan Show map of PakistanLocationZabul Kandahar and Loya Paktia Afghanistan Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa PakistanParent rangeHindu KushThe most well known peak of the Sulaimans is the twin peaked Takht e Sulaiman or Throne of Prophet Solomon at 3 487 metres 11 440 ft 4 located near Darazinda in Dera Ismail Khan Subdivision close to the border with both South Waziristan and the Zhob District of neighboring Balochistan province The highest peak however is Zarghun Ghar at 3 578 metres 11 739 ft near Quetta Pakistan The next highest peak in Balochistan province is Khilafat Hill at 3 475 metres 11 401 ft which is located in the Ziarat District of Pakistan and is famous for the Ziarat Juniper Forest where Juniperus macropoda trees grow 5 Contents 1 Geography 2 Geology 3 Legends about Takht e Sulaiman 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksGeography EditThe eastern edge of the Sulaiman range runs 280 miles 450 km from the Gomal Pass in Pakistan s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province to near the city of Jacobabad in Sindh province 6 and further stretches into south west Punjab In Afghanistan the western edge of the range starts just beyond the northern Loya Paktia province where they meet the Koh i Baba range South from there they meet the Spin Ghar range northeast of Gardez in Paktia province but towards west the mountain range drops gradually in Kandahar southwest into Helmand and the Sistan Basin citation needed The Sulaiman Range and the high plateaus to the west of it helps form a natural barrier against the humid winds that blow from the Indian Ocean creating arid conditions across southern and central Afghanistan to the west and north In contrast the relatively flat and low lying Indus delta is situated due east and south of the Sulaimans Rivers that drain the Sulaimans include the Gomal River which flows eastward into the Indus River and the Dori River and other small tributaries of the Arghandab River which flow southwestward into the Helmand River citation needed Geology EditThe Sulaimans were formed as a fold and thrust belt as the Indian Plate collided into Eurasian Plate beginning about 30 million years ago 7 The Indian Plate s counter clockwise rotation as it collided with the Eurasian Plate resulted in the Sulaiman s having some of the most complex tectonic structures in the world 7 including stacking of thrust faults 8 The complex fault system is capable of producing doublet earthquakes that jump to other faults such as the 1997 Harnai earthquake in which a magnitude 7 1 earthquake triggered a 6 8 earthquake 19 seconds later on a second fault 50 kilometres away 9 Areas in the southern part of the range include an Imbricate fan of slices of rocks in close parallel 7 bounded by faults on either side of each slice 10 Along the Eastern edge of the Sulaimans is the Sulaiman Fold an area within the Indian Plate consisting of sediment alongside which runs the Ornach Nal Ghazaband Chaman Fault 11 Legends about Takht e Sulaiman Edit A view of Takht e Sulaiman from Kulachi tehsil One of the highest peaks of the Sulaimans the Takht i Sulaiman Throne of Solomon at 3 382 metres 11 096 ft high was recorded by Ibn Battuta as the Koh i Sulaiman 12 In Pashtun legend it is associated with Prophet Solomon According to the legend Prophet Solomon climbed this mountain and looked out over the land of South Asia which was then covered with darkness and so turned back without descending into this new frontier and left only the mountain which is named after him as told by Ibn Battuta 13 According to another legend Noah s Ark alighted in the Takht i Sulaiman after the Deluge Another legend says that Qais Abdur Rashid said to be the legendary ancestor of the Pashtun nation is buried atop Takht e Sulaiman and so it is also locally known as Da Kasi Ghar د کسي غر Mount of Qais According to this legend his descendants migrated west north and south from here Some people visit the place and make animal sacrifices usually a sheep or a goat at the tomb of Qais to help feed the poor citation needed Trips to the mountain is undertaken mostly in summer since from late November until March the snowfall makes it difficult to climb 14 See also EditLoe Nekan Wadani Spin Ghar Hindu Kush List of mountain ranges of the world Fort Munro Sheikh BadinReferences Edit Akroyd Clarissa 2014 11 17 Pakistan Simon and Schuster ISBN 978 1 63355 947 9 Khan Fazle Karim 1991 A Geography of Pakistan Environment People and Economy Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 577411 5 USGS Bulletin 2208 C Sembar Goru Ghazij Composite Total Petroleum System Indus and Sulaiman Kirthar Geologic Provinces Pakistan and India pubs usgs gov Retrieved 2020 04 20 Park Graham 2017 11 09 Mountains The origins of the Earth s mountain systems Dunedin Academic Press Ltd ISBN 978 1 78046 579 1 Shah Syed Ali 10 July 2013 In Balochistan an ancient forest battles for survival Dawn Retrieved 28 December 2014 Sulaiman Range mountains Pakistan Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2020 08 16 a b c Forging Sulaiman Range earthobservatory nasa gov 2014 07 23 Retrieved 2020 08 16 Maldonado Florian 2011 Summary of the Stratigraphy and Structural Elements Related to Plate Convergence of the Quetta Muslim Bagh Sibi Region Balochistan West Central Pakistan PDF USGS Reston Virginia U S Geological Survey Earthquakes can jump long distances EARTH Magazine 2016 06 29 Retrieved 2020 08 16 Science Source Imbricate Fan Sulaiman Range Pakistan www sciencesource com Retrieved 2020 08 16 Park Graham 2017 11 09 Mountains The origins of the Earth s mountain systems Dunedin Academic Press Ltd ISBN 978 1 78046 579 1 NASA Earth Observatory Newsroom Earthobservatory nasa gov 6 February 2019 Retrieved 6 February 2019 Battutah Ibn 2002 The Travels of Ibn Battutah London Picador p 147 ISBN 9780330418799 Shariat and Tasawwuf Books themajlis net Retrieved 6 February 2019 External links EditNASA Earth Observatory page Chiltan Adventures Association Balochistan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sulaiman Mountains amp oldid 1148007824, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
