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Emmanuel Macron

April 14, 2024

Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron (French: [emanɥɛl makʁɔ̃]; born 21 December 1977) is a French politician who has been President of France since 2017. Macron is ex officio one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra. He previously was Minister of Economics, Industry and Digital Affairs under President François Hollande from 2014 to 2016, and as Deputy Secretary-General to the President from 2012 to 2014. He is a founding member of Renaissance, a centrist political party.

Emmanuel Macron
Macron in 2023
25th President of France
Assumed office
14 May 2017
Prime MinisterÉdouard Philippe
Jean Castex
Élisabeth Borne
Gabriel Attal
Preceded byFrançois Hollande
Minister of Economics, Industry and Digital Affairs
In office
26 August 2014 – 30 August 2016
Prime MinisterManuel Valls
Preceded byArnaud Montebourg
Succeeded byMichel Sapin
Deputy Secretary-General to the President
In office
15 May 2012 – 15 July 2014
PresidentFrançois Hollande
Preceded byJean Castex
Succeeded byLaurence Boone
Additional positions
(see § Offices and distinctions)
Personal details
Born
Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron

(1977-12-21) 21 December 1977 (age 46)
Amiens, Somme, France
Political partyRenaissance
(2016–present)
Other political
affiliations
Spouse
​
(m. 2007)​
Parent
RelativesLaurence Auzière-Jourdan (stepdaughter)
ResidenceÉlysée Palace
Alma mater
AwardsList of honours and decorations
Signature
Co-Prince of Andorra[note 1]
Reign14 May 2017 – present
PredecessorFrançois Hollande
Emmanuel Macron's voice
Macron speaking to attendees of the 43rd Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting
Recorded 24 June 2021

Born in Amiens, Macron studied philosophy at Paris Nanterre University, later completing a master's degree in public affairs at Sciences Po and graduating from the École nationale d'administration in 2004. He worked as a senior civil servant at the Inspectorate General of Finances and later became an investment banker at Rothschild & Co.

Appointed Élysée deputy secretary-general by President François Hollande shortly after his election in May 2012, Macron was one of Hollande's senior advisers. Appointed Minister of Economics, Industry and Digital Affairs in August 2014 in the second Valls government, he led a number of business-friendly reforms. He resigned in August 2016, in order to launch his 2017 presidential campaign. A member of the Socialist Party from 2006 to 2009, he ran in the election under the banner of En Marche, a centrist and pro-European political movement he founded in April 2016.

Partly as a result of the Fillon affair which sank the Republican nominee François Fillon's chances, Macron topped the ballot in the first round of voting, and was elected President of France on 7 May 2017 with 66.1% of the vote in the second round, defeating Marine Le Pen of the National Front. At the age of 39, he became the youngest president in French history. In the 2017 legislative election in June, his party, renamed La République En Marche! (LREM), secured a majority in the National Assembly. He appointed Édouard Philippe as prime minister. When Philippe resigned in 2020, Macron appointed Jean Castex to replace him.

Macron was elected to a second term in the 2022 presidential election, again defeating Le Pen, thus becoming the first French presidential candidate to win reelection since Jacques Chirac defeated Jean-Marie Le Pen in 2002. However, in the 2022 legislative election, his centrist coalition lost its absolute majority, resulting in a hung parliament and the formation of France's first minority government since the fall of the Bérégovoy government in 1993. Macron's current prime minister is Gabriel Attal, youngest head of government in French history and first openly gay man to hold the office, whom he appointed in January 2024 to replace Élisabeth Borne, the second female Prime Minister of France, after a major government crisis.

During his presidency, Macron has overseen several reforms to labour laws, taxation, and pensions; and has pursued a renewable energy transition. Dubbed "president of the rich" by political opponents, increasing protests against his domestic reforms and demanding his resignation marked the first years of his presidency, culminating in 2018–2020 with the yellow vests protests and the pension reform strike. From 2020, he led France's response to the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccination rollout. In 2023, the government of his prime minister, Élisabeth Borne, passed legislation raising the retirement age from 62 to 64; the pension reforms proved controversial and led to public sector strikes and violent protests. In foreign policy, he called for reforms to the European Union (EU) and signed bilateral treaties with Italy and Germany. Macron conducted €42 billion in trade and business agreements with China during the China–United States trade war and oversaw a dispute with Australia and the United States over the AUKUS security pact. He continued Opération Chammal in the war against the Islamic State and joined in the international condemnation of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Early life edit

Macron was born on 21 December 1977 in Amiens. He is the son of Françoise Macron (née Noguès), a physician, and Jean-Michel Macron, professor of neurology at the University of Picardy.[1][2] The couple divorced in 2010. He has two siblings, Laurent, born in 1979, and Estelle, born in 1982. Françoise and Jean-Michel's first child was stillborn.[3]

The Macron family legacy is traced back to the village of Authie, Picardy.[4] One of his paternal great-grandfathers, George William Robertson, was English, and was born in Bristol, United Kingdom.[5][6] His maternal grandparents, Jean and Germaine Noguès (née Arribet), are from the Pyrenean town of Bagnères-de-Bigorre, Gascony.[7] He commonly visited Bagnères-de-Bigorre to visit his grandmother Germaine, whom he called "Manette".[8] Macron associates his enjoyment of reading[9] and his leftward political leanings to Germaine, who, after coming from a modest upbringing of a stationmaster father and a housekeeping mother, became a teacher then a principal, and died in 2013.[10]

Although raised in a non-religious family, Macron was baptised a Catholic at his own request at age 12; he is agnostic today.[11]

Macron was educated mainly at the Jesuit institute Lycée la Providence[12] in Amiens[13] before his parents sent him to finish his last year of school[14] at the elite Lycée Henri-IV in Paris, where he completed the high school curriculum and the undergraduate program with a "Bac S, Mention Très bien". At the same time, he was nominated for the "Concours général" (most selective national level high school competition) in French literature and received his diploma for his piano studies at Amiens Conservatory.[15] His parents sent him to Paris due to their alarm at the bond he had formed with Brigitte Auzière, a married teacher with three children at Jésuites de la Providence, who later became his wife.[16]

In Paris, Macron twice failed to gain entry to the École normale supérieure.[17][18][19] He instead studied philosophy at the University of Paris-Ouest Nanterre La Défense, obtaining a DEA degree (a master level degree), with a thesis on Machiavelli and Hegel.[12][20] Around 1999 Macron worked as an editorial assistant to Paul Ricoeur, the French Protestant philosopher who was then writing his last major work, La Mémoire, l'Histoire, l'Oubli. Macron worked mainly on the notes and bibliography.[21][22] Macron became a member of the editorial board of the literary magazine Esprit.[23]

Macron did not perform national service because he was pursuing his graduate studies. Born in December 1977, he belonged to the last cohort for whom military service was mandatory.[24][25]

Macron obtained a master's degree in public affairs at Sciences Po, majoring in "Public Guidance and Economy" before training for a senior civil service career at the selective École nationale d'administration (ENA), training at the French Embassy in Nigeria[26] and at the prefecture of Oise before graduating in 2004.[27]

Professional career edit

Inspector of Finances edit

After graduating from ENA in 2004, Macron became an Inspector in the Inspection générale des finances (IGF), a branch of the Finance Ministry.[21] Macron was mentored by Jean-Pierre Jouyet, the then-head of the IGF.[28] During his time as an Inspector of Finances, Macron gave lectures during the summer at the "prep'ENA" (a special cram school for the ENA entrance examination) at IPESUP, an elite private school specializing in preparation for the entrance examinations of the Grandes écoles, such as HEC or Sciences Po.[29][30][31]

In 2006, Laurence Parisot offered him the job of managing director for Mouvement des Entreprises de France, the largest employer federation in France, but he declined.[32]

In August 2007, Macron was appointed deputy rapporteur for Jacques Attali's "Commission to Unleash French Growth".[13] In 2008, Macron paid €50,000 to buy himself out of his government contract.[33] He then became an investment banker in a highly-paid position at Rothschild & Cie Banque.[34][35] In March 2010, he was appointed to the Attali Commission as a member.[36]

Investment banker edit

In September 2008, Macron left his job as an Inspector of Finances and took a position at Rothschild & Cie Banque.[37] Macron left the government when Nicolas Sarkozy became president. He was originally offered the job by François Henrot. His first responsibility at the bank was assisting with the acquisition of Cofidis by Crédit Mutuel Nord Europe.[38]

Macron formed a relationship with Alain Minc, a businessman on the supervisory board of Le Monde.[39] In 2010, Macron was promoted to partner with the bank after working on the recapitalization of Le Monde and the acquisition by Atos of Siemens IT Solutions and Services.[40] In the same year, Macron was put in charge of Nestlé's acquisition of Pfizer's infant nutrition division for €9 billion, which made him a millionaire.[41][42]

In February 2012, Macron advised businessman Philippe Tillous-Borde, the CEO of the Avril Group.[43]

Macron reported that he had earned €2 million between December 2010 and May 2012.[44] Official documents show that between 2009 and 2013, Macron had earned almost €3 million.[45] He left Rothschild & Cie in 2012.[46][47]

Political career edit

In his youth, Macron worked for the Citizen and Republican Movement for two years, but he never applied to be a member.[48][44] Macron was an assistant for Mayor Georges Sarre of the 11th arrondissement of Paris during his time at Sciences Po.[49] Macron had been a member of the Socialist Party since he was 24,[50] but last renewed his membership for the period 2006–2009.[51]

Macron met François Hollande through Jean-Pierre Jouyet in 2006 and joined his staff in 2010.[50] In 2007, Macron attempted to run for a seat in the National Assembly in Picardy under the Socialist Party label in the 2007 legislative elections; however, his application was declined.[52] Macron was offered the chance to be the deputy chief of staff to Prime Minister François Fillon in 2010, though he declined.[53]

Deputy Secretary-General of the Élysée edit

On 15 May 2012, Macron became the deputy secretary-general of the Élysée, a senior role in President François Hollande's staff.[54][27] Macron served with Nicolas Revel. He served under the secretary-general, Pierre-René Lemas.

During the summer of 2012, Macron put forward a proposal that would increase the 35-hour work week to 37 hours until 2014. He also tried to hold back the large tax increases on the highest earners that were planned by the government. Hollande refused Macron's proposals.[55] In 2013, his was one of the deciding votes against regulating the salaries of CEOs.[56] Nicolas Revel, the other deputy secretary-general of the Élysée opposed Macron on a proposed budget responsibility pact favoured by the Medef.[57]

On 10 June 2014, it was announced that Macron had resigned from his role and was replaced by Laurence Boone.[58] Reasons given for his departure included his disappointment at not being included in the first Government of Manuel Valls and his frustration with his lack of influence on the reforms proposed by the government.[57] This was following the appointment of Jean-Pierre Jouyet as chief of staff.[59]

Jouyet said that Macron left to "continue personal aspirations"[60] and create his own financial consultancy firm.[61] It was later reported that he was planning to create an investment firm that would attempt to fund educational projects.[48] Shortly afterwards he was hired as a research fellow at the University of Berlin with the help of businessman Alain Minc. He had also sought a position at Harvard University.[62]

Offered a chance to be a candidate in the municipal elections in 2014 in his hometown of Amiens, Macron declined,[63] leading François Hollande to reject Manuel Valls's idea of appointing him Budget Minister, as he had never been elected to public office.[59]

Minister of Economics and Industry edit

See also: Uber Files
 
Macron as the French Minister of Economics and Industry

He was appointed as the Minister of Economics and Industry in the second Valls Cabinet on 26 August 2014, replacing Arnaud Montebourg.[64] He was the youngest Minister of Economics since Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in 1962.[65] Macron was branded by the media as the "Anti-Montebourg" due to being pro-EU and much more moderate, while Montebourg was eurosceptic and left-wing.[66] As Minister of Economics, Macron was at the forefront of pushing through business-friendly reforms. On 17 February 2015, prime minister Manuel Valls pushed Macron's signature law package through a reluctant parliament using the special 49.3 procedure.[67]

Macron increased the French share in the company Renault from 15% to 20% and then enforced the Florange law which grants double voting rights on shares registered for more than two years unless two-thirds of shareholders vote to overturn it.[68] This gave the French state a minority share in the company though Macron later stated that the government would limit its powers within Renault.[69]

Macron was widely criticized for being unable to prevent the closing down of an Ecopla factory in Isère.[70]

In August 2015, Macron said that he was no longer a member of the Socialist Party and was an independent.[51]

Macron Law edit

A law which had originally been sponsored by Arnaud Montebourg before he left the government, and which had focused on "purchasing power", grew into the Macron law [fr], a grab bag of measures liberalizing laws prohibiting work on Sunday and at night; restrictions on coaches for public transportation; regulations for debt collectors, barristers and auctioneers; and rules governing the rental of equipment by the military from private companies. The law also sought to simplify many government procedures, such as that for obtaining a driving licence.[71][72] Manuel Valls, fearing that it would not pass in the National Assembly, decided to push the law through with the 49.3 procedure[73][67] and so it was adopted on 10 April 2015.[74]

Estimates of the increase in GDP the law might generate ranged from 0.3% to 0.5%.[75][76]

2017 presidential campaign edit

Main article: 2017 French presidential election

Formation of En Marche and resignation from government edit

Macron first became known to the French public after his appearance on the French TV programme Des Paroles Et Des Actes in March 2015.[77] Before forming his political party En Marche!, he gave a number of speeches, his first one in March 2015 in Val-de-Marne.[78] He threatened to leave Manuel Valls' second government over the proposed removal of dual-nationality from terrorists.[79][80] He also took various foreign trips, including one to Israel where he spoke on the advancement of digital technology.[81]

Tensions around the question of Macron's loyalty to the Valls government and Hollande increased when they turned down a bill he put forward dubbed "Macron 2", which had a larger scope than his original law.[82][83] Macron was given the chance to help draft into the El Khomri law and put specific parts of "Macron 2" into the law though El Khomri was able to overturn these with the help of other ministers.[citation needed][clarification needed]

