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Philippine Declaration of Independence

April 16, 2023

The Philippine Declaration of Independence (Filipino: Pagpapahayag ng Kasarinlan ng Pilipinas; Spanish: Declaración de Independencia de Filipinas)[a] was proclaimed by Filipino revolutionary forces general Emilio Aguinaldo on June 12, 1898, in Cavite el Viejo (present-day Kawit, Cavite), Philippines. It asserted the sovereignty and independence of the Philippine Islands from the 300 years of colonial rule from Spain.

Philippine Declaration of Independence
Official draft copy of the Declaration of Independence
CreatedMay–June 1898
PresentedJune 12, 1898, in the town of Cavite el Viejo, Province of Cavite
RatifiedAugust 1, 1898
(First ratification in Bacoor, Cavite)
September 29, 1898 (Officially ratified by the Malolos Congress)
LocationNational Library of the Philippines[1]
Commissioned byDictator Emilio Aguinaldo
Author(s)Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
Signatories98 delegates
PurposeTo proclaim the sovereignty and independence of the Philippines from the colonial rule of the Spanish Empire
The Proclamation of Independence on June 12, 1898, as depicted on the back of the Philippine five peso bill.
The original flag raised by President Emilio Aguinaldo in declaring independence in 1898

History

Main articles: Philippine Revolution and History of the Philippines (1898–1946)

In 1896, the Philippine Revolution began. In December 1897, the Spanish government and the revolutionaries signed a truce, the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, requiring that the Spanish pay the revolutionaries $MXN800,000[b] and that Aguinaldo and other leaders go into exile in Hong Kong. In April 1898, at the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Commodore George Dewey aboard the USS Olympia sailed into Manila Bay leading the Asiatic Squadron of the U.S. Navy. On May 1, 1898, the United States defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay. Emilio Aguinaldo decided to return to the Philippines to help American forces defeat the Spaniards. The U.S. Navy agreed to transport him back aboard the USS McCulloch, and on May 19, he arrived in Cavite.[3]

The Proclamation on June 12

Independence was proclaimed on June 12, 1898, between four and five in the afternoon in Cavite at the ancestral home of General Emilio Aguinaldo some 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of Manila. The event saw the unfurling of the flag of the Philippines, made in Hong Kong by Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfina Herboza, and the performance of the Marcha Filipina Magdalo, as the national anthem, now known as Lupang Hinirang, which was composed by Julián Felipe and played by the San Francisco de Malabon marching band.

The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared, written, and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish. The Declaration was signed by 98 people,[4] among them a United States Army officer who witnessed the proclamation. The final paragraph states that there was a "stranger" (stranger in English translation—extranjero in the original Spanish, meaning foreigner) who attended the proceedings, Mr. L. M. Johnson, described as "a citizen of the U.S.A., a Colonel of Artillery".[5] Despite his prior military experience, Johnson had no official role in the Philippines.[6]

Ratification

The proclamation of Philippine independence was, however, promulgated on August 1, when many towns had already been organized under the rules laid down by the Dictatorial Government of General Aguinaldo.[7][8] 190 municipal presidents of different towns from 16 provinces—Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Bataan, Infanta, Morong, Tayabas, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Mindoro, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, La Union, and Zambales—ratified the Proclamation of Independence in Bacoor, Cavite.

Later at Malolos, Bulacan, the Malolos Congress modified the declaration upon the insistence of Apolinario Mabini who objected to that the original proclamation essentially placed the Philippines under the protection of the United States.

Struggle for independence

The declaration was never recognized by either the United States or Spain. Later in 1898, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish–American War.

The Philippine Revolutionary Government did not recognise the treaty or American sovereignty, and subsequently fought and lost a conflict with the United States originally referred to by the Americans as the "Philippine Insurrection" but now generally and officially called the Philippine–American War, which ended when Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by U.S. forces,[9] and issued a statement acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States over the Philippines.[10] This was then followed on July 2, 1902, by U.S. Secretary of War Elihu Root telegraphing that the insurrection the United States had come to an end and that provincial civil governments had been established everywhere except those areas inhabited by Moro tribes.[11] Pockets of resistance continued for several years.

