The Pact of Biak-na-Bato, signed on December 15, 1897,[3][4] created a truce between Spanish colonial Governor-GeneralFernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine Revolution. Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were given amnesty and monetary indemnity by the Spanish Government, in return for which the revolutionary government would go into exile in Hong Kong. Aguinaldo had decided to use the money to purchase advance firearms and ammunition later on return to the archipelago.[5]: 49 [6]: 232
Pact of Biak-na-Bato
Filipino revolutionaries exiled to Hong Kong. Sitting on Emilio Aguinaldo's right is Lt. Col. Miguel Primo de Rivera,[1]: 278 nephew and aide-de-camp of Fernando Primo de Rivera and father of José Antonio Primo de Rivera, who was held hostage until Aguinaldo's indemnity was paid.[2]: 309–310 Standing behind Aguinaldo is Col. Gregorio del Pilar. Standing behind Miguel and to his right is Pedro Paterno.
The Filipino negotiators for the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. Seated from left to right: Pedro Paterno and Emilio Aguinaldo with five companions
The pact was signed in San Miguel, Bulacan, in the house of Pablo Tecson, a Philippine revolutionary captain who served as brigadier general in the 'Brigada Del Pilar' (military troop) of General Gregorio del Pilar during the Revolution.
A hand-drawn Spanish military map of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo's headquarters at Biak-na-bato (ca. 1897)
According to General Emilio Aguinaldo, writing in 1899, the principal conditions of the Pact of biak-na-bato were:[4]
That I would, and any of my associates who desired to go with me, be free to live in any foreign country. Having fixed upon Hong Kong as my place of residence, it was agreed that payment of the indemnity of $MXN800,000[a] should be made in three installments, namely, $MXN400,000[a] when all the arms in Biak-na-bató were delivered to the Spanish authorities; $MXN200,000[a] when the arms surrendered amounted to eight hundred stand; the final payment to be made when one thousand stand of arms shall have been handed over to the authorities and the Te Deum sung in the Cathedral in Manila as thanksgiving for the restoration of peace. The latter part of February was fixed as the limit of time wherein the surrender of arms should be completed.
The whole of the money was to be paid to me personally, leaving the disposal of the money to my discretion and knowledge of the understanding with my associates and other insurgents.
Prior to evacuating Biak-na-bató the remainder of the insurgent forces under Captain-General Primo de Rivera should send to Biak-na-bató two General of the Spanish Army to be held as hostages by my associates who remained there until I and a few of my compatriots arrived in Hong Kong and the first installment of the money payment (namely, four hundred thousand dollars) was paid to me.
It was also agreed that the religious corporations in the Philippines be expelled and an autonomous system of government, political and administrative, be established, though by special request of General Primo de Rivera these conditions were not insisted on in the drawing up of the Treaty, the General contending that such concessions would subject the Spanish Government to severe criticism and even ridicule.
According to historian Teodoro Agoncillo, the pact was made up of three documents which together came to be known as the Truce of Biak-na-Bató and which provided, among other things:[8]
That Aguinaldo and his companions would go into voluntary exile abroad.[4][8]
That Governor-General Primo de Rivera would pay the sum of $MXN800,000[a] to the rebels in three installments:
$MXN400,000[a] to Aguinaldo upon his departure from Biak-na-Bató,[4][8]
$MXN200,000[a] when the arms surrendered by the revolutionists amounted to 800 stand,[4] and
the remaining $MXN200,000[a] when the arms surrendered amounted to 1,000 stand, Te Deum in the Cathedral in Manila as thanksgiving for the restoration of peace.[4]
That Primo de Rivera would pay the additional sum of $MXN900,000[a] to the families of the non-combatant Filipinos who suffered during the armed conflict.[8]
According to historian Sonia M. Zaide, the agreement consisted of three parts:
A document called "Program", generally as described by Agoncillo.
A document called "Act of Agreement" which reiterated parts of the "Program" document and hinted at the desire of the Filipinos for reforms but contained no definite agreement by Spain to grant such reforms.