Amid tensions and deterioration of relations with the current government, Macron founded an independent political party, En Marche, in Amiens on 6 April 2016.[84] A liberal,[85] progressive[86][87] political movement that gathered huge media coverage when it was first established,[88] the party and Macron were both reprimanded by President Hollande and the question of Macron's loyalty to the government was raised.[89][90] Several MEPs spoke out in support for the movement[91] though the majority of the Socialist Party spoke against En Marche including Manuel Valls,[92] Michel Sapin,[93] Axelle Lemaire and Christian Eckert.[94]

In June 2016, support for Macron and his movement, En Marche, began to grow in the media with Libération reporting that L'Express, Les Échos, Le 1 [fr], and L'Opinion had begun to support him.[95] Following several controversies surrounding trade unionists and their protests, Acrimed [fr] reported that major newspapers began to run front-page stories about Macron and En Marche.[96] Criticized by both the far-left and the far-right, these pro-Macron influencers in the press were dubbed "Macronites".[97][98]

In May 2016, Orleans mayor Olivier Carré invited Macron to the festival commemorating the 587th anniversary of Joan of Arc's efforts during the Siege of Orléans.[99][100]LCI reported that Macron was trying to take back the symbol of Joan of Arc from the far-right.[101] Macron later went to Puy du Fou and declared he was "not a socialist" in a speech amid rumours he was going to leave the current government.[102] On 30 August 2016, Macron resigned from the government ahead of the 2017 presidential election,[103][104] to devote himself to his En Marche movement.[105][106] There had been rising tensions and several reports that he had wanted to leave the Valls government since early 2015.[107] He initially planned to leave after the cancellation[clarification needed] of his "Macron 2" law[83] but decided to stay on temporarily after a meeting with President François Hollande.[108] Michel Sapin was announced as Macron's replacement,[109] while Hollande said he felt Macron had "methodically betrayed" him.[110] An IFOP poll showed that 84% of those surveyed agreed with his decision to resign.[111]

First round of the presidential election edit

Macron first showed his intention to run by forming En Marche, but following his resignation from the government, he was able to dedicate more time to his movement. He first announced that he was considering running for president in April 2016,[112] and after his resignation from the position of economy minister, media sources began to identify patterns in his fundraising indicating he would run.[113] In October 2016, Macron criticized Hollande's goal of being a "normal" president, saying that France needed a more "Jupiterian presidency".[114]

On 16 November 2016, Macron formally declared his candidacy for the French presidency after months of speculation. In his announcement speech, he called for a "democratic revolution" and promised to "unblock France".[115] He had expressed hope that Hollande would run several months earlier, saying that—as the sitting president—he was the legitimate Socialist party candidate.[116][117] Macron's book Révolution was published on 24 November 2016 and reached fifth position on the French best-seller list in December 2016.[118]

Shortly after announcing his run, Jean-Christophe Cambadélis and Manuel Valls both asked Macron to run in the Socialist Party presidential primary, which he ultimately refused to do.[119][120] Jean-Christophe Cambadélis began to threaten to exclude members who associated or supported Macron following Lyon mayor Gérard Collomb throwing his support behind him.[121]

Macron's campaign, headed by French economist Sophie Ferracci,[122] announced in December 2016 that it had raised 3.7 million euros in donations,[123] three times the budget of then-front runner Alain Juppé.[124] Macron came under criticism from several individuals, including Benoît Hamon−who requested he reveal a list of his donors and accused him of conflicts of interest due to the time he spent at Rothschilds,[125] which Macron dismissed as "demagogy".[126] Journalists Marion L'Hour and Frédéric Says later reported that he had spent €120,000 on setting up dinners and meetings with various personalities within the media and in French popular culture while at Bercy.[127] Christian Jacob and Philippe Vigier accused him of using this money to campaign without campaigning.[128] His successor, Michel Sapin, saw nothing illegal about his actions, saying that he had the right to spend the funds.[129] Macron called the allegations "defamatory" and said that none of the ministerial budget had been spent on his party.[127]

Macron's campaign enjoyed considerable coverage from the media.[130] Mediapart reported that over fifty magazine covers were dedicated purely to him.[131] Friends with the owners of Le Monde[132] and Claude Perdiel, the former owner of Nouvel Observateur,[133] he was labelled the "media candidate" by the far-left and far-right and was viewed as such in opinion polls.[134][135][136] Many observers compared his campaign to a product being sold[137] due to Maurice Lévy, a former Publicis CEO, using marketing tactics to try to advance his presidential ambitions.[138][139] The magazine Marianne reported that BFM TV, owned by Patrick Drahi, broadcast more coverage of Macron than of all the other main candidates combined.[140] Marianne speculated that this might be due to the campaigns links with Drahi through Bernard Mourad.[141][142]

François Bayrou, with whom Macron had been compared, announced he was not going to stand in the presidential election and instead formed an electoral alliance with Macron,[143][144] whose poll ratings began to rise. After several legal issues surrounding François Fillon were publicized, Macron overtook him in the polls to become the front-runner.[145][146]

Macron attracted criticism for the time taken to spell out a formal program during his campaign; despite declaring in November that he had still not released a complete set of proposals by February, attracting both attacks from critics and concern among allies and supporters.[147] He eventually laid out his 150-page formal program on 2 March, publishing it online and discussing it at a marathon press conference that day.[148]

 
Macron's supporters celebrating his victory at the Louvre on 7 May 2017

Macron accumulated a wide array of supporters, securing endorsements from François Bayrou of the Democratic Movement (MoDem), MEP Daniel Cohn-Bendit, the ecologist candidate François de Rugy of the primary of the left, and Socialist MP Richard Ferrand, secretary-general of En Marche, as well as numerous others – many of them from the Socialist Party, but also a significant number of centrist and centre-right politicians.[149] The Grand Mosque of Paris urged French Muslims to vote en masse for Macron.[150]

On 23 April 2017, Macron received the most votes in the first round of the presidential election, with more than 8 million votes (24%) and faced Marine Le Pen in the second round, with the support of former candidates François Fillon and Benoît Hamon[151] and the sitting president François Hollande.[152]

Second round of the presidential election edit

Many foreign politicians supported Macron in his bid against right-wing populist candidate Marine Le Pen, including European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker, German Chancellor Angela Merkel,[153] and former US President Barack Obama.[154]

A debate was arranged between Macron and Le Pen on 3 May 2017. The debate lasted for two hours and opinion polls showed that he was perceived to have won.[155]

In March 2017, Macron's digital campaign manager, Mounir Mahjoubi, told Britain's Sky News that Russia is behind "high level attacks" on Macron, and said that its state media are "the first source of false information". He said: "We are accusing RT (formerly known as Russia Today) and Sputnik News (of being) the first source of false information shared about our candidate ...".[156]

Two days before the French presidential election on 7 May, it was reported that nine gigabytes of Macron's campaign emails had been anonymously posted to Pastebin, a document-sharing site. These documents were then spread onto the imageboard 4chan, which led to the hashtag "#macronleaks" trending on Twitter.[157][158] In a statement the same evening, Macron's political movement, En Marche, said: "The En Marche movement has been the victim of a massive and coordinated hack this evening which has given rise to the diffusion on social media of various internal information".[159] Macron's campaign had previously been presented a report in March 2017 by the Japanese cyber security firm Trend Micro detailing how En Marche had been the target of phishing attacks.[160] Trend Micro said that the group conducting these attacks was the Russian hacking group Fancy Bear, also accused of hacking the Democratic National Committee on 22 July 2016.[160] 21,075 verified emails and another 50,773 emails it could not verify were released in July 2017 by WikiLeaks.[161] This followed Le Pen accusing Macron of tax avoidance.[162]

On 7 May 2017, Macron was elected President of France with 66.1% of the vote to Marine Le Pen's 33.9%. The election had record abstention at 25.4%, and 8% of ballots were blank or spoiled.[163] Macron resigned from his role as president of En Marche[164] and Catherine Barbaroux became interim leader.[165]

President of France edit

Main article: Presidency of Emmanuel Macron

First term edit

Macron qualified for the runoff after the first round of the election on 23 April 2017. He won the second round of the presidential election on 7 May 2017 by a landslide according to preliminary results,[166] making the candidate of the National Front, Marine Le Pen, concede.[167] At 39, he became the youngest president in French history and the youngest French head of state since Napoleon.[168][169] He is also the first president of France born after the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1958.

Macron formally became president on 14 May.[170] He appointed Patrick Strzoda as his chief of staff[171] and Ismaël Emelien as his special advisor for strategy, communication and speeches.[172] On 15 May, he appointed Édouard Philippe of the Republicans as Prime Minister.[173][174] On the same day, he made his first official foreign visit, meeting in Berlin with Angela Merkel, the Chancellor of Germany. The two leaders emphasised the importance of France–Germany relations to the European Union.[175] They agreed to draw up a "common road map" for Europe, insisting that neither was against changes to the Treaties of the European Union.[176]

In the 2017 legislative election, Macron's party La République En Marche and its Democratic Movement allies secured a comfortable majority, winning 350 seats out of 577.[177] After the Republicans emerged as the winners of the Senate elections, government spokesman Christophe Castaner stated the elections were a "failure" for his party.[178]

On 3 July 2020, Macron appointed the centre-right Jean Castex as the Prime Minister of France. Castex, described as a social conservative, was a member of the Republicans.[179] The appointment was described as "doubling down on a course that is widely seen as centre-right in economic terms".[180]

Domestic policy edit

In his first few months as president, Macron pressed for the enactment of a package of reforms on public ethics, labour laws, taxes, and law enforcement agency powers.[citation needed]

Anti-corruption edit

In response to Penelopegate, the National Assembly passed a part of Macron's proposed law to stop mass corruption in French politics by July 2017, banning elected representatives from hiring family members.[181] Meanwhile, the second part of the law scrapping a constituency fund was scheduled for voting after Senate objections.[182]

Macron's plan to give his wife an official role within government came under fire with criticisms ranging from its being undemocratic to what critics perceive as a contradiction to his fight against nepotism.[183] Following an online petition of nearly 290,000 signatures on change.org Macron abandoned the plan.[184] On 9 August, the National Assembly adopted the bill on public ethics, a key theme of Macron's campaign, after debates on the scrapping the constituency funds.[185]

Labour policy and unions edit

Macron aims to shift union-management relations away from the adversarial lines of the current French system and toward a more flexible, consensus-driven system modelled after Germany and Scandinavia.[186][187] He has also pledged to act against companies employing cheaper labour from eastern Europe and in return affecting jobs of French workers, what he has termed as "social dumping". Under the Posted Workers Directive 1996, eastern European workers can be employed for a limited time at the salary level in eastern European countries, which has led to dispute between the EU states.[188]

The French government announced the proposed changes to France's labour rules ("Code du Travail"), being among the first steps taken by Macron and his government to galvanize the French economy.[189] Macron's reform efforts have encountered resistance from some French trade unions.[190] The largest trade union, the CFDT, has taken a conciliatory approach to Macron's push and has engaged in negotiations with the president, while the more militant CGT is more hostile to reforms.[186][187] Macron's labour minister, Muriel Pénicaud, is overseeing the effort.[191]

The National Assembly including the Senate approved the proposal, allowing the government to loosen the labour laws after negotiations with unions and employers' groups.[192] The reforms, which were discussed with unions, limit payouts for dismissals deemed unfair and give companies greater freedom to hire and fire employees as well as to define acceptable working conditions. The president signed five decrees reforming the labour rules on 22 September.[193] Government figures released in October 2017 revealed that during the legislative push to reform the labour code, the unemployment rate had dropped 1.8%, the biggest since 2001.[194]

Migrant crisis edit

Speaking on refugees and, specifically, the Calais Jungle, Macron said on 16 January 2018 that he would not allow another refugee camp to form in Paris before outlining the government policy towards immigration and asylum.[195] He has also announced plans to speed up asylum applications and deportations but give refugees better housing.[196]

On 23 June 2018, President Macron said: "The reality is that Europe is not experiencing a migration crisis of the same magnitude as the one it experienced in 2015", "a country like Italy has not at all the same migratory pressure as last year. The crisis we are experiencing today in Europe is a political crisis".[197] In November 2019, Macron introduced new immigration rules to restrict the number of refugees reaching France, while stating to "take back control" of the immigration policy.[198]

Economic policy edit

Pierre de Villiers, then-Chief of the General Staff of the Armies, stepped down on 19 July 2017 following a confrontation with Macron.[199] De Villiers cited the military budget cut of €850 million as the main reason he was stepping down. Le Monde later reported that De Villiers told a parliamentary group, "I will not let myself be fucked like this."[200] Macron named François Lecointre as De Villiers' replacement.[201]

Macron's government presented its first budget on 27 September, the terms of which reduced taxes as well as spending to bring the public deficit in line with the EU's fiscal rules.[202] The budget replaced the wealth tax with one targeting real estate, fulfilling Macron's campaign pledge to scrap the wealth tax.[203] Before it was replaced, the tax collected up to 1.5% of the wealth of French residents whose global worth exceeded €1.3m.[204]

In February 2018, Macron announced a plan to offer voluntary redundancy in an attempt to further cut jobs from the French civil service.[205]

In December 2019, Macron announced that he would scrap the 20th-century pension system and introduce a single national pension system managed by the state.[206] In January 2020, after weeks of public transport shutdown and vandalism across Paris against the new pension plan, Macron compromised on the plan by revising the retirement age.[207] In February, the pension overhaul was adopted by decree using Article 49 of the French constitution.[208] However, on 16 March 2020, Macron announced that the draft legislation would be pulled as France went into lockdown to slow the spread of COVID-19.[209]

Terrorism edit

In July 2017, the Senate approved its first reading of a controversial bill with stricter anti-terror laws, a campaign pledge of Macron. The National Assembly voted on 3 October to pass t bill 415–127, with 19 abstentions. Interior Minister Gérard Collomb described France as being "still in a state of war" ahead of the vote, with the 1 October Marseille stabbing having taken place two days prior. The Senate then passed the bill on its second reading by a 244–22 margin on 18 October. Later that day Macron stated that 13 terror plots had been foiled since early 2017. The law replaced the state of emergency in France and made some of its provisions permanent.[210]

The bill was criticized by human rights advocates. A public poll by Le Figaro showed 57% of the respondents approved of it even though 62% thought it would encroach on personal freedoms.[211]