Following the end of World War II, the United States granted independence to the Philippines on July 4, 1946, via the Treaty of Manila.[12] July 4 was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until August 4, 1964, when, upon the advice of historians and the urging of nationalists, President Diosdado Macapagal signed into law Republic Act No. 4166 designating June 12 as the country's Independence Day.[13] June 12 had previously been observed as Flag Day and many government buildings are urged to display the Philippine Flag in their offices.

Current location of the Declaration

The Declaration is currently housed in the National Library of the Philippines.[1] It is not on public display but it can be viewed with permission like any other document held by the National Library.

During the Philippine–American War, the American government captured and sent to the United States about 400,000 historical documents.[14] In 1958, the documents were given to the Philippine government along with two sets of microfilm of the entire collection, with the U.S. Federal Government keeping one set.[14]

Sometime in the 1980s or 1990s, the Declaration was stolen from the National Library.[1] As part of a larger investigation into the widespread theft of historical documents and a subsequent public appeal for the return of stolen documents, the Declaration was returned to the National Library in 1994 by historian and University of the Philippines professor Milagros Guerrero, who mediated the return of the documents.[14]

The text of the "Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People"

 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Philippine Declaration of Independence

The Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People (Spanish: Acta de la proclamación de independencia del pueblo Filipino; Filipino: Paggawa ng Pagpapahayag ng Kasarinlan ng Sambayanang Pilipino) is part of a long line of declarations of independence including the United States Declaration of Independence. It includes a list of grievances against the Spanish government stretching back to Ferdinand Magellan's arrival in 1521 and confers upon "our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers necessary to enable him to discharge the duties of Government, including the prerogatives of granting pardon and amnesty."[15]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Full name: Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People (Filipino: Kasulatan ng Pagpapahayag ng Kasarinlan ng Sambayanang Pilipino; Spanish: Acta de la proclamación de independencia del pueblo Filipino)
  2. ^ The Mexican dollar at the time was worth about 50 US cents, equivalent to about $16.29 today.[2] The peso fuerte and the Mexican dollar were interchangeable at par.
  1. ^ a b c Rufo, Aries (May 26, 2008). "Court set to decide on National Library pilferage of historical documents". Abs-cbnNEWS.com/Newsbreak. Retrieved January 29, 2013. Around 8,183 documents, mostly classified as Philippine Revolutionary Papers, were returned to the National Library. One University of the Philippines professor returned more than 6,000 documents. Among the retrieved documents were the manuscript of Andres Bonifacio's trial, the Declaration of Independence, the Pact of Biac-na-Bato and Leonor Rivera's letter to Rizal's parents dated Dec. 10,1893.
  2. ^ *Halstead, Murat (1898). "XII. The American Army in Manila". The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions (published May 22, 2004). p. 126..
  3. ^ Agoncillo, page 157
  4. ^ Environment, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Asia, the Pacific, and the Global (2009). Honoring the 111th Anniversary of the Independence of the Philippines: Markup Before the Subcommittee on Asia, the Pacific, and the Global Environment of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session, on H. Con. Res. 153, October 14, 2009. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-16-084875-9.
  5. ^ Dean Conant Worcester, in his 1914 book The Philippines: Past and Present (Worcester 1914), says:
    "Invitations to the ceremony of the declaration of independence were sent to Admiral Dewey; but neither he nor any of his officers were present. It was, however, important to Aguinaldo that some American should be there whom the assembled people would consider a representative of the United States. 'Colonel' Johnson, ex-hotel keeper of Shanghai, who was in the Philippines exhibiting a cinematograph, kindly consented to appear on this occasion as Aguinaldo's Chief of Artillery and the representative of the North American nation. His name does not appear subsequently among the papers of Aguinaldo. It is possible that his position as a colonel and chief of artillery was a merely temporary one which enabled him to appear in a uniform which would befit the character of the representative of a great people upon so solemn an occasion!"
    Worcester attributes this to "Taylor, 26 A J.", referring to Major J. R. M. Taylor, who translated and compiled insurgent records
  6. ^ Bradford, James C. (2016). America, Sea Power, and the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 150. ISBN 9781118927922.
  7. ^ Guevara, Sulpicio, ed. (1972), "Philippine Declaration of Independence", The Laws of the First Philippine Republic (The Laws of Malolos) 1898-1899., Manila: National Historical Commission, retrieved March 26, 2008. (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara)
  8. ^ Guevara, Sulpicio, ed. (1972), "Facsimile of the Proclamation of the Philippine Independence at Kawit, Cavite, June 12, 1898", The Laws of the First Philippine Republic (The Laws of Malolos) 1898-1899., Manila: National Historical Commission, retrieved March 26, 2008. (Original handwritten Spanish)
  9. ^ Worcester 1914, p. 175
  10. ^ Worcester 1914, pp. 175–176
  11. ^ Worcester 1914, p. 180
  12. ^ (PDF), United Nations, archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009, retrieved December 10, 2007
  13. ^ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4166 - AN ACT CHANGING THE DATE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE DAY FROM JULY FOUR TO JUNE TWELVE, AND DECLARING JULY FOUR AS PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC DAY, FURTHER AMENDING FOR PURPOSE SECTION TWENTY-NINE OF THE REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE, Chanrobles law library, August 4, 1964, retrieved June 11, 2008
  14. ^ a b c "Asiaweek". CNN. August 31, 1999. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
  15. ^ Wikisource:Philippine Declaration of Independence