A third document which discussed the question of indemnity, specifying that Spain would pay a total of $1,700,000— $MXN800,000[a] as above plus $MXN900,000[a] to be distributed among the civilian population as compensation for the ravages of war.[9]
Results
In accordance with the first part of the pact, Aguinaldo and twenty five other top officials of the revolution were banished to Hong Kong with $MXN400,000[a] in their possession.[10] The rest of the men received $MXN200,000[a], but the third installment was never received. General amnesty was never declared and sporadic skirmishes continued.[11]
Notes
^ abcdefghijklThe Mexican dollar at the time was worth about 50 US cents, equivalent to about $16.29 today.[7] The peso fuerte and the Mexican dollar were interchangeable at par.
References
^Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain, 1899, Vol. 2, New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers
^Nofi, A.A., 1996, The Spanish–American War, 1898, Pennsylvania: Combined Books, ISBN0-938289-57-8
^ abSpencer Tucker (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 58-59. ISBN978-1-85109-951-1.
Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (23 September 1899), "Chapter II. The Treaty of Biak-na-bató", True Version of the Philippine Revolution, Authorama: Public Domain Books, retrieved 23 September 2008
Halstead, Murat (1898), "XII. The American Army in Manila", The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions
Zaide, Sonia M. (1999), The Philippines: a unique nation, All-Nations Publishing, ISBN978-971-642-071-5
January 09, 2023
pact, biak, bato, signed, december, 1897, created, truce, between, spanish, colonial, governor, general, fernando, primo, rivera, revolutionary, leader, emilio, aguinaldo, philippine, revolution, aguinaldo, fellow, revolutionaries, were, given, amnesty, moneta. The Pact of Biak na Bato signed on December 15 1897 3 4 created a truce between Spanish colonial Governor General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine Revolution Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were given amnesty and monetary indemnity by the Spanish Government in return for which the revolutionary government would go into exile in Hong Kong Aguinaldo had decided to use the money to purchase advance firearms and ammunition later on return to the archipelago 5 49 6 232 Pact of Biak na BatoFilipino revolutionaries exiled to Hong Kong Sitting on Emilio Aguinaldo s right is Lt Col Miguel Primo de Rivera 1 278 nephew and aide de camp of Fernando Primo de Rivera and father of Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera who was held hostage until Aguinaldo s indemnity was paid 2 309 310 Standing behind Aguinaldo is Col Gregorio del Pilar Standing behind Miguel and to his right is Pedro Paterno TypePeace treaty General AmnestySignedDecember 14 1897 3 LocationSan Miguel Bulacan in Luzon Island PhilippinesSignatoriesSpain Biak na Bato RepublicLanguagesSpanish TagalogThe Filipino negotiators for the Pact of Biak na Bato Seated from left to right Pedro Paterno and Emilio Aguinaldo with five companions The pact was signed in San Miguel Bulacan in the house of Pablo Tecson a Philippine revolutionary captain who served as brigadier general in the Brigada Del Pilar military troop of General Gregorio del Pilar during the Revolution A hand drawn Spanish military map of Gen Emilio Aguinaldo s headquarters at Biak na bato ca 1897 Contents 1 Provisions 2 Results 3 Notes 4 References 4 1 BibliographyProvisions EditAccording to General Emilio Aguinaldo writing in 1899 the principal conditions of the Pact of biak na bato were 4 That I would and any of my associates who desired to go with me be free to live in any foreign country Having fixed upon Hong Kong as my place of residence it was agreed that payment of the indemnity of MXN800 000 a should be made in three installments namely MXN400 000 a when all the arms in Biak na bato were delivered to the Spanish authorities MXN200 000 a when the arms surrendered amounted to eight hundred stand the final payment to be made when one thousand stand of arms shall have been handed over to the authorities and the Te Deum sung in the Cathedral in Manila as thanksgiving for the restoration of peace The latter part of February was fixed as the limit of time wherein the surrender of arms should be completed The whole of the money was to be paid to me personally leaving