The law gives authorities expanded power to search homes, restrict movement, close places of worship,[212] and search areas around train stations and international ports and airports. It was passed after modifications to address concerns about civil liberties. The most punitive measures will be reviewed annually and were scheduled to lapse by the end of 2020.[213] The bill was signed into law by Macron on 30 October 2017. He announced that starting 1 November, it would bring an end to the state of emergency.[214]

Civil rights edit

Visiting Corsica in February 2018, Macron sparked controversy when he rejected Corsican nationalist wishes for Corsican as an official language[215] but offered to recognize Corsica in the French constitution.[216]

Macron also proposed a plan to "reorganise" the Islamic religion in France saying: "We are working on the structuring of Islam in France and also on how to explain it, which is extremely important – my goal is to rediscover what lies at the heart of laïcité, the possibility of being able to believe as not to believe, in order to preserve national cohesion and the possibility of having free consciousness." He declined to reveal further information about the plan.[217]

Foreign policy and national defence edit

 
Macron at the 2018 G7 summit in Charlevoix, Quebec
 
Macron shakes hands with US President Donald Trump in September 2018
 
Macron with US President Joe Biden at the G20 summit in October 2021
 
Macron and Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi in 2021, following the signing of the Quirinal Treaty
 
Macron, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz in Kyiv in 2022

Macron attended the 2017 Brussels summit on 25 May 2017, his first NATO summit as president of France. At the summit, he met US President Donald Trump for the first time. The meeting was widely publicized due to a handshake between the two of them, characterized as a "power-struggle".[218][219]

On 29 May 2017, Macron met with Vladimir Putin at the Palace of Versailles. The meeting sparked controversy when Macron denounced Russia Today and Sputnik, accusing the news agencies of being "organs of influence and propaganda, of lying propaganda".[220][221] Macron also urged cooperation in the conflict against ISIS and warned that France would respond with force in Syria if chemical weapons were used.[222] In response to the chemical attack in Douma, Syria in 2018, Macron directed French participation in airstrikes against Syrian government sites, coordinated with the United States and the United Kingdom.[223][224]

In his first major foreign policy speech on 29 August, President Macron stated that fighting Islamist terrorism at home and abroad was France's top priority. Macron urged a tough international stance to pressure North Korea into negotiations, on the same day it fired a missile over Japan. He also affirmed his support for the Iranian nuclear deal and criticized Venezuela's government as a "dictatorship". He added that he would announce his new initiatives on the future of the European Union after the German elections in September.[225] At the 56th Munich Security Conference in February, Macron presented his 10-year vision policy to strengthen the European Union. Macron remarked that larger budget, integrated capital markets, effective defence policy and quick decision-making held the key for Europe. He added that reliance on NATO and especially the US and the UK was not good for Europe, and a dialogue must be established with Russia.[226]

Prior to the 45th G7 summit in Biarritz, France, Macron hosted Vladimir Putin at the Fort de Brégançon, stating that "Russia fully belongs within a Europe of values."[227] At the summit itself, Macron was invited to attend on the margins by Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif.[clarification needed] Macron, who "attempted a high-risk diplomatic gambit", thought that the Foreign Minister of Iran might be able to defuse the tense situation over the Iranian nuclear programme in spite of the recent uptick in tensions between the Islamic Republic and the United States and Britain.[228]

In March 2019, at a time when China–U.S. economic relations were troubled with a trade war underway, Macron and Chinese leader Xi Jinping signed a series of 15 large-scale trade and business agreements totaling 40 billion euros (US$45 billion) which covered many sectors over a period of years.[229] This included a €30 billion purchase of airplanes from Airbus. Going beyond aviation, the new trade agreement covered French exports of chicken, a French-built offshore wind farm in China, a Franco-Chinese cooperation fund, as well as billions of Euros of co-financing between BNP Paribas and the Bank of China. Other plans included billions of euros to be spent on modernizing Chinese factories, as well as new ship building.[230]

In July 2020, Macron called for sanctions against Turkey for violating Greece's and Cyprus' sovereignty, saying it is "not acceptable that the maritime space of (EU) member states be violated and threatened."[231] He also criticized Turkish military intervention in Libya.[232][233] Macron said that "We have the right to expect more from Turkey than from Russia, given that it is a member of NATO."[234]

In 2021, Macron was reported as saying Northern Ireland was not truly part of the United Kingdom following disputes with UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson over implementations of the Northern Ireland protocol.[235] He later denied this, saying he was referring to the fact that Great Britain is separated from Northern Ireland by sea in reference to the Irish Sea border.[236][237]

French-U.S. relations became tense in September 2021 due to fallout from the AUKUS security pact between the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. The security pact is directed at countering Chinese power in the Indo-Pacific region. As part of the agreement, the U.S. agreed to provide nuclear-powered submarines to Australia. After entering into AUKUS, the Australian government canceled an agreement that it had made with France for the provision of French conventionally powered submarines, angering the French government.[238] On 17 September, France recalled its ambassadors from Australia and the US for consultations.[239] Despite tension in the past, France had never before withdrawn its ambassador to the United States.[240] After a call between Macron and U.S. President Joe Biden on request from the latter, the two leaders agreed to reduce bilateral tensions, and the White House acknowledged the crisis could have been averted if there had been open consultations between allies.[241][242][unreliable source?]

On 26 November 2021, Macron and Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi signed the Quirinal Treaty at the Quirinal Palace in Rome.[243] The treaty aimed to promote the convergence and coordination of French and Italian positions in matters of European and foreign policies, security and defence, migration policy, economy, education, research, culture and cross-border cooperation.[244]

During the prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Macron spoke face-to-face and on the phone to Russian President Vladimir Putin.[245] During Macron's campaign for the re-election, nearly two months after the Russian invasion began, Macron called on European leaders to maintain dialogue with Putin.[246]

Approval ratings edit

Main article: Opinion polling on the Emmanuel Macron presidency
See also: Protests against Emmanuel Macron
 
Approval and disapproval ratings of Macron

According to an IFOP poll for Le Journal du Dimanche, Macron started his five-year term with a 62% approval rating,[247][248] which rose to 64% by 24 June.[249] One month later, Macron suffered a 10% point drop in popularity, the largest at the beginning of a term for any president since Jacques Chirac in 1995, and by August, his popularity had fallen off 24 percentage points since June.[250] This was attributed to his recent confrontations with former Chief of Defence Staff Pierre de Villiers,[251] the nationalization of the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard owned by the bankrupt STX Offshore & Shipbuilding,[252] and a reduction in housing benefits.[253]

By the end of September 2017, seven out of ten respondents said that they believed Emmanuel Macron was respecting his campaign promises,[254][255] though a majority felt that the policies the government was putting forward were "unfair".[256] Macron's popularity fell sharply again in 2018, reaching about 25% by the end of November during the yellow vests movement.[257][unreliable source?] During the COVID-19 pandemic in France, his popularity increased, reaching 50% at its highest in July 2020.[258][259]

Benalla affair edit

Main article: Benalla affair

On 18 July 2018, Le Monde revealed in an article that a member of Macron's staff Alexandre Benalla posed as a police officer and beat a protester during May Day demonstrations in Paris earlier in the year and was suspended for a period of 15 days before only being internally demoted. The Élysée failed to refer the case to the public prosecutor and a preliminary investigation into the case was not opened until the day after the publication of the article, and the lenient penalty served by Benalla raised questions within the opposition about whether the executive deliberately chose not to inform the public prosecutor as required under the code of criminal procedure.[260]

2022 presidential campaign edit

In the 2022 election, Macron was the first incumbent to be re-elected since Jacques Chirac defeated Jean-Marie Le Pen in the 2002 election.[261] Macron again defeated Marine Le Pen in the runoff, this time by a closer margin, with 58.55% of the votes to Le Pen's 41.45%.[262] Due to near-record abstentions, this represented 38.52% of registered voters, the lowest figure since Georges Pompidou's 37.5% in 1969.[263] The French far-right received their highest vote total since the start of the French Republic, with nationalist candidates (Le Pen, Zemmour and Dupont-Aignan) winning 32.3% of the votes in the first round and Le Pen achieving a record 41.5% of the votes in the second round.[citation needed]

Second term edit

Though Macron's second inauguration took place on 7 May 2022, his second presidential term officially began on 14 May 2022.

Borne government edit

Main article: Borne government

On 16 May 2022, Prime Minister Jean Castex resigned after 22 months as head of government. The same day, President Macron appointed Élisabeth Borne at the Hôtel Matignon, thus making her the second female PM in French history after Édith Cresson between 1991 and 1992. She then formed a new government on 20 May 2022.

June 2022 legislative election edit

See also: 2022 French legislative elections and July 2022 French government reshuffle

In June 2022, one month into his second term, less than two weeks before the end of the French presidency of the Council of the EU and days after he called for voters to hand him a "solid majority" in a controversial 'tarmac speech',[264] Macron lost his parliamentary majority and was returned a hung parliament in the second round of the 2022 legislative election:[265] Macron's presidential coalition, which had a 115-seat majority going into the election, failed to reach the threshold of 289 seats needed to command an overall majority in the National Assembly, retaining only 251 out of the 346 it had held in the previous Assembly, and falling 38 short of an absolute majority.[266] Crucially, three close political allies to President Macron were defeated in the elections: incumbent President of the National Assembly Richard Ferrand, Macron's own LREM parliamentary party leader Christophe Castaner and MoDem parliamentary group leader Patrick Mignola, thus effectively "decapitating" Macron's parliamentary bloc leadership and further weakening the President's political position in hung parliament territory.[267]

 
16th National Assembly of France, elected in 2022, is France's current legislature.

Three government ministers resigned after losing their seats: Justine Bénin (junior minister for the Sea), Brigitte Bourguignon (Minister for Health and Prevention) and Amélie de Montchalin (Minister for Ecological Transition).[268]

Macron's government, still led by Prime Minister Élisabeth Borne, was reshuffled in early July 2022 and continued as a minority administration, after talks with opposition leaders to form a stable majority government failed.[269]

Domestic affairs edit

See also: 2023 French pension reform strikes, Motions of no confidence in the government of Élisabeth Borne (2023), Nahel Merzouk riots, 2023 French government reshuffle, and 2023-2024 French government crisis

Macron's second presidential term began with two significant political controversies. Hours after the new Borne cabinet was announced, rape accusations against newly appointed Minister for Solidarity Damien Abad were made public,[270] and on 28 May, the handling of the 2022 UEFA Champions League final chaos at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis drew criticism at home and abroad.[271]

Despite its minority status in the legislature after the 2022 legislative election, Macron's government passed bills to ease the cost-of-living crisis,[272] to repeal the COVID-era "state of health emergency",[273] and to revive the French nuclear energy sector.[274] However, government proposals were defeated several times in the National Assembly[275] and by the end of 2022, the Borne cabinet had had to use the provisions of Article 49.3 of the Constitution ten times in a row to pass the 2023 Government Budget and Social Security Budget.[276]

Pension reform edit

In March 2023, Macron's government passed a law raising the retirement age from 62 to 64, partly bypassing Parliament by again resorting to Article 49.3 to break the parliamentary deadlock.[277]Nationwide protests that had begun when the bill was introduced back in January increased in intensity after the reform was passed without a solemn vote.[citation needed][clarification needed]

Votes of no-confidence in the Borne government edit

On 20 March 2023, Macron's cabinet, headed by Prime minister Borne, survived a cross-party motion of no-confidence by only nine votes, the slimmest margin for such a vote since 1992.[278]

On 12 June 2023, his government survived its 17th no-confidence motion since the beginning of the 16th legislature; the motion, brought by the left-wing NUPES coalition, fell 50 votes short of the 289 votes needed.[279]

Nahel Merzouk riots edit

In early summer 2023, French authorities faced riots following the killing of Nahel M., aged 17, by a police officer during a traffic stop.[280][281] To calm widespread unrest, comparable in intensity to the 2005 French riots[citation needed], Macron's administration ramped up government response, with a total of 45,000 police officers deployed on the ground and a ministerial order advising courts to apply harsher sentences and accelerated procedures:[282] this crackdown resulted in over 1,300 arrests on the fourth night of unrest alone, bringing the total number of arrests since the riots' beginning to over 2,000 as of 1 July.[283]

2023 government reshuffle edit

On 20 July 2023, Macron carried out a government reshuffle at the end of the "hundred days of appeasement and action" he called for in April 2023 following the violent protests surrounding the passage of his pension system reform. Pap Ndiaye and Marlène Schiappa were sacked as part of the reshuffle.[284]

Defence policy edit

On 1 August 2023, Macron signed into law a multi-year military planning bill, which set the stage for a 40%-increase in military spending to a total of €413 billion between 2024 and 2030, after it was passed by the French parliament on 13 July 2023.[285][286]

Immigration policy edit

In February 2023, Macron's government introduced an immigration and asylum bill aimed at removing deportation safeguards, fast-tracking asylum application process and immigration litigation, while also facilitating legalization of undocumented workers.[287] His government later pulled the draft legislation amid fears of defeat in Parliament, instead planning to hold talks with the centre-right LR party before reintroducing the bill in the autumn.[288]

In August 2023, in a lengthy interview with weekly magazine Le Point, Macron said that France "must significantly reduce immigration, starting with illegal immigration" because the "current situation is not sustainable".[289]

On 11 December 2023, the "flagship" immigration bill introduced by Macron's government was unexpectedly defeated after the narrow passage of a motion for preliminary dismissal in the National Assembly.[290] Political commentators and news media described the vote as a "spectacular debacle", eventually sparking a major political crisis for Macron's minority administration.[291]

In an effort to salvage the bill, Macron's government sent the draft legislation to a joint parliamentary committee: it resulted in a deal with the conservative-controlled Senate on a drastically hardened bill. On 19 December 2023, the French Parliament passed the piece of legislation thanks to support from the conservative LR and far-right RN parliamentary groups and in spite of a major rebellion from Macron's own coalition and ministers.[292] Health Minister Aurélien Rousseau, whom Macron had appointed to the government only 6 months earlier, resigned shortly after the vote.[293]

Constitutional reform edit

On the 65th anniversary of the French Constitution on 4 October 2023, Macron unveiled avenues for constitutional reform: broadening the scope and relaxing rules for referenda; enshrining the right to abortion and climate protection in the Constitution; stepping up the level of territorial devolution; giving some form of political autonomy to Corsica and New Caledonia.[294]

On 4 March 2024, a joint session of the French Parliament passed a Macron-sponsored constitutional amendment to protect abortion as a 'guaranteed freedom' in the Constitution.[295] It represented the first constitutional reform since 2008 and the first since Macron took office in 2017.