References

  • History of the Filipino People. Teodoro A. Agoncillo
  • National Library of the Philippines
  • Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2), Macmillan, retrieved January 17, 2008

External links

  • (Spanish) by Corpus Juris online Philippine law library
  • Declaration of Independence (English translation) by Corpus Juris online Philippine law library

April 16, 2023
philippine, declaration, independence, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scho. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Philippine Declaration of Independence news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Philippine Declaration of Independence Filipino Pagpapahayag ng Kasarinlan ng Pilipinas Spanish Declaracion de Independencia de Filipinas a was proclaimed by Filipino revolutionary forces general Emilio Aguinaldo on June 12 1898 in Cavite el Viejo present day Kawit Cavite Philippines It asserted the sovereignty and independence of the Philippine Islands from the 300 years of colonial rule from Spain Philippine Declaration of IndependenceOfficial draft copy of the Declaration of IndependenceCreatedMay June 1898PresentedJune 12 1898 in the town of Cavite el Viejo Province of CaviteRatifiedAugust 1 1898 First ratification in Bacoor Cavite September 29 1898 Officially ratified by the Malolos Congress LocationNational Library of the Philippines 1 Commissioned byDictator Emilio AguinaldoAuthor s Ambrosio Rianzares BautistaSignatories98 delegatesPurposeTo proclaim the sovereignty and independence of the Philippines from the colonial rule of the Spanish Empire The Proclamation of Independence on June 12 1898 as depicted on the back of the Philippine five peso bill The original flag raised by President Emilio Aguinaldo in declaring independence in 1898 Contents 1 History 1 1 The Proclamation on June 12 1 1 1 Ratification 1 2 Struggle for independence 1 3 Current location of the Declaration 2 The text of the Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksHistory EditMain articles Philippine Revolution and History of the Philippines 1898 1946 In 1896 the Philippine Revolution began In December 1897 the Spanish government and the revolutionaries signed a truce the Pact of Biak na Bato requiring that the Spanish pay the revolutionaries MXN800 000 b and that Aguinaldo and other leaders go into exile in Hong Kong In April 1898 at the outbreak of the Spanish American War Commodore George Dewey aboard the USS Olympia sailed into Manila Bay leading the Asiatic Squadron of the U S Navy On May 1 1898 the United States defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay Emilio Aguinaldo decided to return to the Philippines to help American forces defeat the Spaniards The U S Navy agreed to transport him back aboard the USS McCulloch and on May 19 he arrived in Cavite 3 The Proclamation on June 12 Edit Independence was proclaimed on June 12 1898 between four and five in the afternoon in Cavite at the ancestral home of General Emilio Aguinaldo some 30 kilometres 19 mi south of Manila The event saw the unfurling of the flag of the Philippines made in Hong Kong by Marcela Agoncillo Lorenza Agoncillo and Delfina Herboza and the performance of the Marcha Filipina Magdalo as the national anthem now known as Lupang Hinirang which was composed by Julian Felipe and played by the San Francisco de Malabon marching band The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared written and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish The Declaration was signed by 98 people 4 among them a United States Army officer who witnessed the proclamation The final paragraph states that there was a stranger stranger in English translation extranjero in the original Spanish meaning foreigner who attended the proceedings Mr L M Johnson described as a citizen of the U S A a Colonel of Artillery 5 Despite his prior military experience Johnson had no official role in the Philippines 6 Ratification Edit The proclamation of Philippine independence was however promulgated on August 1 when many towns had already been organized under the rules laid down by the Dictatorial Government of General Aguinaldo 7 8 190 municipal presidents of different towns from 16 provinces Manila Cavite Laguna Batangas