the disposal of the money to my discretion and knowledge of the understanding with my associates and other insurgents Prior to evacuating Biak na bato the remainder of the insurgent forces under Captain General Primo de Rivera should send to Biak na bato two General of the Spanish Army to be held as hostages by my associates who remained there until I and a few of my compatriots arrived in Hong Kong and the first installment of the money payment namely four hundred thousand dollars was paid to me It was also agreed that the religious corporations in the Philippines be expelled and an autonomous system of government political and administrative be established though by special request of General Primo de Rivera these conditions were not insisted on in the drawing up of the Treaty the General contending that such concessions would subject the Spanish Government to severe criticism and even ridicule According to historian Teodoro Agoncillo the pact was made up of three documents which together came to be known as the Truce of Biak na Bato and which provided among other things 8 That Aguinaldo and his companions would go into voluntary exile abroad 4 8 That Governor General Primo de Rivera would pay the sum of MXN800 000 a to the rebels in three installments MXN400 000 a to Aguinaldo upon his departure from Biak na Bato 4 8 MXN200 000 a when the arms surrendered by the revolutionists amounted to 800 stand 4 and the remaining MXN200 000 a when the arms surrendered amounted to 1 000 stand Te Deum in the Cathedral in Manila as thanksgiving for the restoration of peace 4 That Primo de Rivera would pay the additional sum of MXN900 000 a to the families of the non combatant Filipinos who suffered during the armed conflict 8 According to historian Sonia M Zaide the agreement consisted of three parts A document called Program generally as described by Agoncillo A document called Act of Agreement which reiterated parts of the Program document and hinted at the desire of the Filipinos for reforms but contained no definite agreement by Spain to grant such reforms A third document which discussed the question of indemnity specifying that Spain would pay a total of 1 700 000 MXN800 000 a as above plus MXN900 000 a to be distributed among the civilian population as compensation for the ravages of war 9 Results EditIn accordance with the first part of the pact Aguinaldo and twenty five other top officials of the revolution were banished to Hong Kong with MXN400 000 a in their possession 10 The rest of the men received MXN200 000 a but the third installment was never received General amnesty was never declared and sporadic skirmishes continued 11 Notes Edit a b c d e f g h i j k l The Mexican dollar at the time was worth about 50 US cents equivalent to about 16 29 today 7 The peso fuerte and the Mexican dollar were interchangeable at par References Edit Harper s Pictorial History of the War with Spain 1899 Vol 2 New York Harper amp Brothers Publishers Nofi A A 1996 The Spanish American War 1898 Pennsylvania Combined Books ISBN 0 938289 57 8 a b Spencer Tucker 2009 The Encyclopedia of the Spanish American and Philippine American Wars A Political Social and Military History ABC CLIO pp 58 59 ISBN 978 1 85109 951 1 a b c d e f Aguinaldo 1899 Mabini A 1969 The Philippine Revolution Republic of the Philippines dept of Education National Historical Commission Alvarez S V 1992 Recalling the Revolution Madison Center for Southeast Asia Studies University of Wisconsin Madison ISBN 1 881261 05 0 Harvnb Halstead 1898 p 126 a b c d Agoncillo 1990 p 184 Zaide 1999 pp 252 253 The World Of 1898 Library of Congress Hispanic Division of the Library of Congress Retrieved 11 April 2014 Zaide 1999 p 253 Bibliography Edit Agoncillo Teodoro 1990 1960 History of the Filipino People Eighth ed R P Garcia Publishing Company ISBN 971 10 2415 2 Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy 23 September 1899 Chapter II The Treaty of Biak na bato True Version of the Philippine Revolution Authorama Public Domain Books retrieved 23 September 2008 Halstead Murat 1898 XII The American Army in Manila The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions Zaide Sonia M 1999 The Philippines a unique nation All Nations Publishing ISBN 978 971 642 071 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pact of Biak na Bato amp oldid 1084588998, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