Attal government edit

Main article: Attal government

In January 2024, in the wake of the government crisis produced by the passage of the 'controversial' immigration bill, Macron requested Prime minister Élisabeth Borne to resign and subsequently replaced her by Education minister Gabriel Attal, making him both the youngest head of government in French history and the first openly gay man ever to hold the job.[296]

The new Attal cabinet was widely described as the most right-leaning government since the start of the Macron Presidency: out of the 14 Cabinet ministers appointed on 11 January 2024 by Macron and Attal, 57% are former members of the conservative UMP/LR party, while prominent left-leaning ministers of the outgoing Borne government were sacked, moves described as indicating a notable tilt to the right.[297][298]

Economy edit

In February 2024, amid slowing economic growth and disappointing unemployment figures, Macron's government unveiled €10 billion in emergency spending cuts to hold to its 2024 deficit goal.[299]

A month later, Macron convened a 'crisis meeting' to discuss the state of France's public finances amid reports showing that the government had heavily missed its 2023 fiscal targets, with a bigger-than-forecasted deficit, putting the country's credit rating at risk of downgrade.[300]

External affairs edit

 
Macron with Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni in October 2022
 
Macron, President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen and Chinese President Xi Jinping at the 2023 France–China Summit

On 16 June 2022, Macron visited Ukraine alongside German Chancellor Olaf Scholz and Italy's Prime Minister Mario Draghi. He met with Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and expressed "European Unity" for Ukraine.[301][302] He said that the nations that remained neutral in the Russo-Ukrainian War made a historic mistake and were complicit in the new imperialism.[303]

 
Macron with Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in May 2023

In September 2022, Macron criticized the United States, Norway and other "friendly" natural gas supplier states for the extremely high prices of their supplies,[304] saying in October 2022 that Europeans are "paying four times more than the price you sell to your industry. That is not exactly the meaning of friendship."[305]

Macron and his wife attended the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II in Westminster Abbey, London, on 19 September 2022, and the coronation of King Charles III the following year.[306][307]

On 23 October 2022, Macron became the first foreign leader to meet new Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni, just a day after she and her ministers were sworn into office.[308]

During a summit to China with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, which included a formal meeting with Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China, Macron called for Europe to reduce its dependence on the United States in general and to stay neutral and avoid being drawn into any possible confrontation between the U.S. and China over Taiwan. Speaking after a three-day state visit to China, Macron emphasised his theory of strategic autonomy, suggesting that Europe could become a "third superpower". He argued that Europe should focus on boosting its own defence industries and additionally reduce its dependence on the United States dollar (USD).[309] in a follow-up speech in The Hague to further outline his vision of strategic autonomy for Europe.[310] On 7 June 2023, a report by the pan-European think tank European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) found that most Europeans agree with Macron's views on China and the United States.[311]

In February 2023, he welcomed Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed in Paris to normalize relations between France and Ethiopia, strained by the Tigray War between the Ethiopian government and Tigray rebels.[312]

 
Macron at the NATO Summit in Vilnius on 12 July 2023

On 31 May 2023 Macron visited the GLOBSEC forum in Bratislava, where he again delivered a speech on European sovereignty.[313] During the question and answer session that followed the Bratislava speech,[314] he said that negotiating with Putin may have to take priority over any war crimes tribunal which some others, including Zelensky, wish to see.[315]

On 12 June 2023, Macron promised to deliver more ammunition, weapons and armed vehicles to help Ukrainian forces with the ongoing counter-offensive to liberate Russian-occupied southeastern Ukraine.[316] At the NATO Summit in Vilnius, he promised to supply Ukraine with Scalp long-range cruise missiles to hit Russian targets deep behind the front lines.[317] On 10 November 2023, he said that what Russia is doing in Ukraine is "imperialism and colonialism" and it was the "duty" of France and other countries to help Ukraine defend itself, but added that maybe the time will come to hold fair peace negotiations and find a solution with Russia.[318]

 
Macron with Israeli President Isaac Herzog in Jerusalem, Israel, 24 October 2023

In June 2023 Macron hosted a global climate finance conference described by many as the new Bretton Woods Conference. The purpose is to adjust the global economy to the contemporary threats of climate change and hunger. One of the proposition is to offer to low income countries help instead of credits so they can use their resource for stopping climate change and poverty instead of debt payments. Macron supported the idea, but a climate activist from Uganda remarked that the promises were meaningless if at the same time Macron supported projects like the East African Crude Oil Pipeline, a major threat to the climate and to the drinking water of 40 million people.[319] At the summit Macron proposed an international taxation system and debt restructuring but stressed it can have an effect only with international cooperation.[320]

In July 2023, Macron postponed his planned state visit to Germany due to the ongoing Nahel M. riots.[321]

In October 2023, Macron condemned Hamas' actions during the Israel–Hamas war and expressed his support to Israel and its right to self-defense.[322][323] He criticized Iran for its support of Hamas.[324] On 24 October, Macron visited Israel to express solidarity with the country. He said that the anti-ISIL coalition should also fight against Hamas.[325] On 10 November 2023, he called for a ceasefire and urged Israel to stop bombing Gaza and killing civilians.[326] In January 2024, he accused Hamas of using Palestinian civilians as human shields and said Israel had the right to defend itself.[327]

In February 2024, during a meeting with other European states, Macron generated controversy by suggesting sending ground troops to Ukraine.[328]

In March 2024, Macron defended the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the EU, branding the agreement as a "very good deal", after the French Senate voted against its ratification.[329]

In March 2024 Macron and the Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva agreed about cooperation between Brazil and France on different environmental issues, including the transmission of 1.1 billion dollars for preserving the Amazon rainforest.[330]

Controversies edit

Uber Files edit

Main article: Uber Files

On 10 July 2022, The Guardian revealed that Macron had assisted Uber in lobbying during his term as the Minister of Economics and Industry,[331] leading to calls from opposition lawmakers for a parliamentary inquiry.[332][333] In his own defence, Macron expressed that he "did his job" and that he would "do it again tomorrow and the day after tomorrow".[333] He stated, "I'm proud of it".[333]

Political positions edit

Main article: Political positions of Emmanuel Macron

Co-prince of Andorra edit

As president of France, Macron also serves ex officio as one of the two co-princes of Andorra. His chief of staff Patrick Strzoda serves as his representative in this capacity. Joan Enric Vives i Sicília, appointed as the current Bishop of Urgell on 12 May 2003, serves as Macron's co-prince. Macron swore the Constitution of Andorra through Strzoda in an act that took place on 15 June 2017 in Casa de la Vall.[334]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Andorran government asked France for economic aid, but Macron refused, arguing that the Bank of France could not offer loans to another country without the approval of the European Central Bank.[335]

Personal life edit

 
Emmanuel Macron and his wife Brigitte Trogneux in 2017

Macron is married to Brigitte Trogneux,[336] 24 years his senior,[337] and his former La Providence high school teacher in Amiens.[338][339] They met during a theatre workshop that she was giving when he was a 15-year-old student and she was a 39-year-old teacher.[340][341] His parents initially attempted to separate the couple by sending him away to Paris to finish the final year of his schooling, as they felt his youth made this relationship inappropriate.[14][341] The couple reunited after Macron graduated, and were married in 2007.[341] She has three children from a previous marriage; he has no children of his own.[342][unreliable source?] Trogneux's role in Macron's 2017 presidential campaign has been considered pivotal, with close Macron allies stating that Trogneux helped Macron to develop skills like public speaking.[343]

His best man was Henry Hermand (1924–2016), a businessman who loaned €550,000 to Macron for the purchase of his first apartment in Paris when he was Inspector of Finances. Hermand also let Macron use some of his offices on the Avenue des Champs Élysées in Paris for his movement En Marche.[344][345]

In the 2002 French presidential election, Macron voted for souverainist Jean-Pierre Chevènement.[346] In 2007, Macron voted for Ségolène Royal in the second round of the presidential election.[347] During the Socialist Party primary in 2011, Macron voiced his support for François Hollande.[348]

Macron plays the piano,[349] and studied piano for ten years in his youth.[15] He especially enjoys the work of Robert Schumann and Franz Liszt.[350][351] Macron also skis,[352] plays tennis[353] and enjoys boxing.[354] In addition to his native French, Macron speaks fluent English.[355][356]

In August 2017, a photojournalist was arrested and detained by the police for six hours after he entered the private residence where Macron was vacationing in Marseille.[357] Macron subsequently filed a complaint for "harassment".[357] In September 2017, he dropped the complaint "as a gesture of appeasement".[358]

On 27 August 2017, Macron and his wife Brigitte adopted Nemo, a black Labrador Retriever-Griffon dog who lives with them in the Élysée Palace.[359] As a schoolboy, Macron decided to be baptized as a Catholic. In June 2018, prior to meeting Pope Francis, he identified himself as an agnostic Catholic.[360][361] In the same year he agreed to become an honorary canon of St John Lateran, the cathedral of Rome.[361]

 
Macron celebrating France's victory over Croatia in the 2018 World Cup final in Moscow, Russia

A fan of football, Macron is a supporter of French club Olympique de Marseille.[362] During the 2018 World Cup, he attended the semi-final between France and Belgium with the Belgian King Philippe and Queen Mathilde,[363] and at the World Cup final against Croatia, he sat and celebrated alongside Croatian president Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović. Macron received widespread media attention for his celebrations and his interactions with the Croatian president.[364][365][366][367][368]

On 17 December 2020, Macron tested positive for COVID-19[369] leading to the cancellation of his scheduled trips for the following month, including a visit to Lebanon.[370]

Honours and decorations edit

National honours edit

Ribbon bar Honour Date and comment
  Grand Master and Grand Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour 14 May 2017 – automatic upon taking presidential office
  Grand Master and Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit 14 May 2017 – automatic upon taking presidential office

Foreign honours edit

Ribbon bar Country Honour Date
    United Kingdom Honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire 5 June 2014[371]
    Mexico Sash of the Order of the Aztec Eagle 22 September 2016[372]
    Greece Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer 7 September 2017[373]
    Lebanon Grand Cross of the Order of Merit 22 September 2017[374]
    Tunisia Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic of Tunisia 31 January 2018[375]
    Senegal Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion 2 February 2018[374]
    Luxembourg Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau 19 March 2018[374]
    Denmark Knight of the Order of the Elephant 28 August 2018[376]
    Finland Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose with Collar 29 August 2018[377]
    South Korea Grand Order of Mugunghwa 8 October 2018[378]
    Belgium Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold 19 November 2018[374]
    Ivory Coast Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast 20 December 2019[374]
    Egypt Collar of the Order of the Nile 7 December 2020[379]
    United States Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit 8 December 2020[374][failed verification]
    Italy Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic 1 July 2021[380]
    United Arab Emirates Collar of the Order of Zayed 18 July 2022[381]
    Netherlands Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion 11 April 2023[382][383]
    United Kingdom Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath 20 September 2023[384]
    Sweden Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim 30 January 2024[385]
    Moldova Order of the Republic 7 March 2024[386]
    Brazil Collar of the Order of the Southern Cross. Grand officer as Deputy Secretary-General to the President on 9 December 2012.[387] 28 March 2024[388]

Prizes edit

Publications edit

  • Macron, Emmanuel; Goldberg, Jonathan; Scott, Juliette (2017). Revolution. Brunswick, Victoria, Australia: Scribe Publications. ISBN 978-1-925322-71-2. OCLC 992124322.
  • ——; Fottorino, Éric (2017). Macron par Macron (in French). La Tour d'Aigues, France: Editions de l'Aube. ISBN 978-2-8159-2484-9. OCLC 1003593124.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Ex-officio Co-Prince