Bulacan Bataan Infanta Morong Tayabas Pampanga Pangasinan Mindoro Nueva Ecija Tarlac La Union and Zambales ratified the Proclamation of Independence in Bacoor Cavite Later at Malolos Bulacan the Malolos Congress modified the declaration upon the insistence of Apolinario Mabini who objected to that the original proclamation essentially placed the Philippines under the protection of the United States Struggle for independence Edit The declaration was never recognized by either the United States or Spain Later in 1898 Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish American War The Philippine Revolutionary Government did not recognise the treaty or American sovereignty and subsequently fought and lost a conflict with the United States originally referred to by the Americans as the Philippine Insurrection but now generally and officially called the Philippine American War which ended when Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by U S forces 9 and issued a statement acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States over the Philippines 10 This was then followed on July 2 1902 by U S Secretary of War Elihu Root telegraphing that the insurrection the United States had come to an end and that provincial civil governments had been established everywhere except those areas inhabited by Moro tribes 11 Pockets of resistance continued for several years Following the end of World War II the United States granted independence to the Philippines on July 4 1946 via the Treaty of Manila 12 July 4 was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until August 4 1964 when upon the advice of historians and the urging of nationalists President Diosdado Macapagal signed into law Republic Act No 4166 designating June 12 as the country s Independence Day 13 June 12 had previously been observed as Flag Day and many government buildings are urged to display the Philippine Flag in their offices Current location of the Declaration Edit The Declaration is currently housed in the National Library of the Philippines 1 It is not on public display but it can be viewed with permission like any other document held by the National Library During the Philippine American War the American government captured and sent to the United States about 400 000 historical documents 14 In 1958 the documents were given to the Philippine government along with two sets of microfilm of the entire collection with the U S Federal Government keeping one set 14 Sometime in the 1980s or 1990s the Declaration was stolen from the National Library 1 As part of a larger investigation into the widespread theft of historical documents and a subsequent public appeal for the return of stolen documents the Declaration was returned to the National Library in 1994 by historian and University of the Philippines professor Milagros Guerrero who mediated the return of the documents 14 The text of the Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People Edit Wikisource has original text related to this article Philippine Declaration of Independence This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2012 The Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People Spanish Acta de la proclamacion de independencia del pueblo Filipino Filipino Paggawa ng Pagpapahayag ng Kasarinlan ng Sambayanang Pilipino is part of a long line of declarations of independence including the United States Declaration of Independence It includes a list of grievances against the Spanish government stretching back to Ferdinand Magellan s arrival in 1521 and confers upon our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers necessary to enable him to discharge the duties of Government including the prerogatives of granting pardon and amnesty 15 See also EditHistory of the Philippines Philippine Independence Day Parade Republic Day Philippines Notes Edit Full name Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People Filipino Kasulatan ng Pagpapahayag ng Kasarinlan ng Sambayanang Pilipino Spanish Acta de la proclamacion de independencia del pueblo Filipino The Mexican dollar at the time was worth about 50 US cents equivalent to about 16 29 today 2 The peso fuerte and the Mexican dollar were interchangeable at par a b c Rufo Aries May 26 2008 