References edit

  1. ^ "Dans un livre, Anne Fulda raconte Macron côté intime" (in French). JDD à la Une. 21 April 2017. from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  2. ^ Badeau, Kevin (7 April 2017). "Le livre qui raconte l'intimité d'Emmanuel Macron". Les Echos. from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  3. ^ "Qui sont le frère et la sœur d'Emmanuel Macron? – Gala". Gala.fr (in French). from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  4. ^ Boucher, Laurent (26 April 2017). . La Voix. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  5. ^ "Le Big Mac: Emmanuel Macron's rise and rise" 27 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
  6. ^ Flandrin, Antoine (16 September 2017). "L'histoire de France selon Macron". Le Monde. from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  7. ^ "Sacrées mémés de Bagnères-de-Bigorre !". ladepeche.fr (in French). from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  8. ^ "Emmanuel Macron en meeting à Pau devant 5 500 personnes". SudOuest.fr. from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  9. ^ "Emmanuel Macron, l'Elysée pied au plancher". Libération (in French). from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  10. ^ "D'où vient Emmanuel Macron ?". Les Échos. France. 24 April 2017. from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  11. ^ Gorce, Bernard (10 April 2017). "La jeunesse très catholique des candidats à la présidentielle". La Croix. from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  12. ^ a b "Emmanuel Macron" 9 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Gala France. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  13. ^ a b (in French). France 24. 27 August 2014. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  14. ^ a b Chrisafis, Angelique (11 July 2016). "Will France's young economy minister – with a volunteer army – launch presidential bid?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  15. ^ a b 88 notes pour piano solo, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Neva Editions, 2015, p.193. ISBN 978-2-3505-5192-0
  16. ^ "What Emmanuel Macron's home town says about him". The Economist. 4 May 2017. from the original on 4 May 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  17. ^ Vincent de Féligonde, Emmanuel Macron, ancien conseiller du prince aux manettes de Bercy 3 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine, La Croix, 26 August 2014
  18. ^ Christine Monin, RETRO : Emmanuel Macron, mon copain d'avant 12 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Le Parisien (in French), 10 May 2017.
  19. ^ Jordan Grevet, "Emmanuel Macron, un ministre pas si brillant..." 27 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Closer (in French), 13 October 2014.
  20. ^ De Jaeger, Jean-Marc (15 May 2017). "L'université de Nanterre félicite Emmanuel Macron, son ancien étudiant en philosophie". Le Figaro. from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
  21. ^ a b Guélaud, Claire (16 May 2012). "Emmanuel Macron, un banquier d'affaires nommé secrétaire général adjoint de l'Elysée". Le Monde (in French). from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
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April 14, 2024
emmanuel, macron, emmanuel, jean, michel, frédéric, macron, french, emanɥɛl, makʁɔ, born, december, 1977, french, politician, been, president, france, since, 2017, macron, officio, princes, andorra, previously, minister, economics, industry, digital, affairs, . Emmanuel Jean Michel Frederic Macron French emanɥɛl makʁɔ born 21 December 1977 is a French politician who has been President of France since 2017 Macron is ex officio one of the two Co Princes of Andorra He previously was Minister of Economics Industry and Digital Affairs under President Francois Hollande from 2014 to 2016 and as Deputy Secretary General to the President from 2012 to 2014 He is a founding member of Renaissance a centrist political party Emmanuel MacronMacron in 202325th President of FranceIncumbentAssumed office 14 May 2017Prime MinisterEdouard PhilippeJean CastexElisabeth BorneGabriel AttalPreceded byFrancois HollandeMinister of Economics Industry and Digital AffairsIn office 26 August 2014 30 August 2016Prime MinisterManuel VallsPreceded byArnaud MontebourgSucceeded byMichel SapinDeputy Secretary General to the PresidentIn office 15 May 2012 15 July 2014PresidentFrancois HollandePreceded byJean CastexSucceeded byLaurence BooneAdditional positions see Offices and distinctions Personal detailsBornEmmanuel Jean Michel Frederic Macron 1977 12 21 21 December 1977 age 46 Amiens Somme FrancePolitical partyRenaissance 2016 present Other politicalaffiliationsSocialist Party 2006 2009 Independent 2009 2016 SpouseBrigitte Trogneux m 2007 wbr ParentJean Michel Macron father RelativesLaurence Auziere Jourdan stepdaughter ResidenceElysee PalaceAlma materParis X Nanterre MAS Sciences Po MPA Ecole nationale d administrationAwardsList of honours and decorationsSignatureCo Prince of Andorra note 1 Reign14 May 2017 presentPredecessorFrancois HollandeEmmanuel Macron s voice source source Macron speaking to attendees of the 43rd Antarctic Treaty Consultative MeetingRecorded 24 June 2021Born in Amiens Macron studied philosophy at Paris Nanterre University later completing a master s degree in public affairs at Sciences Po and graduating from the Ecole nationale d administration in 2004 He worked as a senior civil servant at the Inspectorate General of Finances and later became an investment banker at Rothschild amp Co Appointed Elysee deputy secretary general by President Francois Hollande shortly after his election in May 2012 Macron was one of Hollande s senior advisers Appointed Minister of Economics Industry and Digital Affairs in August 2014 in the second Valls government he led a number of business friendly reforms He resigned in August 2016 in order to launch his 2017 presidential campaign A member of the Socialist Party from 2006 to 2009 he ran in the election under the banner of En Marche a centrist and pro European political movement he founded in April 2016 Partly as a result of the Fillon affair which sank the Republican nominee Francois Fillon s chances Macron topped the ballot in the first round of voting and was elected President of France on 7 May 2017 with 66 1 of the vote in the second round defeating Marine Le Pen of the National Front At the age of 39 he became the youngest president in French history In the 2017 legislative election in June his party renamed La Republique En Marche LREM secured a majority in the National Assembly He appointed Edouard Philippe as prime minister When Philippe resigned in 2020 Macron appointed Jean Castex to replace him Macron was elected to a second term in the 2022 presidential election again defeating Le Pen thus becoming the first French presidential candidate to win reelection since Jacques Chirac defeated Jean Marie Le Pen in 2002 However in the 2022 legislative election his centrist coalition lost its absolute majority resulting in a hung parliament and the formation of France s first minority government since the fall of the Beregovoy government in 1993 Macron s current prime minister is Gabriel Attal youngest head of government in French history and first openly gay man to hold the office whom he appointed in January 2024 to replace Elisabeth Borne the second female Prime Minister of France after a major government crisis During his presidency Macron has overseen several reforms to labour laws taxation and pensions and has pursued a renewable energy transition Dubbed president of the rich by political opponents increasing protests against his domestic reforms and demanding his resignation marked the first years of his presidency culminating in 2018 2020 with the yellow vests protests and the pension reform strike From 2020 he led France s response to the COVID 19 pandemic and vaccination rollout In 2023 the government of his prime minister Elisabeth Borne passed legislation raising the retirement age from 62 to 64 the pension reforms proved controversial and led to public sector strikes and violent protests In foreign policy he called for reforms to the European Union EU and signed bilateral treaties with Italy and Germany Macron conducted 42 billion in trade and business agreements with China during the China United States trade war and oversaw a dispute with Australia and the United States over the AUKUS security pact He continued Operation Chammal in the war against the Islamic State and joined in the international condemnation of the Russian invasion of Ukraine Contents 1 Early life 2 Professional career 2 1 Inspector of Finances 2 2 Investment banker 3 Political career 3 1 Deputy Secretary General of the Elysee 3 2 Minister of Economics and Industry 3 2 1 Macron Law 3 3 2017 presidential campaign 3 3 1 Formation of En Marche and resignation from government 3 3 2 First round of the presidential election 3 3 3 Second round of the presidential election 4 President of France 4 1 First term 4 2 Domestic policy 4 2 1 Anti corruption 4 2 2 Labour policy and unions 4 2 3 Migrant crisis 4 2 4 Economic policy 4 2 5 Terrorism 4 2 6 Civil rights 4 2 7 Foreign policy and national defence 4 2 8 Approval ratings 4 2 9 Benalla affair 4 3 2022 presidential campaign 4 4 Second term 4 4 1 Borne government 4 5 June 2022 legislative election 4 6 Domestic affairs 4 6 1 Pension reform 4 6 2 Votes of no confidence in the Borne government 4 6 3 Nahel Merzouk riots 4 6 4 2023 government reshuffle 4 6 5 Defence policy 4 6 6 Immigration policy 4 6 7 Constitutional reform 4 6 8 Attal government 4 6 9 Economy 4 7 External affairs 5 Controversies 5 1 Uber Files 6 Political positions 7 Co prince of Andorra 8 Personal life 9 Honours and decorations 9 1 National honours 9 2 Foreign honours 10 Prizes 11 Publications 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External linksEarly life editMacron was born on 21 December 1977 in Amiens He is the son of Francoise Macron nee Nogues a physician and Jean Michel Macron professor of neurology at the University of Picardy 1 2 The couple divorced in 2010 He has two siblings Laurent born in 1979 and Estelle born in 1982 Francoise and Jean Michel s first child was stillborn 3 The Macron family legacy is traced back to the village of Authie Picardy 4 One of his paternal great grandfathers George William Robertson was English and was born in Bristol United Kingdom 5 6 His maternal grandparents Jean and Germaine Nogues nee Arribet are from the Pyrenean town of Bagneres de Bigorre Gascony 7 He commonly visited Bagneres de Bigorre to visit his grandmother Germaine whom he called Manette 8 Macron associates his enjoyment of reading 9 and his leftward political leanings to Germaine who after coming from a modest upbringing of a stationmaster father and a housekeeping mother became a teacher then a principal and died in 2013 10 Although raised in a non religious family Macron was baptised a Catholic at his own request at age 12 he is agnostic today 11 Macron was educated mainly at the Jesuit institute Lycee la Providence 12 in Amiens 13 before his parents sent him to finish his last year of school 14 at the elite Lycee Henri IV in Paris where he completed the high school curriculum and the undergraduate program with a Bac S Mention Tres bien At the same time he was nominated for the Concours general most selective national level high school competition in French literature and received his diploma for his piano studies at Amiens Conservatory 15 His parents sent him to Paris due to their alarm at the bond he had formed with Brigitte Auziere a married teacher with three children at Jesuites de la Providence who later became his wife 16 In Paris Macron twice failed to gain entry to the Ecole normale superieure 17 18 19 He instead studied philosophy at the University of Paris Ouest Nanterre La Defense obtaining a DEA degree a master level degree with a thesis on Machiavelli and Hegel 12 20 Around 1999 Macron worked as an editorial assistant to Paul Ricoeur the French Protestant philosopher who was then writing his last major work La Memoire l Histoire l Oubli Macron worked mainly on the notes and bibliography 21 22 Macron became a member of the editorial board of the literary magazine Esprit 23 Macron did not perform national service because he was pursuing his graduate studies Born in December 1977 he belonged to the last cohort for whom military service was mandatory 24 25 Macron obtained a master s degree in public affairs at Sciences Po majoring in Public Guidance and Economy before training for a senior civil service career at the selective Ecole nationale d administration ENA training at the French Embassy in Nigeria 26 and at the prefecture of Oise before graduating in 2004 27 Professional career editInspector of Finances edit After graduating from ENA in 2004 Macron became an Inspector in the Inspection generale des finances IGF a branch of the Finance Ministry 21 Macron was mentored by Jean Pierre Jouyet the then head of the IGF 28 During his time as an Inspector of Finances Macron gave lectures during the summer at the prep ENA a special cram school for the ENA entrance examination at IPESUP an elite private school specializing in preparation for the entrance examinations of the Grandes ecoles such as HEC or Sciences Po 29 30 31 In 2006 Laurence Parisot offered him the job of managing director for Mouvement des Entreprises de France the largest employer federation in France but he declined 32 In August 2007 Macron was appointed deputy rapporteur for Jacques Attali s Commission to Unleash French Growth 13 In 2008 Macron paid 50 000 to buy himself out of his government contract 33 He then became an investment banker in a highly paid position at Rothschild amp Cie Banque 34 35 In March 2010 he was appointed to the Attali Commission as a member 36 Investment banker edit In September 2008 Macron left his job as an Inspector of Finances and took a position at Rothschild amp Cie Banque 37 Macron left the government when Nicolas Sarkozy became president He was originally offered the job by Francois Henrot His first responsibility at the bank was assisting with the acquisition of Cofidis by Credit Mutuel Nord Europe 38 Macron formed a relationship with Alain Minc a businessman on the supervisory board of Le Monde 39 In 2010 Macron was promoted to partner with the bank after working on the recapitalization of Le Monde and the acquisition by Atos of Siemens IT Solutions and Services 40 In the same year Macron was put in charge of Nestle s acquisition of Pfizer s infant nutrition division for 9 billion which made him a millionaire 41 42 In February 2012 Macron advised businessman Philippe Tillous Borde the CEO of the Avril Group 43 Macron reported that he had earned 2 million between December 2010 and May 2012 44 Official documents show that between 2009 and 2013 Macron had earned almost 3 million 45 He left Rothschild amp Cie in 2012 46 47 Political career editIn his youth Macron worked for the Citizen and Republican Movement for two years but he never applied to be a member 48 44 Macron was an assistant for Mayor Georges Sarre of the 11th arrondissement of Paris during his time at Sciences Po 49 Macron had been a member of the Socialist Party since he was 24 50 but last renewed his membership for the period 2006 2009 51 Macron met Francois Hollande through Jean Pierre Jouyet in 2006 and joined his staff in 2010 50 In 2007 Macron attempted to run for a seat in the National Assembly in Picardy under the Socialist Party label in the 2007 legislative elections however his application was declined 52 Macron was offered the chance to be the deputy chief of staff to Prime Minister Francois Fillon in 2010 though he declined 53 Deputy Secretary General of the Elysee edit On 15 May 2012 Macron became the deputy secretary general of the Elysee a senior role in President Francois Hollande s staff 54 27 Macron served with Nicolas Revel He served under the secretary general Pierre Rene Lemas During the summer of 2012 Macron put forward a proposal that would increase the 35 hour work week to 37 hours until 2014 He also tried to hold back the large tax increases on the highest earners that were planned by the government Hollande refused Macron s proposals 55 In 2013 his was one of the deciding votes against regulating the salaries of CEOs 56 Nicolas Revel the other deputy secretary general of the Elysee opposed Macron on a proposed budget responsibility pact favoured by the Medef 57 On 10 June 2014 it was announced that Macron had resigned from his role and was replaced by Laurence Boone 58 Reasons given for his departure included his disappointment at not being included in the first Government of Manuel Valls and his frustration with his lack of influence on the reforms proposed by the government 57 This was following the appointment of Jean Pierre Jouyet as chief of staff 59 Jouyet said that Macron left to continue personal aspirations 60 and create his own financial consultancy firm 61 It was later reported that he was planning to create an investment firm that would attempt to fund educational projects 48 Shortly afterwards he was hired as a research fellow at the University of Berlin with the help of businessman Alain Minc He had also sought a position at Harvard University 62 Offered a chance to be a candidate in the municipal elections in 2014 in his hometown of Amiens Macron declined 63 leading Francois Hollande to reject Manuel Valls s idea of appointing him Budget Minister as he had never been elected to public office 59 Minister of Economics and Industry edit See also Uber Files nbsp Macron as the French Minister of Economics and IndustryHe was appointed as the Minister of Economics and Industry in the second Valls Cabinet on 26 August 2014 replacing Arnaud Montebourg 64 He was the youngest Minister of Economics since Valery Giscard d Estaing in 1962 65 Macron was branded by the media as the Anti Montebourg due to being pro EU and much more moderate while Montebourg was eurosceptic and left wing 66 As Minister of Economics Macron was at the forefront of pushing through business friendly reforms On 17 February 2015 prime minister Manuel Valls pushed Macron s signature law package through a reluctant parliament using the special 49 3 procedure 67 Macron increased the French share in the company Renault from 15 to 20 and then enforced the Florange law which grants double voting rights on shares registered for more than two years unless two thirds of shareholders vote to overturn it 68 This gave the French state a minority share in the company though Macron later stated that the government would limit its powers within Renault 69 Macron was widely criticized for being unable to prevent the closing down of an Ecopla factory in Isere 70 In August 2015 Macron said that he was no longer a member of the Socialist Party and was an independent 51 Macron Law edit A law which had originally been sponsored by Arnaud Montebourg before he left the government and which had focused on purchasing power grew into the Macron law fr a grab bag of measures liberalizing laws prohibiting work on Sunday and at night restrictions on coaches for public transportation regulations for debt collectors barristers and auctioneers and rules governing the rental of equipment by the military from private companies The law also sought to simplify many government procedures such as that for obtaining a driving licence 71 72 Manuel Valls fearing that it would not pass in the National Assembly decided to push the law through with the 49 3 procedure 73 67 and so it was adopted on 10 April 2015 74 Estimates of the increase in GDP the law might generate ranged from 0 3 to 0 5 75 76 2017 presidential campaign edit Main article 2017 French presidential election Formation of En Marche and resignation from government edit Macron first became known to the French public after his appearance on the French TV programme Des Paroles Et Des Actes in March 2015 77 Before forming his political party En Marche he gave a number of speeches his first one in March 2015 in Val de Marne 78 He threatened to leave Manuel Valls second government over the proposed removal of dual nationality from terrorists 79 80 He also took various foreign trips including one to Israel where he spoke on the advancement of digital technology 81 Tensions around the question of Macron s loyalty to the Valls government and Hollande increased when they turned down a bill he put forward dubbed Macron 2 which had a larger scope than his original law 82 83 Macron was given the chance to help draft into the El Khomri law and put specific parts of Macron 2 into the law though El Khomri was able to overturn these with the help of other ministers citation needed clarification needed Amid tensions and deterioration of relations with the current government Macron founded an independent political party En Marche in Amiens on 6 April 2016 84 A liberal 85 progressive 86 87 political movement that gathered huge media coverage when it was first established 88 the party and Macron were both reprimanded by President Hollande and the question of Macron s loyalty to the government was raised 89 90 Several MEPs spoke out in support for the movement 91 though the majority of the Socialist Party spoke against En Marche including Manuel Valls 92 Michel Sapin 93 Axelle Lemaire and Christian Eckert 94 In June 2016 support for Macron and his movement En Marche began to grow in the media with Liberation reporting that L Express Les Echos Le 1 fr and L Opinion had begun to support him 95 Following several controversies surrounding trade unionists and their protests Acrimed fr reported that major newspapers began to run front page stories about Macron and En Marche 96 Criticized by both the far left and the far right these pro Macron influencers in the press were dubbed Macronites 97 98 In May 2016 Orleans mayor Olivier Carre invited Macron to the festival commemorating the 587th anniversary of Joan of Arc s efforts during the Siege of Orleans 99 100 LCI reported that Macron was trying to take back the symbol of Joan of Arc from the far right 101 Macron later went to Puy du Fou and declared he was not a socialist in a speech amid rumours he was going to leave the current government 102 On 30 August 2016 Macron resigned from the government ahead of the 2017 presidential election 103 104 to devote himself to his En Marche movement 105 106 There had been rising tensions and several reports that he had wanted to leave the Valls government since early 2015 107 He initially planned to leave after the cancellation clarification needed of his Macron 2 law 83 but decided to stay on temporarily after a meeting with President Francois Hollande 108 Michel Sapin was announced as Macron s replacement 109 while Hollande said he felt Macron had methodically betrayed him 110 An IFOP poll showed that 84 of those surveyed agreed with his decision to resign 111 First round of the presidential election edit Macron first showed his intention to run by forming En Marche but following his resignation from the government he was able to dedicate more time to his movement He first announced that he was considering running for president in April 2016 112 and after his resignation from the position of economy minister media sources began to identify patterns in his fundraising indicating he would run 113 In October 2016 Macron criticized Hollande s goal of being a normal president saying that France needed a more Jupiterian presidency 114 On 16 November 2016 Macron formally declared his candidacy for the French presidency after months of speculation In his announcement speech he called for a democratic revolution and promised to unblock France 115 He had expressed hope that Hollande would run several months earlier saying that as the sitting president he was the legitimate Socialist party candidate 116 117 Macron s book Revolution was published on 24 November 2016 and reached fifth position on the French best seller list in December 2016 118 Shortly after announcing his run Jean Christophe Cambadelis and Manuel Valls both asked Macron to run in the Socialist Party presidential primary which he ultimately refused to do 119 120 Jean Christophe Cambadelis began to threaten to exclude members who associated or supported Macron following Lyon mayor Gerard Collomb throwing his support behind him 121 Macron s campaign headed by French economist Sophie Ferracci 122 announced in December 2016 that it had raised 3 7 million euros in donations 123 three times the budget of then front runner Alain Juppe 124 Macron came under criticism from several individuals including Benoit Hamon who requested he reveal a list of his donors and accused him of conflicts of interest due to the time he spent at Rothschilds 125 which Macron dismissed as demagogy 126 Journalists Marion L Hour and Frederic Says later reported that he had spent 120 000 on setting up dinners and meetings with various personalities within the media and in French popular culture while at Bercy 127 Christian Jacob and Philippe Vigier accused him of using this money to campaign without campaigning 128 His successor Michel Sapin saw nothing illegal about his actions saying that he had the right to spend the funds 129 Macron called the allegations defamatory and said that none of the ministerial budget had been spent on his party 127 Macron s campaign enjoyed considerable coverage from the media 130 Mediapart reported that over fifty magazine covers were dedicated purely to him 131 Friends with the owners of Le Monde 132 and Claude Perdiel the former owner of Nouvel Observateur 133 he was labelled the media candidate by the far left and far right and was viewed as such in opinion polls 134 135 136 Many observers compared his campaign to a product being sold 137 due to Maurice Levy a former Publicis CEO using marketing tactics to try to advance his presidential ambitions 138 139 The magazine Marianne reported that BFM TV owned by Patrick Drahi broadcast more coverage of Macron than of all the other main candidates combined 140 Marianne speculated that this might be due to the campaigns links with Drahi through Bernard Mourad 141 142 Francois Bayrou with whom Macron had been compared announced he was not going to stand in the presidential election and instead formed an electoral alliance with Macron 143 144 whose poll ratings began to rise After several legal issues surrounding Francois Fillon were publicized Macron overtook him in the polls to become the front runner 145 146 Macron attracted criticism for the time taken to spell out a formal program during his campaign despite declaring in November that he had still not released a complete set of proposals by February attracting both attacks from critics and concern among allies and supporters 147 He eventually laid out his 150 page formal program on 2 March publishing it online and discussing it at a marathon press conference that day 148 nbsp Macron s supporters celebrating his victory at the Louvre on 7 May 2017Macron accumulated a wide array of supporters securing endorsements from Francois Bayrou of the Democratic Movement MoDem MEP Daniel Cohn Bendit the ecologist candidate Francois de Rugy of the primary of the left and Socialist MP Richard Ferrand secretary general of En Marche as well as numerous others many of them from the Socialist Party but also a significant number of centrist and centre right politicians 149 The Grand Mosque of Paris urged French Muslims to vote en masse for Macron 150 On 23 April 2017 Macron received the most votes in the first round of the presidential election with more than 8 million votes 24 and faced Marine Le Pen in the second round with the support of former candidates Francois Fillon and Benoit Hamon 151 and the sitting president Francois Hollande 152 Second round of the presidential election edit Many foreign politicians supported Macron in his bid against right wing populist candidate Marine Le Pen including European Commission President Jean Claude Juncker German Chancellor Angela Merkel 153 and former US President Barack Obama 154 A debate was arranged between Macron and Le Pen on 3 May 2017 The debate lasted for two hours and opinion polls showed that he was perceived to have won 155 In March 2017 Macron s digital campaign manager Mounir Mahjoubi told Britain s Sky News that Russia is behind high level attacks on Macron and said that its state media are the first source of false information He said We are accusing RT formerly known as Russia Today and Sputnik News of being the first source of false information shared about our candidate 156 Two days before the French presidential election on 7 May it was reported that nine gigabytes of Macron s campaign emails had been anonymously posted to Pastebin a document sharing site These documents were then spread onto the imageboard 4chan which led to the hashtag macronleaks trending on Twitter 157 158 In a statement the same evening Macron s political movement En Marche said The En Marche movement has been the victim of a massive and coordinated hack this evening which has given rise to the diffusion on social media of various internal information 159 Macron s campaign had previously been presented a report in March 2017 by the Japanese cyber security firm Trend Micro detailing how En Marche had been the target of phishing attacks 160 Trend Micro said that the group conducting these attacks was the Russian hacking group Fancy Bear also accused of hacking the Democratic National Committee on 22 July 2016 160 21 075 verified emails and another 50 773 emails it could not verify were released in July 2017 by WikiLeaks 161 This followed Le Pen accusing Macron of tax avoidance 162 On 7 May 2017 Macron was elected President of France with 66 1 of the vote to Marine Le Pen s 33 9 The election had record abstention at 25 4 and 8 of ballots were blank or spoiled 163 Macron resigned from his role as president of En Marche 164 and Catherine Barbaroux became interim leader 165 President of France editMain article Presidency of Emmanuel Macron First term edit Macron qualified for the runoff after the first round of the election on 23 April 2017 He won the second round of the presidential election on 7 May 2017 by a landslide according to preliminary results 166 making the candidate of the National Front Marine Le Pen concede 167 At 39 he became the youngest president in French history and the youngest French head of state since Napoleon 168 169 He is also the first president of France born after the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1958 Macron formally became president on 14 May 170 He appointed Patrick Strzoda as his chief of staff 171 and Ismael Emelien as his special advisor for strategy communication and speeches 172 On 15 May he appointed Edouard Philippe of the Republicans as Prime Minister 173 174 On the same day he made his first official foreign visit meeting in Berlin with Angela Merkel the Chancellor of Germany The two leaders emphasised the importance of France Germany relations to the European Union 175 They agreed to draw up a common road map for Europe insisting that neither was against changes to the Treaties of the European Union 176 In the 2017 legislative election Macron s party La Republique En Marche and its Democratic Movement allies secured a comfortable majority winning 350 seats out of 577 177 After the Republicans emerged as the winners of the Senate elections government spokesman Christophe Castaner stated the elections were a failure for his party 178 On 3 July 2020 Macron appointed the centre right Jean Castex as the Prime Minister of France Castex described as a social conservative was a member of the Republicans 179 The appointment was described as doubling down on a course that is widely seen as centre right in economic terms 180 Domestic policy edit In his first few months as president Macron pressed for the enactment of a package of reforms on public ethics labour laws taxes and law enforcement agency powers citation needed Anti corruption edit In response to Penelopegate the National Assembly passed a part of Macron s proposed law to stop mass corruption in French politics by July 2017 banning elected representatives from hiring family members 181 Meanwhile the second part of the law scrapping a constituency fund was scheduled for voting after Senate objections 182 Macron s plan to give his wife an official role within government came under fire with criticisms ranging from its being undemocratic to what critics perceive as a contradiction to his fight against nepotism 183 Following an online petition of nearly 290 000 signatures on change org Macron abandoned the plan 184 On 9 August the National Assembly adopted the bill on public ethics a key theme of Macron s campaign after debates on the scrapping the constituency funds 185 Labour policy and unions edit Macron aims to shift union management relations away from the adversarial lines of the current French system and toward a more flexible consensus driven system modelled after Germany and Scandinavia 186 187 He has also pledged to act against companies employing cheaper labour from eastern Europe and in return affecting jobs of French workers what he has termed as social dumping Under the Posted Workers Directive 1996 eastern European workers can be employed for a limited time at the salary level in eastern European countries which has led to dispute between the EU states 188 The French government announced the proposed changes to France s labour rules Code du Travail being among the first steps taken by Macron and his government to galvanize the French economy 189 Macron s reform efforts have encountered resistance from some French trade unions 190 The largest trade union the CFDT has taken a conciliatory approach to Macron s push and has engaged in negotiations with the president while the more militant CGT is more hostile to reforms 186 187 Macron s labour minister Muriel Penicaud is overseeing the effort 191 The National Assembly including the Senate approved the proposal allowing the government to loosen the labour laws after negotiations with unions and employers groups 192 The reforms which were discussed with unions limit payouts for dismissals deemed unfair and give companies greater freedom to hire and fire employees as well as to define acceptable working conditions The president signed five decrees reforming the labour rules on 22 September 193 Government figures released in October 2017 revealed that during the legislative push to reform the labour code the unemployment rate had dropped 1 8 the biggest since 2001 194 Migrant crisis edit Speaking on refugees and specifically the Calais Jungle Macron said on 16 January 2018 that he would not allow another refugee camp to form in Paris before outlining the government policy towards immigration and asylum 195 He has also announced plans to speed up asylum applications and deportations but give refugees better housing 196 On 23 June 2018 President Macron said The reality is that Europe is not experiencing a migration crisis of the same magnitude as the one it experienced in 2015 a country like Italy has not at all the same migratory pressure as last year The crisis we are experiencing today in Europe is a political crisis 197 In November 2019 Macron introduced new immigration rules to restrict the number of refugees reaching France while stating to take back control of the immigration policy 198 Economic policy edit Pierre de Villiers then Chief of the General Staff of the Armies stepped down on 19 July 2017 following a confrontation with Macron 199 De Villiers cited the military budget cut of 850 million as the main reason he was stepping down Le Monde later reported that De Villiers told a parliamentary group I will not let myself be fucked like this 200 Macron named Francois Lecointre as De Villiers replacement 201 Macron s government presented its first budget on 27 September the terms of which reduced taxes as well as spending to bring the public deficit in line with the EU s fiscal rules 202 The budget replaced the wealth tax with one targeting real estate fulfilling Macron s campaign pledge to scrap