Court set to decide on National Library pilferage of historical documents Abs cbnNEWS com Newsbreak Retrieved January 29 2013 Around 8 183 documents mostly classified as Philippine Revolutionary Papers were returned to the National Library One University of the Philippines professor returned more than 6 000 documents Among the retrieved documents were the manuscript of Andres Bonifacio s trial the Declaration of Independence the Pact of Biac na Bato and Leonor Rivera s letter to Rizal s parents dated Dec 10 1893 Halstead Murat 1898 XII The American Army in Manila The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions published May 22 2004 p 126 Agoncillo page 157 Environment United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asia the Pacific and the Global 2009 Honoring the 111th Anniversary of the Independence of the Philippines Markup Before the Subcommittee on Asia the Pacific and the Global Environment of the Committee on Foreign Affairs House of Representatives One Hundred Eleventh Congress First Session on H Con Res 153 October 14 2009 U S Government Printing Office p 5 ISBN 978 0 16 084875 9 Dean Conant Worcester in his 1914 book The Philippines Past and Present Worcester 1914 says Invitations to the ceremony of the declaration of independence were sent to Admiral Dewey but neither he nor any of his officers were present It was however important to Aguinaldo that some American should be there whom the assembled people would consider a representative of the United States Colonel Johnson ex hotel keeper of Shanghai who was in the Philippines exhibiting a cinematograph kindly consented to appear on this occasion as Aguinaldo s Chief of Artillery and the representative of the North American nation His name does not appear subsequently among the papers of Aguinaldo It is possible that his position as a colonel and chief of artillery was a merely temporary one which enabled him to appear in a uniform which would befit the character of the representative of a great people upon so solemn an occasion Worcester attributes this to Taylor 26 A J referring to Major J R M Taylor who translated and compiled insurgent records Bradford James C 2016 America Sea Power and the World John Wiley amp Sons p 150 ISBN 9781118927922 Guevara Sulpicio ed 1972 Philippine Declaration of Independence The Laws of the First Philippine Republic The Laws of Malolos 1898 1899 Manila National Historical Commission retrieved March 26 2008 English translation by Sulpicio Guevara Guevara Sulpicio ed 1972 Facsimile of the Proclamation of the Philippine Independence at Kawit Cavite June 12 1898 The Laws of the First Philippine Republic The Laws of Malolos 1898 1899 Manila National Historical Commission retrieved March 26 2008 Original handwritten Spanish Worcester 1914 p 175 Worcester 1914 pp 175 176 Worcester 1914 p 180 TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES SIGNED AT MANILA ON 4 JULY 1946 PDF United Nations archived from the original PDF on March 26 2009 retrieved December 10 2007 REPUBLIC ACT NO 4166 AN ACT CHANGING THE DATE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE DAY FROM JULY FOUR TO JUNE TWELVE AND DECLARING JULY FOUR AS PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC DAY FURTHER AMENDING FOR PURPOSE SECTION TWENTY NINE OF THE REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE Chanrobles law library August 4 1964 retrieved June 11 2008 a b c Asiaweek CNN August 31 1999 Archived from the original on February 15 2013 Retrieved January 29 2013 Wikisource Philippine Declaration of IndependenceReferences EditHistory of the Filipino People Teodoro A Agoncillo National Library of the Philippines Philippine History Group of Los Angeles Worcester Dean Conant 1914 The Philippines Past and Present vol 1 of 2 Macmillan retrieved January 17 2008External links EditActa de la proclamacion de la independencia del pueblo Filipino Spanish by Corpus Juris online Philippine law library Declaration of Independence English translation by Corpus Juris online Philippine law library Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Philippine Declaration of Independence amp oldid 1146042484, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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