the wealth tax 203 Before it was replaced the tax collected up to 1 5 of the wealth of French residents whose global worth exceeded 1 3m 204 In February 2018 Macron announced a plan to offer voluntary redundancy in an attempt to further cut jobs from the French civil service 205 In December 2019 Macron announced that he would scrap the 20th century pension system and introduce a single national pension system managed by the state 206 In January 2020 after weeks of public transport shutdown and vandalism across Paris against the new pension plan Macron compromised on the plan by revising the retirement age 207 In February the pension overhaul was adopted by decree using Article 49 of the French constitution 208 However on 16 March 2020 Macron announced that the draft legislation would be pulled as France went into lockdown to slow the spread of COVID 19 209 Terrorism edit In July 2017 the Senate approved its first reading of a controversial bill with stricter anti terror laws a campaign pledge of Macron The National Assembly voted on 3 October to pass t bill 415 127 with 19 abstentions Interior Minister Gerard Collomb described France as being still in a state of war ahead of the vote with the 1 October Marseille stabbing having taken place two days prior The Senate then passed the bill on its second reading by a 244 22 margin on 18 October Later that day Macron stated that 13 terror plots had been foiled since early 2017 The law replaced the state of emergency in France and made some of its provisions permanent 210 The bill was criticized by human rights advocates A public poll by Le Figaro showed 57 of the respondents approved of it even though 62 thought it would encroach on personal freedoms 211 The law gives authorities expanded power to search homes restrict movement close places of worship 212 and search areas around train stations and international ports and airports It was passed after modifications to address concerns about civil liberties The most punitive measures will be reviewed annually and were scheduled to lapse by the end of 2020 213 The bill was signed into law by Macron on 30 October 2017 He announced that starting 1 November it would bring an end to the state of emergency 214 Civil rights edit Visiting Corsica in February 2018 Macron sparked controversy when he rejected Corsican nationalist wishes for Corsican as an official language 215 but offered to recognize Corsica in the French constitution 216 Macron also proposed a plan to reorganise the Islamic religion in France saying We are working on the structuring of Islam in France and also on how to explain it which is extremely important my goal is to rediscover what lies at the heart of laicite the possibility of being able to believe as not to believe in order to preserve national cohesion and the possibility of having free consciousness He declined to reveal further information about the plan 217 Foreign policy and national defence edit nbsp Macron at the 2018 G7 summit in Charlevoix Quebec nbsp Macron shakes hands with US President Donald Trump in September 2018 nbsp Macron with US President Joe Biden at the G20 summit in October 2021 nbsp Macron and Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi in 2021 following the signing of the Quirinal Treaty nbsp Macron Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz in Kyiv in 2022Macron attended the 2017 Brussels summit on 25 May 2017 his first NATO summit as president of France At the summit he met US President Donald Trump for the first time The meeting was widely publicized due to a handshake between the two of them characterized as a power struggle 218 219 On 29 May 2017 Macron met with Vladimir Putin at the Palace of Versailles The meeting sparked controversy when Macron denounced Russia Today and Sputnik accusing the news agencies of being organs of influence and propaganda of lying propaganda 220 221 Macron also urged cooperation in the conflict against ISIS and warned that France would respond with force in Syria if chemical weapons were used 222 In response to the chemical attack in Douma Syria in 2018 Macron directed French participation in airstrikes against Syrian government sites coordinated with the United States and the United Kingdom 223 224 In his first major foreign policy speech on 29 August President Macron stated that fighting Islamist terrorism at home and abroad was France s top priority Macron urged a tough international stance to pressure North Korea into negotiations on the same day it fired a missile over Japan He also affirmed his support for the Iranian nuclear deal and criticized Venezuela s government as a dictatorship He added that he would announce his new initiatives on the future of the European Union after the German elections in September 225 At the 56th Munich Security Conference in February Macron presented his 10 year vision policy to strengthen the European Union Macron remarked that larger budget integrated capital markets effective defence policy and quick decision making held the key for Europe He added that reliance on NATO and especially the US and the UK was not good for Europe and a dialogue must be established with Russia 226 Prior to the 45th G7 summit in Biarritz France Macron hosted Vladimir Putin at the Fort de Bregancon stating that Russia fully belongs within a Europe of values 227 At the summit itself Macron was invited to attend on the margins by Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif clarification needed Macron who attempted a high risk diplomatic gambit thought that the Foreign Minister of Iran might be able to defuse the tense situation over the Iranian nuclear programme in spite of the recent uptick in tensions between the Islamic Republic and the United States and Britain 228 In March 2019 at a time when China U S economic relations were troubled with a trade war underway Macron and Chinese leader Xi Jinping signed a series of 15 large scale trade and business agreements totaling 40 billion euros US 45 billion which covered many sectors over a period of years 229 This included a 30 billion purchase of airplanes from Airbus Going beyond aviation the new trade agreement covered French exports of chicken a French built offshore wind farm in China a Franco Chinese cooperation fund as well as billions of Euros of co financing between BNP Paribas and the Bank of China Other plans included billions of euros to be spent on modernizing Chinese factories as well as new ship building 230 In July 2020 Macron called for sanctions against Turkey for violating Greece s and Cyprus sovereignty saying it is not acceptable that the maritime space of EU member states be violated and threatened 231 He also criticized Turkish military intervention in Libya 232 233 Macron said that We have the right to expect more from Turkey than from Russia given that it is a member of NATO 234 In 2021 Macron was reported as saying Northern Ireland was not truly part of the United Kingdom following disputes with UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson over implementations of the Northern Ireland protocol 235 He later denied this saying he was referring to the fact that Great Britain is separated from Northern Ireland by sea in reference to the Irish Sea border 236 237 French U S relations became tense in September 2021 due to fallout from the AUKUS security pact between the United States the United Kingdom and Australia The security pact is directed at countering Chinese power in the Indo Pacific region As part of the agreement the U S agreed to provide nuclear powered submarines to Australia After entering into AUKUS the Australian government canceled an agreement that it had made with France for the provision of French conventionally powered submarines angering the French government 238 On 17 September France recalled its ambassadors from Australia and the US for consultations 239 Despite tension in the past France had never before withdrawn its ambassador to the United States 240 After a call between Macron and U S President Joe Biden on request from the latter the two leaders agreed to reduce bilateral tensions and the White House acknowledged the crisis could have been averted if there had been open consultations between allies 241 242 unreliable source On 26 November 2021 Macron and Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi signed the Quirinal Treaty at the Quirinal Palace in Rome 243 The treaty aimed to promote the convergence and coordination of French and Italian positions in matters of European and foreign policies security and defence migration policy economy education research culture and cross border cooperation 244 During the prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Macron spoke face to face and on the phone to Russian President Vladimir Putin 245 During Macron s campaign for the re election nearly two months after the Russian invasion began Macron called on European leaders to maintain dialogue with Putin 246 Approval ratings edit Main article Opinion polling on the Emmanuel Macron presidency See also Protests against Emmanuel Macron nbsp Approval and disapproval ratings of MacronAccording to an IFOP poll for Le Journal du Dimanche Macron started his five year term with a 62 approval rating 247 248 which rose to 64 by 24 June 249 One month later Macron suffered a 10 point drop in popularity the largest at the beginning of a term for any president since Jacques Chirac in 1995 and by August his popularity had fallen off 24 percentage points since June 250 This was attributed to his recent confrontations with former Chief of Defence Staff Pierre de Villiers 251 the nationalization of the Chantiers de l Atlantique shipyard owned by the bankrupt STX Offshore amp Shipbuilding 252 and a reduction in housing benefits 253 By the end of September 2017 seven out of ten respondents said that they believed Emmanuel Macron was respecting his campaign promises 254 255 though a majority felt that the policies the government was putting forward were unfair 256 Macron s popularity fell sharply again in 2018 reaching about 25 by the end of November during the yellow vests movement 257 unreliable source During the COVID 19 pandemic in France his popularity increased reaching 50 at its highest in July 2020 258 259 Benalla affair edit Main article Benalla affair On 18 July 2018 Le Monde revealed in an article that a member of Macron s staff Alexandre Benalla posed as a police officer and beat a protester during May Day demonstrations in Paris earlier in the year and was suspended for a period of 15 days before only being internally demoted The Elysee failed to refer the case to the public prosecutor and a preliminary investigation into the case was not opened until the day after the publication of the article and the lenient penalty served by Benalla raised questions within the opposition about whether the executive deliberately chose not to inform the public prosecutor as required under the code of criminal procedure 260 2022 presidential campaign edit In the 2022 election Macron was the first incumbent to be re elected since Jacques Chirac defeated Jean Marie Le Pen in the 2002 election 261 Macron again defeated Marine Le Pen in the runoff this time by a closer margin with 58 55 of the votes to Le Pen s 41 45 262 Due to near record abstentions this represented 38 52 of registered voters the lowest figure since Georges Pompidou s 37 5 in 1969 263 The French far right received their highest vote total since the start of the French Republic with nationalist candidates Le Pen Zemmour and Dupont Aignan winning 32 3 of the votes in the first round and Le Pen achieving a record 41 5 of the votes in the second round citation needed Second term edit Though Macron s second inauguration took place on 7 May 2022 his second presidential term officially began on 14 May 2022 Borne government edit Main article Borne government On 16 May 2022 Prime Minister Jean Castex resigned after 22 months as head of government The same day President Macron appointed Elisabeth Borne at the Hotel Matignon thus making her the second female PM in French history after Edith Cresson between 1991 and 1992 She then formed a new government on 20 May 2022 June 2022 legislative election edit See also 2022 French legislative elections and July 2022 French government reshuffle In June 2022 one month into his second term less than two weeks before the end of the French presidency of the Council of the EU and days after he called for voters to hand him a solid majority in a controversial tarmac speech 264 Macron lost his parliamentary majority and was returned a hung parliament in the second round of the 2022 legislative election 265 Macron s presidential coalition which had a 115 seat majority going into the election failed to reach the threshold of 289 seats needed to command an overall majority in the National Assembly retaining only 251 out of the 346 it had held in the previous Assembly and falling 38 short of an absolute majority 266 Crucially three close political allies to President Macron were defeated in the elections incumbent President of the National Assembly Richard Ferrand Macron s own LREM parliamentary party leader Christophe Castaner and MoDem parliamentary group leader Patrick Mignola thus effectively decapitating Macron s parliamentary bloc leadership and further weakening the President s political position in hung parliament territory 267 nbsp 16th National Assembly of France elected in 2022 is France s current legislature Three government ministers resigned after losing their seats Justine Benin junior minister for the Sea Brigitte Bourguignon Minister for Health and Prevention and Amelie de Montchalin Minister for Ecological Transition 268 Macron s government still led by Prime Minister Elisabeth Borne was reshuffled in early July 2022 and continued as a minority administration after talks with opposition leaders to form a stable majority government failed 269 Domestic affairs edit See also 2023 French pension reform strikes Motions of no confidence in the government of Elisabeth Borne 2023 Nahel Merzouk riots 2023 French government reshuffle and 2023 2024 French government crisis Macron s second presidential term began with two significant political controversies Hours after the new Borne cabinet was announced rape accusations against newly appointed Minister for Solidarity Damien Abad were made public 270 and on 28 May the handling of the 2022 UEFA Champions League final chaos at the Stade de France in Saint Denis drew criticism at home and abroad 271 Despite its minority status in the legislature after the 2022 legislative election Macron s government passed bills to ease the cost of living crisis 272 to repeal the COVID era state of health emergency 273 and to revive the French nuclear energy sector 274 However government proposals were defeated several times in the National Assembly 275 and by the end of 2022 the Borne cabinet had had to use the provisions of Article 49 3 of the Constitution ten times in a row to pass the 2023 Government Budget and Social Security Budget 276 Pension reform edit In March 2023 Macron s government passed a law raising the retirement age from 62 to 64 partly bypassing Parliament by again resorting to Article 49 3 to break the parliamentary deadlock 277 Nationwide protests that had begun when the bill was introduced back in January increased in intensity after the reform was passed without a solemn vote citation needed clarification needed Votes of no confidence in the Borne government edit On 20 March 2023 Macron s cabinet headed by Prime minister Borne survived a cross party motion of no confidence by only nine votes the slimmest margin for such a vote since 1992 278 On 12 June 2023 his government survived its 17th no confidence motion since the beginning of the 16th legislature the motion brought by the left wing NUPES coalition fell 50 votes short of the 289 votes needed 279 Nahel Merzouk riots edit In early summer 2023 French authorities faced riots following the killing of Nahel M aged 17 by a police officer during a traffic stop 280 281 To calm widespread unrest comparable in intensity to the 2005 French riots citation needed Macron s administration ramped up government response with a total of 45 000 police officers deployed on the ground and a ministerial order advising courts to apply harsher sentences and accelerated procedures 282 this crackdown resulted in over 1 300 arrests on the fourth night of unrest alone bringing the total number of arrests since the riots beginning to over 2 000 as of 1 July 283 2023 government reshuffle edit On 20 July 2023 Macron carried out a government reshuffle at the end of the hundred days of appeasement and action he called for in April 2023 following the violent protests surrounding the passage of his pension system reform Pap Ndiaye and Marlene Schiappa were sacked as part of the reshuffle 284 Defence policy edit On 1 August 2023 Macron signed into law a multi year military planning bill which set the stage for a 40 increase in military spending to a total of 413 billion between 2024 and 2030 after it was passed by the French parliament on 13 July 2023 285 286 Immigration policy edit In February 2023 Macron s government introduced an immigration and asylum bill aimed at removing deportation safeguards fast tracking asylum application process and immigration litigation while also facilitating legalization of undocumented workers 287 His government later pulled the draft legislation amid fears of defeat in Parliament instead planning to hold talks with the centre right LR party before reintroducing the bill in the autumn 288 In August 2023 in a lengthy interview with weekly magazine Le Point Macron said that France must significantly reduce immigration starting with illegal immigration because the current situation is not sustainable 289 On 11 December 2023 the flagship immigration bill introduced by Macron s government was unexpectedly defeated after the narrow passage of a motion for preliminary dismissal in the National Assembly 290 Political commentators and news media described the vote as a spectacular debacle eventually sparking a major political crisis for Macron s minority administration 291 In an effort to salvage the bill Macron s government sent the draft legislation to a joint parliamentary committee it resulted in a deal with the conservative controlled Senate on a drastically hardened bill On 19 December 2023 the French Parliament passed the piece of legislation thanks to support from the conservative LR and far right RN parliamentary groups and in spite of a major rebellion from Macron s own coalition and ministers 292 Health Minister Aurelien Rousseau whom Macron had appointed to the government only 6 months earlier resigned shortly after the vote 293 Constitutional reform edit On the 65th anniversary of the French Constitution on 4 October 2023 Macron unveiled avenues for constitutional reform broadening the scope and relaxing rules for referenda enshrining the right to abortion and climate protection in the Constitution stepping up the level of territorial devolution giving some form of political autonomy to Corsica and New Caledonia 294 On 4 March 2024 a joint session of the French Parliament passed a Macron sponsored constitutional amendment to protect abortion as a guaranteed freedom in the Constitution 295 It represented the first constitutional reform since 2008 and the first since Macron took office in 2017 Attal government edit Main article Attal government In January 2024 in the wake of the government crisis produced by the passage of the controversial immigration bill Macron requested Prime minister Elisabeth Borne to resign and subsequently replaced her by Education minister Gabriel Attal making him both the youngest head of government in French history and the first openly gay man ever to hold the job 296 The new Attal cabinet was widely described as the most right leaning government since the start of the Macron Presidency out of the 14 Cabinet ministers appointed on 11 January 2024 by Macron and Attal 57 are former members of the conservative UMP LR party while prominent left leaning ministers of the outgoing Borne government were sacked moves described as indicating a notable tilt to the right 297 298 Economy edit In February 2024 amid slowing economic growth and disappointing unemployment figures Macron s government unveiled 10 billion in emergency spending cuts to hold to its 2024 deficit goal 299 A month later Macron convened a crisis meeting to discuss the state of France s public finances amid reports showing that the government had heavily missed its 2023 fiscal targets with a bigger than forecasted deficit putting the country s credit rating at risk of downgrade 300 External affairs edit nbsp Macron with Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni in October 2022 nbsp Macron President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen and Chinese President Xi Jinping at the 2023 France China SummitOn 16 June 2022 Macron visited Ukraine alongside German Chancellor Olaf Scholz and Italy s Prime Minister Mario Draghi He met with Ukraine s President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and expressed European Unity for Ukraine 301 302 He said that the nations that remained neutral in the Russo Ukrainian War made a historic mistake and were complicit in the new imperialism 303 nbsp Macron with Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva in May 2023In September 2022 Macron criticized the United States Norway and other friendly natural gas supplier states for the extremely high prices of their supplies 304 saying in October 2022 that Europeans are paying four times more than the price you sell to your industry That is not exactly the meaning of friendship 305 Macron and his wife attended the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II in Westminster Abbey London on 19 September 2022 and the coronation of King Charles III the following year 306 307 On 23 October 2022 Macron became the first foreign leader to meet new Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni just a day after she and her ministers were sworn into office 308 During a summit to China with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen which included a formal meeting with Xi Jinping the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China Macron called for Europe to reduce its dependence on the United States in general and to stay neutral and avoid being drawn into any possible confrontation between the U S and China over Taiwan Speaking after a three day state visit to China Macron emphasised his theory of strategic autonomy suggesting that Europe could become a third superpower He argued that Europe should focus on boosting its own defence industries and additionally reduce its dependence on the United States dollar USD 309 in a follow up speech in The Hague to further outline his vision of strategic autonomy for Europe 310 On 7 June 2023 a report by the pan European think tank European Council on Foreign Relations ECFR found that most Europeans agree with Macron s views on China and the United States 311 In February 2023 he welcomed Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed in Paris to normalize relations between France and Ethiopia strained by the Tigray War between the Ethiopian government and Tigray rebels 312 nbsp Macron at the NATO Summit in Vilnius on 12 July 2023On 31 May 2023 Macron visited the GLOBSEC forum in Bratislava where he again delivered a speech on European sovereignty 313 During the question and answer session that followed the Bratislava speech 314 he said that negotiating with Putin may have to take priority over any war crimes tribunal which some others including Zelensky wish to see 315 On 12 June 2023 Macron promised to deliver more ammunition weapons and armed vehicles to help Ukrainian forces with the ongoing counter offensive to liberate Russian occupied southeastern Ukraine 316 At the NATO Summit in Vilnius he promised to supply Ukraine with Scalp long range cruise missiles to hit Russian targets deep behind the front lines 317 On 10 November 2023 he said that what Russia is doing in Ukraine is imperialism and colonialism and it was the duty of France and other countries to help Ukraine defend itself but added that maybe the time will come to hold fair peace negotiations and find a solution with Russia 318 nbsp Macron with Israeli President Isaac Herzog in Jerusalem Israel 24 October 2023In June 2023 Macron hosted a global climate finance conference described by many as the new Bretton Woods Conference The purpose is to adjust the global economy to the contemporary threats of climate change and hunger One of the proposition is to offer to low income countries help instead of credits so they can use their resource for stopping climate change and poverty instead of debt payments Macron supported the idea but a climate activist from Uganda remarked that the promises were meaningless if at the same time Macron supported projects like the East African Crude Oil Pipeline a major threat to the climate and to the drinking water of 40 million people 319 At the summit Macron proposed an international taxation system and debt restructuring but stressed it can have an effect only with international cooperation 320 In July 2023 Macron postponed his planned state visit to Germany due to the ongoing Nahel M riots 321 In October 2023 Macron condemned Hamas actions during the Israel Hamas war and expressed his support to Israel and its right to self defense 322 323 He criticized Iran for its support of Hamas 324 On 24 October Macron visited Israel to express solidarity with the country He said that the anti ISIL coalition should also fight against Hamas 325 On 10 November 2023 he called for a ceasefire and urged Israel to stop bombing Gaza and killing civilians 326 In January 2024 he accused Hamas of using Palestinian civilians as human shields and said Israel had the right to defend itself 327 In February 2024 during a meeting with other European states Macron generated controversy by suggesting sending ground troops to Ukraine 328 In March 2024 Macron defended the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement CETA between Canada and the EU branding the agreement as a very good deal after the French Senate voted against its ratification 329 In March 2024 Macron and the Brazilian president Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva agreed about cooperation between Brazil and France on different environmental issues including the transmission of 1 1 billion dollars for preserving the Amazon rainforest 330 Controversies editUber Files edit Main article Uber Files On 10 July 2022 The Guardian revealed that Macron had assisted Uber in lobbying during his term as the Minister of Economics and Industry 331 leading to calls from opposition lawmakers for a parliamentary inquiry 332 333 In his own defence Macron expressed that he did his job and that he would do it again tomorrow and the day after tomorrow 333 He stated I m proud of it 333 Political positions editMain article Political positions of Emmanuel MacronCo prince of Andorra editAs president of France Macron also serves ex officio as one of the two co princes of Andorra His chief of staff Patrick Strzoda serves as his representative in this capacity Joan Enric Vives i Sicilia appointed as the current Bishop of Urgell on 12 May 2003 serves as Macron s co prince Macron swore the Constitution of Andorra through Strzoda in an act that took place on 15 June 2017 in Casa de la Vall 334 During the COVID 19 pandemic the Andorran government asked France for economic aid but Macron refused arguing that the Bank of France could not offer loans to another country without the approval of the European Central Bank 335 Personal life edit nbsp Emmanuel Macron and his wife Brigitte Trogneux in 2017Macron is married to Brigitte Trogneux 336 24 years his senior 337 and his former La Providence high school teacher in Amiens 338 339 They met during a theatre workshop that she was giving when he was a 15 year old student and she was a 39 year old teacher 340 341 His parents initially attempted to separate the couple by sending him away to Paris to finish the final year of his schooling as they felt his youth made this relationship inappropriate 14 341 The couple reunited after Macron graduated and were married in 2007 341 She has three children from a previous marriage he has no children of his own 342 unreliable source Trogneux s role in Macron s 2017 presidential campaign has been considered pivotal with close Macron allies stating that Trogneux helped Macron to develop skills like public speaking 343 His best man was Henry Hermand 1924 2016 a businessman who loaned 550 000 to Macron for the purchase of his first apartment in Paris when he was Inspector of Finances Hermand also let Macron use some of his offices on the Avenue des Champs Elysees in Paris for his movement En Marche 344 345 In the 2002 French presidential election Macron voted for souverainist Jean Pierre Chevenement 346 In 2007 Macron voted for Segolene Royal in the second round of the presidential election 347 During the Socialist Party primary in 2011 Macron voiced his support for Francois Hollande 348 Macron plays the piano 349 and studied piano for ten years in his youth 15 He especially enjoys the work of Robert Schumann and Franz Liszt 350 351 Macron also skis 352 plays tennis 353 and enjoys boxing 354 In addition to his native French Macron speaks fluent English 355 356 In August 2017 a photojournalist was arrested and detained by the police for six hours after he entered the private residence where Macron was vacationing in Marseille 357 Macron subsequently filed a complaint for harassment 357 In September 2017 he dropped the complaint as a gesture of appeasement 358 On 27 August 2017 Macron and his wife Brigitte adopted Nemo a black Labrador Retriever Griffon dog who lives with them in the Elysee Palace 359 As a schoolboy Macron decided to be baptized as a Catholic In June 2018 prior to meeting Pope Francis he identified himself as an agnostic Catholic 360 361 In the same year he agreed to become an honorary canon of St John Lateran the cathedral of Rome 361 nbsp Macron celebrating France s victory over Croatia in the 2018 World Cup final in Moscow RussiaA fan of football Macron is a supporter of French club Olympique de Marseille 362 During the 2018 World Cup he attended the semi final between France and Belgium with the Belgian King Philippe and Queen Mathilde 363 and at the World Cup final against Croatia he sat and celebrated alongside Croatian president Kolinda Grabar Kitarovic Macron received widespread media attention for his celebrations and his interactions with the Croatian president 364 365 366 367 368 On 17 December 2020 Macron tested positive for COVID 19 369 leading to the cancellation of his scheduled trips for the following month including a visit to Lebanon 370 Honours and decorations editNational honours edit Ribbon bar Honour Date and comment nbsp Grand Master and Grand Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour 14 May 2017 automatic upon taking presidential office nbsp Grand Master and Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit 14 May 2017 automatic upon taking presidential officeForeign honours edit Ribbon bar Country Honour Date nbsp nbsp United Kingdom Honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire 5 June 2014 371 nbsp nbsp Mexico Sash of the Order of the Aztec Eagle 22 September 2016 372 nbsp nbsp Greece Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer 7 September 2017 373 nbsp nbsp Lebanon Grand Cross of the Order of Merit 22 September 2017 374 nbsp nbsp Tunisia Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic of Tunisia 31 January 2018 375 nbsp nbsp Senegal Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion 2 February 2018 374 nbsp nbsp Luxembourg Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau 19 March 2018 374 nbsp nbsp Denmark Knight of the Order of the Elephant 28 August 2018 376 nbsp nbsp Finland Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose with Collar 29 August 2018 377 nbsp nbsp South Korea Grand Order of Mugunghwa 8 October 2018 378 nbsp nbsp Belgium Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold 19 November 2018 374 nbsp nbsp Ivory Coast Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast 20 December 2019 374 nbsp nbsp Egypt Collar of the Order of the Nile 7 December 2020 379 nbsp nbsp United States Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit 8 December 2020 374 failed verification nbsp nbsp Italy Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic 1 July 2021 380 nbsp nbsp United Arab Emirates Collar of the Order of Zayed 18 July 2022 381 nbsp nbsp Netherlands Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion 11 April 2023 382 383 nbsp nbsp United Kingdom Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath 20 September 2023 384 nbsp nbsp Sweden Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim 30 January 2024 385 nbsp nbsp Moldova Order of the Republic 7 March 2024 386 nbsp nbsp Brazil Collar of the Order of the Southern Cross Grand officer as Deputy Secretary General to the President on 9 December 2012 387 28 March 2024 388 Prizes editLe Trombinoscope 2014 2016 Charlemagne Prize 2018 Champion of the Earth 2018 Westfalischer Friedenspreis de 2024 389 Publications editMacron Emmanuel Goldberg Jonathan Scott Juliette 2017 Revolution Brunswick Victoria Australia Scribe Publications ISBN 978 1 925322 71 2 OCLC 992124322 Fottorino Eric 2017 Macron par Macron in French La Tour d Aigues France Editions de l Aube ISBN 978 2 8159 2484 9 OCLC 1003593124 Notes edit Ex officio Co PrinceReferences edit Dans un livre Anne Fulda raconte Macron cote intime in French JDD a la Une 21 April 2017 Archived from the original on 19 May 2017 Retrieved 25 April 2017 Badeau Kevin 7 April 2017 Le livre qui raconte l intimite d Emmanuel Macron Les Echos Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 Retrieved 20 May 2017 Qui sont le frere et la sœur d Emmanuel Macron Gala Gala fr in French Archived from the original on 16 May 2017 Retrieved 6 August 2017 Boucher Laurent 26 April 2017 Sur les traces de l arriere grand pere d Emmanuel Macron entre Amiens et Arras La Voix Archived from the original on 2 July 2018 Retrieved 6 August 2017 Le Big Mac Emmanuel Macron s rise and rise Archived 27 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine Flandrin Antoine 16 September 2017 L histoire de France selon Macron Le Monde Archived from the original on 5 August 2020 Retrieved 21 December 2017 Sacrees memes de Bagneres de Bigorre ladepeche fr in French Archived from the original on 6 August 2017 Retrieved 6 August 2017 Emmanuel Macron en meeting a Pau devant 5 500 personnes SudOuest fr Archived from the original on 6 August 2017 Retrieved 6 August 2017 Emmanuel Macron l Elysee pied au plancher Liberation in French Archived from the original on 14 July 2017 Retrieved 6 August 2017 D ou vient Emmanuel Macron Les Echos France 24 April 2017 Archived from the original on 6 August 2017 Retrieved 6 August 2017 Gorce Bernard 10 April 2017 La jeunesse tres catholique des candidats a la presidentielle La Croix Archived from the original on 12 May 2017 Retrieved 7 May 2017 a b Emmanuel Macron Archived 9 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine Gala France Retrieved 3 March 2017 a b Emmanuel Macron un ex banquier touche a tout a Bercy in French France 24 27 August 2014 Archived from the original on 15 March 2017 Retrieved 24 April 2017 a b Chrisafis Angelique 11 July 2016 Will France s young economy minister with a volunteer army launch presidential bid The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Archived from the original on 26 July 2018 Retrieved 27 January 2017 a b 88 notes pour piano solo Jean Pierre Thiollet Neva Editions 2015 p 193 ISBN 978 2 3505 5192 0 What Emmanuel Macron s home town says about him The Economist 4 May 2017 Archived from the original on 4 May 2017 Retrieved 5 May 2017 Vincent de Feligonde Emmanuel Macron ancien conseiller du prince aux 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